Abudalla Nabulere & 2 Ors v Uganda [1978] UGSC 5 (5 October 1978)

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\widowctrl\ftnbj\aenddoc\trackmoves0\trackformatting1\donotembedsysfont0\relyonvml0\donotembedlingdata1\grfdocevents0\validatexml0\showplaceholdtext0\ignoremixedcontent0\saveinvalidxml0\showxmlerrors0\noxlattoyen \expshrtn\noultrlspc\dntblnsbdb\nospaceforul\formshade\horzdoc\dgmargin\dghspace180\dgvspace180\dghorigin1440\dgvorigin1440\dghshow1\dgvshow1 \jexpand\viewkind1\viewscale100\pgbrdrhead\pgbrdrfoot\splytwnine\ftnlytwnine\htmautsp\nolnhtadjtbl\useltbaln\alntblind\lytcalctblwd\lyttblrtgr\lnbrkrule\nobrkwrptbl\snaptogridincell\allowfieldendsel\wrppunct \asianbrkrule\rsidroot11273891\newtblstyruls\nogrowautofit \fet0{\*\wgrffmtfilter 2450}\ilfomacatclnup0\ltrpar \sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid7284928\sftnbj {\*\pnseclvl1\pnucrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl2\pnucltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl3\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl4\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl5\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (} {\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl6\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl7\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl8\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl9 \pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s15\qc \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid13904915 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13904915 IN THE COURT OF APPEAL FOR UGANDA \par AT KAMPALA \par \par (Coram: Saied}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13904915\charrsid12588182 C. J.,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13904915 Nyam}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13904915\charrsid12588182 uchonch}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13904915 o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13904915\charrsid12588182 , J. A.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13904915 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13904915\charrsid12588182 Ssekandi,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13904915 J. A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13904915\charrsid12588182 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13904915 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\insrsid13904915 \par CRIMINAL APPEAL NO. 9 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\insrsid13904915\charrsid12588182 OF 1978}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13904915 \par BETWEEN \par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\ql \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid13904915 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13904915 1. ABUDALA NABULER}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13904915\charrsid13904915 E \line 2. KULUS}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11342258 E}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13904915\charrsid13904915 NI }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11342258 MUBALA\'85\'85\'85\'85}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13904915 \'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13904915\charrsid13904915 APPELLANTS \line }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13904915\charrsid13904915 3. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13904915\charrsid13904915 ASANI BOSA}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13904915 \par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qc \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid13904915 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13904915\charrsid12588182 AND \line UGANDA}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13904915 \'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85...}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13904915\charrsid12588182 RESPONDENT}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 .\line (Appeal from a judgment of the High \line }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13904915 court at Kampala (Allen, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 J}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13904915 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 dated \line 23rd February, 1978.)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13904915 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13904915\charrsid12588182 in \line }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13904915 Criminal Session No. 8 of 1978 \par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid13904915 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\insrsid13904915 JUDGMENT OF THE COURT \par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qc \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid13904915 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13904915\charrsid13904915 \par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid13904915 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\insrsid13904915 SSEKANDI}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\insrsid15364851 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 J. A. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13904915 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 This appeal arises from conviction of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15364851\charrsid13904915 the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 three appellants by the High Court sitting at Tororo f}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13904915 or the murder of Maimuna Kiiza }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15364851 o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 n }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 17th September, 1975. The dec}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13904915 eased lived in a one\emdash roomed }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15364851 hut}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13904915 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 with a friend Mary and a young boy}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13904915 Magidu }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15364851 (A2\rquote s son). She was at}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13904915 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 one time married to A3 and A2 is their son. Al is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15364851 also}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 the son }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13904915 of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 A3 but }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13904915 by another marriage.

\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid9061378 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 The facts as}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13904915 accepted by the learned trial }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 the three appellants entered the deceased\rquote s hut at night and on the orders of A3, A2 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9061378 and A1 cut her}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 on the head }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9061378\charrsid13904915 and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 shoulder wits pangas. She died }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9061378 instantly. Mary got}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9061378 off the bed during the attack an}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 d ran out to the verandah }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9061378 while raising an alarm}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 . The three }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9061378\charrsid13904915 appellants}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 followed her }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9061378 and A1 cut her on the left upper arm and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13904915 A2 on the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9061378 left}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13904915 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 side of the scalp }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9061378\charrsid13904915 her}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9061378 left arm was so badly}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 cut that it }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9061378\charrsid13904915 was}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 later amputated at the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9061378\charrsid13904915 hospital}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9061378 . The \par \par three}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13904915 appellants then ran way. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 Mary\rquote s alarm }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9061378 was answered first by Kazimbye (PW}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 3) and Kamuma }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9061378 (P}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 W4), }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 neighbours of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9061378 deceased. When }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 they arrived, Mary recounted }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 to them what }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 had }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9061378 taken place. At the}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 trial, Kazimbye and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9061378 K}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 amuma gave }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 different versions }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9061378 of what had taken}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 them that night. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9061378 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1473355 While Kazimbye testified that M}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 ary named all three appellants as}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1473355 the assailants, Kamuma said tha }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 t he heard her }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1473355\charrsid13904915 mention}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 Al only. The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 next }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1473355 person to arrive at th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 e scene was a ch}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1473355 ief called Peta. At first Peta s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 aid that he did not bother to ask Mary who the assailants were but in cross examination he }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1473355\charrsid13904915 changed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1473355 his story a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 nd said that when he asked her, she said she did not }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1473355\charrsid13904915 know}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1473355 them. The learned}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 trial judge rejected }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1473355 the evidence of Peta and Kamum}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 a on }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1473355\charrsid13904915 this}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 issue and believed that of Kazimbye that Ma}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13904915 ry named all three }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1473355 appellants}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13904915 . \par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid13904915 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 The learned trial }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1473355\charrsid13904915 judge}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 also accepted the evidence that prior to the day of the murder, the second }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1473355\charrsid13904915 appellant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 had uttered threat}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1473355 s against the life of the deceased. The second }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1473355\charrsid13904915 appellant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 told his sister Nasimu (pw6) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1473355 that the deceased had caused the ap}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 pellant }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1473355 to suffer from a painful disease}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 and if he had the opportunity he would cut her to pieces. Nasimu, in turn, informed the deceased who reported the matte}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1473355 r to the local chief, Peta. (PW}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 5). The chief did not do anything about the report; instead, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1473355\charrsid13904915 he}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 advised the deceased to return the following morning as it was already dark. As it turned out, she did no}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13904915 t live to see the chief again. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5046572 M}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5046572\charrsid13904915 r.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 Mpungu, for the three appellants, submitted before us that the learned trial judge erred in believing the testimony of Mary in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 view of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 the evidence of at least one witness, who answered the alarm, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 to the effect }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 that she recognised only the first appellant among the assailants. He also submitted that Mary\rquote s account of what happened that night could not he }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5046572 believed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5046572\charrsid13904915 because}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 her behaviour soon a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5046572 fter the deceased was attacked was}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5046572\charrsid13904915 credible}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5046572 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 He submitted that no one could believe her testimony }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5046572 that when Al an}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 d A2 were cutting the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5046572\charrsid13904915 dece}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5046572 as}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5046572\charrsid13904915 ed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5046572 he ran out to the verand}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 ah }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5046572 and stayed there until th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 ey came out and cut her. Ha }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5046572\charrsid13904915 also}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 draw our attention to the fact that Mary testified that the hut in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5046572 which}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 they lived }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5046572 was dark.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 In his submission, the witness c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5046572 ould not have been able to see w}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 hat each of the assailan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5046572 ts did in the house as she claim}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 ed. \par Mr. Mpungu also }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10702250 submi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10702250\charrsid13904915 tted}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 that the learned trial }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 judge }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 misdirected himself on the burden of proof of alibi and on identification. On iden tification, he submitted that the appellants were wrongly convicted on the uncorroborated testimony }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10702250 of a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13904915 single witness. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 We are greatly }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10702250\charrsid13904915 indebted}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 to the forceful submissions made by Mr. Mpungu on behalf of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10702250\charrsid13904915 appellants}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 . This is a difficult case and has c aused us some anxiety. The appellants were convicted essentially on the identification evidence }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10355878\charrsid13904915 of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 Mary who is the only person that survived the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10355878\charrsid13904915 attack}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4396597 , apart from Magidu}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 who did not }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10355878\charrsid13904915 testify}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 due to ten}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4396597 der age. However, in a careful and w}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 ell reasoned judgment, the learned trial judge evaluated all the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4396597 evidence in this}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 case. He was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4396597\charrsid13904915 satisfied}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 that Mary was a witness of truth}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4396597 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 This was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4396597 also}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 the opinion of both assessors. The judge considered the effect of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4396597\charrsid13904915 the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 evidence of Kamuma and Peta on her te}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4396597 stimony. In him judgment, Kazim}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 bye\rquote s evidence that Mary named all the three appellants that night was preferable to that of the other two witnesses which he rejected for reasons given in the judgment. With regard to Kamuma he held that it may very well be that he had forgotten what Mary told her since the events took place two and a half years ago. Kamuma had told the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4396597\charrsid13904915 police}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 that Mary and the little boy Magidu named the three }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10355878 appellants}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 as tile assailants but }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 court he said that Mary mentioned the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4396597 name}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 of the first appellant only. The trial judge also rejected the testimony of Peta. He found that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 Peta was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 a shifty and obviously an unreliable witness. Consequently, the judge found as a fact that Mary had been consistent in her story and because she was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4396597 an honest,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 straight forward sod truthful witness he believed that her }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4396597 identification}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 of the }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13904915 three }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10355878 appellants}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13904915 was correct. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 While we appreciate yr. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13064566 Mpungu\rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 s efforts to persuade us to differ from the findings of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13064566\charrsid13904915 fact}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 mode by the trial co}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13064566 urt we think that we cannot do s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 o in this case. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13064566 The judge}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 and the assessors had the advantage of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13064566 seeing and hearing the witnesses. We}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 have not. An appellate }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 court }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13064566 has indeed jurisdiction }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 to review the evidence in order }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1731031 to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 determine whether }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13064566 the con}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13064566\charrsid13904915 clusion}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13064566\charrsid13904915 originally}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 reached upon th at evidence should stand. But this is a jurisdiction which is always exercised \line with caution. It is not enough that the appellate court might itself have come to a different conclusion. The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13064566\charrsid13904915 appellate}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 court will only interfere with the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13064566\charrsid13904915 findings}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 of fact of a trial court if there is no }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 evidence }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13064566 to support a part}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13064566\charrsid13904915 icular}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 conclusion. But, if the evidence as a whole can reason }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13064566 be regarded as}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 justifying the conclusion reached at the trial, the vi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13064566 ew}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13064566\charrsid13904915 trial}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 judge as to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13064566 where }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 the credibility lies is entitled to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13064566 great weight espec}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13064566\charrsid13904915 ially}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 where there is conflict of testimony. In our view, the conclusion of the trial judge is amply supported by the evidence and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13064566 we see no reason to interfere. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 We are equally not persuaded by Mr. Mpungu\rquote s other su}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7939566 bmission with regard to the behaviour of Mary a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 t the time }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7939566 of the attack. In the cool and de}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7939566\charrsid13904915 tached}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7939566 atmosphere of the court-room}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 , it is so }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7939566\charrsid13904915 much} {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 easier to criticise the reactions of ether people in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7939566\charrsid13904915 times}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 of crisis. We }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 think that, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 as far as possible, allowance must be made for indivi dual characteristics when judging the behaviour of others in such circumstances. The true test in such }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7939566\charrsid13904915 cases}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 is not what a reasonable }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7939566 m}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 an }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 sitting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 in a court\emdash room could do but whether the witness, giving allowance for his back-ground and the situation he }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7939566\charrsid13904915 was}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 in, would have reacted in the manner he did. In this case Mary said that when her friend was attacked in the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7939566\charrsid13904915 house}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 she ran to the verandah while raising an alarm. Mr. Mpungu questioned the probability of her running out but staying on in the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7939566\charrsid13904915 verandah}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7939566\charrsid13904915 We}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 are unable to agree, in the circumstances that this was improbable. Judgin} {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7939566 g from the record, it would seem}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14418146 the appellants followed her immedi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14418146\charrsid13904915 ately}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 after she went on the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14418146\charrsid13904915 verandah}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 . There is no }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13064566 evidence as to how long she stayed there before the assai lants cut her outside. Even if she was on the veranda for some minutes, her behaviour cannot justifiably be }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14418146 impugned}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13064566 , for she may have thought no }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14418146 ham would come to her subsequently, or she may have feared to ran far out without knowing what had become of h er friend who was being attacked inside the hut, or she may have stopped where she did lest there be other companions of the assailants }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 outside. All these are }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13064566 possibilities which}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4526102 cannot b}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 e excluded especially as }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4526102 she was never cross \emdash examined on the matter. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 On the issue of alibi, wile, we agree with Mr. Mpungu that it is not for the accused to prove it, we do not think that where none is set up, the trial judge is required to speculate as to whether or not an alibi is available to the accused. The appellants did not set up any alibi worth }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4526102\charrsid13904915 considering}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 at the trial. They contented themselves with }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12745255 rehearsing what}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 they did t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12745255 h}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 e morning following the m}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12745255 urder. We do not think o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 n the evidence it was open to t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12745255 he trial court to assume from that }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12745255\charrsid13904915 evidence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 that the appellants set up an alibi. The learned trial judge c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4526102 orrectly thought they did not. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4526102\charrsid13904915 remaining}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4526102 question is the reliance placed by the trial court upon the sole identification of Mary to convict the appellants. A }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 conviction based solely on visual identificatio n evidence invariably causes a degree of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4542441\charrsid13904915 uneasiness}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 because such evidence can give rise to miscarriages of justice. There is always the possibility that a witness though honest may be mistaken. For this reason, the courts have over the years evolved rules of practice to minimise the danger that innocent people may be wrongly convicted. The leading case in East Africa is the decision of the former Court of Appeal in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 Abdalla Bin Wendo and Another v. R. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 (1953), 20 E}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4542441 ACA 166 cited with approval in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\insrsid4542441\charrsid4542441 R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\insrsid11273891\charrsid4542441 oria v.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 R. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 (1 967) EA }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 583. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 The paragraph which has often been quoted from }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 Wendo }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 (supra) is at page 168. The ratio decidendi discernible from that case is that:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4542441 \emdash \par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li720\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid4542441 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 (a) The testimony o}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4542441 f}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4542441\charrsid13904915 single}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 witness regarding identification }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4542441 must}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 b}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4542441 e tested with the greatest care. \par (b) The need}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 for caution is even greater when it is known that the conditions favouring a correct }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4542441\charrsid13904915 identification}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 were }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4542441 difficult. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 (c) Where the conditions were difficult, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4542441\charrsid13904915 what}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 is needed before convicting is \lquote othe}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4542441 r evidence\rquote pointing to guilt. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 (d) Otherwise, subject to certain well }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4542441\charrsid13904915 known}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4542441 excepti}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 ons,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4542441 it is lawful to convict on the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 identification of a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4542441\charrsid13904915 single}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 witness }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 so long as the judge adverts to the danger of basing a conviction on such evidence alone.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4542441 \par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid13904915 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4542441 The safe\emdash guards laid dow}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 n in \'93enc1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4542441 o are in our view adequate, if }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 properly applied, to reduce the possibility of a miscarriage of justice occurring. It will be observed that there is no requirement in law or practice for corroboration. In applying }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 Wendo }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 there have sometimes been references to the need for corro boration where the only evidence connecting the accused with the offence is the identification of a single witness. We think that this is not correct. First, there }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 clear statutory provision that for the proof of any fact, a plurality }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 witnesses is not necessary: see s. 132 of The Evidence Act }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4542441 (cap.4}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 3). }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 Secondly, there is no particular magic in having two or more witnesses testifying to the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4542441 identity of the accused}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 in similar ci}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4542441 rcumstances. What is important is the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4542441\charrsid13904915 quality}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4542441 of the identification}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 . If the quality of the identification in not good, a number of witnesses will not cure the danger of mistaken identity, hence the requirement to look for \lquote other eviden}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4542441 ce\rquote . \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 Where the case against an accused depends }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4542441\charrsid13904915 wholly}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 or substantially }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 on }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 the correctness of one or more identifications of the accused, which the defence disputes, the judge should warn himself and the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 assessors }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 of the special need for caution before convicting the accused in reliance on the correctness of the identification or identifications. The r eason for the special caution is that there is a possibility that a mistaken witness can be a convincing one and that even a number of such witnesses can all be mistaken. The judge should then examine closely the circumstances in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4542441\charrsid13904915 which}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 the identification came be made, particularly, the length of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4542441\charrsid13904915 time}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 the accused was under }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 observation, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4609862 the distance, the l}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4609862 g}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 ht, the familiarity of the witness with the accused. All }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4542441\charrsid13904915 these}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4542441\charrsid13904915 factors}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4542441\charrsid13904915 go}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4542441 to the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 quality of the identification }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 evidence. If }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4542441 the quality is}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 good, the danger of a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4542441\charrsid13904915 mistaken}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4542441\charrsid13904915 identity}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 is reduced but the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 poorer the qu}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4542441 ality, the greater the danger. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 In our }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 judgment, when the quality }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 identification is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 good, as for example, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4542441 when the identi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4542441\charrsid13904915 fication}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 is made after a long period of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 observation or }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4542441\charrsid13904915 satisfactory}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 conditions by a person who knew the accused well before, a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4609862\charrsid13904915 court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4609862 can}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4609862\charrsid13904915 safely}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 convict even }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4609862\charrsid13904915 though}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4609862 there is no \lquote other evidence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4609862\charrsid13904915 support}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 to identification evidence; provided the court adequately warns itself of the special need for caution. If a more stringent rule were to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4609862\charrsid13904915 be}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 imposed by the courts, for examp}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4609862 le if corroboration were require}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 d in every case of identification, affronts to justice would frequently occur and the maintenance of l}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4609862 aw and order greatly hampered. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 When, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4609862\charrsid13904915 however}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4609862 , in the judgm}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 ent of the trial court, the quality }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 identification is poor, as for example, when it depends solely }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 on }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 a fleeting glance or on a long observation wade in difficult conditions; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 if }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 for instance }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4609862 the witness did not know the second accused before and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 saw him for the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4609862 fi rst time n the dark or badly lit room, the situation is very different. In such a case}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 the court }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4609862 should look for}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 \lquote other evidence\rquote which goes to support the correctness of identification before convicting on that evidence alone. The \lquote other evidence\rquote required may }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 be }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 corroboration in the legal }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4609862\charrsid13904915 sense}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 ; but it need not be }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 so }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 if the effect of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4609862 other evidence available is to ma}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 ke the trial court sure that there is no mistaken identification. A good example is the case of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 Wasajja v. Uganda }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 (1975) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 EA 181. The coincidence }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 a person previously identified behaving strangely by putting up a fabricated alibi of his movements at the time the offence was committed }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 or }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 telling lies in some material aspect of his evidence can, in a proper }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 case, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 amount to \lquote other evidence\rquote suffi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4609862 cient to support a conviction. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 In the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4609862\charrsid13904915 instant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4609862 case the learned trial judge properly w}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 arned himself of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2300899\charrsid13904915 the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2300899\charrsid13904915 dander}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2300899 convicting}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 on }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2300899 the evidence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4609862\charrsid13904915 identification}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 alone and cautioned }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4609862\charrsid13904915 himself}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2300899 on the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 possibility of a mistaken identity. He }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2300899 satisfied that the quality of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2300899\charrsid13904915 identification}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 was good }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2300899\charrsid13904915 in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 this }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 case. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2300899 The judge found Mary a}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 n honest witness and accepted }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2300899\charrsid13904915 the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 correctness of her }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2300899 identification. M}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2300899\charrsid13904915 ary}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 saw the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2300899\charrsid13904915 appellants}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 first }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 cutting the deceased albeit in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2300899 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 badly lit hut but she saw then later outside }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 on the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 verandah under bright moon }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2300899\charrsid13904915 light.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3677235 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 The appellants carried a torch in th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3677235 e hut and we do not agree with }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 Mr. Mpungu that Mary }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3677235\charrsid13904915 could}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 not see what the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3677235\charrsid13904915 appellants}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 , whom she knew well before, were }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3677235\charrsid13904915 doing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 . On the verandah she had ample }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3677235\charrsid13904915 opportunity}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 to see them clearly when they began cutting her. In the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1731031\charrsid13904915 judgment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 of the trial court there was no chance of any mistake in identification. We agree. We can see no reason to think that the learned trial judge was wrong in concluding that Mary positively ide ntified the three appellants as the assailants. We think that the circumstances in this case were such as to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3677235 make}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 Mary\rquote s identification safe to support a con}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3677235 viction. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 In any }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12723427 event there was evidence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 accepted by the learned }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12723427 trial judge. Mary knew}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 all three }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12723427\charrsid13904915 appellants}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 well before }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 in her case it was more recognition than mere identification. There was evidence at least from Kazimbye that soon after the attack Mary named all the three appellants to the first people to answer the alarm. The trial judge accep ted the evidence Nasimu (PW6) that A2 had uttered threats against the life of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12723427 t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 he deceased the day before the murder. It seems that A2 had contracted }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1731031\charrsid13904915 gonorrhea}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 and he foolishly believed that the deceased had bewitched him. All this was in our judgment clear evidence which went to support the correctness of Mary\rquote s identification of the three appellants and we are }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1731031\charrsid13904915 satisfied}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 that they were rightly con}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3677235 victed of murder. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 Before leaving this judgment, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 we }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 would like to comment on }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 one other }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 point raised by Mr. Mpungu regarding the reference in the judgm}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12723427 ent of the court below to what M}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 agidu tol}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3677235 d those who answered the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12723427 alarm}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3677235 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 It }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 is indeed }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12723427\charrsid13904915 unfortunate}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12723427 that any}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 mention was made of what Magidu, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 who }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 did not testify, may }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12723427 have}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 said. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12723427 We are }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 however, satisfied that the judge did not in any way }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12723427\charrsid13904915 rely}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 upon anything that Magidu may have told the witness which is hearsay but, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12723427\charrsid13904915 that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 he decided the case on the admissible evidence which have reviewed earlier in this judgment, and that no miscarr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3677235 iage }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12723427 of justice }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3677235 has occurred. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 This }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12723427\charrsid13904915 appeal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12723427\charrsid13904915 accordingly}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 dismissed. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3100410 DATED AT KAMP}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 LA}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3100410 this 5th day of October 1978. \par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\ql \li720\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid3100410 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3100410 Sgd}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3100410\charrsid12262638 : }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3100410 \tab (M. Saie}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3100410\charrsid12262638 d) \line }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3100410 \tab CH}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3100410\charrsid12262638 IEF}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3100410 JUSTICE. \par Sgd: \tab (P. Nyamuchoncho) \line \tab JUSTICE OF APPEAL. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3100410\charrsid12262638 Sgd: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3100410 \tab (F. M}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3100410\charrsid12262638 . Ssekand}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3100410 i) \line \tab JUSTICE OF APPEAL. \par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid3100410 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3100410\charrsid12262638 Mr. P. S. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3100410 Mpugu}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3100410\charrsid12262638 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3100410 of Mpugu & Balikuddembe Advocates for the Appellant \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3100410\charrsid12262638 Mr. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3100410 Emesu, Senior State Attorney, for the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3100410\charrsid12262638 Di}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3100410 rector of Public Prosecutions. \par \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3100410\charrsid12262638 I certif}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3100410 y that this is a \par true copy of the original \par \par (M. Ssendegeya) \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3100410\charrsid12262638 CHIEF REGIS}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3100410 TRAR}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3100410\charrsid12262638 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13904915 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11273891\charrsid13904915 \par }{\*\themedata 504b030414000600080000002100e9de0fbfff0000001c020000130000005b436f6e74656e745f54797065735d2e786d6cac91cb4ec3301045f748fc83e52d4a 9cb2400825e982c78ec7a27cc0c8992416c9d8b2a755fbf74cd25442a820166c2cd933f79e3be372bd1f07b5c3989ca74aaff2422b24eb1b475da5df374fd9ad 5689811a183c61a50f98f4babebc2837878049899a52a57be670674cb23d8e90721f90a4d2fa3802cb35762680fd800ecd7551dc18eb899138e3c943d7e503b6 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