Pillay v Pillay (SCA 5 of 1984) [1984] SCCA 1 (2 January 1984)

·v/s. T·::1. J.~n~"·3. J~a;}'1.2tha;'Fillay ..;civii·ADPeal t'le. 50f'19C:lL~ i.·'J2 the aJ?:pellant~.:;· -; .~.-•.... ~ Y' .<. From ::(:c~robe.t· 1967 .,~~,';:JU~Y.1975>he'\"Orke.d(in the:' v.:-. :chop at !<;arket':'·$treet., ,Yiptoria. •. ;./:He·· su edvth e .t he ..appeZ;c~r.:t,~:;,~.~m~~Hff~mi· .•.;;,~.;::~i,:~r~e~\n t 10,~500f6J,:>:J)servic·esre!lderedat;" ..;.ij'he s ame . ~:.:~'- ; . <:~::.:. ,; ',·<:!.~l que sti on}.:.t.l:le. shop ·,.:an -tieing rUl1for"a tho 3aLi~\~.{..~s,the.,:je.spon~~\j~~,:~9J;:!;tg~\ c.i a.i.m shouJ,.~t;·.have ,be en .. en tered;;-aga. J.:nst::'the .; -~:;,:,._:>,- ;(~_-).-:: '~'_'>': '. '-'.'-'--_,-:-:,.:. '< '~><,~\L-" .,: . <C' ':0,[; ar;ainstfhe.i-~sponc.ent . as an1{ndividJal. .' ' -- '.: .. :"-PT,,',:: ;·).gainst tiiedisroissal of t,l}at,'par.t.of ."'~·'>:~~;1l$~~;i'~ i' . !),;,:::j,~,";:' .; c'-:'::'C:2,}, w e ar-e only<concernectwith i;he;~laiJn f'or-. )9".0 d.:",,:~~::i:,~:~f~I~I~~:1~:-+ ola;·~;~"~'.;··"'. ~Jotsign;.t.f1£ffid09),lIllen};,:Exhibit "-~~~;h;::~~\~i(~-(._.·'~:i··,::',' to be ,his>'is,ftruly ~ ~ r..'" ank ,~->:,;,>:,~;_.:. ~if-;,1" .- .:' v »; .. ' );"~;~'-:.;'\;'JY/' c t!1e re.s:P9nde-R,,:6.~";,thatdeoci if ~tc';r: ~ ".,~. ... his·signature,ilf.'rinr:; 6,.a),thoughthe<;, ~'\~?~~"~:..';..e· ,":-.." 1'~_'!~;?' .;.... . '..:. "~C:o .,t;' was' ~'lii~Qut!,v;-ciiuable ~onsi({e~'ahon. or ·f~'f'. ,., .. ::'':';":)'·'·t;~~~~~7;~~~,~r~·!~~,:,t~~~r~\f;:!,'~~??r:; ";',. I',":i,~;:~{,~ -2-:.. .. . '-::' !.: :n~vi8wip-~ the evidence which hk: had before ~ii0r Juntice who tried the cane cOP-cluded t : : . 21:) .{ }:',limce of probabilities, :-':',::; ,the that 'L'.. -:::1"l0::; wag e s to which he wa s ent. Lt Le d : 'I .find that : I believe !:. O'C :'>J'oved his case. .'''.'O!'0 d::,.s'~iss the plaint \·;j,th costs." .:.. .... ,i~st this decision that the appellant appeals '('~..,::ds',-.rhich are set out in the memor-andum of two efOI'ehb.: is adocument,c,underpri,jate 6~f~i;.· .., S~O~de~~if:~~~~st'~h~m:txhib:t signatur.e r.o t repudiate ,,)iis".:.s:i,'gnanur-e .in' -,~ erms ,of{,II.rti ,:',' -,. '.;'-1\,\'.. '__':~J:f:'{/·~:-".:r\,:;::i,i,:;, !:.:5..v i. L Code of':Seyche,lles, , _ hereinafter ',,~~.-:_~;;:,:.' re~e;r.. J:i :He ackn6~led~ed .' ita~,his~own !':,;:.dsign ed 'Exhibit 6,as a "blank sheet, o1':P!3-per.~'L:~"~""'>;,F . ,;~. .:' !)osi tion 'in .~a.\~t~;~;~J;?:a~t'S~~:h,as"thiS'<;;{:;;1;i;:r"*':', excerpt::?;~!roiri,:,:EncycloPGdie:,Dalloz.~''J;)r6i t· "'~~~\';"{:'"-.~-~':~:':~,'.: ""Te'~:ve, se'tou't. Xthe':position ..., _ :-:. _ pLL'agraphe s 6?4~.&675 .: ' very -~.. <;«, ,_.-~.::-i·"\-/:~~~;'::;'·:l'< clMi~y::'.·~·· "~"i:;D7" S;~~~~~~!J~~t,~1ll~~~;~'tre'~d6~nee 'd,l' ""'Co-"'-'vU __e ,,:_e'ipap~er r e st e.. en .b Lanc a~~~ce 7' ,. Jl,L .•qua re'dige; <d' o\11e.-ccrmedeblanc- ."'" •h_ •., . ~)C ".. ' ~>,(;tcsoit .. • :!,'C:, ;';",lgre ledanger, J.cprocede:,es:t}acimi's ::':5 ~ l' r.ct e f<1,1tpreuve,.colIlIlJe do uo I.e protection.'\des,signataires .' .i o :c"i,y" La Lo i : .l,',abu's y·('p:-:'.l::?" fO:(.t;ci[~!"Tfientunilateral ,::!')(:J.':2. De peules (G. pen;" risques· . ::.~_. , ":!.t.,·' t;a'iJ::·~, •.~9,u)il,comporte ;,,' unefois acte le: •.;sig- pour Le -bLanc ,,' sou s seingprivp. c ep endant." est , ;de b Lanc= s ei ng est:p{maJ.e-' ar-c , 407): s ' agi t Lor aqu ' il :1.' ex i.g enc e du 'bon pour 1,.- encourus par Le signu- 67~. T-. 'b',',c'·';"" ~aS~0 ~oujours '';''; »t-ouver- l6i~ible que Le s !l',l~ntions inse:r-:i.tcs au signataire d'un 1\ '\ ~.., .',.' './~: ,,;,::ll';actc- I' .. EJ co:::,respondeu"tpa.~'il ,./':i,; ac. O(;FZ:;'--. Yaisil ,_,,"', c:;c8t::;r, " ~~",-,'~t::;;\~~~~F:~', temoins ;'..lve par ' ~r~~~~~::,J:'~u~c~n;'i~~~~ ~~nc:r~~l~!;,h:~:~~::i;'-' pr-odu i t un Commen- 's I il que celles: ne j)eut;',semble-,t-iLrapporter QU' il av.a'i. tVo\.llu' .roi, c>:'::(-'T:"I()m:;:.8~. S QU' il c orrt i.e rrc COl!1!':8 si el1es :av;;3.c,:'''~_'," .i nscr at.o s avant La Sil:';!lutux',:, s auf ".::,',':i-',dmini,:'cr6e ..c onr or-mement ~t l' article . :.--,:~:'..par ,,:,~,?, I1ull. 409). civ.'1';no .,,',' avaj."': ete frauduleusernen~, lapartie, qui f.l1l6gue 'In a'bus, (Civ. Gependa~t,s1.l. E: so~st:r.ai tict bl~1J;'"- :",' s : preuve 13LI,'I, .r ;~:""";!' " .-'::.:l~~~~~u~~~~~;~~:~e ~t i~e efY a~~~i~e q~ia~t-(.-, '~'lLC'~'::~), ,::·,:~~:::t~i~:e!:~:J:';;;;;;:;:;~:i;f;~~{~ll~jfli! ,:,,,"',f" eff,et; ,)u 'dl;:;:', '::8 ';fanted toadIlere't'to'bysigning the document;~.li,.i ,<'''.~~,•• ~' cu hi.m to show¥;gi{";~~he':;do:cu~ent: \,as'fi1;ie~-;~~: "..i51108 . Hov.'e'v'~r:.'in'-'so~~ cases 1!. I't'icle'~~34i1,<~f . ~:: ., :~~"~~"""i" .'; ::-.... ". '/.' .: , : J. - ". /.' such p~oo:f:,'il',there ,' ::. ... .. irlj.:~::.c:l proof und·~~,. A,r:ticle . is . :1347,. lack of .. '~Iriting '.:: :. ',' .... This'dl~',p8t, '/'" '.. " .. , '}'J;,)l ;",.:,..,..:.~. "..: - .. , .... ·'i'- ";'?,;f2 ..•<. , r,,!., no objection,w';~:'~itlade\to'oral .,,'. ...;:-- ~ ••• ' . < ;"1 "':".';'_ ::~:;:':.~::\.<: . l~: evidence . ~e'i~g'T __'{:~ ,.~ :l<'''::,-: ",:.i.~."~· ::·f-;.:;; ..;:;.:..~· ••• ,~",. , ..:·~-,_~.,~.,',~ .• ··~J·}o;t~~",r, .7 ~;::~ . -: '~.' .~.:... ;to.;" ..•...... e ':-,;, '0 E: it wa s f ~<,;~~~J;~~spo.nde n~to C~l e. balance:'ofj:'~Jirobab'ilities "' ",lpnk 3he:;f~¥K~~~p~~i~g;;1~~t" ',that>Exnih'it6/f~'~~;,,,,"7"';S 'sat_i~f~'1~h,r+,:J;~~}~lM ..~et;~I~'t¥;~~e~~~~;~ 2:-)',',' Larrt ar.-:8.ir..st'the>vrishes or. the r-e spcnd errt , \ "',,(; 'burden, oLJ)r 0of! did- not'.rest, .' • on the,ap- learned tria:l'((J~'dge:<,t houg ht ','. p~o~f~g;:,~};',;:~,&s~ h:1 s not. in findiIlg\,~hat :prope'rly' on ,'that issue, he 'tlould' :Ln f.a. VO....lr of +h e 'r<...;;>- 0'1"'(' "l,-.:-'h\ ..,_1 ~. ._! e .\~~'.: .....•... !I , .: ;.::.~~;,.. -:..~11"~ is i:', ;' ", " "- .t o.,b,e·Jikeni,nto him helf: idid;';:nqt, make .a Exl1ibit,'6'Y~~d.beeni$'ig~~l:r .'-:-;•..)~',- '-.:~,." - ., as 'a 'blank .,~:. He only said ,"tllat on .a bale.nc/3 oi' proba~ '. ,;:;rpc].lant bad~'ro:t;;~~W~ved,hi s :\case i:" ..". ~hC'.t i 't,,.12,s','e'ciJC1Yi,y.','probable.than ~L'h4Spo i.n't s . not that ~;-: . {~ . :~,s ,the 'burden 'C'" 1)eenSigned.:,~s;,~a}~(~~J.k,butthat . In th: h: i :::::~:::~~h~~1~'~~1~:Ps:::: "be prope's: •..•',~rJ~~,~~ti\~{;~'."f;B""'Y'. to substitut'e~~a;finding~.on~thE\tissue:to ~w::::c::: :.' . S' c ourt . ' ... ':ou~t" ..:_.···:·,,··~·_:,_·,,~.. ; ._'..~:'~·v:·L'~.~·-~ ,-- '>"",~':, .~;_ ":' .,' .. , that ,,_',;;,', • ,.t.' ~ _ i:,':',: .•...,},;(': '. ~ _ ---,-' r., " , ~, sn aH' assu:me~,t):latlEXhi1?,:i.t~Ei'¥Ia. S:"~igned'py 'the , ";,;;Z~rJ;;;.·;.·:,(2·:·>I/..,,·':;": ' ,', ~.:l-:en t n e docl;r.]ente1"frSJ.. A'9l:~d.;;:UJ?)..asi,f,'stands,; :c:Lcnedit in .tR~~~~~C~\~:{i6.i;~';oT:thepotary,.l'lr. 1t:r:: e::~i!i~~~~;,:;i:h:",S~ conn p.oint'rai s ed ::: ~ now , Exni~Jl'.::6 corrt a i.n a three::\par,a.graphso ::·jY.'2t p2,ragrap~~~~r~~f,~bo~~ent '.:~)T,dJ.l.lnt remun'e'ratioD:· ...of'R.7SJ,'+UO;for aCkn\X/;~,~~~e.s;.'that hi~serj ',e ~: . -:',';:' ~~~..- ,de-Dt C~'??S ," ;.;C;c:O!l(; p,U'agrap,h.)the. pr omi s e S,' to .p~1. Y _~;:_,.-.;~; ,400 .',:i th,-in:tere'st:'·thereon:,at':ricirmal,ra.tes., ::·:·r:;/~·:·.~·-{~.·: respondent .- '. . nderit • .:, ~~: th-, tI:l.: '::..~'0m time. to time/·to~,the,:respondento1t"h:i..sheirs . the i,' ordero~i~+.~t~~;:".·. ·.~·i;;'£~·Y,,~;i::,·:~ ..;; S"' ,trH";;":"l'G pa:r.agraph.':the:re . . spondent ..:-::>:\: ->. ,~_~_;'~··~~!:5;(L~·~·:;-~'0:2~{:··:~::; . ,authotA§es"i,th~':',,:, ··::~:;-:r:-.·..~'\'" ,~. to:'~Si~f~!~~~~t(t~f1.t.~~VAiS\' ~~;~<~1,\g1~,~~e .;','.;~ .; - -,':'':-;-:':>~''; r " ': -: " . srrou l d.vhe '. fai,U"to·,""horiour:;·his .<,1~~11;~;;'~1.,!;if~i,;lj;;;: .•,.,;' :indebt'edne'ss on :C) Ls a':promis~{opY.:~:n.6t"e>;f.aTJ;ingwithi*·,the··,pe~:; .ot: su:)secti~l! (1}.8i;~;:~;gii:~~;:8"~·0~; the;'Bi{l~<~f . ·"·!~:~t<:<:"..' ':-;1;'·':. .:. 2~.2), hereinafter.r.ei'er.!'ed .~:,t··;.:.~:·.1 't ... ;' to "as "the Act" 0 :f:e; ~:;"':'. is .., c ...:. ;,- -'... ' ',),"" ,._,~;.; ·t~_C,<.~.': :'~,.- -. ~'-, .: r-., L,;:-:. c:oD'cained inthe:C~:~hird~;aragfaPh>iif>~l1~b 8.f·:·".(:t ';;11c :prol!!ise!which:is unconditional.·~·:.'That .,,"," ·C.9 ·i~:reated. 8. S unwritten as. i.t: purports 'tC'-give ., or'Article1326 i • of • the Code whicn "~'0 ~n tlis case, does net n~ply to promio- ',:e of EX:libit 6 :the consider.ation fo!' the ory I,D">:: ,'>'£1$' thel'emilIle~.ation . . o i ,}{;c1;ion 2?('iJ (Q);~o~#~lJ.e;Act·b~ing .an ~1ntep~~4,a.x:t;':i?,lV(;e oftne apne llantfo;r =': : .... Thatw.f~i%'~e;~H"ab9cO~sid~):~iii;;· ,:,:-./:""·::'1' : .'.~·;~~y;·]tf:ftf::~{ic: . .;;:}f:;~~~(;i~~;r::~r~':ti/:'~ -::.:>~er es:pcndl)nt.;~asd'.disput ed that .fae t. spec il.icnily tl"l"t there was no···v.~luab·ie.: con~i~eration',ofre'~~~~ . ":';:C. ••<:<' " • ~:he learned::;trialJudge' .... made a specific . ., . . fi'ridi~g t""l::~t "'.:;he appell~~t had had" all ~he ",ages,:;:towhicil " . - "_C'." I am satisfied that there was evidence r, on j,;.?C': ;;:,::~tri [;:2. Judge;,cc,uld" pr-ope rly and r-ea son ab Ly . . 'In j;;'lc; ·:'.·.'·'>.~·':::·;;[;(l.lcOS .ther~·:forel what' is the effect 'or 6'; :1:. I t'_? -"~:be s[f.id. that . Exhibit 6 has no e!'~ect be:: . n.) va Luab Le conaad ez-at xon or reason. out in thecas~ at: Corgat v , 1'1ar ee ,1976 ",'. ~09, "'1.:' r,;: -:"13, from.~~ct'ipr::95(1),.t.hetitle.i;o:S'ec-:; 3Gct;LOr!S27{·J)·;a.neJ.30(1:) .6f· the/l. Ct·i t;'c ' '-. ;., '.: :-,-'-:. ,'~-".: . ' . . :;'1at "c ons i.der-at Lcn" .is required tosuppprt .butthe.express).ons IIvaluable;considerafi'o'ili,," in. the 'J{6:ti~{~~Oughbo;r,O~led'from Eng1i:~h .••:.he C::.'!en ·an.in1;erpr~~a~R'~ti;.adapted .to-,·.apc.'consi~ten~ ,'" ":,~~,iti':::' \,n'. sy st ern': ~f:ia~o':);;"~UJ~l~f;f?~"" "0 , .....! ."'." '_J"- " Ar".;j.cle.110,g . '.'~"'. .•or'?, ";hR 2od,~ Ci\1r.~"·i·r:.t'o';?'Pera.ti orion the 1st of",the";,Civ'U. Code . of th·e.. French:"as in ,I: Jrmua.r:- required ' •.•..•.nlo'c' ••..•...cr(' '. ei: .'o:.u·eE~,ent:Lal. c ondi. t Lons thHt wer-e U.-" .•• -, ~;' ;Jrf::';r:c1,:'to ... ....:;;;~{~~ ~i;i!!rt~~~~~~''''t", .".i~~"~~~,:.:~:~;~!~ill!l~o:~~~::::~:: .:l:;'::D:~:i r.cndc:!:'2"contra~1;h;v?,lJ..d~·!· One ;juch:~cun- . 'Jlhe~e is.n·o ··d·O\.lot;fi;hai; before ,,", - - """(..',." the" Code, c amc . ..'. E;":;~'essicns;';~;;~~fFtbi~~cC'~~iderati.~·r~'·";:l.nd·"c on -::,~ Act r;orr.espondedto· \lcaus~" in the 'Civil ...j}:J?l~eSSj.ons .: ~9B4~~ftt":p·,~.nd .to tne;{~pr.ession .cY' ,rt::.cle 1132 and,j'.objec:cu;i'nArticle.1133!of 'the ::~~eCode thatytherec:;niust·;J::ie'. u "reason" nnve.~:':r~:~'~~I~i;~~:tt~;::;~:i~t::;\~~~-. e. S0::~:::'::tt:e~:~W&\V~i.;;ft~~1~:~:{~~i;i~~~~~~i :::::;t:~I~~~~l~iJ::~~;'i:f,f;!:!r::: . '., 'lor,' the case of·a..t·u:romJ..ssory~·not e. . ':'~;~~;~~/>'-~:'~.;<i-:(.:'('" -",'. //::<: .;L<,p:r;efert9 ...:\_,: .. .: -'~.' on sorne . otl.lex:~·legaT:principle'.which .-:·'"::....t~'.....•.•.;~ ;'.: .!..., " . ;-"..'!:. . is • an ,:1. ~'T:;'].:~e s i n thi~li;T:~~L~·;:\':,;;,;1;'" ..·~,Sr .no ~';:~\~ geth.e.r: t o ~:";:" ·.::.uest:i.on of:".lack r.,,_,,~~;\~,?·\t:.'::'+-"P va'" ;_-'-omJ..s",ory, •.u,oye.l.,,..,xh~o~t ,of.::cons~deI'ution. S'· .~. ;:';{~~ ....6,, .,~.", ~. c .':-'. S (;c,··;,: .::"::~::~:~:::IIII~t~~i~~~~i:]~~~f~~llf}~ _ h,lVG set'.:ou·t:'·:,\:h'e·relevant aut·hoI'·i·~i~s,~'•. '~llb:;p,>t .in tr.o ~ase,j)~f;f5~~~9:~::&:lmor'V:){lJevo'~;d:J978 . ~. ,. . .... ": ... :: .. jur;Lsprud~nce -::~.~~'\', ~.~~~p~·~l.<>"·.:·' ,<, , ••. : ~.~" .. 0~ _." ~O_"·. Cly",~aY:."Yof.;,dQIlat:,Lon::(donat ~on-. ,~~:'e: the. ."e;';"dr~r.~~~~i!;"S,render:~,:to :-.'- '.:::": -':' · --:.. . '.. '-7-..: :... :- ..-'" .::.'-\~'- a Ildonationl':'~it~!~'i]f~t1~~~t1~~rac~~h~'stiY~Ol' a :;L. S-]~0i'o!'e ~ay ~.:e.)·~.·.:t~~st·edbY"ade~d ·~nder pi'i- .; i]~ ::'J"~'lt o:~ ':he:done.tion is. e qu i v a. Lerrt to thc: _ the 30rv{de ~eri4ered • .,.t'"! t'!-2P "clonation"is a mer-e Gift and· as:.;u(;h. C-. aut :rle~·~~lc':·:;f.'o!:'m·pre 5(;1'i 'bed 'b~l pl.arag;·ap:-l, /: ct_~.;;i~~:;::~~i~~i}~:;t~~m~:~;;:::?tim~f~:::ac .. tr.:e aniourrt Of.'·~;.;~~h'e·'·d~'na.~t~9~~~·'i:'~: ..reduce·d;:<:to -ma t c h ':~:}E": above principles to this .c as e ·one·.is b o unct .',. :, - ,'~ "!- ,." •.··.·:., ',. Y" :--..; b': ~- ;-. ••• 1.•. J.v . .-. ~ .~.s:'. n1,l,\,<o.n , i""; -d.' o' ;'o .•.. n .·.·e_... ec. f ..,'" t' ~--.. .'"h ~1. .> C•. O -r-": .~;. Jl.'~[1'e l'ound::t.hat, L .~'''; .: ,".: "0.3 e__.t_l.led., <..\-.,-= ;.-....:..•. , ;':~-~.:~ C ..~' l~,,'79,!~OO W~'s.~~~~(...g:~~.~t>-whichthe n .:~-·i:<·.~·~··~J~:.:'_~~;:~-:>:~\., ~ .~- .: ~., ... .r. _:",.:;:<,_~'~r,~' t'he . app el-Larrt h ad had all t.he : ., ~ . -,.' ..:,' - ~.. ~': ~ .' ;.-,-..,-;_~•.::vhe C.l.rcum..,"(;unces·thuJ.(.- r-e sponde nt . VILiS .,.",,'_.:,::_~ .' ,., ".~' -... i . J ;:;:>'cUar:.t and"s~~~>a';giit , .'.;.~~"::'d:~,:~ nUP1'",O~:,~<,n01;1ra~yj.n .t~~ u~ual' ~':::'l V:.'~ 0_ -r, ..__a_: tnereof' __ept OJ __t.m s shouldh~veboen '- , ., 1: Ol'll:Oi' l"ioreovel' ~s subject tothetormaiities :':; oi' e!1e Notaries. Ace ,- prescribed , by (Cap. 85) and fa i Lui-o entailst,he .nulli"';;y .or: t rie decc , '::::::.'.';2.t G,a.u·e:: tol:a~k of f'oz-m 'prescribed by :'<';;1'18 Coc'.2 o.rf.endsag:ains"C t he rule' of public 7.'D"!: ur~c'er thatArticle~'lcrticle'1131 t!'..e ,::.(."-.::';.:;~.~an 0''0 'Ligation' .whicn is ·acn.inst :.pt:b~.ie. ;:.-,'-"<.:: no J.'.':p:e.2. effect." It·follo\,/s'.thai·;E:x:hi"bit ,'.; :~)~;,::"~')it6 h,ad.=',beeri:,;>igned.by the,' respondent c. ,:;..: ··:·n'.'.'~..~.~..'.·y.l.:, bhoa~'ll:n_~e:no;'{3>e:;lt.~;t·,e_idt";:c.·.ff,c'~l::es, it • as nuil"~~'d': stand s~ o,...day, 6'f no '-- ~ 1.0 .~~,.;;..- ' ". _ _ _ ~.: . i", rc<ore di;".t~~,:1Q?$'~ppe~1·"ith COO:S. Justice of App~al _ "f.[ _ P .. F-.~· :::., App,ellal1t H.ec:pondent :', (Civil !\opee.l ;':0.5 of 198/,.) ·B•...tfeOrGe.s~-.f'o-r: :'JC.-·;.:Sh~Jl fo}' to.l,;~ ~--:; •... ,-TU'DJ}~E~~JTOY LA:'} !! ...\. ~?:";.!. J;j;~i6.'7;;}t?;t·:f975,;~,:;e.nd·thp.t i~t\:1(;~~\~!j.,;J.1:i,~~-Pl~1r-t,'th'3.the ·':'J:;!.(,~:~.'·,:;·:":..::-:__:~~,:,~;rJ-,_·t:-):·.:,,:_ •...·_~-:·:: ~.'-~,~i~~B1~;d1£~~;::~; .. ,:';':~:::~::;::::~:::::::,::~::~::~~ ~;11•..~.<.·.~.~. I.ol;,~,1~.2~:.,.·.'~;,:~.!':.~~~:~:f~:.~~f~~~~]~!::~~i:IitO~tl'::~~: 1Jh(~ l'".-!spondcnt r.dmo";lec!ged·;that he:o",ed the pay II from ~ ,,' n "rithout ., the respondent. . . (r'c" ·.mr;~ed for . ~ :-~.' h,( _,'. _". '_; _. -. -. _ - .~".,,>. Ii., .. ,::!..•....• \;'. :'-~,-:::T'·>,J~~~";:··· e.. L. L(·C?'{' ~,Yith/':'I~·"t "I:}.:"l~,:"ble considerati-on 'or- va. Iue -. I~. the defendant ';'-'.f!C;: t.he ...def'endarrt ..,s~gnea ...the it was .avers\that J'" ~ell.:..ea, >.(. " ,. .':" .,,:'::<' ..•...' is the ,','r irL;~eychf):""-';'O r,:)·n. India in 1967 \,hen.he was-only 12 years' .:. ii-ihic t:J:C·.'·'C' ··'.'.s:Lness. This .,as'L'.n:e.rrangelT',ent arrived'at ~ppella!1t,i:; ~-::'.re-;:"t.:::,vho 'Here, -:_.:.,poor, and .t.ne. respondent, a ,.,: is: not uncommon. Tor young Hindus: to be )1!'Qsperous :relative; . to live ~.'it.h ;him i.'J::5.:., , on bu~iness and .iT! t.r,...: .. ~-:)r.;!.", an ar-rang ement, in its ear-Ly s;:,;,,"~gesat be d;-;:;:·':·.....··>.;·. ,:~tj an apprenticeship.·' its the appellant said, .. ·"".s not p::.id a 'salary J bu t ~,her!ever he :," I:-1C,iC1., he woUlde.pproach h'isuncle"lhp :x.::: :',n ,,11. >-:e ·was·fed. by-h i s uncle, and.provide~,,:_ ".i':.:·:et rr,)r..ey .;He.was::told ..:-:..;. "-' :_,.-, :. - .' . by hisuncl~thatin'i,.;·'. •y ::,.~a j':;(T:tex 'partner in the business. In :.' c. r· :',' ':'" . ~11\Jff'~r\'U ? -~', :t'~k>i·~~.975ithe. appellant ::.;~!5;i,+f~'·.~·~. Ule .·.~...b. E!e!1:.1. J,'L~gahon, "I:.--,-L '... ' .. ~:< ·tran~·,'i~~ti'onJ be"C~.~G~n. ';' "',.. 'j-" ". -, -. .' ' ret;,~:C:"'/ ,resp:~~.e~:t ...-:~:~~:;.:~~~c ·r,.) T::.dia, "he.re ·he.tookover of a shop: and a plantation. in ~n Lnd.i.an icour t ar-istng ·; .., . ...,0.) . "..~. C~~. h business owned. Trler~has out of this '-·f;, .' - :.·;:'··!n.1978, - t'",." "'.:'~ ".fter t,:--e appellant had left Seychelles ':·c.:·,!d fo:' 0:' licences, 'KT..i::ru:s various purposes including The document hRS the attributes .. ,'" :-.. T. oont.a i ns , in typescript, an unconditional 01. (.,~:r.;lnd "il".. c:msideration of his servaces: in, .'my' V:i.ctClria, SeycThelles:sin~e.ot« .1967. to,1~75.11 cThe·.~.,~;".;:. h~i:!::::,~;~:t~.,t~~;I~~~~~~~~rSIji:;;:~~~~~J~kt~;,;; l.".;· ..•••'+".'!~.•..•..,... his ·s~g.nR.ture, :l:)U t. could,'l!Pct'j r.ememgerg&;,th~.;:Fe~,l)on7';·~[I£::i',!;';}·;-i'·if ~~;;~iL.~':1;~~~·~·~,-; . C3 b,";; 1~[ 1,r::.;t~~~~"de:~t~,thJr: h~~~~~~:ri9f':~~?ff~s~~.':.-J:;,~. >.;::';:,- :~; ;,<13 not· 2.t teste~.a.s~·it',purpoDts,toha:ve,be. E:ln. O~?;~~?~j;;l:~,;~s!;~ ,",~:::,;~:;~;:a::s~i~~~I~:":~!~~:~' toth ,td" 'n this ''''',' 'f~~:',:~F'd.;r,isl".d"'~'~~Il,f\"jC;;;i~~"'l~ .'..•,.... ".,e <; ~.g"e, cont.radfc.to ry. andrunsatd.sf'ac ..;,.,..,..,.,.. ,,~;'."".-,,' .,', tory, COD!l5.cering all the evi.dencevand observing " of t.h 2 witnessesin·;,the;,box·,. I'. amj.nc1ined:,wherever" is .<, cGnfl:cct bet"eenthepartiesl:"testimoniesto !'ather'.thlln· :tl~;',,"\ricie';lce of'the " defendant· ..'.' ."i tnes~es thelearned::. Chier Justice's in this- ..c~se)?b~~.~d( ..aSitiS.~~ ~v{CJen~e ,~:'-to Gemeanour.:·.·h'ei·heldi:as·,:a ,":.::. -. _ -:-:;F',- ~-,~~(--..----~-:~: ",.!...:.:t. I<'" ':lages· ,,0 ··. Whlch~he'.•.•.as ,en1:.ltled, .;and on ..·.a;i,,;.•. fact· :. ","<, -,.: that -.':: , the,.,::·:~,.,.··:,:;'>\, "., -.:ir):;. ·r·;· .. c' , :--:.. tha.t·o.f·'.' ,. :"~" " ,.',) '::.;;~~ .>';:'1 i:: ~..' I.; :.•.. ) asses'sment\~:':;::;\~;; ~:'j his. the·>r'1,-:'·;,;;.·,-v,:;.,;}'",·-:,;'J,::'1 :.-~ ~.-~~~~ ·.-~-i·~'~:.':~i~~_~;·~-:;i·;:·;·:.·t·t~:~;:: •.', ...;<)~.~~:;:/~.::.'~·' : '. ' .. <'.' . ". proved his~~~~·;'C:~~~:1~~~rihis the pro~~~~:~/;::.'>·,~ he. ':c,uu'. it, a l:i.ttle '. , '.: difficJi ""'';: ,.... tftb"concei ve that 8. very . . '.~s· .. ~·~:~ .~\ '..,:}\.'., , '" :,:;l~:Y~:";,,,,: - 3 -Y:{tit.;~",i;;I~t.~~\f:U,.~~~,{:::,d.; such as the 'respcirident:;)5h6uld,;sig/l " bearing in lJ1irid,:-that\'th'eperson' -to ,;,~'-:;-!. -"- :.- - - '.- -. -. - . :.:>-('. -; .-~~;~~~:--~., --~-~~,- -"-'--,' ';:. o.f,ri s own blood"Wl!9m.he;;;had a.1Viays t;rea ted:as ",y,mz; DOY and I do not)hnd it incredible when ':'~iif I }·:~~:.das a..finding by the :Le£;_rned·. G.1j.ef. I·l. Tu.f~t.ic(; ':-,:'F :l.n fp(!~~ ci.grie~ bY.,_~..the. r-espondent .in~:bl~rL1{, ;."~. ,<Lc'ing '"jl:>t" in:cas~':of:conflict, he preferred the "f. Prom that it ".->e. G !':!\.\st. h~ve..bee!l-_inserted 2,OOV€tte 'respon- :·'~.u'~h()r"~sedperson,::and that the respondent _is ,~.::; this.:app~iIfrith _co st s', .v: ..-:,.';:..,::. ~ ~:- . ,-~..;.:-~,,'~",~:- ir o«. Jim'..lary 1979:··tci:.'JuIY'1~)79 ~t ..: .., -~,:;.-.,,':-'.'.: ..:.).(' .r>·~.?·_. J...'_·-:::'. - <'-.' - ~ - ..:-.' ....'-~-,'..,_L .:,~_.';,.:~~ "i-. ' .. 1-', ;. ••.••-••.•• -. J.~ .: the rate "' -. ",' ".~.. <Seaton, ...=.~\~\~.~~~.~~~:.~ C~"J~.} ··dismissed "both the ' '~-'i:_ .. '-'~<:,:-":: disnl:i;'ssal" of,. the cla;Lni for . R .?iJ;\\,4d("!:·~~,·:'.'·'>.:·;r:·.:.<:.,\ the';di'sp}:l te :,A~a,s':~f6110w~..:·.:'..-,,'''','.,,'.,,":,,'''''', ;./:\~:~~~~;.;~ ..:~i¥;:_,"....,,~/i::~):~_:.·~~':-r:~':'i:'~_~J~;'-:. !H!phew of', ..the· responde.nt:,wOo;:1IIas,';:,ai wo:::: '::n:'e::V:e~:;~:~j~~f~~1;i~t:::':h:'~P"p":'e""" .., ',.--'- ' . . .~ .~~:::~'.~~<:- :~~i2~..._.~;:.- i!' .. .. ox 13 .--. "::~(:n the <,.ppel1a\nt:wa;~;,about,\;12 . '., . -, c."pc'.lant practicalii;~,as;hi.s ·~·~_?lt'. ..,. .. ,.' . ~::~;,:.>;.~•....... . ,'". own son. Hefed'/:;;;:' .'""<: and. gave him WO;k.i~~hif~::s~;~~/}!~It.;~\~as"actyp.iC~\~i!~/'~:: joi!1t ;:. Hi"c".: fam:l.ly,\~hen·.one more. fortunate "'", ,:'~r~u~:t:o~.,:jijfjii,~~Jf]i::,". _ .• \·ea ..•... ~he.respondent.,s , "; . '-, '- "',; .' " . ":- househo td , .. - :.'-; . ;;. .'-.' ", •••"ci. . and when require~~r;:~riJ·{iar.t9~~ .sums so "it~~i!jt~2;'.~;: '.:; •• ~. '--1',: ': •...'.; ;~:~ ." . ~'~ ~:-\'.. :.,' ""; $' , - . ·f?r.ily members :pr.r: !::espondent -iJe solei '~hesaid' business to'!~the',appellari".:,who,:, ;.~,\ ,.;>,_,' .ocefor·'ndi~1;1:i~~~fOO.. Od~:•.,I~,1r;J~~j~;};·in(~ ,.',i" the b\.:5~ness;th'etrespondent:;testifh,d·-~hat, "J" , .. '.' .... ;.' \·J,,,S in the sole;!=ustody .. _",' . of th€! respondent .0' • _. that thz.t accoy.n.~W9~k'refl~~ tee .tt~~c,.,tr.~:~;~i{\. ..: .'::•.2 a'-so .pfS.\:ICh(aY1 ;:'.~:.. "j 0,: .,~1~t~;~!iJ< " .;~:~~:>/~.o~!f .•.. , " ~I' ''''- ", ' ~. ". \·<:t,~s '",ere d ue to' the 'IJPpellant, ;that th<:t the'respondent :/ .. w e s .no t; ":) ,400 or any. SU~h~:',,;:" ':-:~ng fo!: +ne 'appeilant before us, ;;-:.:!: :::~at the " .. " "6AIII~1~;itf' tile Cr-.ici' Justice[stated ;';' ,.~ ~~~~.t~e defendant t ~~~::!~~n~;::i"~~: difficc!~ co .'1';:;::.::;t '." .,'::', t.o be a very.experie·nced .i: c orinnc t ion ~/i'ti-('thesale the.praintiff -and-to signed',:in -;he,:-cd=ter,·a.'1yone·· .cr ..~ :~Il hi~ ~arne , \·::,uld ))6V.2. ..... ,.. .. ,,(j Pl:",S(!!',:: the ..10:: pe 1:50n ·t9,whom-,:i'le itashis·deeci,. .bu s i.ne s aman, of Palanive1' Co the'acc~un't t~ have collect:'ln9ncy:!rqffi blank could clpiece'qf w~i tc ho';ever,. I anythi.ng, ..beClr~:,: :g avei t wa 5 ;:'someol1e "It v:ho : . in '~'.' ~.r.:'.:. c '''.'':..':;.'. in !'"'-.", ,', £j~or.: ....,;; b Lood , '='Je of ,.~horn.he;.had:·ai •••aystreuted.a5.a'son do :not,find'ff,: ',:~, ayoung·bC;yancl. I.: "..'::::,i:;:;;tt~~~~{~~~i~~~~1_·.:.< ..,..'.:.~l~~k;.~'~k:i;3;;l~ : soi. Lncr e dLb Le •...:.... \;<:~::l:·t,l*t~+~2·~7::.f, t.,.•.•.:,..~...•.•:,;•.•·.'•.:~. W' ",'~'. :-.'" .', '. ...• "J • :;~.::~:.:.".','\:'{;:' ·.<..\~Tr ,;::..•.•••,;~ .•••~,'.: •.:" ••~ .' " ..: •••••••• .,':~r~:.~'. in ... " :.= i.n the : "..~.~ '''';:,-"'" ~ Pci ~7!..:~:,;?~1~.,~~,;.i.:.'~.;l . . I., 'f)~ - the< dPpel;'an.t';·ha " een,:ful).y.;paid.·, :.~ ~~~~~:.:.:t(~ .~~t;1t;;.~:~::~:\' < ~:, <' ._:: ·I r .' " (. Jeorge.~'"an(:I:;iM.r.~lf!?liah\~anaiysed:. the.:" 'eyide'oce,~ '.:::,:1' : ! ~.~·'~·~~;':i:~,;:: :.,>:,;;' .<: ~.", :,_', .' /~~.~:~(~~;~: ~, t.r La in great d,ti¥~~~~~~~j~{1r;:i~dt"W;:"~~'f~;;~::~ . E!vidence·.!?~qp~rly,:\and':.·Qr,eW,··th e C6.r;;·~~'?)~;:;\J~M?}~·;'<i; !j(,r.')~':: 0:1(1 C"," , . . ;' ·:~:·\~~i~,{i~~~>~~l~~.~,':~;·~~';~:~\>i.~~:;.~~·~;;" " "'. saw the ::lvi'!;ii.ess'?~and<wei·gned t.he evd.de nc e ',"; ;. '.~~;,?< i";~,~ji~~)iY'~:;:~ to th ,conc;~±~~(~!~"it'{i;';0; :'<<woe hi' ~:'Z.ff~~~,~~~:t;i'~~~:~(:ta;i;~t0~1~~t~;;~¥;{: ofprobabHiti'es'.:r::-ffnd.:that: :the, Pli:d.ntiff;·,< ..•.. ,nnt .: th :\i: had;.'~'corri~:ii;o.:·the~:.d·ghtconqiiis:i.pn>:; ."i~~:'::~X':~)~.';>J"~";~:~~~\~~'{{~ C!-.j.c~ Justice . thedocumen~~;i,:E.xhi.b~t~ ~/:"~~:;:-·d~:~~ ""~~:'i~Yt~;~;~~~J~~i·~~~£:;.:,.;~·":·'~ .<;~}!"~~.:""~~:"-, ;;nc: he -.waS;tht:s.n. Q.tH;l.apJe):on·.:lt~3 : .... ~. ;"'~\' , .; .'~ .'~. :,( , was . expJ;'e.$s~y.">·stated,~,to. be \vages ',due t.'1ere:~~wa's\n9~:c·onSideraEon ·:·;:;~i~lft:):Y;:~W~\:,·";:' ..~~"-l.. '".><~" 6: ·\>{as.not ..,:: ~.';~". '-',~'~"~:..' --;~ ~.~ 4 execut.e,9; :,.:,':::.;<::~~!.~.,. "' 1:t was' also' >t!)at .:' '. . .~{~' :",{"~ '." ~,"redU':';h':~fii11{~jff':1W1::i\!:~;i':' ."\ .' .. ··:.i'·,:":.4 __",~"·k":" .';"..... ~,'~r:~:.~·:~·,.-:"; ..:;::. . •,"/t" r •.;-. ',. --;.~. '- •~·..7·~YFh~~~~jc1);~f5~fi:c;~~it,: ' :," .;~ ::~:~~!9:j·:~;:;<:·-~;;~~~~;~:·-~~ to'·,'l'r.ea'son(' .- 9/.7'6,·,( S~ycheHc s: po~~·~~fF·<!:··.