Biryomumaisho Milton & Anor v Uganda (Criminal Appeal No. 127 of 2008) [2010] UGCA 3 (3 February 2010)

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\li0\ri360\widctlpar\tqc\tx4320\tqr\tx8640\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin360\lin0\itap0\pararsid16209673 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8010122 \par }}{\footerr \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tqc\tx4320\tqr\tx8640\pvpara\phmrg\posxr\posy0\wraparound\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7537190 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\insrsid8010122 PAGE }}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid13051946 7}}}\sectd \ltrsect \linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\insrsid8010122 \par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\ql \li0\ri360\widctlpar\tqc\tx4320\tqr\tx8640\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin360\lin0\itap0\pararsid16209673 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8010122 \par }}{\*\pnseclvl1\pnucrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl2\pnucltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl3\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl4\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta )}} {\*\pnseclvl5\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl6\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl7\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl8 \pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl9\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1 \widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13051946 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i0\insrsid16209673\charrsid13051946 THE REPUBLIC OF UGANDA}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i0\insrsid5530623\charrsid13051946 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i0\insrsid16209673\charrsid13051946 IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF UGANDA \par AT KAMPALA \par \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13051946 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\insrsid16209673\charrsid13051946 CORAM:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16209673\charrsid13051946 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14499677\charrsid13051946 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16209673\charrsid13051946 HON. JUSTICE C. K. BYAMUGISHA, JA. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14499677\charrsid13051946 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16209673\charrsid13051946 HON. JUSTICE S. B. K. KAVUMA, JA. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14499677\charrsid13051946 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16209673\charrsid13051946 HON. JUSTICE A. S. NSHIMYE, JA. \par \par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13051946 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i0\ul\insrsid16209673\charrsid13051946 CRIMINAL APPEAL NO.127/08 \par \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i0\insrsid16209673\charrsid13051946 BETWEEN \par \par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16209673\charrsid13051946 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 1.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-360\li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar \jclisttab\tx720\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13051946 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid16209673\charrsid13051946 BIRYOMUMAISHO MILTON \par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16209673\charrsid13051946 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 2.\tab}ASIIMWE ALEX:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::APPELLANTS \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13051946 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid16209673\charrsid13051946 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13051946 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i0\insrsid16209673\charrsid13051946 AND \par \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13051946 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid16209673\charrsid13051946 UGANDA:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::RESPONDENT \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid6049965\charrsid13051946 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16209673\charrsid13051946 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6049965\charrsid13051946 Appeal from the judgment of the High Court of Uganda sitting at Bushenyi (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i0\insrsid6049965\charrsid13051946 Gidudu J}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i0\insrsid12599460\charrsid13051946 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12599460\charrsid13051946 dated}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6049965\charrsid13051946 20}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \super\insrsid6049965\charrsid13051946 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6049965\charrsid13051946 October 2008 in Bus-00-CR-A-0082/06]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16209673\charrsid13051946 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12599460\charrsid13051946 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13051946 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i0\ul\insrsid12599460\charrsid13051946 JUDGMENT OF THE COURT \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i0\ul\insrsid8349467\charrsid13051946 \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13051946 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid8349467\charrsid13051946 This is a first appeal from the decision of the High Court in the exercise of its original jurisdiction. \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\tx1017\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13051946 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid15279746\charrsid13051946 Biryomumaisho Milton and Asiimwe Alex in this judgment referred to as the first and second appellant respectively (and together as the appellants) were jointly indicted on two counts for aggravated robbery contrary to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15279746\charrsid13051946 sections 285}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid15279746\charrsid13051946 and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15279746\charrsid13051946 286(2)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid15279746\charrsid13051946 of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i0\insrsid15279746\charrsid13051946 Penal Code Act}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid15279746\charrsid13051946 and murder contrary to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15279746\charrsid13051946 sections 187}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid15279746\charrsid13051946 and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8748389\charrsid13051946 188}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15279746\charrsid13051946 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid15279746\charrsid13051946 of the same Act}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid209546\charrsid13051946 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid15279746\charrsid13051946 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid209546\charrsid13051946 It was alleged in the particulars of the first count that the two appellants on 30}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\super\insrsid209546\charrsid13051946 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid209546\charrsid13051946 August 2004 at Kazinda Trading Centre in Bushenyi District robbed Muganzi Ronald of his numberless motorcycle and immediately before or immediately after the said robbery used a deadly weapon to wit a knife on the said Muganzi Ronald. In the second count it was alleged that on the same day at Katenga 11 village the appellants murdered Muganzi Ronald. \par \par The facts material to this appeal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid9177671\charrsid13051946 are}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid11690520\charrsid13051946 that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid9177671\charrsid13051946 the deceased was a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\insrsid11690520\charrsid13051946 boda boda}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid11690520\charrsid13051946 operator at Kazinda Trading Centre. On the day in question at about 9 p.m}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid5116312\charrsid13051946 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid11690520\charrsid13051946 he was approached by one Nabaasa Didas now dec}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid7736862\charrsid13051946 eased and a brother of the first }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid11690520\charrsid13051946 appellant. He requested him to take him to Katenga village on his motor cycle and the far e was agreed at Ug Shs 3,000/=. The decease}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid1905606\charrsid13051946 d}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid11690520\charrsid13051946 accepted. When they reached a place called }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid1777589\charrsid13051946 Katungu they were joined by the first appellant and they continued on their journey until they reached Igambiro Forest where they were joined by the second appellant. T he trio forced the deceased off his motor cycle and a struggle ensued which resulted on the deceased being seriously injured. \par The next day, one Kagumire Philip (PW2), the LC 1 Chairman of Katenga }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid4012369\charrsid13051946 Village}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid5116312\charrsid13051946 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid4012369\charrsid13051946 received}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid1777589\charrsid13051946 information that there was a trail of blood heading to the forest}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid4012369\charrsid13051946 . He went to the scene and followed the trial of blood in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid5116312\charrsid13051946 to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid4012369\charrsid13051946 the forest until he came across blood stained clothes. He immediately went to Igambiro Police Post and reported the matter}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid1079458\charrsid13051946 . The witness}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid5116312\charrsid13051946 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid1079458\charrsid13051946 together}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid7736862\charrsid13051946 with}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid1079458\charrsid13051946 PC Mulekye (PW4) and o ther people visited the scene and found the deceased seated in water and was bleeding and had a swollen face. He was unconscious. He was taken to Ishaka Hospital for treatment which in turn referred him to Mbarara Hospital where he died on 4/09/04. While still at the hospital he revealed }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid9255609\charrsid13051946 the identity of his}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid1079458\charrsid13051946 attackers to his sister, Zipola Birungi (PW5).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid9255609\charrsid13051946 The body of the deceased was examined by Dr Sendi Bwogi (PW1) who compiled a post mortem report (exhibit P1). The cause of death was neurogenic shock due to injuries inflicted with a blunt hard object.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid209546\charrsid13051946 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid1905606\charrsid13051946 After the inciden}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid15224279\charrsid13051946 t a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid3746115\charrsid13051946 police}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid15224279\charrsid13051946 officer}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid3746115\charrsid13051946 D/C Twinomugisha (PW6) visited the homes of the appellants but they were not traced}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid10644902\charrsid13051946 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid9255609\charrsid13051946 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid1253208\charrsid13051946 O}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid9255609\charrsid13051946 n}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid1253208\charrsid13051946 4/10/04 the first appellant was arrested from his shop}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid3746115\charrsid13051946 by DC Twinomugisha in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid1253208\charrsid13051946 the compa ny of other police officers. The second appel}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid1905606\charrsid13051946 lant was arrested on 9}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\super\insrsid1905606\charrsid13051946 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid1905606\charrsid13051946 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid8985161\charrsid13051946 April 2005 from his garden.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid1253208\charrsid13051946 They were charged.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid9255609\charrsid13051946 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid13576559\charrsid13051946 At the trial they gave sworn statements in which they put up a defence of alibi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid10753704\charrsid13051946 which was rejected by the trial judge who convicted }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid8985161\charrsid13051946 them }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid10753704\charrsid13051946 as charged and sentenced them to death-hence this appeal.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid13576559\charrsid13051946 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid10753704\charrsid13051946 \par The memorandum of appeal contains five grounds. \par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10753704\charrsid13051946 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 1.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-360\li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar \jclisttab\tx720\tx1017\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13051946 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i0\insrsid10753704\charrsid13051946 The learned judge erred in law and in fact in failing to correctly evaluate the evidence on record thus reaching a wrong conclusion \par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7175603\charrsid13051946 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 2.\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i0\insrsid7175603\charrsid13051946 The learned trial j udge erred in law and in fact in his interpretation and application of the well established law regarding a dying declaration and as a result he erroneously convicted and sentenced the appellants to suffer death. \par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid4262047\charrsid13051946 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 3.\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i0\insrsid4262047\charrsid13051946 The}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i0\insrsid7175603\charrsid13051946 learned trial judge erred in law and in fact in disregarding the appellants\rquote defence of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7175603\charrsid13051946 alibi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i0\insrsid7175603\charrsid13051946 when it was not disproved by the prosecution. \par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7175603\charrsid13051946 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 4.\tab} The learned trial judge erred in law and in fact in his assessment, interpretation and application of the well established principle of the law on circumst antial evidence thereby arriving at a wrong conclusion that there was sufficient circumstantial evidence to corroborate the dying declaration. \par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7175603\charrsid13051946 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 5.\tab}The learned trial judge erred in law and in fact when he erroneously convicting the appellants for the offence of murder and aggravated robbery when they were not properly identified. \par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10644902\charrsid13051946 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 6.\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i0\insrsid10644902\charrsid13051946 \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\tx1017\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13051946 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid10644902\charrsid13051946 When the appeal came before us for final disposal, Mr Bwengye, learned counsel for the appellant argued grounds 2 and 5 together, ground 3 separately and ground 1 and 4 together.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid2902113\charrsid13051946 The g ist of his submiss}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid668633\charrsid13051946 ions on grounds 2 and 5 is that there was no cogent evidence to connect the appellants with the offences with which they were charged. On the dying declaration, counsel submitted that it was insufficient and needed to be corroborated by o ther evidence. He further stated that the trial judge}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid2244337\charrsid13051946 believed mere assertions by PW 5 and PW6 who alleged that the appellants deserted their homes}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid9048895\charrsid13051946 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid10313493\charrsid13051946 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid9048895\charrsid13051946 He referred to page 13 lines 1-17 of the record of appeal and claimed that from the extract it is clear the deceased did not know the people he was supposed to transport}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid4537203\charrsid13051946 . He pointed out that it was Didas who mentioned Milton and it is also not mentioned how he identified the second appellant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid7349401\charrsid13051946 . He further pointed out that PW5 in her evidence in court did not mention second names of the attackers}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid9256169\charrsid13051946 and yet PW6 mentioned second names}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid6585445\charrsid13051946 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid9048895\charrsid13051946 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid6585445\charrsid13051946 On the law applicable to dying declarations counsel cited section 30 of the Evidence Act and the case of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11214226\charrsid13051946 Uganda v Simbwa }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6585445\charrsid13051946 \endash Criminal }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9521749\charrsid13051946 Appeal No.37/95}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid9521749\charrsid13051946 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid3559578\charrsid13051946 (SC) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid9521749\charrsid13051946 which was relied on by this court in the case}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid15953627\charrsid13051946 of}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid9521749\charrsid13051946 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9521749\charrsid13051946 Oyee v Uganda Criminal Appeal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid9521749\charrsid13051946 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3559578\charrsid13051946 No. 159/03 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid3559578\charrsid13051946 (CA) both unreported.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid6585445\charrsid13051946 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid1578637\charrsid13051946 On conditions that were prevailing at the time of the attack, learned counsel stated that condition}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid7736862\charrsid13051946 s for correct identification were}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid1578637\charrsid13051946 absent and yet the trial judge relied on the testimony of a single witness without warning himself. He cited the case of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1578637\charrsid13051946 Abdallah Bin Wendo &another v }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15224279\charrsid13051946 R \{}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1578637\charrsid13051946 1953\} EACA 166}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid1578637\charrsid13051946 where the court held that although a fact may be proved by the testimony of a single witness, this does not lessen the need to test with the greatest care}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid3559578\charrsid13051946 the evidence of such witness respecting identification, especially when it is known that the conditions favouring correct identification are difficult.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid1578637\charrsid13051946 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid15224279\charrsid13051946 Learned counsel pointed out that the trial judge misdirected himself when he concluded that Nabaasa was arrested}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid12156160\charrsid13051946 with a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid15414392\charrsid13051946 motor cycle when there no proof that the motor cycle belonged to the deceased.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid15224279\charrsid13051946 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid10313493\charrsid13051946 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid1253208\charrsid13051946 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid16671466\charrsid13051946 Onenochan learned Principal State Attorney did not agree. He submitted that the trial judge correctly applied the law regarding }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid5116312\charrsid13051946 a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid16671466\charrsid13051946 dying declaration and he relied on the case of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16671466\charrsid13051946 Uganda v Ssimbwa}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid7736862\charrsid13051946 (supra)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid16671466\charrsid13051946 and found the circumstances as stated by PW5, PW2 and PW4 that the deceased was in a critical condition}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid8010122\charrsid13051946 and therefore what he told PW5 about the identity of the attackers was true. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid10754031\charrsid13051946 He}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid8010122\charrsid13051946 pointed out that the trial judge found corroboration of the dying declaration in the testimony of PW 6 who went to the homes of both appellants and failed to find them}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid10319937\charrsid13051946 . In the dying declaration, Mr Onen}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid5116312\charrsid13051946 o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid10319937\charrsid13051946 chan pointed out}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid14182908\charrsid13051946 , the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid10319937\charrsid13051946 deceased stated that his motor cycle was taken from him and it was later found with the person who}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid10451467\charrsid13051946 m}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid14037569\charrsid13051946 he}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid10319937\charrsid13051946 mentioned }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid10451467\charrsid13051946 in the dying declaration.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid14182908\charrsid13051946 He claimed that the dying declaration was corroborated. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid1253208\charrsid13051946 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid14182908\charrsid13051946 On identification, the learned Principal State Attorney submitted that the deceased knew the atta ckers and he mentioned their names. He further pointed out that the deceased operated a boda boda at }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid8523362\charrsid13051946 Ki}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid7883874\charrsid13051946 zinda }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid5864860\charrsid13051946 stage and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid7883874\charrsid13051946 the appellants were residents of the same area.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid14182908\charrsid13051946 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid10951894\charrsid13051946 \par The case for the prosecution depended largely on the visual identification of the appellants by the deceased. The Supreme Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid9066351\charrsid13051946 in the case of Bogere Moses &another v Uganda Criminal Appeal No 1/97 gave guidelines on the app}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid670392\charrsid13051946 roach to be taken in dealing with the evidence of identification. The court said:}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid10951894\charrsid13051946 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid670392\charrsid13051946 \'93The starting point is that the court ought to satisfy itself from the evidence whether the conditions under which the identification is claimed to have been were or were not difficult, and to warn itself of the possibility of mistaken identity. The court should proceed to evaluate the eviden c e cautiously so that it does not convict or uphold a conviction, unless it is satisfied that mistaken identity is ruled out. In so doing, the court must consider the evidence as a whole, namely the evidence of any factors favouring correct identification together with those rendering it difficult. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13769819\charrsid13051946 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid13769819\charrsid13051946 This being the first appeal, it is our duty to re-evaluate the evidence ourselves and determine whether the conclusions reached by the trial court should be allowed to stand. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid13528597\charrsid13051946 \par We shall now examine the conditions which were prevailing at the time of the attack and determine whether the deceased was able to recognize his attackers. The case for the prosecutio}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid289465\charrsid13051946 n is that the deceased was told by}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid13528597\charrsid13051946 one Hasani (who did not testify)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid289465\charrsid13051946 that there was a customer who needed tran sport. The time was about 9 p.m at night.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid12261951\charrsid13051946 No one gave evidence at the conditions that were prevailing at the time of the attack}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid14438661\charrsid13051946 . B}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid12261951\charrsid13051946 efore a conviction can be based on evidence of visual identification the court must make sure that there is no mistaken identity}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid11210929\charrsid13051946 . The witness may be honest but mistaken}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid14438661\charrsid13051946 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid15810895\charrsid13051946 In order to ensure that the witness or in this case, the deceased was not mistaken, the court has to look for \lquote other\rquote evidence direct or circumstantial to confirm in material particular that the accused committed the offence.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid6256410\charrsid13051946 \par In the matter now before us,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid1341137\charrsid13051946 the evidence implicating both appellants and which the learned judge relied upon to convict, was the dying declaration and the conduct of the appellants. The conduct in question was that they ran away from their homes to elude arrest. \par To begin with, the motor cycle which was allegedly stolen from the deceased and later recovered from Didas Nabaasa by one Mpora (who did not testify}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid16323586\charrsid13051946 ) was}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid4733442\charrsid13051946 n}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid5116312\charrsid13051946 ever proved at the trial to have}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid4733442\charrsid13051946 belonged to the deceased. Although the defence did not contest the ingredients of the offence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid16323586\charrsid13051946 of robbery and murder}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid4733442\charrsid13051946 except particip}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid7736862\charrsid13051946 ation of the appellants}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid16323586\charrsid13051946 the court had a duty to make findings as to whether the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid7736862\charrsid13051946 prosecution had proved the ingredients}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid16323586\charrsid13051946 beyond reasonable doubt.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid3947826\charrsid13051946 The motor cycle which was s tolen from the deceased had no registration number. At the trial, the said motor cycle was not exhibited and no witness testified that the said motor cycle belonged to the deceased. However the learned trial judge in dealing with }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid5182613\charrsid13051946 the issue of the motor cycle said:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid13528597\charrsid13051946 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5182613\charrsid13051946 \'93According to the evidence of D/C Twinomugisha the motor cycle was black in colour, Quinqui make and numberless. It was recovered by Mpora from Ibanda where Nabaasa was arrested}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12608214\charrsid13051946 with it and on the way to Bushenyi, the other boda boda riders pounce d on the vehicle carrying Nabaasa and the motor cycle and lynched Nabaasa while the motor cycle was exhibited at the police. This ingredient was not contested by the defence.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5182613\charrsid13051946 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12608214\charrsid13051946 I find as a fact that the motor cycle was stolen from the deceased. This ingredient was proved beyond reasonable doubt.\'94 \par \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid12608214\charrsid13051946 We are of the opinion that the learned judge, with respect}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid15498205\charrsid13051946 , erred in the conclusion he reached that the prosecution proved beyond reasonable doubt that the motor cycle found with Nabaasa belonged to the deceased. The evidence which was on record was that the deceased was a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\insrsid15498205\charrsid13051946 boda boda}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid15498205\charrsid13051946 operator. The only witness who testified that she saw the deceased with a motor cycle was his sister (PW5). She was not asked either in examination in chief or during cross-examination what type of motor cycle her brother had. Other }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\insrsid15498205\charrsid13051946 boda boda}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid15498205\charrsid13051946 operators were not called either to prove that the motor cycle which was recovered from Nabaasa belonged to the deceased.}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid15951383\charrsid13051946 Therefore there was no proof beyond reasonable doubt that the motor cycle in question belonged to the deceased.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid10633278\charrsid13051946 Without that proof the appellants could not be convicted of the offence of robbery.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid12608214\charrsid13051946 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid2754416\charrsid13051946 \par As for the evidence of identification, we have already stated that there was no evidence of the conditions that were prevailing at the time material to this appeal. The learned trial judge did not address his mind to th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid9372809\charrsid13051946 is important aspect of the case before convicting the appellants.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid10168356\charrsid13051946 Instead he relied on the conduct of the appellants to convict. PW6 testified that he went to the homes of th e two and found them at their respective homes. He also stated their relatives were uncooperative. The first appellant in his defence stated that he was around all the time and even when his brother Nabaasa was killed he attended his burial. He denied hav ing been in hiding from the long arm of the law.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid5400635\charrsid13051946 Arresting suspects involves more people than the police. The local council }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid5115462\charrsid13051946 leaders are people who are in a position to know whether a resident in the locality has disappeared or are}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid10040540\charrsid13051946 just}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid5594336\charrsid13051946 absent from home. PW6 was stationed at Bushenyi Police station which must be some distance away from the areas of residence of the two appellants. Whereas the first appellant stated that he remained at his home and continued running his shop normally, the second appellant sta ted that he had a shop in Mbarara which he was running. He stated that he never went to his home in 2004}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid10040540\charrsid13051946 but went in 2005 that is when he was arrested.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid5115462\charrsid13051946 The person who arrested him did not testify.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid294092\charrsid13051946 The evidence of identification by the deceased did not rule out the possibility of mistaken identity} {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid10622948\charrsid13051946 and as such the conduct of the appellants could not corroborate the dying declaration. The prosecution did not adduce sufficient evidence to prove its case beyond reasonable doubt.}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid2754416\charrsid13051946 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid5116312\charrsid13051946 In the circumstances we are}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid10622948\charrsid13051946 unable to uphold the conviction of the appellants.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid5116312\charrsid13051946 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid10622948\charrsid13051946 In the result we quash the conviction, set aside the sentence of death and order for the immediate release of the appellants from custody unless they have other lawful charges against them. \par \par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\tx1017\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13051946 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i0\insrsid10622948\charrsid13051946 Dated at Kampala this}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i0\insrsid15165367\charrsid13051946 4}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i0\super\insrsid15165367\charrsid13051946 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i0\insrsid15165367\charrsid13051946 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i0\insrsid10622948\charrsid13051946 day of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i0\insrsid15165367\charrsid13051946 February }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i0\insrsid10622948\charrsid13051946 2010}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i0\insrsid15165367\charrsid13051946 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i0\insrsid10622948\charrsid13051946 \par C. K. BYAMUGISHA \par JUSTICE OF APPEAL \par \par S. B. K. KAVUMA \par JUSTICE OF APPEAL \par \par A. S. 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