Brigadier Smith Opon Acak,Ahmed Ogeny v Uganda [1993] UGSC 10 (4 November 1993)

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\widowctrl\ftnbj\aenddoc\noxlattoyen\expshrtn\noultrlspc\dntblnsbdb\nospaceforul\hyphcaps0\formshade\horzdoc\dgmargin\dghspace180\dgvspace180\dghorigin1800\dgvorigin1440\dghshow1\dgvshow1 \jexpand\viewkind1\viewscale100\pgbrdrhead\pgbrdrfoot\splytwnine\ftnlytwnine\htmautsp\nolnhtadjtbl\useltbaln\alntblind\lytcalctblwd\lyttblrtgr\lnbrkrule\nobrkwrptbl\snaptogridincell\allowfieldendsel\wrppunct \asianbrkrule\rsidroot5199871\newtblstyruls\nogrowautofit \fet0{\*\ftnsep \pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\insrsid2455524 \chftnsep \par }}{\*\ftnsepc \pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\insrsid2455524 \chftnsepc \par }}{\*\aftnsep \pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\insrsid2455524 \chftnsep \par }}{\*\aftnsepc \pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\insrsid2455524 \chftnsepc \par }}\sectd \linex0\headery708\footery708\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid13189983\sftnbj {\footer \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar \tqc\tx4153\tqr\tx8306\pvpara\phmrg\posxr\posy0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2649940 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\field{\*\fldinst {\cs17\insrsid2455524 PAGE }}{\fldrslt { \cs17\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid11621082 15}}}{\cs17\insrsid2455524 \par }\pard \s16\ql \li0\ri360\widctlpar\tqc\tx4153\tqr\tx8306\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin360\lin0\itap0\pararsid2455524 {\insrsid2455524 \par }}{\*\pnseclvl1\pnucrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl2\pnucltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl3\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl4\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta )}} {\*\pnseclvl5\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl6\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl7\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl8 \pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl9\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \s15\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1 \widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid2455524 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid12653529 THE REPUBLIC OF UGANDA \line IN THE SUPREME COURT OF UGANDA \line AT MENGO \line (CORAM: MANYINDO, D. C. J., ODOKI, J. S. C. & PLATT, J. S. C) \line CRIMINAL APPEAL NO.18 OF 1992 \line BETWEEN \line }{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid2455524 \par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid2455524 {\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid12653529 Al BRIGADIER SMITH OPON ACAK}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11621082 =====================AP}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid12653529 PELLANTS }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid2455524 }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid12653529 A2 AHMED OGENY \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid2455524 \par }\pard \s15\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid2455524 {\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid12653529 AND \line }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid2455524 UGANDA==========================================R}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid12653529 ESP}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid2455524 ON}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid12653529 DE}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid2455524 N}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid12653529 T \line }{ \b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid12653529 (Appe}{\b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid2455524 al against High Court ruling hol}{\b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid12653529 den at Kampala \line (Hon., Mr. Justice Tabaro) dated }{\b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid2455524 the}{\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid12653529 }{\b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid12653529 25}{ \b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\super\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid2455524 th}{\b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid12653529 day of \line }{\b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid2455524\charrsid12653529 February}{ \b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid12653529 1992) \line }{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid12653529 IN \line H. C. C. SS CASE NO. }{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid2455524 277}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid12653529 }{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid12653529 OF 1991 \line }{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid2455524 \par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid2455524 {\b\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid12653529 JUDGMENT OF THE COURT }{ \b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid12653529 \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid12653529 The Appellants Brigadier Smith Opon Acak and Ahmed Ogeny lodged this appeal against the refusal of the High Court to accept their pleas in bar which they had put forward on the basis that they had been pardoned. This occurred on the }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid2455524 12}{\lang1033\langfe2057\super\langnp1033\insrsid2455524\charrsid2455524 th}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid12653529 February 1992 after the learned Judge had tried the issue whether the Appellants had in fact been pardoned. The appeal is wide ranging and covers matters, which might be suitable for a constitutional court and certainly suitable for trial As we see the situation we think that it is necessary to be clear about the nature of the appeal before us which is confined to the issues arising out of the High Court\rquote s rejection of the evidence upon which the Appellants relied to prove that they had been pardoned. \line }{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid2455524 \par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid12653529 {\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid12653529 At the commencement of a criminal trial, the usual situation is that the indictment or charge is read to the accused person, and he is required to plead whether he is guilty or not guilty of the offence. But in special cases the accused has a right to put forward a plea, which would bar further proceedings, because such proceedings are null and void. The three pleas of this nature are, whether the accused person has already been convicted of the same offence, or whether he has been acquitted of the sa m e offence, whether he has been pardoned. At this stage the court must ascertain the fact whether there is a previous conviction, a previous acquittal or a pardon. If it is matter where the accused person, feels that he ought to have been pardoned, either b ecause there were circumstances in which his case ought to have attracted a pardon, or considering his constitutional rights, the President ought to have granted him pardon, these are all matters in which there being no certainty of pardon at the commence m ent of the trial, the trial should proceed and these issues taken up later on in the defence. The procedure of a plea in bar is the procedure whereby the accused can have the second proceedings declared null, on the sound principles that no man should be tried for the same offence if he has once been convicted or acquitted, or he has been absolved from that offence by a pardon. \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid2455524 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid12653529 These principles have received statutory authority and we would do well to commence with Article 15 (1) & (6) of the }{\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid12653529 Constitution, }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid12653529 which provides: - \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid2455524 \par }\pard \s15\ql \li720\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid2455524 {\b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid12653529 \'93 15 (i) If any person is charged with a criminal offence, then, unless the charge is withdrawn, the case shall be afforded a fair hearing within a reasonable time by an independent and impartial court established by law. \line }{ \b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid2455524 \par }{\b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid12653529 (6) }{\b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid2455524 No}{\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid12653529 }{ \b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid12653529 person shall be tried for a criminal offence if he shows that he has been pardoned for that offence.\'94 }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid12653529 \par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid12653529 {\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid12653529 Passing on then to matters more particularly in point there is }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid2455524 S.59}{\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid12653529 }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid12653529 (1) of the }{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid12653529 Trial on Indictment Decree }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid12653529 which provides: - \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid2455524 \par }\pard \s15\ql \fi-360\li1440\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid2455524 {\b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid12653529 \'931)}{ \b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid2455524 \tab }{\b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid12653529 Any accused person against whom an indictment is filed may plead \line }{\b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid2455524

\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s15 \b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid12653529 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 a)\tab}}\pard \s15\ql \fi-360\li1440\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar \jclisttab\tx1440\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid2455524 {\b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid12653529 That he has been previously convicted or acquitted, as the case may be, of }{ \b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid2455524 the same }{\b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid12653529 offences; \line }{\b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid2455524 \par }\pard \s15\ql \fi360\li720\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid2455524 {\b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid12653529 or \line }{ \b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid2455524 \par }{\b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid12653529 b) }{\b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid2455524 \tab }{\b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid12653529 That he has obtained the President\rquote s pardon on his offence. \line }{\b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid2455524 \par }\pard \s15\ql \fi-360\li1440\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid2455524 {\b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid12653529 2) }{ \b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid2455524 \tab }{\b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid12653529 If either of such pleas are pleaded in any case and denied to be true in fact, the Court shall }{ \b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid2455524 try}{\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid12653529 }{\b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid12653529 whether such plea is true or not. \line }{ \b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid2455524 \par }{\b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid12653529 3) }{\b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid2455524 \tab }{\b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid12653529 If the Court holds that the facts alleged by the accused do not prove the plea, or if ii finds that it is false in fact, the accused shall be required to plead to the indictment.\'94 \line }{\b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid2455524 \par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid2455524 {\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid12653529 Following upon these provisions, the Court in the present case proceeded to try whether the plea of pardon was or was not true. It came to the conclusion that there was not one iota of evidence which suggested that the plea was true. Accordi ngly, the Court called upon the Appellants to continue with the trial. \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid2455524 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid12653529 The Appellants now appeal on various grounds which we may divide into different categories. In the first category are ground 1 and 2 which are as follows: - \line }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid2455524 \par }\pard \s15\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid2455524 {\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid12653529 1. }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid2455524 \tab }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid12653529 That the trial Judge erred in law in not including in the record the Court \line proceedings (a) statement(s) to the effect that during the hearing of the \line evidence on the 22}{\lang1033\langfe2057\super\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid2455524 nd}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid12653529 of January 1992, Counsel for the Appellant asked \line to be allowed to lead evidence from each one of the Appellants in \line support of their pleas of statutory amnesty a}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid2455524 nd Presidential pardon but }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid12653529 the Court overruled the said application. Affidavits }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid2455524 of OPON ACAK, AHMED OGENY and G.}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid12653529 O. EMESU annexed hereto. }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid2455524 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid12653529 2. }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid2455524 \tab }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid12653529 That the learned trial Judge erred in law in refusing to hear the evidence from each of the Appellants and/or putting each one of them in the witness box, to give such evidence, in support of their respective pleas of Statutory amnesty and/or pardon. \line The burden of arguing these grounds fell upon Mr. Emesu who appeared for the Appellants at the trial as well as on this appeal. \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid2455524 \par }\pard \s15\ql \li720\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid2455524 {\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid12653529 In the second category there were the grounds which Mr. Emoru undertook to argue starting with ground 3. \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid2455524 \par }\pard \s15\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid2455524 {\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid12653529 3. }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid2455524 \tab }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid12653529 That the learned trial Judge erred on the facts in holding that there was no iota of evidence to show that the Appellants were pardoned by the President. \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid2455524 \par }\pard \s15\ql \li720\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid2455524 {\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid12653529 Ground 4 was not pressed because the arguments concerning an amnesty under the Amnesty Statute of 1987 was withdrawn fro}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid2455524 m}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid12653529 the appeal. \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid2455524 \par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid12653529 {\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid12653529 The remaining grounds complain that the App ellants had been granted a presidential pardon but that their release was later cancelled by a resolution and order of a High Command. It is claimed that the Appellants should have been released because of the Prior Legal pardon. On the other hand, as so m any persons being held were being released, it was wrong for the High Command to specify who were to be released and who were to be persecuted, because that was an unconstitutional act since it discriminated against these Appellants. As far as the second Appellant is concerned his name was not re}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid2455524 ferred to in the orders of }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid12653529 the High Command and his name ought to have been included amongst those who were to be released. \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid2455524 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid12653529 Finally it was said that all those errors, omissions and irregularities constituted, and occasioned a miscarriage of justice. We must state clearly that all these matters concerning the claim or claim of the appellants to be granted a pardon concern matters of defence in the circumstances of this case. What this Court has to decide is wh e ther there was any evidence adduced by the Appellants to show that the President had pardoned then even if there were orders to be prosecuted by the High Command. The procedure is that it is for the Appellants to establish their pleas on the balance of pr obabilities and if they do not do so, they are unable to bar further proceedings against them and must proceed to trial, raising such natters as they consider to be open to then in defence. \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid2455524 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid12653529 In trying the issue of a pardon, the learned Judge noted in his pr oceedings that the accused persons were at liberty to call witnesses in an endeavour to show whether or not they were pardoned. This observation is attacked by Mr. Emesu because it does not show whether the Court thought that the accused persons themselve s could take part in the trial. According to the notes, which Mr. Emesu took of the proceedings on his brief, the Court had actually held that Mr. Emesu\rquote s request to call the accused persons first was not proper. They should call independent witnesses to pr ove their claim,. Thereafter independent witnesses were called. This constitutes a challenge to the record, and as such, this Court would normally proceed to inquire from the Judge, whether Mr. Emesu \lquote s notes are correct. But for reasons which we shall giv e presently we do not think that course is necessary, and we shall proceed upon the basis that what Mr. Emesu has said is correct. On that supposition we should point out that the accused persons if they wished to make a statement or give evidence on thei r behalf should have been allowed to do so.}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid2455524 First of all it is always }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid12653529 important to have the clear words of an accused person when he is putting forward a plea. It is not wise to rely in such matters on the statement of their counsel. Secondly, the iss ues for trial are likely to become clearer as to what, how and who granted the pardon. It did seem at first-sight that this irregularity was fundamental, but the situation has been clarified because in their appeal to this Court the Appellants have set ou t in an affidavit the matters which they would have relied upon had they been allowed to give evidence. It has been confirmed by Counsel that these affidavits contain the full statement of their case. We think therefore that as the Appellants have been in custody from 1987, it is better to consider their affidavits together with the other evidence adduced, and so to judge the appeal on that basis. \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid2455524 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid12653529 The affidavits of the Appellants are similar and are as follows: The Appellant Brigadier Acak that he was the C hief of Staff of Staff of the Uganda National Army before the overthrow of the Government of President Obote in }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid2455524 1985.}{\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid12653529 }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid12653529 He left Uganda and lived in exile until 1987. In November, 1987 he learnt from Radio Uganda and the BBC, that an Amnesty Statute had been enacted and Presidential Pardon declared in Uganda granting a general pardon to all Ugandans fighting the present government, and all members of the various security organisations in the former government in Uganda. On the 26}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\super\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid2455524 t}{\lang1033\langfe2057\super\langnp1033\insrsid2455524\charrsid2455524 h}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid2455524 }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid12653529 November 1987 at a place cal}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid2455524 led Bugema some 11/2}{\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid12653529 }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid12653529 miles from Mbale he was arrested by soldiers who took him to Mbale Military Police. \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid2455524 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid12653529 He had been walking along the road to Mbale to report to the authorities. He was }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid2455524 taken before Brigadier Sheifi Ali}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid12653529 , who promised to transfer him to Kam pala to be released on Presidential general pardon. He was taken to Lubiri Military Barracks where he was detained for two years. During his stay at Lubiri he was visited }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid2455524 by}{ \i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid12653529 }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid12653529 several senior army officers whom he did not know, who told him that he had been pardoned by the Presi}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid2455524 dent, and that he was only }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid12653529 being held in detention }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid2455524 for}{ \i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid12653529 }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid12653529 security reasons, Later, he was transferred to Upper Prison Luzira }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid2455524\charrsid12653529 where}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid12653529 }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid2455524\charrsid12653529 he}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid12653529 was }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid2455524\charrsid12653529 detained}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid12653529 with other people who were prisoners of war. It was here that he met the second A ppellant Ahmed Ogeny. He was visited by the Minister of State for Internal Affairs, Mr. Kahinda Otafire who told the Appellant that he had been pardoned by the Presidential order, but a former Senior Army Officer he would not be released immediately for s ecurity reasons. Ho referred to the New Vision Newspaper account of the release of the prisoners of war dated 20}{\lang1033\langfe2057\super\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid2455524 th}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid12653529 June, 1988. In July 1989, the officer commanding Upper Prisons Luzira Mr. Kitambu said that his expected release on account of the Presidentia l pardon had been cancelled by the NRA High Command, who had identified and earmarked the Appellant as a rebel leader to be prosecuted for treason. He saw several prisoners of war being released by Mr. Kitambu on the same Presidential pardon. But in Janua ry, 1990 the two Appellants were taken to Court and charged with treason. \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid2455524 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid12653529 The second Appellant had been the head of the Special Forces before General Tito Okello took power in May 1985. He then went into exile. In 1987 he was in Kenya receiving medical tre atment and he learnt through the newspapers of the Presidential pardon having been declared in Uganda, granting a general pardon for all political offences by Ugandans who were actively fighting the NRM government and all other persons who had worked in t h e security organisations such as Police and Prisons services. In November, 1987 he decided to come back to Uganda and also his foot was swollen. He was walking through Bududa where he asked villagers for assistance to help him contact the authorities. The villagers reported to the NRA soldiers, who later came and escorted him to Mbale Military Police. He was then take}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid2455524 n before Brigadier She Sheifi Ali}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid12653529 who told the second Appellant that the latter would be escorted to Kampala to be released on general pardon. He was actually escorted up to Mbuya Barracks, From there he was t}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid2455524 ransferred to Luzira Upper }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid12653529 Prison as a lodger. It was there that he met Brigadier Opon Acak the first Appellant. At this place he was visited by the Minister of State for Internal Affairs Mr. Kahinda Otafir}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid2455524 e who told him tha t they had all}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid12653529 been ordered by the President to be released on general pardon. However they would be released in phases for security reasons. He also referred to the article in the newspaper dated 20th June, 1988 Lat er on in July 1989, he was told by the officer commanding Upper Prison Mr. Kitambu, that the general pardon had been cancelled on the order of the NRA High Command on the ground that he had been identified as a rebel leader and that he was to be held back for prosecution for treason. In January, 1990 Brigadier Opon Acak and himself were taken to court and charged for treason. \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid2455524 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid12653529 The article in the New Vision newspaper, to which the Appellants referred, does not appear to carry the matter any further forward. \line It is headed, \'93 Released prisoners of war go home.\'94 The article states that a total of 1671 prisoners of war had been released from prison around the country. The release of the prisoners was part of the}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid2455524 peace accord between the NRA/U}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid12653529 PDA. The screening exercise for the release of the prisoners had been carried out at district levels by the RC\rquote s, elders and DA\rquote s office during the past two months and the process was still likely to continue. The Minister of State for Internal Affairs Mr. Otafire who had been visiting Luzira Prison to see how the release exercise was being carried out, told the New Vision that all those prisoners exonerated, would eventually be released in stages. The Minister did not say how many prisoners of war were still held at Luzira bu t}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid2455524 added -}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid12653529 \'93 this has been a result of the peace talks. Our intention has been to release these young men all along, but we could not send them back because of the trouble in their regions\'94. The Minister, however, ruled out the immediate release of people lik e Professor Isaac Newton Ojok, Brigadier Smith Opon Acak and Major Olwol who he said were still being}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid2455524 held for security reasons. }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid12653529 \par They were responsible for the miseries of these young men here. The Minister also noted if the Holy Spirit rebels could b e salvaged, they could also be rehabilitated and resettled. There were combatants and non-combatants, the latter saying that they had been taken from their homes. \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid2455524 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid12653529 The evidence given was that of Hon. Ateker Ejalu. It seems that from February 1988, he was a Minister in the Office of the President. He had taken part in the peace campaign explaining the Presidential pardon and the Amnesty Statute and encouraged people to surrender or report to the authorities. The pardon did not cover any people particular it was supposed to cover those who surrendered and reported themselves. The purpose of the pardon was to advance peace and reconciliation in the country. It. extended to political offences and excluded criminal offences. \line }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid2455524 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid12653529 The next witness was Mr. P. Edyomu, S enior Superintendent of Prisons, in Prisons Headquarters in Kampala. He explained how Article 73 of the Constitution was operated. He thought that to exercise the prerogative, the President signed the instrument sent to the Minister of Internal Affairs, w h o later directed the Commissioner of Prisons by forwarding the Presidential Order to the Commissioner, So far this procedure applied to convicted prisoners mainly those sentenced to death. In the case of the prisoners of war who were lodged in the prisons

for safe custody in 1989 some of them had been released by the directive of the Minister of Internal Affairs asking the Commissioner to implement the decision of the High Command. The Prison Headquarters gave the directive on the 2ls July, 1989. The direc tive had been issued under the Amnesty Statute. It did not mention any names. But Prison authorities drew up a list of those affected. That list did not include the names of the two Appellants since the Minister\rquote s directive}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid2455524 stated that rebel leaders }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid12653529 were not to be released. He produced the list of those to be released exhibit D2 while the Minister\rquote s directive was marked as exhibit Dl. \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid2455524 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid12653529 The last witness simply noted that in 1987 the Appellant Ogeny was visited by Lt. Col. Nassur Izaruk. \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid2455524 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid12653529 On this evidenc e there is no direct statement that the President actually signed an instrument of pardon. The nearest one gets to a statement that an order had been made appears in the affidavit of the Appellant Acak when he related what occurred when Mr. Kahinda Otafir e visited him in prison. It was alleged that this Appellant had been pardoned by the Presidential order. In these circumstances the Advocates for the Appellants submitted that the court should rely upon circumstantial evidence to prove that an order of par don had been made, and indeed must have been made. On the other hand the Principal State Counsel submitted that the evidence put forward was }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid2455524\charrsid12653529 only}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid12653529 of a hearsay nature and was not confirmed in evidence. Whether it was circumstantial or not, still depended on whether the links in the circumstantial evidence were properly proved. \line }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid2455524 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid12653529 It is not clear why the Appellants chose to rely on the statements made to them by Mr. Otafire. In the first place it is not apparent why Mr. Otafire must know whether or not the Presi dent had signed an instrument of pardon or gave verbal directions. Secondly, in view of the necessity of showing that there had been a pardon, we would have thought that Mr. Otafire would have been called to Court to give evidence. He was not, and we have not been able to ascertain any good reason why this should have been so. The result is that the evidence suggesting that there had b}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid2455524 een an order is insubstantial. }{ \i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid12653529 }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid12653529 \par Another aspe}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid2455524 ct of this problem is that Mr. O}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid12653529 tafire would not appear to have taken a cor roborative line, in what he is reported to have said in the New Vision article. The vital point seems to be that the Minister had indicated that the Governments intention all along had been to release the young men, but that could not be done because ther e was still trouble in their regions. \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid2455524 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid12653529 The Minister however ruled out the immediate release of people like Professor Isaac Newton Ojok, Brigadier Smith. Opon Ocak and Major Olwol, who he said were still being held for security reasons. These people had been responsible for the miseries of the young men. In our view, it must have been impossible for the Minister to make that announcement, if there had been an order of pardon by the President. \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid2455524 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid12653529 It may be useful to observe the time-scale in this matter because it is said that there was a change of mind and that the pardon had been cancelled, by the High Command. The Appellants were arrested in November, 1987. Sometime apparently in 1988 they alleged that Mr. Otafire had told then that they had been pardoned. In June 1988 Mr. Otafire had already ruled out the released of the appellant Acak. In 1989 a decision was taken by the High Command that they should be released to be prosecuted in the courts of law, and charged with treason. \line }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid2455524 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid12653529 In January, 1990 they were so ch arged. It is clear that long before the letter of the High Command, the Minister had ruled out the possibility of releasing, these Appellants and this was confirmed by the directions of the High Command. As the evidence stands there does not seem to be an y case of change of mind, and it seems doubtful whether the Appellants have reported accurately what occurred during, their con}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid2455524 versation with Mr. Otafire. }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid12653529 \par There was no doubt a peace campaign in which a general pardon had been broadcast so long as the people concerned had not been involved in criminal activities. Minister Atoker Ejalu explained the nature of the campaign. He was very clear on the point that no names were involved and no specific orders of pardon had been made. \line }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid2455524 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid12653529 The hostilities in Uganda amounted in several instances to civil war. Those combatants who were opposed to the present Government\rquote s forces and were captured in the course of the battle were treated as prisoners of war, and detained in prisons, being called lodgers. They had never faced any charges, and it would be suitable for the authorities if they so wished, to simply release them, whether they were entitled to an amnesty or to a pardon. It appears that other persons who were not combatants were also arrested whom the governmen t forces considered to have aided the opposition. It is clear from the list of prisoners of war who were listed in August 1989 that this list was drawn up for the Commissioner of Prisons by the officer in charge of Upper Prisons Luzira. The list does not i nclude the names of either of the Appellants. The list clearly represents an act of state. \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid2455524 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid12653529 The High Command was dealing with the prisoners taken during the civil war. It is to be noted, that as required by the Constitution of the High Command, the Presiden t was the Chairman, when it was decided to release prisoners of war in safe areas in phases, but the rebel leaders were to be prosecuted. The conclusion which we have reached is that a general pardon had been announced under the peace campaign, and that n o specific instruments of pardon had been signed for any particular person, and that there had been no change of attitude towards perso}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid2455524 ns such as the Appellants. }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid12653529 \par Mr. Emesu nevertheless contended that a general pardon was sufficient for the Appellants to rely upon, in putting forward their pleas in bar and that their particular pardon could be ascertained from circumstantial evidence. It was not necessary to show an instrument of pardon. Against that the Principal Statute Counsel submitted that the nat ure of the President\rquote s powers to order a pardon would result after advice from the Committee of the }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid2455524\charrsid12653529 Prerogative}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid12653529 of Mercy in a signed instrument of pardon. The President\rquote s powers are as follows as enacted in Articles 73, 74 and }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid2455524 75: }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid2455524 -}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid12653529 \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid2455524 \par }\pard \s15\ql \fi720\li720\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid2455524 {\b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid2455524 \'9373. }{ \b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid2455524 \tab }{\b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid2455524 The President may, \line }{\b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid2455524 \par }\pard \s15\ql \fi-720\li2160\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid2455524 {\b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid2455524 (a) }{ \b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid2455524 \tab }{\b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid2455524 grant to any person concerned in or convicted of any offence a par}{\b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid2455524 don, either free or subject to }{\b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid2455524 lawful conditions\rquote \line }{\b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid2455524 \par }{\b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid2455524 (b) }{\b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid2455524 \tab }{\b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid2455524 grant to any person a respite, either indefinite or a specified period, of the execution of any punishment imposed on that person for any offence; \line }{\b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid2455524 \par }{\b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid2455524 (c) }{\b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid2455524 \tab }{\b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid2455524 substitute a less severe form }{ \b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid2455524\charrsid2455524 of punishment}{\b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid2455524 for any punishment}{\b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid2455524 imposed on any person for any }{ \b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid2455524 offence; or \line }{\b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid2455524 \par }{\b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid2455524 (d) }{\b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid2455524 \tab }{\b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid2455524 remit the whole or part of any punishment imposed on any person for an offence or any penalty or }{\b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid2455524\charrsid2455524 forfeiture}{\b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid2455524 otherwise due to the Government of Uganda on account of any offence. \line }{\b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid2455524 \par }\pard \s15\ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid11621082 {\b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid2455524 74. }{ \b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11621082 \tab }{\b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid2455524 (1) }{\b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11621082 \tab }{ \b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid2455524 There shall be an Advisory Committee on the \line Prerogative of Mercy which shall consist of, \line (a)}{\b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11621082 \tab }{ \b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid2455524 the Attorney General, who shall be Chairman; \line }{\b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11621082 \par }\pard \s15\ql \fi-720\li2880\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2880\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid11621082 {\b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid2455524 (b) }{ \b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11621082 \tab }{\b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid2455524 not less than six nor more than nine other members appointed by the President \line }{ \b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11621082 \par }\pard \s15\ql \fi-720\li2160\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid11621082 {\b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid2455524 (2) }{ \b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11621082 \tab }{\b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid2455524 A person shall not b}{\b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11621082 e qualified for appointment as }{ \b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid2455524 a member of Advisory Committee f he is a }{\b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid12653529 member of the National Assembly or a member of the Council of a District. \line }{\b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11621082 \par }{\b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid12653529 (3) }{\b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11621082 \tab }{\b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid12653529 A member of the Advisory Committee appoint ed by the President shall hold office for three years, so however that his seat on the Committee shall become vacant; \line }{\b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11621082 \par }{\b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid12653529 (a)}{\b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11621082 \tab }{\b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid12653529 If any circumstances arise that, if he were not a member of the committee, would cause him to be disqualified, would cause him to be disqualified for appointment as such; or \line }{\b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11621082 \par }{\b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid12653529 (b) }{\b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11621082 \tab }{\b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid12653529 If he is removed from office by }{ \b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid11621082 the}{\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid12653529 }{\b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid12653529 President for inability to discharge the functions of his office, whether arising from infirmity of mind or body or from any other cause, or for mis-behaviour. \line }{\b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11621082 \par }\pard \s15\ql \li720\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid11621082 {\b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid12653529 75. }{ \b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11621082 \tab }{\b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid12653529 (1) }{\b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11621082 \tab }{ \b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid12653529 The Advisory Committee shall advise the President as to whether he should exercise any of his powers under article 73 of this Constitution.\'94 \line }{ \b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11621082 \par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid11621082 {\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid12653529 Mr. Emesu also relied upon Article 79(1) of the Constitution which provides that; where the President has exercised his prerogative or acted in accordance with any advice which by law he must consult or consider is not a matter which shall be inquired into by any Court. \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11621082 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid12653529 It is apparent from Article 73 that the President may grant a free pardon or pardon subject to lawful c onditions or to order a respite or to substitute a less severe formal punishment or to remit any part of punishment. \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11621082 \par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid12653529 {\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid12653529 In all these cases it is difficult to see how the President can have signified his decision, except by a written instrument. While it may be that in this appeal it is only Article 73(a) that is involved, even so the authority carrying out the President \rquote s order, should know whether it is a free or conditional pardon. As explained by Mr. Edyomu, when the President exercises his prerogative he signs an instrument to the Minister of Internal Af}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11621082 fairs who then directs the }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid12653529 Commissioner of Prisons to carry out the order by forwarding the Presidential Order to the Commissioner. \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11621082

\par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid12653529 That practice is particularly relevant when sentence of death or ot her punishments are concerned. But having in mind that Article 73 (a), relates to any person concerned in an offence as well as convicted of an offence, a pardon may be granted before punishment is imposed. Even so, in the usual way one would expect an or der stating whether the President had decided to grant a. free pardon or a conditional pardon. \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11621082 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid12653529 It may be, that the usual rule would have exceptions and, for instance if the records were destroyed in the fire, that secondary evidence or circumstantial evide nce may be admissible to prove the existence of the instrument of pardon, Mr. Emesu is right when he contends that there is no actual provision in Article 73 or 74 or indeed Article 15(6) which lays down any procedural or evidential requirements, to prove that an order of pardon was made. \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11621082 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid12653529 Nevertheless, because of the nature of Article 73, some indication must be made as to the type of pardon granted. We cannot foresee all the circumstances which may arise, so we are content to say that the general rule mus t be considered when the exceptions arise, if and when they do. But in the circumstances of this case, there are no exceptions. \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11621082 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid12653529 As we have said there was a general announcement there would be a pardon except in the case of criminals. That situation has be en experienced before in England as long ago as 1775 especially in 1834. The English court took what we consider to be a sound view of that situation by holding that a proclamation promising a pardon does not have a legal effect of a pardon, but following }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11621082 such }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid12653529 a proclamation the court could defer execution of sentence and so allow time for the prisoner }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11621082 to apply for a pardon. \line \par (See Hal}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid12653529 sburys Laws of England Fourth Edition Volume 8 paragraph }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid11621082 953).}{ \i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid12653529 }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid12653529 It is clear that the present Appellants could not plead a pardon to pre-empty the proceedings against them because of the general pardon. It is also clear that there would be no point in deferring the present proceedings because the President as the Chairman of the High Command has made it clear that no pardon would be granted to these Appellants, But during the course of the further proceedings it is open to the Appellants to take whatever action they wish. \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11621082 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid12653529 As we have said the other flatters raised in the Memorandum of Appeal whether the Appellants ought to be granted a pardon are flatters to be taken in defence. \line In the same way any claim to an Amnesty under the Amnesty Statute of 1989 may be taken at that time. \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11621082 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid12653529 We have noted on behalf of the Appellant Ogeny that he was not singled out for prosecution specifi cally by the Minister in the newspaper article or in the directions of the High Command of July, 1989. We do not think that has any significance. The list given by the High Command of those to be prosecuted was not exhaustive and he was treated as a rebel leader. \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11621082 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid12653529 Finally there is the question whether the President exercised his prerogative constitutionally. That is again a matter for}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11621082 the constitutional court. }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid12653529 Counsel for the Appellants asked us not to treat this matter with undue formality. It is how ever a technical point of procedure by which the Appellants have the burden upon them to prove on the balance of convenience that they were pardoned. \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11621082 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid12653529 That is all that this appeal is concerned with. It is obvious that criminal proceedings commenced in acco rdance with the criminal law and cannot be barred on flimsy grounds. We agree with the learned Judge that there was no sufficient evidence to show that the Presidential pardon had been granted to these Appellants and on what terms. Consequently in our jud gment the appeal fails and the orders of the High Court are upheld with the consequence that the Appellants must return to the High Court and stand their trials, which should take place as soon as possible. \line Delivered at Mengo this }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid11621082 5}{\lang1033\langfe2057\super\langnp1033\insrsid11621082\charrsid11621082 th}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11621082 }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid12653529 day of November 1993. \line }{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid12653529 S. T. MANYINDO \line DEPUTY CHIEF JUSTICE \line B. J. ODOKI \line JUSTICE OF THE SUPREME COURT \line H. G. PLATT \line JUSTICE OF THE SUPREME COURT }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5199871\charrsid12653529 \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12653529 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14830933\charrsid12653529 \par }}