Charles Mukinkila Chitengi v Attorney General (SCZ APPEAL NO. 41/1995) [1997] ZMSC 63 (7 February 1997)

IN THE SUPREME COURT Of ZAMBIA 8 CZ APPiAL NO. 41/1 995 HOLDEN A'f LUSAK A (Ci v ll Juris1i~ti~n) CHARLeS MUKINKILA CHITENOI Appellant and THE ATTORNEt-GENERA ~ . Reepondent Cor-am: a~eupe o.c. J., Cnaila and Chirwa JJs on 25th May, 1 ~~6 and 1th February, 1997. ~or the Appellant: Mr. C. K. Banda of Chifumu Banda and Assoclatea For the R~tlpondent: Mr. D. K~ Kasote, Assistant Senior State Advocate J U D G M E N T Cnirwa J.s. delivered the judgment of the Court. This ls an appeal by the appellant againet the judgment of the Hi~h Court that ruled that the aopellant was not. a Zambian and therefore c ould be deported by the Minister or Home ~ffaira under Section 26(2) of the Immigration and Deportation Act, Cap. 122. The hiatory of th~ matter is that on 2nd day of March, 1990 the appellant was apprehended by tne Chief Immigration Officer from Inter-Continental hotel and detained at kUsak~ Central Prison. On 17th Ma~ch, 1990 he wae served with a deportation order signed by the Hiniater of Home Affairs o n 16th Maren, 1990 pursuant to Section 26(2) of the Imml~ration and Dep o rtation Act. Cap. 122 and taken to Kasumbalesa border post for his deportation to Zaire. The Zairean authorities refused to accept t ne appellant, alleging that he was not a Zairean and ne was re-detained. 2 I .•. \ \ ... Jc ... • w-rlt. or th1.a• ro110wln$ n~.rb•a:1 0orpus. tJu11i-e wart both atfid~vit ~Ylden~~ and v1v• ~oc~ e~iden?e b, ~h• appell•nt and •t trio ~••ri~& Qr tlu ;Hrl.t. ob~a1ne1d lest..-t> ~.,au.s- to !\• -ilt.:.t.t.e witn~n.'l':!.t. t~• tYJ.done• u::' ?.lH .-sp;ifil.tant v,~~ boi-n •t K&llr'11.'i. ~1l11'r,q, 1Ct-;a1Gt1t .• t.~ th~ otr11-ot Utttc ne wae :t.a.~i-tt; o~· Z,-;ablan pa!"entl'J• ff• went to 90,it .. til t:t<J!,•l'.' ur,1.1 th~ r\r$t was his ~ot~9P ~n~n ~t •a• vs~y rnun3 and hts fath•~ lm&t t~ L~6~ 1 h~ wa~ QOll•~ted ~, t1~ u~cle aern~rd Mu~1nk1l~ who lillla h L .a ~i t.n~ua ~t. t.~~~ ,Hrn ~ l.n~: "'f' '; r.s ,1 .- i ';. ~ r ~l),LH1a~ o onnu~ .• ,,hud z;" c.f' bo"";.h t'~l"•r\t. CI, t.:i,•(~•l i,;:u iH&: a.n'-' %11T1:bt • totn•r-'e nar.,• vi1• Pa~-r1ole lh::n.tniUl~ K11.:ihot111 troa Ka.eem.i,a iiot.lHn· o.t Har.-1et 8ele.i1ga r,•~.!!) Chloo:o. On !$.~i:'l. Y11l in tie et4rt~•1 "'"!'':tf ~.u~ _,~,,i' In lJ i. ; ·. ij ;,,,E1 ,)t ~n•• .'!\~ n~v.. i1:, • ;-: ~-\.,a;, •. ~ Contr~l lr1~cn fo~ 1~ day~ but l;:)ot)I QU~ii)t.toMH1 ht!& about wh•r• l\111 1?8~ h• ~•a d•ta1n~d a~ ~u~a~a 1 n() ;.•~.\Jl(JJ')!I: t.'~l"I '.(l\"QM, l';l!1t, ¢.t.~11. i'\'"Qii!. th 11l.5o t~l~ ~l'\6 r.:;:;,it,1~1: tt;at ~,1:;'.ltH, lr.. Z.at11'i>la h• h•d ~'!Ni \f'Ot'ki..rw; t"'ol:" St~C.oit )!outi·~ :.l,t ,11~ •':'1:t Ul•tP!. l!!.i:iotra >1.n,J fl;"•l· t.htJI. ig•.rn~ ~,f'til1'\1:'I. II a11113gllt1&"A \i~t•e ,t:h••n ,1• 1u1.i. hi• f°l"Jande tt« ~~!dirt~~, ctoubt~O hll or!$1A& t~e, iK~ C$rs and ~O'l?e~- ~ould n~t ~••• •~?lOY~~ h!~ ln suoh a~n~1~1v~ J~ba. "at1.:-J~ .... 1 ~21~:3t.r&ttnn Ci:,.r!! ~!H.~:, ~~ ,,btr.itn11d ht r.u.v• i" 1966 ft. I.. -~a•w•l• ~illage •a.-~int thti 1.1~ C~l~f K•lll•l~ tn ~ol~~il Q[~~~i~t~ ttt~ a~~ell•nt ~ald ~bat i t w•• not. him who gave r.ha vlt'o All rat a.a ho 1, or hi II vi tne ■ i, but. a.tie o~"Q$~~ed, ~e ~a1 b~rn 1n Za1r• QC Zeab1•n pa~~~t5. lte.e •t no.• d.i ed.. :;>i'lr-tlcu.l.~r-» bl. It i:'ll.• aunt.. li>•~t1oular•• \ui; ~orn ~~ tho toil.a~ t.!le 'f11e .r.p'i'l"'ll:u,t. 1 s w1;;,~~~ -s 11..-tt n.itu,...i,'4 .rtao ola1tted tn.e •on <1r hi;i th•t th• app•llllnt ......... hiz!I el4•r bro,a•~ ~ho ~ied i~ ta1~~ and tb~t h~ lett fer XQ1rR ln l~,4. Be ca~e to knQW th~ ~P~•ll•"t ln 196~ ln tai~• ~h8~e ~o ~e r~rth•~ t~ld the o~u•~ tn~t hie ~ttft$~ ~~a Mangl ~a• b~rn. "&Qt1'11 aod r)• WA .. tf.:i~·.1n;d.li. •rad \hAt. ijab1PHUU,t Wf!l.8 ~I\'# &lil(iri" ol~lt;;.;· ~o Hi.~ {P!I~) aotc•r. ~- eat4 th4t ! f 9~b!~eflU ~-,~ ettat ~he ~~1, had baby g1~1s. 8hl would bit tellin5 l.:\.0S Ill~ nh• Wili:I t-h·l- ~°"t.~. J:• or Jo:i<11rir~ Chit~H\11 and was bo~n n, Mundaki vlll&~•, Chior K~see?A• Kiee~pa dist.riot. 31._. - J3 - Porth• ~••pond•ni. 8 ~,t~•a••• a••• ev14•n~•• fb• tira\ , ar• ~•latl••• or PW2, e,rnard K~kift~lla. DVl -•• one ot the tlv• 4au1~t•r• or &abtnonu •~d \bat tb• ta\h•r wa• Naansula aad tDa\ tb•J na4 no bot in t~•,r taa11,, aa4 that t~•~• waa nG Jo ■eph Chltaa11. Sh• oontir••d ~h•~ PV2 ••••eon or ,o~ft& 111,er ot b•~ •o,~•~ an~ ah• n•y•r knov 'b• •PP•llan,. ~W2 oontlr••d ~h• ••tdenoe ot DW1 i~ r••p•o\ at lbe ftU•••r •ft4 ••& or t~• OQ1ld~•n ot Ba~1neaw tba\ tbef ••~• only t1•• \ha~ \nere "•"'• t alrl.•• t.ta• a bttf• only PW2 i• otlildren, aJ.t.••· ,~. Oltler on• to.r•• died., DVZ'• Vf.ll•··· end f,IH' tie a•v•~ went \o ta1~•~ K• 4oee not k~ov ,~. •~P•ll&ftt• ff• al1r1 ~n•v ttH r• ■.111 or PW2 j s.trl• and 2 1>011 and o.r DW3 1• •notber telat1v• ot ,wa. ebe ioo do•• not kne~ th• appellant.. ow• waa Chlet ia111•1• wbo 4•nte4 n1v1n1 a villa&• oall•d Ka•wala 1n bl• •r••• OW5 wae r•a1ai~a\1oa ottteer ~bo 1aeu•• ta• ap,ell•nl v1t~ ~he Wational ••&1•,~•\lo~ ~ard. Me a••• t-• p~oe•du~• roqu,~•~ 1R &iving •ac and in \nl• u••• ~h• aip•11•ai p~od~o•d a ••hool Oel'tittoat.• aad be endor••• •• \he back o,t t.ae o•r,itioa~• Tft• apJ•l11n\ ··~· t~• partiQ~l•r• ht•••lt •• b&Y1n& b•tn be~ft Oft ~ad Apr11, 19-1 11.t Houae Me. ~028 Chl ■v••"'• • He i••~•d ~A• ••con l&tb Janua~y, 1968 •ad \bai \be?-e v•• no A••4 ror 'h• •PP•llaat ~o -• ■ oGo■pan1•4 ~, aftr •~•t4l•o ot par•nt •• ft• wa, is 1••r• Gld and •t••r Ube i~f. OrMall•a b• tut,l1•d ••• v,1tt•"• •• va• tn'" 1 l•d t.o 10 throuah 1, and n• •iatl•d. l1\1Hw l>W6 ••• •n 4s,•1•t.•nt ClU. •t' 111101:ttttat.ioo or.r 1••t- vtlo a ave lh• •PP•ll1nt va• ••telonoa tl'l•t aocor4lft& to th•1.r borA . , lal1Adi IOhoollng an4 t~•r•at,er did• -o~banio• oour•• tn Z•i'• •~d aa•• io %a■,ta 1n 19·66. ln 1•1r• vh•r• ho 414 h19 rtQOtd•• they bad r~rtb•r into~••,1on lhat be oo••• troa laawel• vill&&• 1ft Sol•••i •nd •• ,h1• 1At~~-•~lQ~ vould a~t •• oo~,1~••d \bey conolvd1d tha, ~• va• a t•lr••n an4 • • 4• arrao1•••nt1 to depoPt 111 •• DVT v•• Beato~ Supotln,•nd•ai 1n 1.1.■bia t,eot.iti•li that hi 1988 b.• ap•n.ed • 4ooket lftC oa 18tft 1>•rta1a1n,1 10 bl1 ob~alo1na a .,,~nae be va• 1nveat1aatldl 11,••• fh• 1ato~••l1oft ~o ~-• ••al•\~•r• wac ortla• wb•~• be •tale4 ~hat ho c••• rro!l'I Canal& vi 11•1• • Cbltf ICalil•l•• tr,; Solwtal • M• ,eoorded a w•rn and o•uiton •~•t•••nt troa b1a w~ioh ~• lat i-t•tctl• 1919 ~--~ Pol tee Poto• wno on th• appe.ll&l\i;. JaQuarr, 1961 at wa• 11v1aa r•l•• \tH oour-\ belov. L.aler on f>l"041o1ioed 11.reot.or or PuJtl lo Pro1fcnatloa.s teaued 1natruo U oaa ttle 1nve•i1aat1on, io olo•• •• wltn••••• •••• oonr11et1na •videnc•/ •~•t•••nta. fo,- 111. OWi w•s Sen1or Svpetlnte~d•nt 1~ t••b•a1 Poll•• ro~o• ••o in•••ttaai•d tba 1spact ot appell~nt'• el•l• tba~ tt• 01•• t~o• laawala Ylllagt, c~i•r Calll•l•· •olwest. H• Yia1l•d ~b• obiet 'th.e ohiet• • who 4•til•d ba¥1DC any 11illai• bt suob ~•adM•n aleo deni•d ih•P• been an, •~oh Ylllaao. • «uite. In ~on•tde~lng t~i• ••tdaQae \he l•a~n•d \rial j~d•• looked \.tao ap$)elia-.t ••• bot',. in 1Ut.w• and n• aL the pa~iloulard ao g1vort on tft• ~~ttoftNl regietration c•rd whletl J. QiUo•\•d th.at hail•d rro• k•cwala ~11l•ae. C•i4f Kal1l•l•. s~ !01WGS1 dl•trto,. t~, ble ••ld•no• in dourt va• \ba, ~• waa bor~ 1n &air•• la to vn:, tfte app•llant .,.,od that th• P•riioul•~· w•r• at••n by \be AOW 4•o••••d &Unl who w•• \b• ~ire or fV2. Att•r le~ktna at ~h• e•ideno• ot PV2 tb• l•arn•d t~l•l j~d1• toun4 th•~ tbl• -1,n~•• ••• ua,rut1ru1 and ~•J•ot•d ~l• eTldenoa 1n •l•w or tbe •Yideftoe ot ova 1-~. t-h« ou•d 1• dltr.,•en~, lnror•at1on oft I. As ,, ... - J5 ... tb• 1••~••4 trial Juds• t~•A oon~luded ,~at the appellant vaa ao~ a iaabian •n4 \h•ratar• ••enable to Seotion 2i(2) or th• l••1&rat1on •~d O•poPiaiion Aot an4 1n e•s•~o• dta•••••d th• apJ11~•t1oa to~ -•b••• eorpu• and i t io this tlndlnt, •• we ••rlt•P aatd. that th• appe1lan\ 1• appe&l1nc agalnat. Ia a~gu1~1 •hie a,pe•l• Nr. Banda a4••aoed one ~rouq4 of •PP••l aod •b•t va• ~ba, ,h• appellant••• vron111 4e,o~,.~ Ynt•r aeotlou 16(1) or tbe I••tar••ion and Dop$rta\lon lot br \bl N1A1s,.p lft -~•t tb•t »e~tlon doa• "ot .,,1, ,o l•Mb1aa•· ••nno~ be 4•P•r,od rro■ hte ~oua~r,. i t the A &aa~1•ft appellan, •11•8•4 ,~a, be.vaa • Za•~1aa, th•r• •ho~ld be oroor \b•t ~• va• ~o~ \~, ~•••~•• ~h•r• ~•• ~o ewoh proor t~• St•t• at~eapt~4 \~ D~~•eoute bla r,~ 4lvlu1 t•l•• 1nror•tt1oo ,o th• th•~• we• not aurr1c1•n1 •••1•\~•r t.aba,S.\t.•d th,al 8,1to\1an 13(1) ot ••14.•tui•• •&iQ3 al•o f•tled •• fuf"tber Mar. D. GUldA &h• e1t1a•n•~1~ or Z••~l• Aol, Cap~ 111 appl1•4• 1~ reply on b•~a1r ot ,~. lt•t•, Mr. ia•o,• aub•l\••• \bat l'Ai• ws.,n•u• waa no~ rellab:i.1 . ,ae i••ue ••• v~&tber tn• app•i1ant wao a ianb1an o~ noi and 1r n• w•• not 'A•ft ~b• M1A1•~•r oould ••,ar~ n1 ■ and ba•• ble de\.alt1•ct pentUa1 deport.au.on. lie •11t.•1t.t•d t.hal; tbe •v1den•• or th• app♦llaft\ aatd In Cour, \be •",el laftt atai•d tbat ht va• bOl"tl 1ft 1.aire and , . , t.l:I• ,ar\.io-.1.•I"• i.~ •n• lt•1l•tt"&I" were t.b.at he was born in Clsi.•wealltt 11\-• _d, ~n•t •• o•••• rroe ramv•l* 91lla1•, ca1•r t•lilela, Solweti. PQrlber tbe part14~1•~• ot ~i• paroftt• •~• not •l•~r a,sct tb.••• vu•• dl•P•l-•4 , , ,n• r•spond•nt•• vitia•o•••· fro• t.h• •Ytdenoe, it va• •ult•1~t-•d that. ,,,.. cppellant waa not, a Z•••1•a, tb• tao, ,~a\ 1ave1tl~e,ton, on ~t• ob\ai~1n, \he .aa.tioasl rea1,t.r1.u.on cat'd w•ro di~~~:attau•f Oft 1n•hruot.la"• froa ,ne D1realer or fiu~llc Pro••outlowu flh,•• not ••k• Ill• a ta•b1an-. Ve bate oona14•~•d tbe •T\defto• •~d Juda••nt on reoord and ~h• au~aieeton• bJ ¢&~fteal ~eto~• ua. 6/., . - .,, - Th• •Yldenc• &ddao•d br tbe •PP•llan, and Oh bl• b•halt b&• lQ b• 00•9•~•d W1tb ~hat •4duoe4 by ~b• ~oapon4•n~. 11th r•~•rde ,~ ••14oGe• in oo~rt •• to vh•~• ~c wa, b~r~ anf tb•t &lYen 10 the r-e111, ... •t.too otr1oo~, 11, tbe tb• aJp,llant. vae QD\:ait1i111 th• oal"4 111 difr•r•-i,.o••• When 1168 he va• 25 Y••ro old, be d14 a$t ft•e4 to b••• any suardl•R the evt••••• ot DW5 va• to 11oooai,an1 !a.la ~o ol,t.a1n • caar4, very et.ratani rorwai-d an!lt 'l'b• •Pt•llant- 1• all.•C•4 ~o nawe •••n &lw•n •• opport\lnlty ,o ,. •• , throuah .ta dJ.rt1o\l1.t. to aoc•rat t t. ••••• ••n••. tterol"o ~• st,gnad 1uHt it ht.11 all•«•d •uot •••• VL"'oac tor• . A tu;,i-n. be abOGld tu.rt ••d• "'• inro ... ••a.ion •• to 11a•ro ba waa: •of'rtotloit• ••to. I"• b.• wae h1oa11e4 111 \JI th• o•td. P'ur~b•r •~• llfhJ be !lad to •• , ~1• IIUQt. i~ go 111\ft h.111 to ot.ll~aJ.11 ;tiay-, Mtftt. it vat PW;? who oolle•t•d \hl• •1•• i'ba, ,no •~ld••u~• of \he ohi$t lt. .ls ole,aa- 'he a o•rd Wher.1 1nr0ir•Jti.1n •iut 'h•r• t• "& 7111ac• Kanval• lfl C~i•r lelllela•• •reas. WOfUII,.. on It\• t·ar.ber and met.h.•r, i i c,a■e out 'fu•1 ole1:r tbat PTU w•• t••• t101u1.11t. aed ~heretore ivJ.4oAo• at th.• .a9i,,e.llaata • t'tl•~-- taa111.,,. t.• PWZ and wo lo r1aaon 1• ~pp;art,tnt ,oi, re&ot'd ~bl' ow1 ... .- t4oul4 unt.rilltlt',.n., l do DOI 41•tut• lhat \el.1 .lt•• &l)c>U\ 0'111 !So not. ••• ,hat tile•• t11t'ee tl\11 ara r•J.•ti.•d vtin••••• •~~l« ~•v• ~oa1p1~•d •~•ina, •~• apJell•n\ so•• te caea, bi& in ~O\al'I; • • IUU1~ ... 1.t-1v.. fb••· VS.lin••a•• Olea. Ply ei.pl.a1fled ltleir oonnetllon• and \bey «•a1•d t,eon •••• o, ... ••lled J•••Pll Chltengi or Joae-,b thUl&ftl\l MakiftJc11•, ll I• al•o or•••• 1nt•t••• ~hen•••• ib•I tbe appellao~ gAve 1ft 11• vaPn •nd ••~i,on •••t•••GtJ tb• .rea,oadeni•a wttn••••• It 1• 11ecst1•ar, t• loole at ,1111 ••id•n••• a•v•r Knev r1-..•t.l7 lalunc t.he app•ll•ttt•• ••1deooe \nat he ••• l!cu•n 1ft Zlllr• of t.a•lii,Ul p•rottta l>•o•u•• it 1. t. ee.n be e11ovn \bet hit• -pere111,.a ••re taabi,arut and W6Ml.4 ti••• •••n l••b1•n• lQ 19611 IJu:t tor tl\elr dea.tta, t.ne &ppella11t. 1101114 be a J.••blan by d'eacent. •~d ib•~•to~• oannot b• 4e~ort•d• thet'e ev•I" t.b••• - J1 - ther•t~~o a,en vil.la,1~ \hie •w.td•nc•• it ie oloar ittitt. ihat hl~ parG~t• vera %tt•blana, Th• Cnl•t •••• ••t••n•• th•~ there vaa no K••••l• Yill••· fl•&d.aan Handalc1 1•v• vetriy sood 1n M.• ...... ll~••s• •• ,~.~a• wbicb ~l••rl1 -~OVI ·~-~ ihe only brQthor ot PVZ wa& t•ra• wbo died 1ft •~• vill•t• aA4 no, 1n ZA1~•- Pro■ \IU •PP•ll.ant ba4 12ot ehovn •llboua~ he waa bQrft 1ft &alr•• •r vtr,~• leetioa )(I) or tbe Co~•t1tut1oA , o lh• .l••••i& X11<leponde111c• orti•r, i ta•) ot iuuu.a ( Bo~ed!'lt i Tb• •alr •vldeoo• ,n., WII b• 1• a Z••·••n b, d••t•nt. -~e•,~•bll 4Q4 tl••n by t-• ~,,.11aa, •ad bit ~it••·· ta t~., vb.,111111• evidenc• tdduo•• lty ~h• r••P•n•••', •• e•ttAO\ taul ~ ,~. ttndina or,~. l••~~•d trlal Ju•«• t•at the ~,p$llanl v•• not a Z•abl«n ~u, • i•eretove ~he N1nt•t•r ooald prop•~1r 4•p•r, "'• unf•r l•o~leQ 26(2) ~r tbe Iaa1,ratlon aad t1ep1rt.61tlen &ct &tld • • • as,e>•:t.1•,a& '>• pr•p.i•ly d•t.•1c•d pencUra1 h1• deportaU.oft. Oa t.t:iS.• •••1• 110 would die10a1 th1• . , , •• 1. ta1~eaa, -oaft Th•r• Y•• one o\-•~ ••~••' all~ded to_, Mr. 8an4& •nd that 1• th•' OeoiitQ 13(1) et, •• C1\ll♦Gab1• ot ···~·· Aot. Cap. '-b•t. 01-.1seo ■ta£.p vaa al••a io tll• appe11•n~ 'ttr "-n• tt'eaid•n, t~i• appeal 1• ~••~•ror• 41aa1•••d wit~ •• a tak•~ er boo~G~. tc oo•t• ••~••d 11 det•~lt bo be taxej • be ...... , ......... , .......... . a.c. 8we'I. JCI DffUIY q~1~, i~!1t~! . . . .. " ....................... . M.s .. Chau.a ~u,,s~m,couttt Jueam ••••••••••••••••••• 1'. I.~. ChiJ'wa· ~UtRB~E COUIT Juooe