Damian Akankwasa v Uganda (Constitutional Petition No. 4 of 2011) [2011] UGCC 8 (21 April 2011)

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}}{\*\pnseclvl1\pnucrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl2\pnucltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl3\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl4\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta )}} {\*\pnseclvl5\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl6\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl7\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl8 \pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl9\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1 \widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4741871 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i0\insrsid5530623\charrsid4741871 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i0\insrsid4677198\charrsid4741871 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4741871 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i0\insrsid4677198\charrsid4741871 THE REPUBLIC OF UGANDA \par IN THE CONSTITUTIONAL COURT OF UGANDA \par AT KAMPALA \par \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4741871 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i0\insrsid4677198\charrsid4741871 CORAM: MPAGI-BAHIGEINE DCJ, BYAMUGISHA, KAVUMA \par NSHIMYE &ARACH-AMOKO JJA. \par \par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4741871 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i0\insrsid4677198\charrsid4741871 CONSTITUTIONAL PETITION NO.04/11(REFERENCE) \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4677198\charrsid4741871 [Arising out of High Court -00-ACD Criminal case No.70/2010] \par \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i0\insrsid4677198\charrsid4741871 BETWEEN \par \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4741871 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid4677198\charrsid4741871 DAMIAN AKANKWASA}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid7366712\charrsid4741871 ::::::::::::::APPLICANT/PETI}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid4677198\charrsid4741871 TIONER \par \par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4741871 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i0\insrsid4677198\charrsid4741871 AND \par \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4741871 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid7366712\charrsid4741871 UGANDA::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::RESPONDENT}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid4677198\charrsid4741871 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid7366712\charrsid4741871 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i0\ul\insrsid7366712\charrsid4741871 RULING OF THE COURT \par \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid7366712\charrsid4741871 This is a constitutional reference which was sent to this court for the interpretation of the following question: \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i0\insrsid7366712\charrsid4741871 Whether the charging and prosecution of the accused under section 20(1) of the Anti-Corruption Act No.6/09 for offences allegedly committed between August 2007 and February 2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i0\insrsid11286180\charrsid4741871 008 is inconsistent with Articles 28(7) and (12) of the Constitution.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i0\insrsid7366712\charrsid4741871 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i0\insrsid11286180\charrsid4741871 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid7097776\charrsid4741871 The background to the reference is quite simple. The applicant/ petitioner is the former Executive Director of National Forest Authority. He was charged with an offence of Causing Financial loss contrary to the provisions of section 20 of the An}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid4276613\charrsid4741871 ti-Corruption Act. I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid7097776\charrsid4741871 t was alleged in the particulars of the offence that the accused between 13/08/07 and 29/02/08 he unlawfully allocated 100,000 cubic metres of round wood at Katugo Central Forest Reserve to Nile }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid13375677\charrsid4741871 Plywood (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid7097776\charrsid4741871 U) Ltd for harvest at a rate of Shs 62,5}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid13375677\charrsid4741871 00/= per cubic meter instead of the set price of Shs 82,500/= per cubic meter knowing or with reason to believe that such action would cause financial loss of Ug. Shillings two billion [2,000,000,000/=] to National Forest Authority.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid11286180\charrsid4741871 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid13375677\charrsid4741871 \par When the applicant/petitioner appeared in court for taking }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid13912683\charrsid4741871 plea on the charge against him, Mr Okello-Oryem who appeared for the accused requested for the constitutional reference and Mr Asubo who represented the Inspector General of Government}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid5594120\charrsid4741871 consented to the reference.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid13375677\charrsid4741871 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid3493380\charrsid4741871 The parties filed written submissions. Counsel for the applicant /petitioner submitted that this court gave a wrong interpretation to Article 28(7) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid9726747\charrsid4741871 and (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid3493380\charrsid4741871 12) of the Constitution in the case of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3493380\charrsid4741871 Francis Atugonza v Uganda}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid3493380\charrsid4741871 and therefore we should depart from it. He stated that the provisions of the said article are absolute and derogating from them is prohibited under }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i0\insrsid3493380\charrsid4741871 Article 44(}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i0\insrsid5117313\charrsid4741871 c)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid3493380\charrsid4741871 of the Constitution. Learned counsel further submitted that charging the applicant/ petitioner under section 20(1) for offences allegedly committed betwe}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid5117313\charrsid4741871 en August 2007 and February 2009 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid3493380\charrsid4741871 before the enactment of the Anti-Corruption Act}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid5117313\charrsid4741871 and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid3493380\charrsid4741871 before the creation of the offence contravene Articles 28(7) and (12) of the Constitution.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid9726747\charrsid4741871 He further stated that sections 11 and 20(1) of the Anti-Corruption Act are not a re-enactment of Sections 87 and 269 of the Penal Code Act. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid5117313\charrsid4741871 He}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid9726747\charrsid4741871 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid5117313\charrsid4741871 cited no authority to support his assertion. He }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid9726747\charrsid4741871 stated that the difference between the former and the new offences is mainly the enhancement of sentence. He claimed that the re-enactment of the new offences cannot be a continuation of the former offence.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid10444485\charrsid4741871 He invited court to allow the reference}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid5125686\charrsid4741871 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid5594120\charrsid4741871 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid9726747\charrsid4741871 \par Counsel for the respondent opposed the reference. He submitted that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid10444485\charrsid4741871 at the time when the applicant/petitioner is alleged to have committed the acts constituting the offence, the said acts constituted a criminal offence of causing financial loss under section 269 of the Penal Code Act. The current offence of causing financial loss under the Anti-Corruption Act is the same as that u nder the Penal Code Act. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid7359658\charrsid4741871 He}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid10444485\charrsid4741871 conceded that section 269 of the Penal Code Act was repealed by the Anti-Corruption Act. However, according to counsel}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid6450779\charrsid4741871 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid10444485\charrsid4741871 Article 28(7) of the Constitution does not require that persons must be charged under existing laws}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid6450779\charrsid4741871 . It only requires that criminal charges be brought in respect of offences which are founded on acts or omissions which at the time it took place constituted a criminal offence.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid10444485\charrsid4741871 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid6450779\charrsid4741871 Learned counsel pointed out that words used in the two sections are similar and the titl es are the same except the sentence which was enhanced. He maintained that it was lawful to charge the applicant/petitioner under section 20(1) of the Anti-Corruption Act. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid8798644\charrsid4741871 \par We think it is necessary to set out the provisions of the Constitution and those of the impugned section before determining the merits of the reference. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i0\insrsid8798644\charrsid4741871 Article 28(7) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid8798644\charrsid4741871 and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i0\insrsid8798644\charrsid4741871 (12) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid8798644\charrsid4741871 of the Constitution provides: \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8798644\charrsid4741871 \'93(7) No person shall be charged with or convicted of a criminal offence which is founded on an act or omission that did not at }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\insrsid8798644\charrsid4741871 the time it took place}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8798644\charrsid4741871 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\insrsid8798644\charrsid4741871 constitute a criminal offence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid8798644\charrsid4741871 . (underlining added)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid13858954\charrsid4741871 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid8798644\charrsid4741871 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid13858954\charrsid4741871 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13858954\charrsid4741871 \'93(12) Except for contempt of court, no person shall be convicted of a criminal offence unless the offence is defined and the penalty for it prescribed.\'94 \par \par \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid13858954\charrsid4741871 The repealed section 269 of the Penal Code Act provided as follows: \par \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i0\insrsid16600143\charrsid4741871 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i0\insrsid13858954\charrsid4741871 Causing financial loss \par \par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid13858954\charrsid4741871 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (1)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-405\li765\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar \jclisttab\tx765\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin765\itap0\pararsid4741871 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13858954\charrsid4741871 Any person employed by the Government, a bank, a credit institution, an insurance company or public body, who in the performance of his or her duties, does any act knowing or having reason to believe that the act or omission}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16600143\charrsid4741871 will cause financial loss to the Government, bank, credit institution, insurance company, public body or customer of a bank or credit institution is liable on conviction to a term of imprisonment of not less than three yea rs and not more than fourteen years.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13858954\charrsid4741871 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid16600143\charrsid4741871 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (2)\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16600143\charrsid4741871 In this section- \par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid16600143\charrsid4741871 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 a)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-360\li1440\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar \jclisttab\tx1440\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid4741871 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16600143\charrsid4741871 \'93bank\'94 and \'93 credit institution\'94 have the meanings assigned to them by the Financial Institution}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2433224\charrsid4741871 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16600143\charrsid4741871 Act; \par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid16600143\charrsid4741871 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 b)\tab}\'93insurance company\'94 means an insurance company within the meaning of section 4 of the Insurance Act; and \par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid16600143\charrsid4741871 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 c)\tab}\lquote public body\'94 has the meaning assigned to it by section 1 of the Prevention of Corruption Act.\'94 \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4741871 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid16600143\charrsid4741871 \par The current section 20 under the Anti-Corruption Act}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid9178010\charrsid4741871 states:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid16600143\charrsid4741871 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid9178010\charrsid4741871 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i0\insrsid9178010\charrsid4741871 \'93Causing financial loss. \par \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9178010\charrsid4741871 (1)Any person employed by the Government, bank, a credit institut ion, an insurance company or a public body, who in the performance of his or duties, does any act knowing or having reason to believe that the act or omission will cause financial loss to the Government, bank, credit institution commits an offence and is liable on conviction to a term of imprisonment not exceeding fourteen years or to a fine not exceeding three hundred and thirty six currency points or to both. \par \par (2)In this section- \par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid9178010\charrsid4741871 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 a)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-360\li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar \jclisttab\tx720\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4741871 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9178010\charrsid4741871 \'93bank\'94 or \'93credit institution\'94 have the meanings assigned to them by the Fin ancial Institutions Act}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2433224\charrsid4741871 ; and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9178010\charrsid4741871 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid2433224\charrsid4741871 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 b)\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2433224\charrsid4741871 \'93insurance company\'94 means an insurance company within the meaning of section 4 of the Insurance Act.\'94 \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4741871 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid9178010\charrsid4741871 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9178010\charrsid4741871 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid2433224\charrsid4741871 The requirement of Article 28(7) as we understand it is that for a person to be charged with a criminal offence under any l egislation the facts or omissions allegedly committed must have constituted a criminal offence which is defined under the law and there has to be a sentence prescribed for it.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid14096574\charrsid4741871 The test to be applied is whether the acts or omissions allegedly committed by an accused person constituted a criminal offence at the time they were committed. \par The acts which the applicant is alleged to have committed and which it is alleged caused financial loss to National Forest Authority occurred between 13}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\super\insrsid14096574\charrsid4741871 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid14096574\charrsid4741871 August 2007 and 29}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\super\insrsid14096574\charrsid4741871 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid14096574\charrsid4741871 February 2008. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid14221799\charrsid4741871 During this period }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid14096574\charrsid4741871 there was a criminal offence of causing financial loss defined under section }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid14221799\charrsid4741871 269 of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid14096574\charrsid4741871 Penal Co}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid14221799\charrsid4741871 de Act which has been repealed by the Anti-Corruption Act.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid14096574\charrsid4741871 There was also a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid14221799\charrsid4741871 punishment prescribed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid14096574\charrsid4741871 for it.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid16600143\charrsid4741871 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid6450779\charrsid4741871 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i0\insrsid14221799\charrsid4741871 Section 20}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid14221799\charrsid4741871 of the Anti- Corruption Act in our view is a re-enactment of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i0\insrsid14221799\charrsid4741871 section 269}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid14221799\charrsid4741871 of the Penal Code Act. The only difference between the two sections as counsel for the applicant submitted, the sentence in the latter Act was enhanced. We do not consider the difference in the sentence material. The facts }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid5125686\charrsid4741871 constituting the offence meet the criteria of Article 28(7). Causing financial loss was a criminal offence between 13}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\super\insrsid5125686\charrsid4741871 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid5125686\charrsid4741871 August 2007 and 29}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\super\insrsid5125686\charrsid4741871 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid5125686\charrsid4741871 February 2008. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid14221799\charrsid4741871 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid5125686\charrsid4741871 The applicant/petitioner was properly charged in our view. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid5594120\charrsid4741871 This reference raises similar issues as those that were raised in Constitutional }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i0\insrsid5594120\charrsid4741871 Reference No.31/2010- Uganda v Atugonza Francis}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid5594120\charrsid4741871 in which this court ruled that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5594120\charrsid4741871 section 11(1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid5594120\charrsid4741871 ) of the Anti-Corruption Act was not inconsistent with Article 28(7) and(12) of the Constitution.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid15155407\charrsid4741871 The ruling in that reference applies to the instant reference with the result that we dismiss it with costs.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid5594120\charrsid4741871 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\insrsid15155407\charrsid4741871 The record of the lower court is returned with the direction that the trial magistrate should proceed with the trial of the applicant/petitioner forthwith. \par \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i0\insrsid15155407\charrsid4741871 Dated at Kampala this\'85}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i0\insrsid7370849\charrsid4741871 21}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i0\super\insrsid7370849\charrsid4741871 st}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i0\insrsid7370849\charrsid4741871 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i0\insrsid15155407\charrsid4741871 ..day of\'85}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i0\insrsid7370849\charrsid4741871 April..}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i0\insrsid15155407\charrsid4741871 .2011 \par \par A. E. N. Mpagi-Bahigeine \par Deputy Chief Justice \par \par C. K. Byamugisha \par Justice of Appeal \par \par S. B. K. Kavuma \par Justice of Appeal \par \par A. S. Nshimye \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i0\insrsid7359658\charrsid4741871 Justice of Appeal \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i0\insrsid15155407\charrsid4741871 \par M. S. 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