S v Kuruneri (HH 111 of 2004) [2004] ZWHHC 111 (10 May 2004)
Full Case Text
HH 111/2004 B481/04 S v KURUNERI High Court, Harare Judgment No. HH11104 Hlatshwayo J Bail application 11 May 2004 Criminal procedure – bail – principles for considering admission to bail – whether onus on the accused – presumption of innocence applies Criminal procedure – bail – onus – whether onus falls on accused to prove bail should be awarded or on the state to prove it should not The accused was a government minister charged with holding a foreign passport and illegally externalizing large amounts of foreign currency. He applied for bail after initially being remanded in custody. The principles on which a bail application is assessed are clear, but the debate centred around whether the onus falls on the accused to show on a balance of probabilities that is in the interest of justice that he be freed. Held that: there is a constitutionally guaranteed presumption of innocence that operates in favour of the accused. The court must assess those factors indicated in the Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act s 116(7) and if the state’s case and the applicant’s are equally balanced, the accused would be awarded bail. In other words, if the state opposes bail, it must prove that justice will be served by denying bail. In casu, the state’s case was strong and the applicant’s weak in three of the five counts, hence bail was denied. Cases Cited: Aitken & Anor v AG 1992 ZLR 249 (S) S v Hudson 1980 (4) SA 145 (D) S v Makamba SC 30/04 Legislation considered: Constitution of Zimbabwe, 1980 s 13(4) Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act [Chapter9:07] s 116(7) D. P. Drury, for the applicant J Jagada, for the respondent HLATSHWAYO J: The applicant, Dr. Christopher Tichaona Kuruneri, is the Minister of Finance, a sitting Member of Parliament for Mazowe West Constituency and is also a businessman and a commercial farmer. He ordinarily resides at Ascot Vale Farm, Mazowe, an HH 111/2004 B481/04 unencumbered property registered in his name held under Deed of Transfer 0006802/97 measuring 984,6446 hectares. He is also the owner of an urban residence known as 56 Mount Pleasant Drive, Mount Pleasant, Harare, which address is reflected in the Form 242 in which the charges preferred against him are detailed. The applicant appeared on initial remand on 26 April 2004, has been remanded in custody to 11 May, 2004 and is currently detained at Harare Central remand prison pending the outcome this application for bail and further pending an application for his referral to a suitable place for purposes of medical examination and a second medical report as requested by the State. THE CHARGES The applicant faces five counts. The first count pertains to the contravention of section 21(3) of the Citizenship of Zimbabwe Act, [Chapter 4:01]. It is common cause that the applicant, being a citizen of Zimbabwe and a holder of a Zimbabwean Diplomatic Passport, is also a holder of a Canadian passport. It is alleged that during the period extending from 19 September 2003 to January 2004 and on various specified dates, the applicant, still being a holder of a Zimbabwean passport and without the prior permission of the Minister of Home Affairs, used a Canadian passport to travel, back and forth, from Zimbabwe to South Africa. If convicted under this charge, the applicant shall be liable to a fine or to imprisonment for a period of up to two years. The other four charges relate to the violation of the provisions of the Exchange Control Act, Chapter 22:05. The State alleges that during the period extending from March 2002 to date, the applicant acquired foreign currency amounting to US$582 611.99, British Pounds 34 371.00 and Euro 30 000.00 from unauthorized dealers in Zimbabwe. The applicant thereafter exported the funds to South Africa where he gave it to Christopher Heyman, the Director of Venture Projects and Associates, a company he contracted to manage his businesses in South Africa, including the reconstruction of one of his properties. Part of the money, which was illegally exported to South Africa was used to purchase the following properties: a Mercedes Benz motor vehicle valued at R547 734.00 which is still in South Africa, three residential properties, one, 38 Sunset Avenue, Llandudno, Cape Town, valued at R2.7 million and the other two, comprising a house and a flat, valued at R2.5 million each. It is further alleged that on 6 March 2002, the applicant, being a Zimbabwean resident unlawfully caused a Zimbabwean bank, the Jewel Bank, to transfer R5.2 HH 111/2004 B481/04 million to CB Niland and Partners, who are the applicant’s lawyers in South Africa as payment for the purchase by the applicant of a property, number 17 Apostle Road, Llandudno, Cape Town. All the immovable properties were registered in the name of a company known as Choice Decisions 113 PTY Limited, in which he is the sole director. BAIL PRINCIPLES Section 116(7) of the Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act sets out the principles which ought be followed in considering admissions to bail: “ (7) Subject to subsection (4) of section 13 of the Constitution, in any case in which the judge or magistrate has the power to admit the accused person to bail, he may refuse to admit such person to bail if he considers it likely that if such person were admitted to bail he would – a) not stand his trial or appear to undergo the preparatory examination or to receive sentence; or interfere with the evidence against him; or b) c) commit an offence; but nothing in this section shall be construed as limiting in any way the power of the judge or magistrate to refuse to admit an accused person to bail for any other reason Section 13(4) of the Constitution requires that any person who is arrested or detained should be tried within a reasonable time, failing which he or she should be released from custody. In other words, the discretionary power of a judge or magistrate to deny bail may not be exercised in violation of the accused’s constitutional right to be brought to trial within a reasonable time or be freed from custody. The above considerations have been aptly summarized by Ziyambi JA in James Chafungamoyo Makamba v The State SC 30/04 thus: “The primary considerations in assessing evidence and submissions in a bail application are: 1) 2) whether the applicant will stand trial in due course; whether the applicant will interfere with the investigations of the case against him or tamper with the prosecution witnesses; whether the applicant will commit offences when on bail; other considerations the court may deem good and sufficient.” (p. 4 of cyclostyled judgment) 3) 4) The above principles in themselves are quite clear and relatively easy to apply. What is controversial, however, is the concept that the onus is on the accused person to show on a balance of probabilities why it is in the interest of justice that he should be freed on bail. It is HH 111/2004 B481/04 argued that this approach, repeatedly articulated with approval in our Supreme Court decisions (Makamba v S (supra), Aitken & Anor v AttorneyGeneral 1992 (1) ZLR 249) is a misstatement of the law as legislated and also contradicts the constitutionally guaranteed presumption of innocence of the accused person. On the question of misstatement of the law as legislated, a writer in the Legal Forum, vol.6 number 4, December 1994, Peter Proptkin (presumably a pseudonym), “The question of onus in bail applications”, persuasively observes that the notion of there being an onus that must be discharged by the accused appears to have arrived via the South African judiciary whose Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act is differently formulated from ours: “ Taken together, the sections (106(1) and 106(3) of the Zimbabwe Criminal Code) provide not that a judicial officer has the power to grant bail, as in the South African legislation, but that they have a power to refuse bail in certain circumstances only. The negative formulation is important, and the more so because the judicial officer’s power to refuse to admit an individual to bail is fettered. Unlike the South African legislation, the Zimbabwean judicial officer may refuse bail only where he or she considers that there is a likelihood of abscondment, tampering with witnesses, the commission of an offence or any other reason which seems to him or her to be “good and sufficient”.”(emphasis in original) Section 18(3)(a) of our Constitution states that every person who is charged with a criminal offence “shall be presumed to be innocent until he is proved or has pleaded guilty”. After referring to this constitutional presumption of innocence, Gubbay CJ, then tried to reconcile it with the onus being on the accused notion and remarked: “But though the presumption of innocence operates in favour of an accused even where the case against him appears strong, too much emphasis should not be placed on it.”(p.253) In my respectful view Gubbay CJ’S gallant attempt fails completely to reconcile the notion that the accused has an onus to discharge, on the one hand, and that he or she is presumed innocent, on the other. The writer in the Legal Forum quoted above highlights this incongruity: The courts have recognized this difficulty. Gubbay CJ went on the comment that “ “too much emphasis must not be placed upon the presumption of innocence” (Aitken’s case, supra). Reynolds J indicates that the presumption of innocence must not “be over emphasized” (AttorneyGeneral v Phiri HH487/87 pp.56), and Blackie J that bail may be refused notwithstanding this presumption. If there is a presumption of innocence, it is difficult to see how “emphasis” enters into the equation. Guilt or innocence is not a question of degree. One is either innocent or not. In law one cannot be a little bit innocent or slightly innocent. Either it does or it does not apply.” In my humble view, therefore, the notion of the accused having an onus to discharge to enable him or her to be admitted to bail is not part of our law as legislated. Having cleared this legal HH 111/2004 B481/04 debris, then the place of the constitutional presumption of innocence in bail application becomes clearer. The presumption operates fully and at the general level. It is because of the presumption of innocence that the courts are expected, and indeed required, to lean in favour of the liberty of the accused. In its request for remand (Form 242) the state puts across its reasons for opposing the granting of bail. In his or her application for bail, the applicant addresses the concerns of the state and makes any other averments which tend to favour his admission to bail. The state then responds. Finally, the judge or magistrate assesses all this information with a view to “strike a balance between the interests of the prosecutor in obtaining justice for the state, as one party in the accusatorial process, interests of the accused in obtaining justice for himself”(Legal Forum, op.cit., p26). If the finding is that, to use the words of Gubbay CJ in Aitken’s case, “the case against the applicant is neither obviously strong nor obviously weak”, that the state’s fears of abscondment or interference with witnesses and the applicant’s assurances to the contrary are equally balanced, then the presumption of innocence would require the court to lean in favour of the liberty of the accused person and grant bail. WHETHER THE APPLICANT WILL STAND TRIAL IN DUE COURSE When dealing with the factor of whether the accused will appear and stand trial in due course, it was held in Aitken’s case that the court should consider the following: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. the nature of the charges and the severity of punishment likely to be imposed for them upon conviction; the apparent strength or weakness of the State case; the accused’s ability to reach another country and the absence of extradition facilities from that country; the accused’s previous behaviour when previously released on bail; and the credibility of the accused’s own assurance of his intention and motivation to remain and stand trial. NATURE OF THE CHARGES AND THE STRENGTH OF THE STATE CASE The first charge of violation of the provisions of the Zimbabwe Citizenship Act, as pointed above appears to be a wellfounded charge, and, at any rate, the major averments forming the basis of the charge are common cause. Mr. Drury submitted on behalf of the applicant, strong as the state case was on the charge, the likely punishment for the offence if proved was just a fine, HH 111/2004 B481/04 which is unlikely to induce the applicant to abscond. It is inadvisable for the court to speculate at this stage on the likely sentence to be imposed for an offence still to be proved. Suffice it though to point out that there is a provision for the imposition of a 2year imprisonment term as an alternate or in addition to a fine. The applicant has offered to surrender all his travel documents and to deposit a substantial amount of bail and to abide by any other bail conditions deemed necessary and appropriate. The state has countered these assurances by pointing out that the applicant has family connections, friends and abundant means of survival outside the country to entice him to abscond. On this one charge and the above considerations, I am of the view that the fears of the state regarding the likelihood of abscondment are adequately balanced by the applicant’s assurances to the contrary, and the presumption of innocence should entitle the applicant to his liberty. On the charges pertaining to violations of the Exchange Control Act, it is my view that these charges are very serious, the mounts involved are enormous and the punishment upon conviction, which might entail forfeiture, is likely to be so severe as to induce the applicant to abscond. As was held in Makamba’s case supra p.6 upon conviction on such charges the applicant “would be required to repatriate those amounts within three months failing which the mandatory provisions of s 5(&)(a) & (b) of the Act would take effect resulting in the imposition, on the (applicant), of an additional sentence of imprisonment over and above any fine required by s 5(4) of the Act.” What is really at issue here is the assessment of the relative strengths of the state case and the accused’s explanation. The State’s allegations as already detailed above are that the money used to purchase the properties was obtained by the applicant from illegal foreign currency dealers and was subsequently exported to South Africa by him and that these transactions were made in 2003 and 2004. There is documentary evidence that the applicant did make the purchases in question, but the applicant’s explanation is that the money used for the purpose was part of “free funds” he earned as a consultant while residing in Canada during the years 1976 to 1981. In his submissions, the applicant filed a letter from Filipe Solano, S. L., a consultancy firm, signed by its president, Felipe Solano, and addressed to the applicant’s South African projects manager, to show that he had access to free funds. The letter reads as follows: “ This serves to confirm that Dr. C. Kuruneri has worked for us as a consultant and HH 111/2004 B481/04 has received substantial sums of foreign exchange in return for his services. This consultancy work has taken place outside Zimbabwen and South African territory (sic.) and is not in contravention of any national or International laws. Dr. C. Kuruneri is entitled to use these funds as he wishes in any country he may choose.” Now, this letter does not state when the applicant worked for the alleged consultancy firm, when payment was made and in what form and amount. For in our law even if consultancy work in carried out in a foreign country, the source of such funds may still be deemed to be Zimbabwean on the basis that the consultancy activities in a foreign country constitute an extension of a Zimbabwean business. (See, for example s 12(1)(b) of the Income Tax Act, Chapter 23:06). But even more importantly, no explanation has been forthcoming, despite proding from the court, as to why if the consultancy fees were earned (and presumably paid) as far back as 1981, more than 20 years ago, they were only utilized (or paid) in 2003 and 2004. If the funds had been kept as an investment, then the applicant could have filed bank statements from which payment was effected. As Mr. Jagada, for the respondent observed, it is inconceivable that in this day and age, the alleged consultancy firm could have paid the applicant in hard cash an amount in excess of US$500 000.00 when it must have at its disposal all the modern methods of transferring funds which include cheques, wire, telegraphic and electronic transfers. All in all, therefore, the State’s case is more probable than the applicant’s explanation. There is a charge relating to “unlawfully causing Jewel Bank Zimbabwe to transfer R2.5 million” to South Africa. The applicant’s explanation and the State’s response in this regard are of equal weight, and the benefit of the doubt must inure to the applicant. However, this is but one count out of four. CREDIBILITY OF APPLICANT’S ASSURANCES TO STAND TRIAL The applicant’s assurance to stand trial must be assessed objectively. The court will not base its decision on his or her mere sayso, “since an accused who harbours an intention to abscond is hardly likely to admit it” (Thirion J in S v Hudson 1980 (4) SA 145 (D).) The objective indications of the applicant’s intentions to stand trial include the accused’s ability to reach another country and the absence of extradition facilities from that country, the accused’s previous behaviour when previously released on bail or when he or she became aware of an impending arrest and the bail conditions that he or she proposes. In this case the applicant has shown a willingness to abide by fairly stringent bail condition, including the surrender of HH 111/2004 B481/04 unencumbered title deeds to both his farm and urban residential properties. He has also indicated a willingness to cooperate with the local authorities to have his foreign accounts frozen should they wish to do so. All this must count in his favour. However, it must be borne in mind that the process of having any account frozen involves not only the local authorities and the applicant, but the foreign authorities, their financial institutions and their requirements. What is clear from the submissions is that the applicants commands substantial resources and properties outside the country which he can easily mobilize to reach another country and to live very well indeed for even the rest of his life. On this basis alone, and in respect of relatively less resources, it was held in Makamba’s case that the risk of abscondment was real. In this case, there is even a further capacity and incentive to abscond. The applicant, by his own admission, has a family in Canada. He is a holder of a Canadian passport. Although the passport itself may be surrendered, it is not known what residency or citizenship status he holds in Canada. To all intents and purposes, Mr. Jagada submitted, the applicant may enjoy such a status as would entitle him to immediate replacement of any travel document and assistance to reach Canada. There is no extradition Treaty between Zimbabwe and Canada. CONCLUSION On the basis of what I have found above, it is not necessary for me to examine the issue of whether the applicant is likely to interfere with state witnesses or any other basis upon which I may deny bail. Out of the five counts, on the two counts I have found that the applicant is likely to stand trial either because the possible punishment may not be that severe or that the state’s case is not much stronger than the applicant’s explanation and the benefit of the doubt must be given to the accused. On the other three charges I have found that the state’s case is quite strong, the applicant’s explanation very weak or even improbable, that the charges are very serious and the punishment upon conviction is likely to be so severe as to induce the applicant who has both substantial means, family, friends and connections abroad to abscond. Accordingly, I hereby dismiss this application for bail. Gollop and Blank, applicant’s legal practitioners The Criminal Division, AttorneyGeneral’s Office, respondent’s legal practitioners