Euchu Michael v Uganda [2002] UGSC 34 (11 December 2002)

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\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs30\b\fs26\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF UGANDA}{\cs30\b\fs26\cf1\insrsid10244173\charrsid13397642 \par }{\cs30\b\fs26\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 HOLDEN AT MENGO \par }\pard\plain \s20\qj \li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\fs26\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 \par }\pard \s20\qc \li0\ri0\sb91\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13397642 {\cs32\fs26\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 CORAM: ODER, TSEKOOKO, KAROKORA. MULENGA, KANYEIHAMBA, }{\cs32\fs26\expnd-4\expndtw-20\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 JJ. S. J. \par }\pard\plain \s22\qj \li2290\ri0\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin2290\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\fs26\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 \par \par }\pard \s22\qc \li0\ri0\sb14\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10244173 {\cs37\b\fs26\expnd2\expndtw10\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 CRIMINAL APPEAL NO. 54 OF 2000 \par }\pard \s22\ql \li3528\ri0\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin3528\itap0 {\fs26\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 \par \par }\pard \s22\qc \li0\ri0\sb110\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10244173 {\cs37\b\fs26\expnd2\expndtw10\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 BETWEEN \par }\pard \s22\qc \li0\ri0\sb72\sl-547\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13397642 {\cs37\b\fs26\expnd2\expndtw10\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 EUCHU MICHAEL::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::APPELLANT \par }\pard \s22\qc \li0\ri0\sl-547\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13397642 {\cs37\b\fs26\expnd2\expndtw10\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 AND \par }\pard \s22\qc \li0\ri0\sb5\sl-547\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13397642 {\cs37\b\fs26\expnd2\expndtw10\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 UGANDA:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::RESPONDENT

\par }\pard\plain \s19\qj \fi-120\li917\ri1248\sb206\sl-274\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin1248\lin917\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs35\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 (Appeal arising from judgment of the Court of Appeal ( Manyindo D. C. J.,}{\cs35\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid13397642\charrsid13397642 }{\cs35\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 Kato and Mpagi-Bahigeine JJ. A) at Kampala, in Criminal Appeal No.97}{ \cs35\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid13397642\charrsid13397642 }{\cs35\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 of 1999, dated 28}{\cs35\b\i\fs26\cf1\super\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 th}{\cs35\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 } {\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\cs35\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 HYPERLINK "file:///ovemher"}{\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid3832461\charrsid13397642 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000010000000303000000000000c0000000000000460000090000005c6f76656d68657200ffffadde0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000006f}}}{\fldrslt {\cs35\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 N}{ \cs35\b\i\fs26\cf1\lang7177\langfe1033\langnp7177\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 ovember}}}{\cs35\b\i\fs26\cf1\lang7177\langfe1033\langnp7177\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 }{\cs35\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 2000) \par }\pard\plain \s22\ql \li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\fs26\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 \par \par }\pard \s22\ql \li0\ri0\sb110\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\cs37\b\fs26\ul\expnd2\expndtw10\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 REASONS FOR THE COURT'S DECISION. \par }\pard\plain \s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb14\sl-475\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs29\fs26\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 Euchu Michael, the appellant, was tried and convicted by the High Court, for the}{\cs29\fs26\cf1\insrsid13397642\charrsid13397642 }{\cs29\fs26\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 murder of his brother. Emolu Robert, the deceased. He appealed to the Court of}{\cs29\fs26\cf1\insrsid13397642\charrsid13397642 }{\cs29\fs26\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 Appeal but was unsuccessful. He brought a second appeal to this Court. On 4.7.02,}{ \cs29\fs26\cf1\insrsid13397642\charrsid13397642 }{\cs29\fs26\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 we dismissed the appeal but reserved our reasons for doing so. We now proceed to}{\cs29\fs26\cf1\insrsid13397642\charrsid13397642 }{ \cs29\fs26\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 give them. \par }\pard \s17\ql \li0\ri0\sb10\sl-475\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\cs29\fs26\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 The three grounds of appeal in this Court were that:- \par }\pard\plain \s23\qj \fi-336\li725\ri0\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin725\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\fs26\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 \par }\pard \s23\qj \fi-336\li720\ri0\sb58\sl-317\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10244173 {\cs36\b\i\fs26\expnd10\expndtw50\cf1\insrsid10244173\charrsid13397642 1}{\cs36\b\i\fs26\expnd10\expndtw50\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 .}{ \cs36\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 The learned Justices of Appeal erred in law in upholding the decision of}{\cs36\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid13397642\charrsid13397642 }{\cs36\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 the Trial Judge when the latter had erred by first concluding in favour }{\cs34\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 of}{\cs34\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid13397642\charrsid13397642 }{\cs36\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 the prosecution before alluding to the defence of alibi. \par {\pntext\pard\plain\s25 \cs36\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 2.\tab}}\pard\plain \s25\qj \fi-365\li725\ri0\sl-317\slmult0\widctlpar\tx725{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls1\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart2\pnindent365 {\pntxta .}} \faauto\ls1\rin0\lin725\itap0\pararsid10244173 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs36\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 The learned Justices of Appeal erred in law in not applying correctly the}{ \cs36\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid10244173\charrsid13397642 }{\cs36\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 principles of a single identifying witness in this case favourably to the}{\cs36\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid13397642\charrsid13397642 }{ \cs36\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 Appellant \par {\pntext\pard\plain\s25 \cs36\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 3.\tab}}\pard \s25\qj \fi-365\li725\ri0\sb10\sl-317\slmult0\widctlpar\tx725{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls1\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart2\pnindent365 {\pntxta .}} \faauto\ls1\rin0\lin725\itap0\pararsid10244173 {\cs36\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 The learned Justices of Appeal erred in law in not applying the principles}{\cs36\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid13397642\charrsid13397642 }{ \cs36\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 of major contradictions in favour of the Appellant.}{\cs30\b\fs26\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 \par }\pard\plain \s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb178\sl-470\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs29\fs26\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 The first ground was not considered in the Court of Appeal, but because it raised}{\cs29\fs26\cf1\insrsid13397642\charrsid13397642 }{\cs29\fs26\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 an important legal issue, we allowed that it be argued. }{ \cs33\b\fs26\expnd2\expndtw10\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 The}{\cs33\b\fs26\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 }{\cs29\fs26\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 subject of complaint in}{\cs29\fs26\cf1\insrsid13397642\charrsid13397642 }{ \cs29\fs26\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 the ground, was the finding as appears in the judgment of the learned trial judge,}{\cs29\fs26\cf1\insrsid13397642\charrsid13397642 }{\cs34\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 "that the prosecution had proved beyond reasonable doubt that the accused}{\cs34\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid13397642\charrsid13397642 }{\cs34\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 participated in the murder }{ \cs34\i\fs26\expnd10\expndtw50\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 of}{\cs34\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 Robert Emolu". }{\cs29\fs26\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 before consideration of the}{ \cs29\fs26\cf1\insrsid13397642\charrsid13397642 }{\cs29\fs26\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 appellant's defence of alibi. Mr. Zagyenda, counsel for the appellant, noted that}{\cs29\fs26\cf1\insrsid13397642\charrsid13397642 }{ \cs29\fs26\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 later in the judgment the learned trial judge had alluded to the appellant's defence,}{\cs29\fs26\cf1\insrsid13397642\charrsid13397642 }{\cs29\fs26\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 but argued that the said allusion was useless since the decision of his guilt had}{\cs29\fs26\cf1\insrsid13397642\charrsid13397642 }{\cs29\fs26\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 already been made. Counsel submitted that the judgment of the trial co urt had}{\cs29\fs26\cf1\insrsid13397642\charrsid13397642 }{\cs29\fs26\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 thereby occasioned injustice, and that it was an error in law for the Court of Appeal}{\cs29\fs26\cf1\insrsid13397642\charrsid13397642 }{ \cs29\fs26\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 to uphold it. In reply. Mrs. Kagezi, Principal State Attorney, conceded that the}{\cs29\fs26\cf1\insrsid13397642\charrsid13397642 }{\cs29\fs26\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 learned trial judge appeared to have misdirected himself in that regard, but she}{\cs29\fs26\cf1\insrsid13397642\charrsid13397642 }{\cs29\fs26\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 contended that the misdirection did not occasion any miscarriage of justice, since}{\cs29\fs26\cf1\insrsid13397642\charrsid13397642 }{\cs29\fs26\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 the learned trial judge thoroughly considered the defence and gave reasons for}{\cs29\fs26\cf1\insrsid13397642\charrsid13397642 }{\cs29\fs26\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 rejecting it. \par }\pard \s17\qj \li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\fs26\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 \par \par }\pard \s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb10\sl-475\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\cs29\fs26\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 It is trite that in arriving at its decision in a criminal trial, the court must consider}{ \cs29\fs26\cf1\insrsid13397642\charrsid13397642 }{\cs29\fs26\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 the evidence as a whole. See }{\cs31\b\i\fs26\ul\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 Okethi Okale }{\cs36\b\i\fs26\ul\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 vs }{\cs31\b\i\fs26\ul\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 Republic}{\cs31\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 }{\cs36\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 (1965) E. A. 555. }{\cs29\fs26\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 It is a}{ \cs29\fs26\cf1\insrsid13397642\charrsid13397642 }{\cs29\fs26\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 gross misdirection, for a trial court, to decide that an accused person is guilty after}{\cs29\fs26\cf1\insrsid13397642\charrsid13397642 }{ \cs29\fs26\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 considering the prosecution case alone, without considering the defence, and}{\cs29\fs26\cf1\insrsid13397642\charrsid13397642 }{\cs29\fs26\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 thereby, expressly or by inference, to hold that the defence is consequently}{\cs29\fs26\cf1\insrsid13397642\charrsid13397642 }{\cs29\fs26\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 rejected. Such approach is tantamount to shifting the burden of proof in so far as}{\cs29\fs26\cf1\insrsid13397642\charrsid13397642 }{\cs29\fs26\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 the defence is loo ked at merely to consider if it disproves or casts doubt on the}{\cs29\fs26\cf1\insrsid13397642\charrsid13397642 }{\cs29\fs26\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 prosecution case. It is a cardinal principle, however, that, save for a few exceptions}{ \cs29\fs26\cf1\insrsid13397642\charrsid13397642 }{\cs29\fs26\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 which are not relevant here, the burden of proof in a criminal trial never shifts from}{\cs29\fs26\cf1\insrsid13397642\charrsid13397642 }{ \cs29\fs26\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 the prosecution. That burden entails adducing evidence which not only supports}{\cs29\fs26\cf1\insrsid13397642\charrsid13397642 }{\cs29\fs26\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 the prosecution case, but also disproves the defence case. For that reason the court}{\cs29\fs26\cf1\insrsid13397642\charrsid13397642 }{\cs29\fs26\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 has to take the defence into consideration, before it can determine that the}{\cs29\fs26\cf1\insrsid13397642\charrsid13397642 }{\cs29\fs26\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 prosecution has discharged the bu rden to prove its case and disprove the defence}{\cs29\fs26\cf1\insrsid13397642\charrsid13397642 }{\cs29\fs26\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 case, beyond reasonable doubt. However, in this country there is no set format in}{ \cs29\fs26\cf1\insrsid13397642\charrsid13397642 }{\cs29\fs26\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 which the judgment must be written. Whether or not a judgment shows that before}{\cs29\fs26\cf1\insrsid13397642\charrsid13397642 }{ \cs29\fs26\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 arriving at its decision the trial court took into consideration the evidence as a}{\cs29\fs26\cf1\insrsid13397642\charrsid13397642 }{\cs29\fs26\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 whole has to be discerned from the substance of the judgment. \par }\pard \s17\qj \li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\fs26\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 \par }\pard \s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb77\sl-475\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\cs29\fs26\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 In his judgement in the instant case, the learned trial judge first summarised both}{ \cs29\fs26\cf1\insrsid13397642\charrsid13397642 }{\cs29\fs26\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 the prosecution and the defence evidence. He then analysed the evidence in}{\cs29\fs26\cf1\insrsid13397642\charrsid13397642 }{ \cs29\fs26\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 relation to the ingredients of the offence of murder, which he correctly observed}{\cs29\fs26\cf1\insrsid13397642\charrsid13397642 }{\cs29\fs26\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 were all in issue by virtue of the plea of not guilty, and which had to be proved. On}{\cs29\fs26\cf1\insrsid13397642\charrsid13397642 }{\cs29\fs26\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 the only contentious issue, namely whether the appellant participated in the killing}{\cs29\fs26\cf1\insrsid13397642\charrsid13397642 }{\cs29\fs26\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 of the deceased, the learned judge evaluated the evidence of the single identifying}{\cs29\fs26\cf1\insrsid13397642\charrsid13397642 }{\cs29\fs26\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 witness in detail, and concluded that the conditions at the time the deceased was}{\cs29\fs26\cf1\insrsid13397642\charrsid13397642 }{\cs29\fs26\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 attacked were conducive to correct identification of the assailant by that witness.}{\cs29\fs26\cf1\insrsid13397642\charrsid13397642 }{\cs29\fs26\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 He the reupon found that the prosecution had proved beyond reasonable doubt, that}{\cs29\fs26\cf1\insrsid13397642\charrsid13397642 }{\cs29\fs26\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 the appellant participated in the crime. After that he reverted to the defence}{ \cs29\fs26\cf1\insrsid13397642\charrsid13397642 }{\cs29\fs26\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 evidence and gave reasons for rejecting it. It is this sequence that was the source of}{\cs29\fs26\cf1\insrsid13397642\charrsid13397642 }{ \cs29\fs26\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 criticism as it gives the impression that the trial judge may have erred in regard to}{\cs29\fs26\cf1\insrsid13397642\charrsid13397642 }{\cs29\fs26\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 the burden of proof.

\par }\pard \s17\qj \li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\fs26\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 \par }\pard \s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb77\sl-475\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\cs29\fs26\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 We anxiously considered the criticism because it appeared on surface to have}{\cs29\fs26\cf1\insrsid13397642\charrsid13397642 }{ \cs29\fs26\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 substance. We. however, came to the conclusion that in reality, there was no}{\cs29\fs26\cf1\insrsid13397642\charrsid13397642 }{\cs29\fs26\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 shifting of the burden of proof. The defence was not rejected simply because the}{\cs29\fs26\cf1\insrsid13397642\charrsid13397642 }{\cs29\fs26\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 prosecution case had been accepted. The learned trial judge carefully detailed the}{ \cs29\fs26\cf1\insrsid13397642\charrsid13397642 }{\cs29\fs26\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 considerations which led him to conclude that the defence of alibi was false. We}{\cs29\fs26\cf1\insrsid13397642\charrsid13397642 }{ \cs29\fs26\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 were satisfied that the learned trial judge must have had those considerations in}{\cs29\fs26\cf1\insrsid13397642\charrsid13397642 }{\cs29\fs26\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 mind when he held that the appellant's participation in the crime had been proved}{\cs29\fs26\cf1\insrsid13397642\charrsid13397642 }{\cs29\fs26\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 beyond reasonable doubt, even though he recorded them after recording the} {\cs29\fs26\cf1\insrsid13397642\charrsid13397642 }{\cs29\fs26\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 holding. Accordingly, we found that in that regard, the Court of Appeal did not err}{\cs29\fs26\cf1\insrsid13397642\charrsid13397642 }{ \cs29\fs26\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 in upholding the judgment of the trial judge, and that the first ground of appeal had}{\cs29\fs26\cf1\insrsid13397642\charrsid13397642 }{\cs29\fs26\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 to tail. \par }\pard\plain \s24\qj \li0\ri0\sb53\sl-475\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs38\fs26\expnd2\expndtw10\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 The appellant's counsel did not have much to say on the second and third grounds}{\cs38\fs26\expnd2\expndtw10\cf1\insrsid13397642\charrsid13397642 }{\cs38\fs26\expnd2\expndtw10\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 of appeal. He unreservedly concede d that both courts below had correctly}{\cs38\fs26\expnd2\expndtw10\cf1\insrsid13397642\charrsid13397642 }{\cs38\fs26\expnd2\expndtw10\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 considered the principles of lavs relating to :(a) a single identifying witness; and (b)}{\cs38\fs26\expnd2\expndtw10\cf1\insrsid13397642\charrsid13397642 }{\cs38\fs26\expnd2\expndtw10\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 contradictions in evidence. His contention was that those principles were not}{\cs38\fs26\expnd2\expndtw10\cf1\insrsid13397642\charrsid13397642 }{\cs38\fs26\expnd2\expndtw10\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 properly applied to the facts of this case. Under the former ground he sought to}{\cs38\fs26\expnd2\expndtw10\cf1\insrsid13397642\charrsid13397642 }{\cs38\fs26\expnd2\expndtw10\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 argue that the light at the time the deceased was attacked was not enough to enable}{\cs38\fs26\expnd2\expndtw10\cf1\insrsid13397642\charrsid13397642 }{\cs38\fs26\expnd2\expndtw10\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 the witness to identify the assailant. Under the latter ground, counsel contended}{\cs38\fs26\expnd2\expndtw10\cf1\insrsid13397642\charrsid13397642 }{\cs38\fs26\expnd2\expndtw10\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 that there was contradiction in the evidence describing the groaning of the}{\cs38\fs26\expnd2\expndtw10\cf1\insrsid13397642\charrsid13397642 }{\cs38\fs26\expnd2\expndtw10\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 deceased, and he criticised the absence of any evidence of investigation and in}{\cs38\fs26\expnd2\expndtw10\cf1\insrsid13397642\charrsid13397642 }{\cs38\fs26\expnd2\expndtw10\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 particular evidence of arrest to explain the delay of about 15 days in effecting the}{\cs38\fs26\expnd2\expndtw10\cf1\insrsid13397642\charrsid13397642 }{\cs38\fs26\expnd2\expndtw10\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 appellant's arrest. \par }\pard \s24\qj \li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\fs26\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 \par }\pard \s24\qj \li0\ri0\sb96\sl-475\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10244173 {\cs38\fs26\expnd2\expndtw10\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 Under section 6(1)(a) of the Judicature Act, 1996, the appellant had the right to}{ \cs38\fs26\expnd2\expndtw10\cf1\insrsid13397642\charrsid13397642 }{\cs38\fs26\expnd2\expndtw10\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 appeal to this Court on a matter of law or mixed law and fact. While counsel}{ \cs38\fs26\expnd2\expndtw10\cf1\insrsid13397642\charrsid13397642 }{\cs38\fs26\expnd2\expndtw10\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 attempted to present the second ground of appeal under the guise of a matter of}{ \cs38\fs26\expnd2\expndtw10\cf1\insrsid13397642\charrsid13397642 }{\cs38\fs26\expnd2\expndtw10\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 law. the substance of the complaint was on a finding of fact only. This Court has}{ \cs38\fs26\expnd2\expndtw10\cf1\insrsid13397642\charrsid13397642 }{\cs38\fs26\expnd2\expndtw10\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 repeatedly held that except in the clearest of cases, it will not re-evaluate evidence}{ \cs38\fs26\expnd2\expndtw10\cf1\insrsid13397642\charrsid13397642 }{\cs38\fs26\expnd2\expndtw10\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 in the manner as a first appellate court is required to do. For that reason this court}{ \cs38\fs26\expnd2\expndtw10\cf1\insrsid13397642\charrsid13397642 }{\cs38\fs26\expnd6\expndtw30\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 will}{\cs38\fs26\expnd2\expndtw10\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 interfere }{ \cs38\fs26\expnd6\expndtw30\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 with}{\cs38\fs26\expnd2\expndtw10\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 concurrent findings of fact by the trial court and the first}{ \cs38\fs26\expnd2\expndtw10\cf1\insrsid13397642\charrsid13397642 }{\cs38\fs26\expnd2\expndtw10\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 appellate court only where }{\cs38\fs26\expnd6\expndtw30\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 it}{ \cs38\fs26\expnd2\expndtw10\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 }{\cs38\fs26\expnd6\expndtw30\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 is}{\cs38\fs26\expnd2\expndtw10\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 satisfied that a miscarriage of justice has occurred.}{ \cs38\fs26\expnd2\expndtw10\cf1\insrsid13397642\charrsid13397642 }{\cs38\fs26\expnd2\expndtw10\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 See }{\cs36\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 Kifamunte Henry vs Uganda, }{ \cs38\fs26\expnd2\expndtw10\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 Criminal Appeal No. }{\cs38\fs26\expnd6\expndtw30\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 10}{\cs38\fs26\expnd2\expndtw10\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 of 1997 and }{ \cs36\i\fs26\ul\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 Bogere}{\cs36\i\fs26\ul\cf1\insrsid13397642\charrsid13397642 }{\cs36\i\fs26\ul\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 Moses and another vs Uganda,}{\cs36\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 }{ \cs38\fs26\expnd2\expndtw10\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 Criminal Appeal No. 1 }{\cs38\fs26\expnd6\expndtw30\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 of}{\cs38\fs26\expnd2\expndtw10\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 1997 both unreported.}{ \cs38\fs26\expnd2\expndtw10\cf1\insrsid13397642\charrsid13397642 }{\cs38\fs26\expnd6\expndtw30\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 In}{\cs38\fs26\expnd2\expndtw10\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 the instant case the courts below not only considered the principles applicable to}{\cs38\fs26\expnd2\expndtw10\cf1\insrsid13397642\charrsid13397642 }{\cs38\fs26\expnd2\expndtw10\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 the case correctly, but also respectively evaluated and re-evaluated the evidence}{\cs38\fs26\expnd2\expndtw10\cf1\insrsid13397642\charrsid13397642 }{\cs38\fs26\expnd2\expndtw10\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 properly. }{ \cs38\fs26\expnd14\expndtw70\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 We}{\cs38\fs26\expnd2\expndtw10\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 did not find any reason to fault either court on the concurrent finding}{ \cs38\fs26\expnd2\expndtw10\cf1\insrsid13397642\charrsid13397642 }{\cs38\fs26\expnd2\expndtw10\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 that the appellant had been correctly identified by the single witness. On that}{ \cs38\fs26\expnd2\expndtw10\cf1\insrsid13397642\charrsid13397642 }{\cs38\fs26\expnd2\expndtw10\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 account, the second ground of appeal had to fail. \par }{\fs26\expnd2\expndtw10\cf1\insrsid10244173\charrsid13397642 \par }\pard\plain \s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb62\sl-480\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs38\fs26\expnd6\expndtw30\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 With}{ \cs38\fs26\expnd2\expndtw10\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 regard to the so-called contradiction complained of }{\cs38\fs26\expnd6\expndtw30\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 in}{\cs38\fs26\expnd2\expndtw10\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 the third ground, }{\cs38\fs26\expnd6\expndtw30\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 we}{\cs38\fs26\expnd6\expndtw30\cf1\insrsid13397642\charrsid13397642 }{\cs38\fs26\expnd2\expndtw10\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 need only say that }{ \cs38\fs26\expnd6\expndtw30\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 it}{\cs38\fs26\expnd2\expndtw10\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 was not raised in the first appeal, and }{\cs38\fs26\expnd6\expndtw30\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 in}{ \cs38\fs26\expnd2\expndtw10\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 any ease }{\cs38\fs26\expnd6\expndtw30\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 it}{\cs38\fs26\expnd2\expndtw10\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 was utterly}{ \cs38\fs26\expnd2\expndtw10\cf1\insrsid13397642\charrsid13397642 }{\cs38\fs26\expnd2\expndtw10\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 insignificant and immaterial. On the question of arrest of the appellant, }{ \cs38\fs26\expnd6\expndtw30\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 we}{\cs38\fs26\expnd2\expndtw10\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 do not}{\cs38\fs26\expnd2\expndtw10\cf1\insrsid13397642\charrsid13397642 }{ \cs38\fs26\expnd2\expndtw10\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 share the opinion of the learned Justices of Appeal that }{\cs38\fs26\expnd6\expndtw30\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 in}{\cs38\fs26\expnd2\expndtw10\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 this ease, evidence of}{\cs38\fs26\expnd2\expndtw10\cf1\insrsid13397642\charrsid13397642 }{\cs38\fs26\expnd2\expndtw10\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 arrest }{\cs42\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 "would}{ \cs42\i\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 }{\cs42\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 not}{\cs42\i\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 }{\cs42\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 have}{ \cs42\i\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 }{\cs42\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 assisted}{\cs42\i\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 }{\cs42\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 matters}{\cs42\i\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 }{\cs42\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 as}{\cs42\i\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 }{\cs42\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 the}{\cs42\i\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 }{\cs42\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 appellant}{\cs42\i\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 }{ \cs42\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 was}{\cs42\i\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 }{\cs42\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 arrested}{\cs42\i\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 }{ \cs42\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 in}{\cs42\i\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 }{\cs42\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 another}{\cs42\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid13397642\charrsid13397642 }{ \cs42\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 district}{\cs42\i\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 }{\cs42\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 15}{\cs42\i\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 }{ \cs42\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 days}{\cs42\i\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 }{\cs42\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 after}{\cs42\i\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 }{ \cs42\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 the}{\cs42\i\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 }{\cs42\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 event"}{\cs42\i\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 }{ \cs38\fs26\expnd2\expndtw10\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 However, }{\cs38\fs26\expnd6\expndtw30\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 we}{\cs38\fs26\expnd2\expndtw10\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 agree that the absence of that}{ \cs38\fs26\expnd2\expndtw10\cf1\insrsid13397642\charrsid13397642 }{\cs38\fs26\expnd2\expndtw10\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 evidence was not fatal to the conviction. We would only add that the explanation}{ \cs38\fs26\expnd2\expndtw10\cf1\insrsid13397642\charrsid13397642 }{\cs38\fs26\expnd2\expndtw10\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 for the delay }{\cs38\fs26\expnd6\expndtw30\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 in}{ \cs38\fs26\expnd2\expndtw10\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 effecting arrest was that the appellant }{\cs38\fs26\expnd6\expndtw30\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 was}{\cs38\fs26\expnd2\expndtw10\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 not around, a fact he}{\cs38\fs26\expnd2\expndtw10\cf1\insrsid13397642\charrsid13397642 }{\cs38\fs26\expnd2\expndtw10\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 confirmed in his defence. That ground too had to fail. \par }\pard \s17\qj \li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\fs26\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 \par \par }\pard \s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb24\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\cs38\fs26\expnd6\expndtw30\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 It}{\cs38\fs26\expnd2\expndtw10\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 was for those reasons that }{ \cs38\fs26\expnd6\expndtw30\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 we}{\cs38\fs26\expnd2\expndtw10\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 dismissed the appeal. \par }\pard \s17\qj \li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\fs26\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 \par }\pard \s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb235\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\cs37\fs26\expnd6\expndtw30\cf1\insrsid10244173\charrsid13397642 Dated }{\cs29\fs26\expnd2\expndtw10\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 at}{\cs29\fs26\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 }{ \cs29\fs26\expnd2\expndtw10\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 Mengo}{\cs29\fs26\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 }{\cs29\fs26\expnd2\expndtw10\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 the}{\cs29\fs26\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 }{ \cs29\fs26\expnd2\expndtw10\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 12}{\cs29\fs26\expnd2\expndtw10\cf1\super\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 th}{\cs29\fs26\expnd2\expndtw10\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 day}{ \cs29\fs26\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 }{\cs29\fs26\expnd2\expndtw10\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 of}{\cs29\fs26\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 }{\cs29\fs26\expnd2\expndtw10\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 December}{ \cs29\fs26\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 }{\cs29\fs26\expnd2\expndtw10\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 2002 \par }\pard\plain \s24\ql \li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\fs26\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 \par \par }\pard \s24\qc \li0\ri0\sb197\widctlpar\tlhyph\tx1867\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13397642 {\cs38\b\fs26\expnd2\expndtw10\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 A. H. O. Oder \par }\pard\plain \s27\qc \li0\ri0\sb34\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13397642 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs30\b\fs26\ul\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 Justice the Supreme Court \par }\pard\plain \s26\qc \li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13397642 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\fs26\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 \par \par }\pard \s26\qc \li0\ri0\sb206\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13397642 {\cs38\b\fs26\expnd2\expndtw10\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 J. W. N. Tsekooko \par }\pard\plain \s27\qc \li0\ri0\sb29\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13397642 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs30\b\fs26\ul\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 Justice of the Supreme Court \par }\pard\plain \s26\qc \li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13397642 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\fs26\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 \par \par }\pard \s26\qc \li0\ri0\sb202\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13397642 {\cs38\b\fs26\expnd6\expndtw30\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 A. N.}{\cs38\b\fs26\expnd2\expndtw10\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 Karokora \par }\pard\plain \s27\qc \li0\ri0\sb34\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13397642 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs40\b\fs26\ul\cf1\dbch\af34\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 \hich\af0\dbch\af34\loch\f0 Justice }{ \cs30\b\fs26\ul\cf1\dbch\af34\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 \hich\af0\dbch\af34\loch\f0 of the Supreme Court \par }\pard\plain \s24\qc \li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13397642 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\fs26\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 \par \par }\pard \s24\qc \li0\ri0\sb202\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13397642 {\cs38\b\fs26\expnd6\expndtw30\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 J. N.}{\cs38\b\fs26\expnd2\expndtw10\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 Mulenga \par }\pard\plain \s27\qc \li0\ri0\sb24\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13397642 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs30\b\fs26\ul\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 Justice of the Supreme Court \par }\pard\plain \s16\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tlhyph\tx946\tlhyph\tx1666\tlhyph\tx3504\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13397642 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\fs26\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 \par }\pard\plain \s28\qc \fi-139\li139\ri0\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin139\itap0\pararsid13397642 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\fs26\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 \par \par }\pard \s28\qc \fi-139\li139\ri0\sb38\sl-322\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin139\itap0\pararsid13397642 {\cs41\b\fs26\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 G. W. Kanyeihamba}{\cs41\b\fs26\cf1\insrsid10244173\charrsid13397642 \par }{\cs30\b\fs26\ul\cf1\insrsid1256736\charrsid13397642 Justice of the Supreme Court \par }}