Julius Mubangizi v Uganda (Criminal Appeal 55 of 2000) [2002] UGSC 35 (12 December 2002)

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)}}{\*\pnseclvl6\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl7\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl8 \pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl9\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \s17\qc \li0\ri0\sb72\sl-734\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15273471 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs39\b\fs28\cf1\insrsid16284094 THE REPUBLIC OF UGANDA}{\cs39\b\fs28\cf1\insrsid15273471 }{\cs39\b\fs28\cf1\insrsid16284094 \line IN THE SUPREME COURT OF UGANDA}{\cs39\b\fs28\cf1\insrsid15273471 }{\cs39\b\fs28\cf1\insrsid16284094 \line AT MENGO \par }\pard\plain \s21\qc \li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15273471 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\fs20\insrsid16284094 \par \par }\pard \s21\qc \li0\ri0\sb67\sl-331\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15273471 {\cs37\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 (CORAM: ODER, TSEKOOKO, KAROKORA, MULENGA}{\cs37\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid15273471 }{ \cs37\b\i\fs26\expnd6\expndtw30\cf1\insrsid16284094 KANYEIHAMBA,}{\cs37\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 JJ. S. C) \par }\pard\plain \s27\qc \li0\ri0\sb24\sl-658\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15273471 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 CRIMINAL APPEAL NO. 55 OF 2000}{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid15273471 }{ \cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 \line }{\cs35\fs26\expnd14\expndtw70\cf1\insrsid16284094 BETWEEN \par }\pard\plain \s20\ql \li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\fs20\insrsid16284094 \par \par }\pard \s20\qc \li0\ri0\sb82\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15273471 {\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid15273471 JULIUS MUBANGIZI \'bb\'bb\'bb\'bb\'bb\'bb\'bb\'bb\'bb\'bb\'bb }{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 APPELLANT \par }\pard \s20\qc \li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15273471 {\fs20\insrsid16284094 \par }\pard \s20\qc \li0\ri0\sb110\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15273471 {\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 VS. \par }{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid15273471 \par UGANDA \tab \'bb\'bb\'bb\'bb\'bb\'bb\'bb\'bb\'bb\'bb\'bb RESPONDENT}{\fs26\cf1\insrsid15273471\charrsid15273471 \par }\pard\plain \s23\ql \li792\ri0\sb216\sl-317\slmult0\widctlpar\tx8064\faauto\rin0\lin792\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs40\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 (Appeal from the judgment of the Court of Appeal (Manyindo.}{ \cs40\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid15273471 }{\cs40\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 D. C. J.. Kato and Engwau. }{\cs40\i\fs26\expnd6\expndtw30\cf1\insrsid16284094 J. J. A)}{\cs40\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 dated 28th day }{\cs40\i\fs26\expnd6\expndtw30\cf1\insrsid16284094 of}{\cs40\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 November,2000}{\cs40\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid15273471 }{\cs40\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 in (Criminal Appeal No. 98 of 1999)}{\cs40\i\fs20\cf1\insrsid16284094 \tab \par }\pard\plain \s25\qr \li0\ri0\sb24\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid16284094 \par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\fs20\insrsid16284094 \par \par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri0\sb62\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\cs36\b\fs26\ul\cf1\insrsid16284094 REASONS FOR THE DECISION OF THE COURT: \par }\pard\plain \s15\qj \fi725\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\fs20\insrsid16284094 \par \par }\pard \s15\qj \li0\ri0\sb14\sl-475\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15273471 {\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 On the 20}{\cs35\fs26\cf1\super\insrsid16284094 th}{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 March. 2002. }{ \cs35\fs26\expnd8\expndtw40\cf1\insrsid16284094 we}{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 heard and dismissed this appeal and}{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid15273471 }{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 announced that }{\cs35\fs26\expnd8\expndtw40\cf1\insrsid16284094 we}{ \cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 would give our reasons on a date to be notified to the}{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid15273471 }{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 parties. We now do so}{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid15273471 .}{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 \par }\pard \s15\qj \li0\ri0\sb10\sl-475\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15273471 {\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid15273471 \par }{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 The appellant together with another, Wilberforce Bahati. were}{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid15273471 }{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 indicted, and tried in the High Court at Masindi for murder contrary to}{ \cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid15273471 }{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 sections 183 and 184 of the Penal Code Act. They were convicted and}{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid15273471 }{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 sentenced to death. They appealed to the Court of Appeal against their}{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid15273471 }{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 convictions and sentences which allowed the appeal of Wilberforce}{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid15273471 }{ \cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 Bahati but dismissed that of the appellant. Hence this appeal by the}{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid15273471 }{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 appellant. \par }\pard\plain \s18\qj \li0\ri0\sb5\sl-480\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid15273471 \par }{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 The facts of the case may be summarised as follows:}{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid15273471 }{\cs35\fs26\expnd-4\expndtw-20\cf1\insrsid16284094 On}{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 6/4/1996, at around 5.00 p.m., Vasta Kyampaire (PW3) met}{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid15273471 }{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 the deceased. Shortly afterwards she also met the appellant and}{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid15273471 }{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 Wilberforce Bahati, following the deceased at about a distance of some}{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid15273471 }{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 fifty metres behind. This was on a path going to a nearby well. The}{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid15273471 }{ \cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 following day, the body of the deceased was found with cut wounds and}{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid15273471 }{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 covered with banana leaves, at a distance of some fifty metres from the}{ \cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid15273471 }{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 path where Vasta Kyampaire had met the appellant and Bahati the}{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid15273471 }{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 previous day. The incident was reported to the authorities. The accused}{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid15273471 }{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 were subsequently arrested by the Police and charged with murder. Each}{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid15273471 }{ \cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 of them made a statement in which he admitted having taken part in the}{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid15273471 }{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 murder, but at their trial they retracted the statements and pleaded the}{ \cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid15273471 }{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 defence of alibi. The trial judge rejected their defence and convicted}{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid15273471 }{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 them. As already noted, in the Court of A ppeal, Bahati was released after}{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid15273471 }{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 his appeal was allowed by the learned Justices of Appeal. Consequently,}{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid15273471 }{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 the appeal in this court was by the appellant alone. \par }\pard \s18\ql \li0\ri0\sb14\sl-480\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15273471 {\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid15273471 \par }{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 The grounds of appeal in this court were framed as follows:- \par {\pntext\pard\plain\s24 \cs37\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 1-\tab}}\pard\plain \s24\qj \fi-672\li1378\ri0\sb139\sl-317\slmult0\widctlpar\tx1378{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls1\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent672 {\pntxta -}} \faauto\ls1\rin0\lin1378\itap0\pararsid15273471 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs37\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 The learned Justices of Appeal erred in law in relying on}{\cs37\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid15273471 }{ \cs37\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 the evidence of PW3 and PW4 to convict the appellant \par {\pntext\pard\plain\s24 \cs37\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 2-\tab}}\pard \s24\qj \fi-672\li1378\ri0\sl-317\slmult0\widctlpar\tx1378{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls1\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent672 {\pntxta -}} \faauto\ls1\rin0\lin1378\itap0\pararsid15273471 {\cs37\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 The learned Justices of Appeal erred in law and in finding}{\cs37\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid15273471 }{\cs37\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 that the offence charged was proved beyond reasonable}{\cs37\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid15273471 }{\cs37\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 doubt \par {\pntext\pard\plain\s24 \cs37\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 3-\tab}}\pard \s24\qj \fi-672\li1378\ri0\sl-317\slmult0\widctlpar\tx1378{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls1\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent672 {\pntxta -}} \faauto\ls1\rin0\lin1378\itap0\pararsid15273471 {\cs37\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 The learned Justices of Appeal erred in law fact in finding}{\cs37\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid15273471 }{\cs37\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 that the confessions of the accused persons were}{\cs37\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid15273471 }{\cs37\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 sufficiently corroborated \par {\pntext\pard\plain\s24 \cs37\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 4-\tab}}\pard \s24\qj \fi-672\li1378\ri0\sl-317\slmult0\widctlpar\tx1378{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls1\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent672 {\pntxta -}} \faauto\ls1\rin0\lin1378\itap0\pararsid15273471 {\cs37\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 The learned Justices of Appeal erred in law and in fact in}{\cs37\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid15273471 }{\cs37\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 finding that the circumstantial evidence against the \par }\pard\plain \s21\qj \li744\ri0\sb67\sl-317\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin744\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs37\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 appellant was incapable of explanation upon any other}{ \cs37\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid15273471 }{\cs37\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 hypothesis than that it was inconsistent with his innocence.}{\cs37\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid15273471 }{\cs37\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 \par }{\cs41\b\i\fs22\expnd-4\expndtw-20\cf1\insrsid16284094\charrsid16284094 5}{\cs41\b\f37\fs22\expnd-4\expndtw-20\cf1\insrsid16284094 -}{\cs41\b\f37\fs22\cf1\insrsid16284094 }{\cs37\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 The learned Justices of Appeal erred in law and fact in}{\cs37\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid15273471 }{\cs37\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 finding that the conviction of the appellant could stand}{\cs37\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid15273471 }{ \cs37\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 without the confession of the second accused person in the}{\cs37\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid15273471 }{\cs37\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 trial. \par }\pard\plain \s15\qj \li0\ri0\sb101\sl-475\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15273471 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\fs20\insrsid15273471 \par }{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 Mr. Atuhaire, counsel for the appellant, argued ground 1, 4 and 5}{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid15273471 }{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 separately while combining grounds 2 and 3. In effect, counsel's}{ \cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid15273471 }{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 submissions are to the effect that because the learned Justices of Appeal}{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid15273471 }{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 did not reevaluate the evidence properly, they came to the wrong}{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid15273471 }{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 conclusion in confirming the conviction of the appellant by the learned}{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid15273471 }{ \cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 trial judge. \par }\pard\plain \s18\qj \li0\ri0\sb5\sl-475\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15273471 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 Counsel contended that there were some inconsistencies in the evidence}{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid15273471 }{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 of both Vasta Kyampaire, PW3, and Scholar Nyamirere, PW4, which}{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid15273471 }{ \cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 should have been resolved in favour of the appellant and yet neither the}{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid15273471 }{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 trial judge nor the Justices of Appeal did so. Mr. Atuheire further}{ \cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid15273471 }{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 submitted that }{\cs35\fs26\expnd-4\expndtw-20\cf1\insrsid16284094 as}{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 the appellant's confession was repudiated, it was}{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid15273471 }{ \cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 essential that having admitted that confession, it should have been}{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid15273471 }{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 corroborated and, neither the High Court nor the Court of Appeal}{ \cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid15273471 }{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 properly considered the requirements of corroboration. It was also}{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid15273471 }{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 contended by counsel for the appellant that without the appellant's}{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid15273471 }{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 confession, the prosecution case depended entirely on circumstantial}{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid15273471 }{ \cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 evidence which evidence was too weak to prove the case against him}{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid15273471 }{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 beyond reasonable doubt.}{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid15273471 \par \par }{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 In our view, the record of proceedings and the submissions of}{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid15273471 }{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 counsel for the appellant were of such a nature that we were satisfied that}{ \cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid15273471 }{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 the Court of Appeal properly evaluated the evidence. Therefore at the}{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid15273471 }{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 conclusion of submissions by appellants' counsel, we decided that }{\cs35\fs26\expnd8\expndtw40\cf1\insrsid16284094 we}{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 did}{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid15273471 }{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 not need to hear counsel for the respondent. \par }\pard\plain \s15\qj \li0\ri0\sb67\sl-475\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15273471 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid15273471 \par }{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 In our view, the Court of Appeal adequately dealt with the grounds}{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid15273471 }{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 of appeal raised by counsel for the appellant. \par }\pard \s15\qj \li0\ri0\sb14\sl-480\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15273471 {\cs35\fs26\expnd-4\expndtw-20\cf1\insrsid15273471 \par }{\cs35\fs26\expnd-4\expndtw-20\cf1\insrsid16284094 As}{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 already stated, there were two appellants in the Court of}{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid15273471 }{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 Appeal. The learned Justices of Appeal, having carefully reevaluated the}{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid15273471 }{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 evidence implicating the first appellant, Wilberforce Bahiti, concluded, \par }\pard\plain \s21\qj \li672\ri0\sb139\sl-317\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin672\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs37\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 "On his part, Mr. Wamasebu, Principal State Attorney, for the}{ \cs37\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid15273471 }{\cs37\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 respondent, argued that there was a formidable case against the}{\cs37\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid15273471 }{\cs37\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 appellants. According to him, the circumstantial evidence}{\cs37\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid15273471 }{\cs37\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 against the appellants was such that it excluded the possibility of}{\cs37\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid15273471 }{ \cs37\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 the deceased having been killed by people other than the}{\cs37\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid15273471 }{\cs37\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 appellants. In his view, the appellants' statements had been}{ \cs37\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid15273471 }{\cs37\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 sufficiently corroborated by the evidence of PW3 and PW4. He}{\cs37\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid15273471 }{\cs37\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 later on, however, conceded that Bahati's statement does not}{\cs37\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid15273471 }{\cs37\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 amount to a confession and it could not support a conviction}{\cs37\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid15273471 }{ \cs37\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 against him. We agree with Mr. Wamasebu's submission that the}{\cs37\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid15273471 }{\cs37\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 statement of the first appellant does not amount to a confession}{ \cs37\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid15273471 }{\cs37\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 within the meaning of section 24 of the Evidence Act In order}{\cs37\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid15273471 }{\cs37\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 for a statement to amount to a confession it must implicate the}{\cs37\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid15273471 }{\cs37\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 maker in the commission of the crime he is alleged to have}{\cs37\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid15273471 }{ \cs37\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 committed " \par }\pard\plain \s15\ql \li734\ri0\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin734\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\fs20\insrsid16284094 \par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb82\sl-480\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15273471 {\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 The learned Justices of Appeal proceeded to reevaluate the}{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid15273471 }{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 evidence against both appellants and having been satisfied that it would}{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid15273471 }{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 be unsafe to uphold the conviction of Bahati, they allowed his appeal}{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid15273471 }{ \cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 because the confession of the appellant in that appeal did not fall within}{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid15273471 }{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 the provisions of section 28 of the Evidence Act which provides that: \par }\pard\plain \s21\qj \li696\ri0\sb139\sl-317\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin696\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs37\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 "28. When more persons than one are being tried jointly for the}{ \cs37\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid15273471 }{\cs37\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 same offence, and a confession made by one of such persons}{\cs37\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid15273471 }{\cs37\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 affecting himself and some other of such person is proved, the}{\cs37\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid15273471 }{\cs37\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 court may take into consideration such confession as against the}{\cs37\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid15273471 }{ \cs37\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 person who makes such confession." \par }\pard\plain \s15\qj \fi730\li0\ri0\sb178\sl-480\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 However, the learned Justices of Appeal accepted the submission}{ \cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid15273471 }{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 of counsel for the respondent that the charge and caution statement of}{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid15273471 }{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 Bahati did not amount to a confession. \par \sect }\sectd \marglsxn1577\margrsxn1703\sbknone\linex0\colsx60\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid15273471\sftnbj {\header \pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid16284094 \par }}\pard\plain \s15\qj \fi725\li0\ri0\sb67\sl-480\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 The learned Justices of Appeal next considered the confession of}{ \cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid15273471 }{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 Julius Mubangizi, the present appellant, and agreed with the findings of}{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid15273471 }{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 the learned trial judge that Mubangizi's statement was a clear confession.}{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid15273471 }{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 The statement had been admitted by consent. Both the trial court and the}{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid15273471 }{ \cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 Court of Appeal were satisfied that the appellant's confession that he had}{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid15273471 }{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 killed the deceased in a manner he also described accurately in his}{ \cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid15273471 }{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 confession was fully corroborated by the evidence of Dr. Kakaire. \par }\pard \s15\qj \li0\ri0\sl-480\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15273471 {\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid15273471 \par }{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 Dr. Kakaire had examined the body of the deceased and found the}{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid15273471 }{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 injuries which had been inflicted on it to be consistent with what the}{ \cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid15273471 }{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 second appellant had stated in his confession. They also found that the}{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid15273471 }{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 evidence of Kyampaire Vasta, corroborated part of the appellant's}{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid15273471 }{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 confession in so far }{\cs35\fs26\expnd-4\expndtw-20\cf1\insrsid16284094 as}{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 it confirmed that the deceased was carrying}{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid15273471 }{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 something wrapped in a banana leaf. We reiterate the principle}{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid15273471 }{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 established in }{\cs36\b\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 Anyangu and Others v. Republic (1968) EACA 239 }{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 at}{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid15273471 }{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 p. 240 where the Court of Appeal for East Africa noted t hat: \par }\pard\plain \s21\qj \fi72\li691\ri0\sb144\sl-312\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin691\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs40\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 "A}{\cs34\fs22\cf1\insrsid16284094 }{ \cs37\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 statement is not a confession unless it is sufficient by itself to}{\cs37\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid15273471 }{\cs37\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 justify the conviction of the person making it, of the offence with}{ \cs37\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid15273471 }{\cs37\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 which he is tried." \par }\pard\plain \s15\qj \li0\ri0\sb178\sl-480\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15273471 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 We were satisfied that the trial court and the Court of Appeal}{ \cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid15273471 }{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 properly evaluated and reevaluated the evidence against the appellant}{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid15273471 }{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 who, in our opinion, was properly convicted. It was for these reasons that}{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid15273471 }{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 we dismissed the appeal. \par }\pard \s15\qj \li0\ri0\sl-480\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15273471 {\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid15273471 \par }{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 Before }{\cs35\fs26\expnd8\expndtw40\cf1\insrsid16284094 we}{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 take leave of this case, we would like to draw attention}{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid15273471 }{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 of trial judges and magistrates to our view in respect of admitting}{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid15273471 }{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 confessions of accused persons without objection which we expressed in}{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid15273471 }{ \cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 the case of }{\cs36\b\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 Mawanda Edward v. Uganda }{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 Cr. Appeal No. 4 of 1999}{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid15273471 }{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 (S. C), }{ \cs40\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 (unreported), }{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 that because of the provisions of Article 28 (3) of the}{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid15273471 }{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 Constitution by which an accused person is presumed to be innocent until}{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid15273471 }{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 proved guilty, an advocate should not concede the guilt of the accused. It}{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid15273471 }{ \cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 should be the accused in person. \par }\pard\plain \s18\qj \li0\ri0\sb5\sl-480\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid15273471 \par }{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 Similarly, where a plea of not guilty has been entered, it should be the}{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid15273471 }{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 accused and not his counsel to raise no objection to admissibility in}{ \cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid15273471 }{\cs35\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094 evidence of such a confession as was done in this case. \par }\pard\plain \s17\qj \li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\fs20\insrsid16284094 \par }\pard \s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb216\sl-533\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\cs39\b\fs28\cf1\dn10\insrsid16284094 DATED AT MENGO THIS 12}{\cs39\b\fs28\cf1\dn10\super\insrsid16284094\charrsid15273471 th}{\cs39\b\fs28\cf1\dn10\insrsid15273471 }{ \cs39\b\fs28\cf1\dn10\insrsid16284094 DAY OF }{\cs39\b\fs28\cf1\dn10\insrsid15273471 DECEMBER }{\cs39\b\fs28\cf1\dn10\insrsid16284094 2002 \par }\pard\plain \s30\ql \li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\fs20\insrsid16284094 \par \par }\pard \s30\qc \li0\ri0\sb67\sl-370\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8930780 {\cs46\b\scaps\fs26\expnd-4\expndtw-20\cf1\up2\insrsid16284094\charrsid15273471 A. H.}{ \cs46\b\scaps\fs26\expnd-4\expndtw-20\cf1\up2\insrsid15273471\charrsid15273471 }{\cs46\b\scaps\fs26\expnd-4\expndtw-20\cf1\up2\insrsid16284094\charrsid15273471 O ODER \par }\pard\plain \s31\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8930780 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs38\b\scaps\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094\charrsid15273471 JUSTICE OF THE SUPREME COURT \par }\pard\plain \s30\qc \li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8930780 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\fs26\insrsid16284094\charrsid15273471 \par }\pard \s30\qc \li0\ri0\sb187\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8930780 {\cs45\b\fs26\expnd4\expndtw20\cf1\insrsid16284094\charrsid15273471 J. W. N. TSEKOOKO \par }\pard\plain \s31\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8930780 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs38\b\scaps\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094\charrsid15273471 JUSTICE OF THE SUPREME COURT \par }\pard\plain \s29\qc \li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8930780 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\fs26\insrsid16284094\charrsid15273471 \par }\pard \s29\qc \li0\ri0\sb197\sl-336\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8930780 {\cs42\b\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094\charrsid15273471 A. N. KARAKORA}{\cs42\b\fs26\cf1\insrsid15273471\charrsid15273471 }{\cs42\b\fs26\cf1\insrsid15273471 \line }{ \cs38\b\scaps\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094\charrsid15273471 JUSTICE OF THE SUPREME COURT \par }\pard\plain \s30\qc \li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8930780 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\fs26\insrsid16284094\charrsid15273471 \par \par }\pard \s30\qc \li0\ri0\sb34\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8930780 {\cs45\b\fs26\expnd4\expndtw20\cf1\insrsid16284094\charrsid15273471 J}{\cs46\b\scaps\fs26\expnd-4\expndtw-20\cf1\insrsid16284094\charrsid15273471 . N. MULENGA \par }\pard\plain \s31\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8930780 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs38\b\scaps\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094\charrsid15273471 JUSTICE OF THE SUPREME COURT \par }\pard\plain \s32\qc \li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8930780 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\fs26\insrsid16284094\charrsid15273471 \par }\pard \s32\qc \li0\ri0\sb125\sl-456\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8930780 {\cs46\b\scaps\fs26\expnd-4\expndtw-20\cf1\up1\insrsid16284094\charrsid15273471 G. W. KANYEIHAMBA \par }\pard\plain \s22\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8930780 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs38\b\scaps\fs26\cf1\insrsid16284094\charrsid15273471 JUSTICE OF THE SUPREME COURT \par }}