Kamesere Henry v Uganda [1998] UGSC 21 (15 May 1998)

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(}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s15\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid9576713 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\ul\insrsid14770068\charrsid9576713 THE REPUBLIC OF UGANDA \line IN THE SUPREME COURT OF UGANDA \line AT MENGO \line CRIMINAL APPEAL NO.8/97 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14770068\charrsid9576713 \line (COR. AN: WANBUZI, C. J., TSEKOOKO, J. S. C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14770068\charrsid6838365 ., }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14770068\charrsid6838365 KAROKORA, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14770068\charrsid6838365 J. S. C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14770068\charrsid9576713 ., MULENGA, J. S. C., KANYEIHANBA, J. S. C.) \line BETWEEN \line KAMESERE}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6838365 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14770068\charrsid9576713 MOSES :::::::}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6838365 ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14770068\charrsid9576713 ::::::::::::::::}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6838365 :::::}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14770068\charrsid9576713 : APPELLANT \line versus \line UGANDA }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6838365 ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14770068\charrsid9576713 RESPONDENT \line }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14770068\charrsid9576713 (Appeal against a decision and judgment of the \line Court of Appeal of Uganda at. Kampala (Manyindo, \line D. C. J., Byamugisha, J., Kireju, J.) dated the \line 20th day of June 1997 in Criminal Appeal No. \line 24/96 originating from the Nigh Court Criminal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3427990 \line Session case No.288 of 1995) \par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid3427990 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\ul\insrsid14770068\charrsid9576713 JUDGMENT OF THE COURT}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid9576713 \par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid9576713 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14770068\charrsid9576713 This is a second appeal in a criminal case which originated in the High Court. Moses Kamesere, in this judgment called the \lquote appellant\'94 , was charged with murder contrary to section 183 of the Penal Code on three counts, and with attempted murder contrary to section 197 of the Penal Code on the fourth count. The High court convicte d him on all counts as charged and sentenced him to death on each count of murder, but omitted to sentence him on the fourth count. The Court of Appeal dismissed his appeal thereto, h}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6838365 ence the appeal to this court. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14770068\charrsid9576713 The facts which gave rise to the charges and the convictions are brief and uncomplicated. A man called Eriabu Kamongoli resided with his family at Kibira-Kyera village Kagulu }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6838365\charrsid9576713 sub county}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14770068\charrsid9576713 , in Kamuli district. The young family in addition to Eriabu himself comprised of his wife, three daughters aged about 9}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6838365\charrsid9576713 , 6}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14770068\charrsid9576713 , and 3 years respectively and a son aged between 4 and 5 years. There}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6838365 }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14770068\charrsid9576713 was also a niece who lived with the family. I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6838365 n the night of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14770068\charrsid9576713 9.8.94, Eriabu Kamongoli and his said family slept in their house which was made of unbaked bricks. They were awak ened in the deep of night by banging on the external wall of the house. Part of it gave way causing a hole in the wall. On realising that they were under attack by several assailants, Eriabu Kamongoli and the niece ran out of the house and escaped to safe t y. The wife and the three daughters were not so lucky. While the former was helping the latter to also escape to safety, they were intercepted in the courtyard by one of the assailants who attacked and cut them with a panga. One of the daughters who was c u t in the neck died on the spot instantly. The other two daughters who sustained deep cut wounds in the abdomen and lumber regions respectively, died shortly after at Kamuli Hospital. Their mother who sustained a cut wound at the back of the head and two c u t wounds on the shoulders, survived the injuries. The son who apparently remained in the house throughout the incident, presumably unnoticed by the assailants, was not harmed. Following the incident, Eriabu Kamongoli, his wife and his son, severally told d iverse witnesses, including the police, that they had recognised Moses Kamesere, the appellant, as one of the assailants. Two days later, on 11.8.94 the appellant was arrested and charged with the offences mentioned above. A second person who was arrested separately and charged with the same offence was subsequently acquitted by the High Court which found at the close of the prosecution case that there was no evidence implicating him with the offences. He }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9576713 is not subject of this appeal. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14770068\charrsid9576713 At the trial, the su bstantial contentious issue was whether the appellant had been properly and correctly identified as one of the assailants. The prosecution called three eye witnesses. The son Kitimbo-}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6838365\charrsid9576713 Kalaamira }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14770068\charrsid9576713 was called as PW2. Because of his tender age and lack of unders tanding of the nature of an oath, he did not testify on oath. He was however permitted to make an unsworn statement to the court, but in apparent error was not subjected to cross-examination. The other two eye witnesses were Eriabu}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6838365 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14770068\charrsid9576713 Kamongoli and his wife, Rose Tiberowooza who were called as PW3 and PW7 respectively. They gave evidence on oath arid were duly cross-examined. All three, PW2}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6838365\charrsid9576713 , PW3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14770068\charrsid9576713 and PW7 testified that the appellant, whom they knew well, as he had previously lived in the same village as their n eighbour, was among the assailants who \line attacked their home in the fateful night. PW2 and PW7 were specific that it was the appellant who had cut the three young girls to death and inflicted the cut wounds on PW7. Furthermore, PW7 testified that prior to b eing hacked to death the deceased, in respondence to the appellant\rquote s question whether they knew who he was, had answered in the affirmative, saying he was Kamesere. The other evidence adduced to implicate the appellant was from PW6, the police officer who investigated the case. He testified inter alia, that an hour after re-arresting the appellant he took him to the scene of crime where there were foot prints suspected to have been left by the assailants. The appellant was asked to match his foot with one of the foot prints and it was found to fit exactly. PW6 also said tyre sandals (lugabire) said to belong to the Appellant were found at the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9576713 scene. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14770068\charrsid9576713 In his defence the appellant also gave evidence on oath and was cross-examined. He denied the prosecution evidence implicating him with the offences. He asserted tha}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6838365 t he did not commit the offence }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14770068\charrsid9576713 or participate in their commission, and that he was not at the scene of the crime. He gave account of his having been at his home in Bwiza village in Namasagali sub-cou nty, both in the night of 9.8.94 and throughout the day and night of 10.8.94. He further testified that on 11.8.94 while he was escorting his father to the latter\rquote s home he was stopped by Local Administration Police who were intercepting graduated tax defaulters at the road block near Kamuli town, and was detained there until police from Kamuli police station came and rearrested him on charges of murde}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9576713 r which he knew nothing about. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14770068\charrsid9576713 In her judgment the learned trial judge directed herself on the law applica ble to the issues in the case and carefully reviewed and evaluated the evidence. She held that the conditions during the commission of the crimes were favourable to correct identification of the assailants by the eye witnesses. She expressed doubt as to w h ether PW2 had independently identified the appellant or was influenced by what he might have heard from his parents. She however was satisfied that PW3 and PW7 were truthful witnesses and ruled out the possibility of their having been mistaken in the iden tification of the appellant. She held that the evidence by PWE of having found at the scene of crime a foot print that matched the appellant\rquote s foot and tyre sandals said to belong to the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6838365\charrsid9576713 appellant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14770068\charrsid9576713 strengthened the evidence of identification. She rejected th e defence evidence of alibi as a fabrication. In agreement with the unanimous opinion of the assessors, she held that the appellant had been correctly identified as one of the assailants and accordi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6838365 ngly convicted him as charged. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14770068\charrsid9576713 On appeal to the Court of Appeal it was contended on behalf of the appellant that the learned judge had erred in finding that the appellant had been properly identified \'93 when the conditions favouring proper identification did not exist;\'94 and secondly in rejecting the appellant\rquote s ev idence of alibi. In its judgment, the Court of Appeal considered the ground of appeal and reevaluated the evidence. It noted with approval that the learned trial judge had not placed reliance on the unsworn evidence of PW2. On the other hand, it held that it was a misdirection on her part to find that the evidence on the foot print and the tyre }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6838365\charrsid9576713 sandals}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14770068\charrsid9576713 strengthened the evidence of PW3 and PW7, because these items had not been conclusively prove}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6838365 d to belong to the appellant. However}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14770068\charrsid9576713 it held that there was other ample evidence implicating him; and in particular that it was satisfied that the appellant was correctly identified by PW3 and PW7 during the attack at their home, and that the appellant\rquote s alibi wa}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9576713 s correctly rejected as false. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14770068\charrsid9576713 The appellant appealed to this court on two grounds framed in the M}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6838365 emorandum of Appeal as follows:-}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14770068\charrsid9576713 \par \'931. The learned Appeal Court Judges erred in law and in fact in confirming the finding of fact of the trial judge especially on the issue of identification of the appellant having regard to the law of standard of proof to be applied in a capital offence where it should have been that as the offence is graver so ought: the standard of proof to be higher}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6838365 and the evidence to be clear.

\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14770068\charrsid9576713 2. The defence of alibi raised would accordingly be upheld since it would be destroyed if the higher degree of standard of proof were applied to the prosecution\rquote s testimony.\'94 \line To say the obvious, the framing of both grounds offends r.61}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6838365 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14770068\charrsid9576713 (2) of the Rules of this court in that they are not concise but argu mentative. In addition, in the form they are, it is difficult to comprehend the objections or issues being raised. However at the hearing in this court, Mr. Zagyenda counsel for the appellant, sought to argue the grounds together and condenced them into t wo simplified propositions. We agreed to consider the appeal on the su}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9576713 bstance of those propositions. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14770068\charrsid9576713 The first proposition was to the effect that the graver an offence charged is, the higher the standard of proof and the clearer the evidence must be, to pr ove and sustain a conviction of the offence. He maintained that within the established standard of proof required in criminal cases, namely \'93proof beyond reasonable doubt\'94 , there were different degrees of proof depending on the gravity of the offence to be proved. However he was not able to define or otherwise elaborate on the different degrees in that established standard of proof. Nonetheless in support of his proposition he cited the decisions in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\insrsid14770068\charrsid9576713 MILLER vs MINISTER OF PENSION}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\insrsid6838365 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\insrsid14770068\charrsid9576713 (l974)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\insrsid6838365 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\insrsid14770068\charrsid9576713 2 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14770068\charrsid9576713 ALL ER 372 per Denning J.; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\insrsid14770068\charrsid9576713 R vs SHARMPAL SINGH }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14770068\charrsid9576713 (1962) EA 13; and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\insrsid14770068\charrsid9576713 CHHABILDAS SOMAIYA vs R }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9576713 (1953) 20 EACA 144. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14770068\charrsid9576713 In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\insrsid14770068\charrsid9576713 MILLER vs MINISTER OF PENSIONS }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14770068\charrsid9576713 (supra) The English Court in the King\rquote s Bench Division was concerned with the standards of proof in respect of claims made under regulations governing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6838365\charrsid9576713 pension\rquote s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14770068\charrsid9576713 payable upon death of a member of the British Army. The standards were derived from interpretation of the regulations. The court held that it had been settled that in respect of cases falling within one set of the regulations, the standard of proof was, as in criminal cases, \'93proof beyond reasonable doubt\rquote , and that in respect of cases falling within another set of the regulations, the standard was one of \'93preponderance of probability\'94 as in civil cases. There is no mention, le t alone recognition, in that decision, of different degrees in the standard of proof in criminal cases, varying according to the gravity of the offence to be proved. On the contrary what the learned judge said in describing what \'93 proof beyond reasonable doubt\'94 means tends to negate that proposition. At p.373, Denning J., as he then was, referring to evidence required to refute a presumption under one set of the regulations said:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6838365

\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li720\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid6838365 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6838365 \'93\'85.for that purpose the evidence }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14770068\charrsid9576713 must reach the same degree of cogency as is r equired in a criminal case before an accused person is found guilty. That degree is well settled. It need not reach certainty but it must carry a high degree of probability. Proof beyond reasonable doubt does not mean proof beyond the shadow of doubt. The law would fail to protect the community if it admitted fanciful possibilities to deflect the course of justice. If the evidence is so strong against a man as to leave only a remote possibility in his favour which can be dismissed with the sentence: \lquote of course it is possible but not in the least probable\rquote the case is proved beyond reasonable doubt, but nothi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9576713 ng short of that will suffice\'94 \par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid9576713 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14770068\charrsid9576713 We agree that the degree of cogency of evidence necessary to prove guilt in a criminal case is, and has long been, settled. It is described as proof beyond reasonable doubt. In MILLER\rquote S case (supra) it is not stated to be a standard or degree of proof for a specified or particular criminal offence but rather of proof required in any criminal case generally irrespective of th e gravity of the criminal offence to be proved. The decision therefore is not authority for counsel\rquote s proposition that there are different degrees of proof required to prove different criminal cases. We also find no support for the proposition in either of the other two cases referred to us by counsel. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\insrsid14770068\charrsid9576713 R vs SHARMPAL SINGH }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14770068\charrsid9576713 (supra) is a decision of the Privy Council upholding a decision of the Court of Appeal for East Africa, substituting a conviction of manslaughter for on}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6838365 e of murder. The ratio decidendi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14770068\charrsid9576713 of that case was that the circumstantial evidence on which the conviction was based did not prove malice aforethought which is an essential element for murder. The decision should not be misconstrued (as presumably was done in the instant case by learned cou nsel for the appellant) as holding that the standard of proof for murder is of a higher degree than that for manslaughter. The difference was in the elements constituting the two offences. In murder, two eleme}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6838365 nts namely an \'93unlawful killing\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14770068\charrsid9576713 and \lquote malice aforethought\rquote have to be proved. In manslaughter, however, only \'93unlawful killing\rquote has to be proved. In both cases the proof of each of those elements must be beyond reasonable doubt. In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\insrsid14770068\charrsid9576713 CHHABILDAS SUMAIYA\rquote S }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14770068\charrsid9576713 case (supra) the decision was also concerned with sufficiency of the circumstantial evidence to prove forgery. It is irrelevant to the issue canvassed in the instant appeal. However, on surface, Mr. Zagyenda\rquote s proposition may claim support from observations made in a decision of the English Court of Appeal in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\insrsid14770068\charrsid9576713 BARTER v BARTER }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14770068\charrsid9576713 (1950) 2 ALL ER 458. The case was an appeal by an unsuccessful petitioner for divorce whose petition had been dismissed on the ground that the charges of cruelty made in the petition had not been proved \'93beyond reasonable doubt\'94. The is sue on appeal was whether it was a misdirection to put the standard of proof for a divorce petition which is a civil case, as high as the standard of proof for criminal cases. The Court of Appeal held that it was not a misdirection and dismissed the appea l. In opening his judgment Denning L. J., as he then was, made the following observat}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6838365 ions inter alia, at p.459 B-C: \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14770068\charrsid9576713 \'93The difference of opinion which has been evoked about the standard of proof in these cases may well turn out to be more a matter of words th an anything else. It is true that by our law there is a higher standard of proof in criminal cases than in civil cases, but this is subject to the qualification that there is no absolute standard in either case. In criminal cases the charge must be proved beyond reasonable doubt, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\insrsid14770068\charrsid9576713 but there may be degrees of proof within that standard. Many great judges have said that in proportion as the crime is enormous so ought the proof to be clear. }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14770068\charrsid9576713 So also in civil cases. The case may be proved by a preponderance of probability but there may be degrees of prob}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9576713 ability within that standard.\'94

\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14770068\charrsid9576713 In our view these observations are not to hold that there are categories or different standards for proof of different criminal cases. Needless to say it would be an impossible task to demarcate and define such different categories and/or degrees of proof for the different crimes. What the learned Lord Justice was elaborating on, as is evident from reading his further observations, was the thought process, whereby, in arriving at a d ecision a reasonable mind is influenced by diverse factors including the nature and gravity of the decision to be made. The learned Lord Justice }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9576713 observed further at p.459 E-H: \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14770068\charrsid9576713 \lquote The degree of probability which a reasonable and just man would require to come to a conclusion- and likewise the degree of doubt which would prevent him from coming to it-depends on the conclusion to which he is required to come. It would depend on whether it was a criminal case or civil case, what the charge was and what the conse quences might be, and if he was left in a real and substantial doubt on the particular matter he would hold the charge not to be established. He wo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9576713 uld not be satisfied about it. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14770068\charrsid9576713 What is a real and substantial doubt? It is only another way of saying a reasonable doubt, and a \'93reasonable }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7221993\charrsid9576713 doubt}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14770068\charrsid9576713 is simply that degree of doubt which would prevent a reasonable and just man from coming to a conclusion. So the phrase \'93reasonable doubt\'94 gets one no further. It does not say that the degree of probability must be as high as ninety-nine per cent, or as low as fifty one percent. The degree required must depend on the mind of the reasonable and just man who is considering the particular subject matter. In some cases fifty one percent would be enough but not in others. When this is realised the phrase \'93reasonable doubt\rquote can be used just as aptly in a civil case or a divorc}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9576713 e case as in a criminal case.\'94 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14770068\charrsid9576713 It is noteworthy that his final observation at p460 was that if the trial court had put the proof higher by saying the case had to be proved \'93 with the same strictness as a crime is proved in a criminal court\'94 it would have been a misdirection. In a later decision by the same court in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\insrsid14770068\charrsid9576713 HORNAL vs NEUBERGER PRODUCTS LTD }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14770068\charrsid9576713 (1956)ALL, ER 970, it is even more evident that the ob servations were not recognition of varying degrees or standards of proof of different criminal cases but rather reflection on factors that affect decision making. After endorsing the same passage reproduced above}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7221993 , HODSON L. J. said at p.977 D: \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14770068\charrsid7221993 \'93I }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14770068\charrsid7221993 would}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14770068\charrsid9576713 lik e to express my complete concurrence with the words used by Denning L. J. in the passage which I have cited. Just as in civil cases the balance of probability may more readily be tilted in one case than in another, so in criminal cases proof beyond reasona ble doubt may more readily be attained }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7221993 in some cases than in others.\'94 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14770068\charrsid9576713 In the result we hold that in the proof of criminal cases, no offence is so grave as to require a higher degree of proof and none is so minor as to require a lower degree of proof, than the established standard of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7221993 proof beyond reasonable doubt. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14770068\charrsid9576713 Mr. Zagyenda\rquote s second submission was, to use his own words, that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\insrsid14770068\charrsid9576713 the evidence of identification in this case was poor. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14770068\charrsid9576713 For illustration of his point he referred the court to the evidence of PW7 wh o testified that she had dropped her torch during the incident. Counsel appeared to suggest that that had impaired her ability to identify the appellant. With due respect to learned counsel however, he made the reference out of context. The evidence of PW 7}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7221993 on the matter was: \par \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14770068\charrsid9576713 I noticed the clothes Al was wearing. He had a black jacket with a shirt underneath. I was able to recognise him because the other assailants had also torches which they were flashing. Later I dropped mine. The assailants had two t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7221993 orches.\rquote \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14770068\charrsid9576713 More importantly, the evidence of identification of the appellant by both PW7 and PW3 was carefully considered by the trial court and re-evaluated by the Court of Appeal. Both courts were satisfied that the evidence was truthful and that the eye witnesses had correctly identified the appellant. In respect of PW7 the Court of Appeal ruled out any possibility of her having been influenced by an earlier allegation against the appellant. Their Lordships said:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7221993 - \par \'93PW7 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14770068\charrsid9576713 who did not see her slain children a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7221993 gain as }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14770068\charrsid9576713 she was in hospital when they were buried, was still able to describe where the injuries were inflicted on them. If she was able to see what happened to the children there was no reason why she could not identify the appellant who struggled with h er and was at a very close range. Therefore we cannot say that PW7 named the appellant because of an earlier allegation that the appellant had attempted to set their house on }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7221993 fire. She must have seen him.\'94

\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14770068\charrsid9576713 This court cannot on a second appeal reverse that finding of fact. It can however as a matter of law inquire into whether the evidence on which the convictions were based constituted proof of the appellant\rquote s guilt to the legal standard, namely proof beyond reasonable doubt. Into this direction or arena h owever, learned counsel did not venture beyond his first proposition which we have considered and rejected. His assertion that evidence of identification was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7221993\charrsid9576713 poor}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14770068\charrsid9576713 appears to have been made without any seriousness. With due respect to counsel he did not make the slightest effort to articulate or otherwise indicate in what way, if }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7221993\charrsid9576713 any, the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14770068\charrsid9576713 evidence relied on by the Court of Appeal to uphold the convictions fell short o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7221993 f the legal standard of proof. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14770068\charrsid9576713 For our part we are satisfied that the evidence relied on was to the required standard. After expunging the inconclusive evidence as noted above, the Court of Appeal in upholding the }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7221993\charrsid9576713 convictions}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14770068\charrsid9576713 relied on the evidence of the eye witnesses, PW3 and PW7. Their Lordships had th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7221993 is to say in their conclusion: \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14770068\charrsid9576713 \'93On the evidence, we are satisfied that the appellant was correctly identified by PW3 and PW7 during the attack at their home. The witnesses knew the appellant before the incident and they were assisted by the light from the torches the attackers had and tha t of PW7. PW7 spent }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7221993\charrsid9576713 some time}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14770068\charrsid9576713 with the appellant and was able to identify him. PW3 and PW7 informed their neighbours at different times soon after the attack that it was Kamesere who attacked them. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7221993 This}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14770068\charrsid9576713 showed consistency on their part. In our view the appellant\rquote s alibi was rightly rejected as false as the prosecution evidence had clearly put h}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7221993 im at the scene of the crime.\rquote \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14770068\charrsid9576713 There is no discussion of the standard of proof in the judgement of the Court of Appeal. Needless to say this is because the matter was n ot made an issue. We are satisfied however, that their Lordships were conscious of the legal standard of proof and were satisfied with the guilt of the appellant beyond reasonable doubt, as indeed any reasonable court posses}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7221993 sed of that evidence would be. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14770068\charrsid9576713 In the result we find no merit in this appeal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7221993 . It is accordingly dismissed. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14770068\charrsid9576713 Dated }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7221993 at Mengo this 15}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \super\insrsid7221993\charrsid7221993 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7221993 day May }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9576713 1998. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7221993 \par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid7221993 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7221993\charrsid7221993 S. W. W }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7221993\charrsid7221993 Wambuzi, \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\ul\insrsid7221993\charrsid7221993 Chief Justice.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7221993\charrsid7221993 \par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid7221993 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7221993\charrsid7221993 J. W. N Tsekooko\line }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\ul\insrsid7221993\charrsid7221993 Just}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\ul\insrsid7221993\charrsid7221993 ice of the Supreme Court }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7221993\charrsid7221993 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7221993\charrsid7221993 A. N. Karokora \line }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\ul\insrsid7221993\charrsid7221993 Just}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\ul\insrsid7221993\charrsid7221993 ice of the Supreme Court }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7221993\charrsid7221993 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7221993\charrsid7221993 J. N. Mulenga \line }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\ul\insrsid7221993\charrsid7221993 Just}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\ul\insrsid7221993\charrsid7221993 ice of the Supreme Court }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7221993\charrsid7221993 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7221993\charrsid7221993 G. W. 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