Kasule and 2 Others v Uganda (Constitutional Reference 33 of 2019) [2023] UGCC 119 (3 March 2023)
Full Case Text
# THE REPUBLIC OF UGANDA
### IN THE CONSTITUTIONAL COURT OF UGANDA AT KAMPALA
[Coram: Egonda-Ntende, Musoke, Madrama, Mugenyi & Gashirabake, JJA/JJCCJ
Constitutional Reference No 33 ol20l9
#### BETWEEN
ABDIJL KASULE & 2 OTFIERS .... Applicant
#### AND
tJ(inNI)n Respondent
### <sup>J</sup>U IX; M ENT OF CtI R. ISTOPIIEII GAS[I I ITABAK E. JA/. ICC
#### Introdrrction
This is a constitutional reference from the Chief Magistrate's Court Buganda Road, in Criminal Case No. 623 of 2016. The applicants in this case are accused persons in a criminal case pending in the trial court at Buganda Road Chiet Magistrate's Court. They were jointly charged with the of-fence of Obtaining money by false pretences contrary to section 305 of the Penal Codg.
It was alleged in the charge sheet that the Applicants in 2014 at Muyenga in the Kampala District with intent to defraud obtained money to a tune of Uganda
25 Shillings one hundred ninety million only (190,000,000/:) from Remmy Segujja by falsely pretending that they were selling to him a piece of land comprised on Block 244 Plot 7l6l land at Muyenga measuring 28.8 decimals. The applicants were charged accordingly.
Thereafter the Applicants applied for bail before the Chief Magistrate's Court which was granted on the 24 110/2016. The matter proceeded for hearing before llPage 30
I
5 the Chief Magistrate's court sitting at Buganda Road. This matter went on for almost three years due to several adjoumments. In between the hearing, the complainant and the accused persons entered a settlement.
The parties signed a settlement agreement and filed the deed with court. The court went ahead and promoted the reconciliation and stayed the proceedings. Later thc settlement between the complainant, Al and ,A'2 failed. The State then reinstated the matter. On the 29/ 011 2018, the prosecution tendered in an amended Charge Sheet to exclude ,A'3 Katongole Joseph who had settled with the complainant.
The applicants, through their counscl, opplicd that this mattcr be referred to this court. According to the applicants the conduct of the prosecution of withdrawal of charges by way of amendment and removing ,A'3 Mr. Katongole from the charge sheet was contrary to and in contravention of article 120(3Xa) of the constitution and 120(4). The trial court therefore framed the following question for this court's interpretation:
"The issue is whether the withdrawal or amendment ofcharges against A,3 by the State Prosecutor or State Attomey is contrary to 120(3)(a) and 120(4) which stipulates those powers under article 120(a) are exclusively exercised by the DPP. This is a matter in my observation which calls lor constitutional interpretation of the above referred to provisions of the constitution. For justice to be seen to be done for the several reasons above, I hereby refer this matter to the constitutional court for interpretation. I so hereby order."
The respondent opposed the reference and stated that there was a charge sheet without ,A'3, Katongole.
#### Represcntation.
During the hearing of this reference, the applicants and their counsel were absent.
30 Likewise, the respondent and the counsel were absent. Mr. Mark Muwonge State Attorney appeared on behalf of the Attomey General. Neither of the parties filed their submissions. Since the parties had ample time to file their submissions and they did not I will proceed and consider the reference rvithout the submissions.
## s Analysis.
Whenever an issue regarding constitutional interpretation is raised during the hearing of any proceedings it can be referred to this court according to Article 137(5) which provides:
> "(5) Where any question as to the interpretation of this Constitution arises in any proceedings in a cou( of law other than a field court martial, the court-
> (a) may, ifit is ofthe opinion that the question involves a substantial question of law; and
(b) shall, ifany party to the proceedings requests it to do so, refler the question to the constitutional court for decision in accordance with clause (l) of this article"
20 What happcned in the court was that an amendment of the charge sheet to the effect that one of the accused persons was dropped from the charge sheet amounting to a withdrawal ol the charges against hirn. There was no question presented by the parties as to intcrpretation of the Constitution rvhich had been put before the court for consideration befbre the court could exercise its mandate under article 137(5) of the constitution to determine whether the question was a substantial question of law or whethcr thcre was a request by any of the parties to reler the question to the constitutional court. what was raised was whether the withdrawal of the charges offended article I 20(4 of the Constitution and therefore it was a subrnission madc fbr enfbrcement of the article by the court. The proceedings in the lower court word verbatim wcre as follows:
"State: I have a witness in court. Am ready to proceed.
Counsel: before we proceed I have tl,vo applications to make. The l.rone is that we don't know which charge shect. We are following Mr. Katongole has never taken Plea. We don't know whether the DPP has withdrawn the charges in question. Whether the WITHDRAWAL of changes by the prosecution by
3lPage
<sup>5</sup> way of amendment ofA3 Mr. Katongole contrary to and in contradiction to article 120(3)(a) ofconstitution and 120(4)
State: We have an amended charge sheet without Mr. Katongole.
Couns€l: the resident State Attorney has no power to amend Charges. It's only the DPP with powers to amend the charges. The court has powers to refer the matter to constitutional for interpretation.
#### RULINC:
I have heard both submissions from both counsel of accused and state. The issue is whether the withdrawal or amendment of charges against A3 by the State Prosecutor or State Attomeys contrary to 120(3)(a) and 120(4) which stipulates that powers under article 120(a) is exclusively exercised by the DPP. This is a matter in my observation which calls for constitutional interpretation ofthe above referred to provisions ofthe constitution. Forjustice to be seen to be done for the several reasons above, I hereby refer this matter to the constitutional court for interpretation. I so hereby order.
Matter is adjourned to 25/ I l/2019 fot further mention. 20
Signed
Principal Magistrate Grade one
23/l0/2019"
Article 120(3Xa) states that:
L0
(3) The functions ofthe Director of Public Prosecutions (tre thefollowing- (a) lo direcl the police to investigote any information ofa criminal nature an.l to report to him or her expeditiously.
The particular article 120(3) (a) cited by counsel for the accused and the basis on which the Principal Magistrate referred this case has nothing to do with the withdrawal or amendment of charge sheet by the State Prosecutor. It was just an ingenious way of staying the prosecution with the hope of getting the other accused offthe hook. Article 120(3Xa) provides that the DPP should direct the police to investigate any information of a criminal nature and to report to him or her expeditiously.
s The reading of the file shorvs that ,A,3 Mr. Katongole had satisfied the part of the bargain under the deed and ceased being a subject of the prosecution. It is my considered opinion that counsel for the accused who applied to the court to make a constitutional reference and the principal Magistrate erred.
That said, the appropriate provision ought to have been article 120 (3)(d) and (a) <sup>10</sup> (b), which provides inter alia that;
"(3) The functions ofthe Director ofPublic Prosecutions are the following-
(d) to disconlinue al ony stage before judgnent is delivered, any criminal proceedings to which this arlicle relates, instiluled by hinsef or herself or any olher person or authorily; excepl thal the Director of Public Proseculions shall not discontinue any proceedings commenced by another person or authority except with the consent of the court.
(4) The functions conferred on the Director of Public Prosecutions under clause (3) of this article-
(b) shall, in the case of the functions under paragraph (d) of that clause, be exerciserl by him or her exclusively. "
Under article 120(3Xd) of the Constitution, the Dpp can discontinue any criminal proceedings as stipulated therein. Further article 120(b) of the Constitution is clear and unambiguous that the power to discontinue any criminal proceedings can only be exercised by the DPP exclusively while those in other clauses of 2s article 120 can be exercised by the DPP in person or by officcrs authorised by him or her in general or specified instructions.
The Cambridge online dictionary defincs "exclusively" to lnean,
" Limited to a specific thing or group"
The plain meaning of this rvord then means that when it comes to withdrawal of criminal cases it is a preserve ol the DPP. Because the provisions sought to be enforced are so clear, there was no need to make a reference to the constitutional court and the learned Trial Magistrate ought to have applied the law as it is. I find that there was no question as interpretation of the Constitution by this court in
<sup>5</sup> terms ofarticle 137 (5) and 137 (1) ofthe constitution as the provisions sought to be interpreted speaking for themselves.
A.3 had a settlement agreement rvith the complainant, which he complied with. In the circumstances, the DPP ought to have withdrawn the case against ,,A.3 Katongole Joseph. According to the record ofproceedings on the 29th /01 /2018
the State Attomey tendered in an amended charge sheet excluding ,A.3 Katongole Joseph. There is no evidence that this was authorised by the DPP. A withdrawal operates as a discharge when entered during a trial but before the prosecution closes its case. I believe the proper procedure was for the prosecutor to first secure a withdrawal from the DPP then file the amended charge sheet before court.
### 15 Declaration
constitution.
For the reasons advanced above in this judgment I would declare that:
- l. The discontinuation of all crirninal matters is the exclusive mandate of the DPP, personally. - 2. Presenting an amended charge sheet without the DPP discontinuing the case against r\3, was contrary to Article 120(3Xd) and (4)(b) of the - 3. Proper withdrawal of charges against r\3 should be done. - 4. The trial of A1 and A2 should thereafter proceed.
This lile is returned to the trial court to cornply with the directions of this court.
<sup>25</sup> In the result, the reference question is answered accordinslv. J"
Dated, signcd and delivered at Kampala this dav of .(-V\*orr.
Christopher Gashirabake
Justice of Appeal/ Justice of Constitutional Court
### THE REPUBLIC OF UGANDA
## IN THE CONSTITUTIONAL COURT OF UGANDA AT KAMPALA
(Coram: Egonda-Ntende, Musoke, Madrama, Mugenyi & Gashirabake, JJCq
Constitutional Reference No.33 of 2019
#### BETWEEN
| Abdul Kasule | Applicant No. 1 | |---------------|-----------------| | Karnanzi John | Applicant No.2 | | AND | | | Uganda-:::: | Respondent |
## Judement of Fredrick Esonda-Ntende, JCC
- tll I have had the opportunity to read in draft the judgment of my brother, Gashirabake, JCC. I agree with the directions given to the trial court and the reasons in support thereof. - l2l As Musoke, Madrama and Mugenyi, JJCC, agree, this reference is determined in the manner and with the directions pro sed by Gashirabake, JCC.
Dated, signed and delivered at Kampala this 2023 day of nAo"e&
Fredrick Egonda-Ntende Justice of the Constitutional Court
THE REPUBLIC OF UGANDA
## THE CONSTITUTIONAL COURT OF UGANDA AT KAMPALA
(Coram: Egonda-Ntende, Musoke, Madrama, Mugenyi & Gashirabake, JJCC)
### **CONSTITUTIONAL REFERENCE NO. 33 OF 2019**
#### **BETWEEN**
#### 1. ABDU KASULE 2. JOHN KAMANZI 3. JOSEPH KATONGOLE ....................................
AND
THE ATTORNEY GENERAL ....................................
$\mathbf{1}$
## JUDGMENT OF MONICA K. MUGENYI. JCC
- <sup>1</sup>. I have had the benefit of reading in draft the judgment of my brother, Justice Christopher Gashirabake, JCC in respect of this Reference. - 2. I ayee with the findings, conclusions and orders issued.
Dated and delivered at Kampala this ... ....... day of 2023. f^re,^-
I
Monica K. Mugenyi Justice of the Constitutiona lCourt
# THE REPUBLIC OF UGANDA IN THE CONSTITUTIONAL COURT OF UGANDA AT KAMPALA **CONSTITUTIONAL REFERENCE NO. 33 OF 2019**
- 1. ABDU KASULE - 2. KAMANZI JOHN - 3. KATONGOLE JOSEPH:::::::::::: **:::::::::::::::::PETITIONERS**
#### **VERSUS**
# ATTORNEY GENERAL:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::RESPONDENT
## HON. MR. JUSTICE FREDRICK EGONDA-NTENDE, JCC CORAM: HON. LADY JUSTICE ELIZABETH MUSOKE, JCC HON. MR. JUSTICE CHRISTOPHER MADRAMA, JCC HON. LADY JUSTICE MONICA K. MUGENYI, JCC HON. MR. JUSTICE CHRISTOPHER GASHIRABAKE, JCC
# **JUDGMENT OF ELIZABETH MUSOKE, JCC**
I have had the advantage of reading in draft the judgment of my learned brother Gashirabake, JCC, and I agree with it. For the reasons given therein, I would answer the reference question as proposed by Gashirabake, JCC and also make the declarations and orders he proposes.
$\frac{1}{2}$ $\frac{1}{2}$ $\frac{1}{2}$ $\frac{1}{2}$ $\frac{1}{2}$ $\frac{1}{2}$ $\frac{1}{2}$ $\frac{1}{2}$ $\frac{1}{2}$ $\frac{1}{2}$ $\frac{1}{2}$ $\frac{1}{2}$ $\frac{1}{2}$ $\frac{1}{2}$ $\frac{1}{2}$ $\frac{1}{2}$ $\frac{1}{2}$ $\frac{1}{2}$ $\frac{1}{2}$ $\frac{1}{2}$ $\frac{1}{2}$ $\frac{1}{2}$ Dated at Kampala this ....................................
**Elizabeth Musoke** Justice of the Constitutional Court
## THE REPUBLIC OF UGANDA,
## IN THE CONSTIruIONAL COURT OF UGANDA AT I(AMPAI. A
(CORAM; EGONDA NTENDE, MUSOKE, MADRAMA, MUGENYI, GASHIRABAKE, JJCCIJCA)
## CONSTIruIONAL PETITION NO. O33 OF 2019
<sup>10</sup> ABDUL KASULE AND 2 OTHERS} PETITIONER
## VERSUS
ATTORNEY GENERAL} RESPONDENT
# JUDGMENT OF JU5I-ICE CHRISTOPHER MADRAMA IZAMA, JCC
I have read in draft the Judgment of my learned brother Hon. Mr. Justice Christopher Gashirabake, JCC.
I concur with the Judgment and the orders proposed. I wouLd tike to add that the issue of powers of the DPP to exclusively be the person to withdraw charges in criminaI proceedings are so cl.ear that there is no dispute as to
interpretation of the constitution or there ls no substantial. point of law which required reference to this court. 20
Articles 120 (3) and (4) of the constitution are ctear and free of ambiguity as they provide that:
120. ...
<sup>25</sup> (3) The functions of the Director of Public prosecutions are the fottowing-
(a) to direct the potice to investigate any information of a criminaI nature and to report to him or her expeditiousty;
(b) to institute criminaI proceedings against any person or authority in any court with competent jurisdiction other than a court martia[.
- question presented by the parties as to interpretation of the Constitution $\mathsf{S}$ which had been put before the court for consideration before the court could exercise its mandate under article 137 (5) of the Constitution to determine whether the question was a substantial question of law or whether there was a request by any of the parties to refer the question to - the constitutional court. What was raised was whether the withdrawal of 10 the charges offended article 120 (4) of the Constitution and therefore it was a submission made for enforcement of the article by the Court.
Because the provisions sought to be enforced are so clear, there was no need to make a reference to the constitutional court and the learned Trial
Magistrate ought to have applied the law as it is. I find that there was no 15 question as to interpretation of the Constitution by this court in terms of article 137 (5) and 137 (1) of the Constitution as the provisions sought to be interpreted speak for themselves.
The above notwithstanding, and to avoid protracted proceedings on a matter where the court sought guidance as to whether the amendment of the $20$ charge sheet in the circumstances amounted to a withdrawal by a person other than the DPP contrary to article 120 (3) (d) and 120 (4) (b) of the Constitution, I concur with the reasons and the orders proposed in the leadjudgment of my learned brother Hon. Mr. Justice Christopher Gashirabake, JCC. 25
$\Rightarrow$ Lagrange day of $\Box$ Dated at Kampala the Morey 2023
Christopher Madrama Izama
Justice of the Constitutional Court