Kato Sula v Uganda (Cr.Appeal No. 30 of 1999) [2000] UGCA 24 (22 May 2000)

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)}}{\*\pnseclvl5\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl6 \pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl7\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl8\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl9\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s15\qc \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4479457 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid9533499\charrsid9533499 THE REPUBLIC OF UGANDA \line }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\ul\insrsid9533499\charrsid9533499 IN THE COURT O}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\ul\insrsid4479457 F APPEAL OF UGANDA \line AT KAMPALA \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\ul\insrsid9533499\charrsid9533499 CORAM: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid9533499\charrsid9533499 HON. MR JUSTICE C. M. KATO, JA. \line }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid4479457 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid9533499\charrsid9533499 HON. MR JUSTICE G. M. OKELLO, JA. \line }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid4479457 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid9533499\charrsid9533499 HON. LADY JUSTICE C. N. B. KITIMBA, JA. \line }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\ul\insrsid9533499\charrsid9533499 CRIMINAL APPEAL NO.30 OF 1999 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid9533499\charrsid9533499 \line KATO SULA ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: APPELLANT \line VERSUS \line UGANDA ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: RESPONDENT \line (Appeal from a judgment of the High \line Court of Uganda at Mukono (Rugadya, Ag. J.) \line dated 3 1/3/99 in C. S. C. No.382/96) \line }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\ul\insrsid4479457 \par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10228604 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\ul\insrsid9533499\charrsid9533499 JUDGMENT OF THE COURT }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10228604 \par \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9533499\charrsid9533499 The appellant Kato }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4479457\charrsid9533499 Sula}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9533499\charrsid9533499 was convicted by the High Court for the offence of defilement contrary to section 123(1) of the Penal Code Act and sentenced to 8 years imprisonment. He has app}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10228604 ealed against conviction. \par \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9533499\charrsid9533499 The material facts of the case as presented in the court below are as follows. The complainant Agila Gabula was a student of Yudaya Islamic School. The appellant was her teacher in primary two at the same school. On }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9533499\charrsid9533499 6/8/95 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9533499\charrsid9533499 the appellant called the complainant to his house. She went with other children whom the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4479457 appellant chased away. The compl}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4479457\charrsid9533499 ainant\rquote s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9533499\charrsid9533499 uncle, Habib Kalema, resisted leaving the place but the appellant ordered him to go and collect a Koran from a nearby mosque. When the appellant was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4479457 alon}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9533499\charrsid9533499 e with the complainant (PW5) he pulled her into his room where he demanded to have sex with her. She refused but he overpowered her and she was defiled. The following morning she did not go back to school and when her grandfather Jaf ali Kimera (PW2) asked her why she told him that she feared the appellant who had defiled her. The matter was reported to the relevant authorities. The appellant was arrested and charged accordingly. \line }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4479457 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9533499\charrsid9533499 At the trial the appellant denied ever having committ ed the offence. He refuted the allegation that he was a teacher at Yudaya Islamic School where the complainant was defiled. He pleaded alibi contending that the complainant might have mistaken him for his identi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10228604 cal twin brother called Waswa. \par \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9533499\charrsid9533499 The learned trial judge rejected the defences put up by the appellant and con}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10228604 victed him, hence this appeal. \par \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9533499\charrsid9533499 The following }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9533499\charrsid9533499 5 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9533499\charrsid9533499 grounds of appeal where lodged, namely:}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1319426 \par \tab \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9533499\charrsid9533499 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1319426 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9533499\charrsid9533499 The learned trial judge erred in law and fact when he convicted the appellant of the offence of defilement }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1319426\charrsid9533499 whereas}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9533499\charrsid9533499 there was no sufficient evidence to prove the offence. \line }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1319426 \tab \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9533499\charrsid9533499 2. The learned trial judge erred in fact and law when he wrongly evaluated the evidence on record and came to a wrong decision that the appellant had defiled the prosecutrix. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1319426 \tab \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9533499\charrsid9533499 3. The learned trial judge erred in fact and law when, after rightfully holding that the evidence of the victim, as a matter law, needed to be corroborated, held that the evidence was sufficiently corroborated whereas it had not been corroborated at all and hence came to a wrong decision. \line }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1319426 \tab \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9533499\charrsid9533499 4. The learned trial judge erred in fact and law when he sentenced the appellant to 8 years imprisonment which was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10228604 excessive in the circumstances. \par \tab \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1319426 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9533499\charrsid9533499 5. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9533499\charrsid9533499 The learned trial judge erred in fact and law when he failed to properly evaluate the evidence on record and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10228604 hence came to a wrong decision. \par \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9533499\charrsid9533499 When the appeal came up for hearing Mr. Mutabingwa}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1319426\charrsid9533499 , learned}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9533499\charrsid9533499 counsel for the appellant abandoned ground 4. He argued the remaining 4 grounds together. His submission was in t wo parts. The first part dealt with the issue of act of sexual intercourse having not been proved. The second part concerned lack of proper ident}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5254610 ification of the appellant. We }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9533499\charrsid9533499 shall consider}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10228604 the matter in the same order. \par \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9533499\charrsid9533499 Mr. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5254610\charrsid9533499 Mutabingwa}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9533499\charrsid9533499 submitted that the trial judge did not properly evaluate the evidence as presented before him and that had he done so he would have found that no sexual intercourse had taken pl}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5254610 ace. He attacked the doctor \rquote s fin}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9533499\charrsid9533499 ding that the hymen was ruptured when he had examined the girl 7 days after the incident. He complained that the doctor did not even know how old the rupture was nor did he see any injury on the girl apart from the ruptured hymen. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5254610 \tab On his part Mr. Byabakam}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9533499\charrsid9533499 a Mugenyi Senior Principal State Attorney contended that the doctor\rquote s evidence supported the act of sexual intercourse as the rupture of the hymen is evidence of penetration. The fact that the doctor did not know how old the rupture was did not lessen his finding that the girl had been defiled.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10228604 \par \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9533499\charrsid9533499 There is no doubt that the case for prosecution regarding penetration and the act of sexual }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5254610\charrsid9533499 intercourse}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9533499\charrsid9533499 was based on the complainant\rquote s testimony and that of the doctor (PW4A) who examined her. The complainant in her unsworn statement in court gave in great details how she was defiled. Her statement as a matter of law required corroboration (see Proviso to section 38(3) of T. I. D.) which was provided by the doctor\rquote s eviden}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5254610 ce. He had examined her about 11}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9533499\charrsid9533499 days after the incident and found her hymen ruptured. There was also the evidence of the complainant\rquote s grandfather (PW2) who observed her distressed condition. A distressed condition of a victim in appropriate cases may serve as corroboration of her evidence, and in this case it did. (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5254610\charrsid9533499 See}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9533499\charrsid9533499 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\insrsid9533499\charrsid9533499 Edmund W. Brotow Zielinski v R [1950] 34 Cr. App. Reports 193 at 197 and Abasi Kibazo v Uganda }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\insrsid9533499\charrsid9533499 [1965] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\insrsid5254610 EA 507 at 510.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5254610\charrsid5254610 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9533499\charrsid9533499 Before he came to his conclusion that the girl had been defiled, the trial judge, considered all these matters in considerable details. We are satisfied that he m ade a correct decision which was amply supported by the evidence on record. We find no substance in Mr. Mutabingwa\rquote s contention that the judge did not properly eva}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10228604 luate the evidence before him.

\par \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9533499\charrsid9533499 Regarding the issue of identification, Mr. Mutabingwa was o f the view that the appellant was not properly identified as the person who defiled the complainant. He argued that the appellant might have been mistaken for his twin brother Waswa who was teaching at the same school where the complainant was defiled. He supported this argument by pointing out that at one time the appellant\rquote s brother had been mistakenly arrested and released by the police in this same case. On his part Mr. Byabakama Mugenyi did not agree with that view he contended that the girl had properly identified the appellan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10228604 t as he was her class teacher. \par \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9533499\charrsid9533499 It is not in dispute that this incident took place during t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13176272 he day time at about 10.00 a.m;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9533499\charrsid9533499 the complainant was very familiar with the appellant being her teacher, the appellant spent a lot of time talking to her before and after the defilement. The following day the complainant did not go to school and told her grandfather (PW2) that her teacher called Kato had defiled her the previous day. All these facts show that the girl was certain as to the p erson who defiled her. Conditions favouring correct identification existed in our view. In her statement the complainant stated that she knew the brother of the appellant and she was emphatic that it was Kato not Waswa who defiled her. According to the ev idence of Jafali Kimera, the appellant disappeared from his place of abode after the incident. In our view such conduct by the appellant corroborates the complainant\rquote s statement that it was the appellant who defiled her. The judge properly considered the law relating to identification by a single witness and the need for corroboration of that evidence. We are satisfied that he correctly applied}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10228604 it to the facts of this case. \par \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9533499\charrsid9533499 Before we take leave of this case we wish to observe that we noted on the record that the complainant made an unsworn statement but was later cross-}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13176272\charrsid9533499 examined}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9533499\charrsid9533499 by the defence counsel. We think this was irregular because a witness who gives }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13176272 a statement not on oath is not }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9533499\charrsid9533499 subject to cross-examination as there is no oath binding him or her. In our view the irregularity did not occasion miscarriage of justice considering the }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10228604 facts of this particular case. \par \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9533499\charrsid9533499 For the reasons, we find no merit in this appea}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10228604 l, it is accordingly dismissed. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9533499\charrsid9533499 \line Dated at KAMPALA }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13176272 on this}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9533499\charrsid9533499 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13176272 22 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \super\insrsid2309598\charrsid2309598 nd}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2309598 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13176272 d}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2309598 ay of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13176272 May,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10228604 2000 \par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\ql \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13176272 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10228604 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13176272 C. M. Kato}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9533499\charrsid9533499 \line }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\ul\insrsid9533499\charrsid9533499 JUSTICE OF APPEAL \line }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\insrsid13176272 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9533499\charrsid13176272 G}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13176272\charrsid13176272 . M. Okello}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9533499\charrsid13176272 \line }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\ul\insrsid9533499\charrsid9533499 JUSTICE OF APPEAL }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid9533499\charrsid9533499 \line }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13176272 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9533499\charrsid9533499 C. N. B. 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