Kayongo Sadam v Uganda (Criminal Appeal No. 524 of 2016) [2020] UGCA 2114 (15 September 2020)

Full Case Text

# THE REPUBLIC OF UGANDA IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF UGANDA SITTING AT MBALE

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(Coram: Egonda Ntende, Cheborion Barishaki, Muzamiru Kibeedi, JJA)

# CRIMINAL APPEAL NO.524 OF 2016

### KAYONGO SADAM ::::::::::::::: **APPELLANT**

### **VERSUS**

#### **RESPONDENT** UGANDA :::::::: 10

[Arising from the decision of the High Court of Uganda (Hon. Lady Justice Mutonyi Margaret) sitting at Mukono dated 20/12/2016 in Criminal Case No.211 of 2016]

# JUDGMENT OF THE COURT

- The appellant was indicted before the High Court for the offence of 15 Aggravated Defilement contrary to Sections 129 (3) & (4) (a) of the Penal Code Act. The particulars of the offence stated that the appellant on the 05th of June 2015 at Kiteredde Village, in Mukono District, performed a sexual act with Babirye Victor, a girl aged 6 years. - The appellant pleaded guilty to the offence and was sentenced to 20 years' 20 imprisonment in accordance with the Plea Bargain Agreement (PBA) that he had entered into with the Prosecution.

With leave of court, the appellant now appeals to this court against sentence only on the following ground:

1. That the Learned Trial Judge erred in law when she sentenced the 25 Appellant to Twenty (20) years of imprisonment which sentence was manifestly harsh and excessive.

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## Representations.

At the hearing of the appeal, Mr. Nanguru Eddie appeared for the appellant 30 while Ms. Joanita Tumwikirize from the Office of the Director of Public Prosecutions appeared for the respondent.

Both parties filed written submissions which they adopted when the appeal came up for hearing.

### Appellant's Arguments. 35

Counsel argued that the Learned Trial Judge convicted the Appellant and sentenced him to 20 years' imprisonment on his own plea of guilty which sentence was manifestly harsh and excessive.

Counsel submitted that the trial judge admitted the PBA on the terms presented without considering the mitigating factors to wit: the appellant was 40 a first time offender, he was remorseful, had pleaded guilty to save the courts time and resources and was 45 years of age.

Counsel argued that if the above mitigating factors had been considered by the trial judge they would have warranted the grant of a more lenient sentence.

Counsel quoted the cases of Agaba Job Vs Uganda, Court of Appeal Criminal Appeal No. 230 of 2003 where this court upheld a sentence of ten years imprisonment of the appellant who had pleaded guilty to the offence of aggravated defilement of a six year old girl, and Abot Richard Vs Uganda, Court of Appeal Criminal Appeal No.190 of 2004 where this court upheld

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a sentence of eight years' imprisonment for the appellant who had been convicted of aggravated defilement of a13 year old girl but had spent three years on remand before sentence.

Counsel concluded by inviting this court to consider the mitigating factors in light of the sentencing guidelines and the sentencing practice of this court in 55 offences of a similar nature and the fact that the appellant had spent 5 years in custody.

Counsel prayed that this court does allow the appeal, set aside and/or quash the custodial term and issue a considerable sentence in the interest of justice and fairness.

# Respondent's Arguments.

Counsel for the respondent opposed the appeal. Counsel submitted that the sentence of 20 years' imprisonment for the offence of Aggravated Defilement of a 6-year-old girl was not in any way harsh or excessive. That the appellant in the instant case had voluntarily pleaded guilty to the offence charged and agreed to be sentenced to the present term of imprisonment pursuant to the PBA.

Counsel further submitted that the PBA was not one sided but that all necessary parties involved were in agreement and signed it, and that if the appellant did not consider the sentence of 20 years excessive at the time, it is quite contradictory that he now thinks it to be excessive and harsh.

Furthermore, Counsel submitted that page 12 of the Record of Proceedings is evidence that the Honourable trial Judge took note of the mitigating factors that the appellant did not waste courts time and was remorseful, and after

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considering them, she endorsed the sentence of 20 years to be appropriate 75 as decided by the appellant and his counsel.

Counsel prayed that the sentence be upheld and the appeal dismissed.

# Consideration of the Appeal.

The fundamental issue raised by this appeal is whether the appellant, after being convicted and sentenced by the trial court to a term that he had agreed upon with the prosecution under the PBA, can lawfully turn around and challenge or otherwise complain by way of appeal that the sentence is manifestly harsh and excessive.

The law that governs the rights and procedures of the plea bargain process is the Judicature (Plea Bargain) Rules, 2016 (S. I. No. 43 of 2016). Rule 12 (1)(g) thereof imposes an obligation on the court when recording a PBA to inform the accused person of his or her rights and to satisfy itself that the accused understands inter alia:

"...that by entering into a PBA, he or she is waiving the right to appeal except as to the legality or severity of sentence or if the judge sentences the accused outside the agreement."

Said differently, the PBA is not a bar to an appeal against a sentence passed by court pursuant to the PBA provided the appeal is restricted to three areas only, namely:

- Legality of the sentence, or 95 - Severity of the sentence, or - A sentence outside the PBA

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The instant appeal is against the severity of the sentence. The duty of this court when considering appeals against sentences only is now settled. As far as is relevant to the instant case, this court stated in Muwonge Fulgensio Vs Uganda, Court of Appeal Criminal Appeal No. 586 of 2104 thus:

".. that even in appeals against sentence only, this court must reappraise the material before it and make up its mind on whether the sentence in question can be sustained. The discretion to pass an appropriate sentence lies with the trial Court with the appellate Courts playing only an assessment role to ensure that the sentence imposed complies with certain well-set legal requirements."

The complaint of the appellant is that the sentence of 20 years' imprisonment was manifestly harsh and excessive as the trial judge did not consider the mitigating factors, the sentencing guidelines and the sentencing 110 practice of this court in offences of a similar nature, and the fact that the appellant had spent 5 years in custody.

The respondent's counsel disagreed.

As far as the mitigating factors complained about are concerned, there is no basis to fault the trial court. Pages 11 & 12 of the Record of Proceedings of 115 the trial court indicates that the mitigating factors considered by parties while bargaining the PBA which was eventually endorsed by the trial court were that the appellant is "a first offender, pleaded guilty under the plea bargain arrangement hence saving court's time and resources in conducting a full trial. [Appellant also] demonstrated honesty and remorse for crime 120 committed and [was] willing to serve sentence".

So by endorsing the PBA "as is" implicitly the trial court had considered the mitigating factors that had been raised by the parties at the trial stage.

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However, the appellant has a valid point in respect of the non consideration of the time the appellant had spent on remand and the non-compliance with the principles of uniformity and consistence in sentencing. These are questions of law and even where parties have entered into a PBA, the Court of law does not transform into a rubber stamp. It maintains its role to ensure that the law is complied with, failing which the appellate court is entitled to interfere with a sentence mutually agreed upon by the parties and endorsed 130 by the trial court. This is pursuant to Rule 12 (1)(g) of the Judicature (Plea Bargain) Rules, 2016.

The consideration of the period spent by a convict in lawful custody is a Constitutional requirement enshrined in Article 23 (8) of the Constitution of the Republic of Uganda as follows:

"Where a person is convicted and sentenced to a term of imprisonment for an offence, any period he or she spends in lawful custody in respect of the offence before the completion of his or her trial shall be taken into account in imposing the term of imprisonment."

Failure of the trial court to take into account the period spent on remand by 140 the appellant rendered the sentence illegal and this by itself is sufficient ground for the appellate to interfere with the sentence of the trial court (See Rwabugande Moses Vs Uganda, Supreme Court Criminal Appeal No. 25 of 2014, Umar Sebidde Vs Uganda, Supreme Court Criminal Appeal No 22 of 2002 and Kaddu Kavulu Lawrence Vs Uganda, Supreme Court Criminal 145 Appeal No 72 of 2018.)

As far as the principle of "consistency" and "parity" of sentences is concerned, it is has now attained statutory basis under Sentencing Principle No. 6 (C) of the Constitution (Sentencing Guidelines for Courts of Judicature)

Practice Directions, 2013 - Legal Notice No. 8 of 2013 which is couched in 150 the following terms:

"Every court shall when sentencing an offender take into account ... the need for consistence with appropriate sentencing levels and other means of dealing with offenders in respect of similar offences committed in similar circumstances."

In Abale Muzamil Vs Uganda, Court of Appeal Criminal Appeal No.0039 of 2014, the appellant, a neighbor, was tried and convicted by the High Court for the offence of aggravated defilement of a girl aged 9 years and sentenced to 19 years' imprisonment.

In Tigo Stephen Vs Uganda, Supreme Court Criminal Appeal No.08 of 2009, 160 the appellant was convicted of the offence of aggravated defilement of his granddaughter aged 6 years and sentenced to 20 years' imprisonment.

In Candia Akim Vs Uganda, CACA No.0181 of 2009, where the Appellant was a step-father of the 8-year-old victim, this Court confirmed a sentence of 17 years' imprisonment for the offence of Aggravated Defilement.

In Kavuma Edward Vs Uganda, Court of Appeal Criminal Appeal No. 37 of 2014 a paternal uncle aged 28 years was sentenced to 18 years' imprisonment for the offence of Aggravated Defilement of a 7 year old girl.

From the above decided cases, the sentence range for the offence of aggravated defilement of a girl in the age range of 6 years appears to 170 range from 17 to 20 years after a full trial. The appellant in the instant case who was convicted on his own Plea of guilty ought to have been given credit on that account through reduction of his sentence. To that extent, the appellant has a valid complaint about the sentence being manifestly harsh and excessive. 175

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Accordingly, we set aside the sentence of the lower court. And in exercise of the powers conferred upon this court under Section 11 of the Judicature Act, Cap 13 and, after taking into account both the aggravating and mitigating factors set out in the PBA and, in line with the principle of parity in sentencing, hereby order as follows:

- 1. The sentence of 20 years imprisonment is hereby reduced to 14 years imprisonment to take into account credit for the appellant having pleaded guilty to the offence, which we put at 6 years in the circumstances of this case. - 2. From the 14 years, we deduct the period of 1 year 6 months and 20 days 185 that the Appellant spent on pre-trial detention. - 3. We therefore sentence the Appellant to a term of 12 years 5 months and 10 days' imprisonment to be served from the 20th day of December 2016, the date of conviction. - We so Order. 190

September2020 Signed and Delivered at Mbale this **REDR** FGONDA-NTEN Justice of Appeal 195 CHEBORION BARISHAK Justice of Appeal 200 MUZA Justice of Appeal