Kiiza John & anoer v Uganda (Criminal Appeal No.76 of 1999) [1999] UGCA 20 (25 November 1999)

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G. M. OKELLO, J. A. \line HON. J. P. BERKO, J. A. \line HON. C. N. B. KITUMBA, J. A. \line }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10162450 \par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\ql \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid10162450 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10162450\charrsid10162450 1.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10162450 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid1801753\charrsid10162450 KIZZA }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid1801753\charrsid10162450 JOHN }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10162450\charrsid10162450 ) }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid1801753\charrsid10162450 \line }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10162450 2. KA}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid1801753\charrsid10162450 TARIBABU DAVID) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10162450 \'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85..}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid1801753\charrsid10162450 APPELLANTS \line }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10162450 \par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qc \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid10162450 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid1801753\charrsid10162450 VERSUS }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid1801753\charrsid10162450 \line UGANDA}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10162450 \'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85..}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid1801753\charrsid10162450 RESPONDENT \line (An Appeal }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid1801753\charrsid3564471 from }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid1801753\charrsid3564471 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid1801753\charrsid3564471 Judgment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid1801753\charrsid10162450 of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10162450\charrsid3564471 the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid1801753\charrsid3564471 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid1801753\charrsid3564471 High }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid1801753\charrsid3564471 Court of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid1801753\charrsid3564471 Uganda}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1801753\charrsid10162450 \line }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid1801753\charrsid10162450 sitti}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10162450 ng at }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10162450\charrsid10162450 Fort Portal, given by His Lordship Ag. Judge Mr. Yoraka}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid1801753\charrsid10162450 mu }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10162450\charrsid10162450 Bam}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid1801753\charrsid10162450 wine \line }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid1801753\charrsid10162450 on 21.6.1999 in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10162450\charrsid10162450 Crimi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid1801753\charrsid10162450 nal }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid1801753\charrsid10162450 Session }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid1801753\charrsid10162450 Case }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10162450\charrsid10162450 No. 63 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid1801753\charrsid10162450 of 1996) \line }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\ul\insrsid10162450\charrsid10162450 \par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid10162450 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\ul\insrsid1801753\charrsid10162450 JUDGMENT }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\ul\insrsid1801753\charrsid10162450 OF THE COURT: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10162450\charrsid10162450 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1801753\charrsid10162450 Kizza John and Kataribabu David, the appellants, were tried and convicted of robbery with aggravation contrary to S. 272 an d 273 (2) of the Penal Code Act and sentenced to death. They now appeal to this court against the said conviction and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10162450 sentence. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1801753\charrsid10162450 The facts that have given rise to this appeal lie within a very small compass. These are that at about 9p.m. on the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1801753\charrsid10162450 5th}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid1801753\charrsid10162450 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1801753\charrsid10162450 October whilst George Kamuhanda was resting in bed, he heard his wife, Mary Tibagasa, raised an alarm from the kitchen. When he tried to go out and find out what was happening to his wife, he realised that his house had been broken into and that thieves were alre ady in the bedroom. The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10162450\charrsid10162450 assailant,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1801753\charrsid10162450 who had attacked his wife in the kitchen, brought her to the bedroom. The assailant tied George Kamuhanda and his wife together and started to demand money. The assailants took him to sitting room where he was alleged to have been pie}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10162450 rced with a \line }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1801753\charrsid10162450 spear picked from the bedroom by one of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10162450 assailants. Whilst}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1801753\charrsid10162450 two of the assailants w}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10162450 ere \line guarding them, the rest }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1801753\charrsid10162450 were }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10162450 busy}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1801753\charrsid10162450 from the house. George Kamuhanda and his wife were able to recognise the appellants am}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10162450 ong the assailants with the aid of} {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1801753\charrsid10162450 the torch l}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10162450 ight they were flashing about. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1801753\charrsid10162450 After the assailants had left George Kamuhanda and Mary Tibagasa used their teeth to untie themselves. George Kamuhanda was treated at a clinic. A doctor who examined him some days later found a scar wound on the right hand measuring 2 cm long and l cm in thickness, a cut wound on the scapula measuring 10cm and another wound on the ri ght shoulder. In the opinion of the doctor any sharp object could have caused the injuries. The doctor admitted, in cross examination, that he could not tell with certainty wha}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12467249 t instrument was used to inflict }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1801753\charrsid10162450 the wounds. He could also not tell how fresh }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12467249\charrsid10162450 the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1801753\charrsid10162450 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12467249 injuries were. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1801753\charrsid10162450 The appellants were arrested and charged with the offence. The first appellant, at the trial, set up a defence of alibi. He said that he left home for Kigando Trad}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12467249 ing Centre. He was arrested between 4-}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1801753\charrsid10162450 5 p.m. by }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12467249\charrsid10162450 people}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12467249 who s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1801753\charrsid10162450 tarted to beat him. When he asked what he had done, they told him that he would be informed at the police station. At the police station he was asked if \line he knew George Kamuhanda. He replied that he did not know him. He was also asked if he knew the second appellant and he rep}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12467249 lied that he did not know him. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1801753\charrsid10162450 The second appellant also set up a defence of alibi. He said he left his village on the 4/10/94 for Kiko for burial. He left Kiko on t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12467249 he }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1801753\charrsid10162450 6/10/94 for home. He went to dig on the 7/10/94. He was arrested at about 9p.m. on the 7/10/94 from his home and brought to Mukunya Police Post. He denied having robbed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12467249 George Kamuhanda or any body. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1801753\charrsid10162450 The learned trial Judge rejected their defences. He }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12467249 accepted }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1801753\charrsid10162450 the prosecution case and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12467249 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1801753\charrsid10162450 convicted them. There are }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12467249 two grounds of appeal, namely: \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1801753\charrsid10162450 (1) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12467249\charrsid10162450 That}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1801753\charrsid10162450 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1801753\charrsid12467249 learned trial }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12467249\charrsid12467249 Judge}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1801753\charrsid12467249 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1801753\charrsid12467249 erred }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1801753\charrsid12467249 in law and in fact when he convicted the appella}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12467249 nts on basis of unsatisfactory }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1801753\charrsid12467249 and unreliable}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12467249 evidence of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1801753\charrsid10162450 id}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12467249 entification and \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1801753\charrsid10162450 (2) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12467249\charrsid10162450 That}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1801753\charrsid10162450 the learned trial Judge\rquote s finding that a deadly weapon had been used in the course of the robbery is not suppor}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12467249 ted by the evidence on record. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1801753\charrsid10162450 The argument of Mr. Mubiru, learn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12467249 ed counsel for the appellants, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1801753\charrsid10162450 under ground one is t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12467249 hat}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1801753\charrsid10162450 \line since from the evidence the two identifying witnesses (George Kamuhanda and Mary Tibagasa) were ma de to lie face down, they did not have time to identify who the attackers were. Besides, George Kamuhanda said the attackers blinded him with a torch light and therefore he could not have seen his assailants. Mary Tibagasa said that she at first thought s he had been }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12467249\charrsid10162450 attacked}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1801753\charrsid10162450 in the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12467249\charrsid10162450 kitchen}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12467249 by a mad man}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1801753\charrsid10162450 . She did not recognise her attacker in the kitchen. She recognised him in the sitting room. As the only source of light at that place was the torch light, it was the contention of Mr. Mubiru that it was insuffici}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12467249 ent for proper identification. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1801753\charrsid10162450 M/s. Damali Lwanga, learned Principal State Attorney, has submitted to the contrary. She did not agree that the time the witnesses had to recognise the attackers was too short to prevent proper identification. According to her, the witnesses were not made to lie down immediately the attackers entered the room. George Kamuhanda said he recognised the first appellant inside the house and even held him during the struggle. George. Ka}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12467249 muhanda said he was blinded for}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1801753\charrsid10162450 a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12467249\charrsid10162450 short period}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12467249 . He }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1801753\charrsid10162450 had seen the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12467249\charrsid10162450 second}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12467249 appellant }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12467249\charrsid10162450 earlier}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1801753\charrsid10162450 on, in the day }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12467249 of the incident and knew him}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1801753\charrsid10162450 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10237386 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1801753\charrsid10162450 Mary Tibagasa also had seen the second appellant earlier on in the day. She even walked side by side with the second }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10237386\charrsid10162450 appellant }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1801753\charrsid10162450 from the kitchen to the sitting room. She submitted that the conditions under which the witnesses identified the appellants were favourable to correct identification and that their evidence was free from mistake. She cited and relied on }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid1801753\charrsid10162450 John }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid1801753\charrsid5313046 Katuramu v }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid1801753\charrsid5313046 Uganda }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid1801753\charrsid5313046 Cr. Appeal No. 2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid1801753\charrsid10162450 of 1998 (unreported) Supreme Court. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid5313046 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1801753\charrsid10162450 Before we responded to the issues raised in the submissions of both counsel, we wish to echo what the former East African Court of Appeal stated in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid1801753\charrsid3564471 Okeno v }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid1801753\charrsid3564471 Republic (1977) E A }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid1801753\charrsid3564471 32 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid1801753\charrsid3564471 at 36}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1801753\charrsid10162450 that. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5313046\charrsid10162450 This courts}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1801753\charrsid10162450 , being a first appellate court, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid5313046 \'93must reconsider the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid1801753\charrsid10162450 evidence, evaluate it itself and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid1801753\charrsid5313046 draw }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid1801753\charrsid5313046 its }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid1801753\charrsid5313046 own }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid1801753\charrsid5313046 conclusions,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid1801753\charrsid10162450 in deciding whether the judgment of the trial court should be upheld\'94. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid5313046

\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1801753\charrsid10162450 The evidence of identification was given by two witnesses. The first wa}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5313046 s George Kamuhanda. He said he was resting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1801753\charrsid10162450 in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5313046\charrsid10162450 the bedroom}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1801753\charrsid10162450 whilst his wife (Mary Tibagasa) and the children were in the kitchen preparing the evening meal. He heard an alarm raised by his wife. Before he could attend to his wife, he realised that his h ouse had already been broken into and that thieves were already in the bedroom. He was tied with ropes. He recognised the first appellant when the latter was pinning him down. According to George Kamuhanda, the first appellant had a torch which was relati vely bright. He even got hold of the first appellant during the struggle. He also recogn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5313046 ised the second appellant when }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1801753\charrsid10162450 he brought George Kamuhanda\rquote s wife from the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5313046 kitchen to the sitting room. \par Mary }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1801753\charrsid10162450 Tibagasa also recognised }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5313046\charrsid10162450 the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1801753\charrsid10162450 first appellant in the sitt ing ro}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5313046 om with her husband George Kamuhanda. There was flash light}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1801753\charrsid10162450 in the si}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5313046 tting room. She also recognised}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1801753\charrsid10162450 the second appellant later on in the sitting room as they walked side by side from the kitc}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5313046 hen to the sitting r oom. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1801753\charrsid10162450 True, the incident happened in the night and that the attack was sudden. The witnesses were also scared and frightened. On the other hand, it was not a fleeting attack. From the evidence the incident lasted some two hours. The appellants were not strangers. George Kamuhanda had known the first appellant for some two months. The second appellant had come to the home of the complainant in the afternoon of the day of the incident under the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5313046\charrsid10162450 pretence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1801753\charrsid10162450 of buying jack fruit }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5313046 and had been seen by the two}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1801753\charrsid10162450 witnesses. The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5313046\charrsid10162450 witnesses}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1801753\charrsid10162450 w}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5313046 ere not made to lie}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1801753\charrsid10162450 down immediately, a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5313046 s Mr. Mubiru wants us to beli}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5313046\charrsid10162450 eve}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1801753\charrsid10162450 . At least Mary Tibaga}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5313046 sa and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1801753\charrsid10162450 the second appellant walked from the kitchen to the sitting room before she, was tied with George Kamuhanda and m}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5313046 ade to lie down. Whilst down, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1801753\charrsid10162450 Mary Tibagasa said she managed to steal }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5313046\charrsid10162450 glances}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1801753\charrsid10162450 at her assailants. The blinding of the eyes by torch ligh}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5313046 t also lasted a second or two. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1801753\charrsid10162450 The learned trial judge after directing himself and the assessors correctly on the principle of law that visual identific}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5313046 ation }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1801753\charrsid10162450 evidence must be approached with caution, considered the factors for and against conditions favourable for correct identification. The factors that were not favourable for correct identification, according to him were that, the offence took place at night, the witnesses were taken by surprise by the attackers and that they were assaulted and scared. Against these were the fact that the appellants were known to the witnesses; there was a flash light, which accordi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8399608 ng the judge acted as }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid8399608\charrsid8399608 \'93a double}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid1801753\charrsid8399608 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid1801753\charrsid8399608 edge sword}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid1801753\charrsid10162450 \'94, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8399608 and also the fact that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1801753\charrsid10162450 the episode}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8399608 lasted close to two hours. From the above analysis the learned trial judge }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1801753\charrsid10162450 concluded }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8399608 that, the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1801753\charrsid10162450 conditions which exis}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8399608 ted at the time of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1801753\charrsid10162450 attack, especially before they were tied and made to face down, favoured correct identification. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8399608 We agree with that conclusion. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1801753\charrsid10162450 In our opinion the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8399608\charrsid10162450 evidence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1801753\charrsid10162450 of these witnesses, which the learned trial judge accepted, clearly indicated they had the interest to see the faces of their attackers and had sufficient }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8399608 time and opportunity to do so. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1801753\charrsid10162450 The first ground }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8399608 of appeal must therefore fail. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1801753\charrsid10162450 The complaint in ground two is that there is no evidence that a deadly weapon was used or threate}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8399608 ned to be used in the robbery. \par We think}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1801753\charrsid10162450 there is merit in this gro}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8399608 und of appeal. The particulars in the indictment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1801753\charrsid10162450 alleged that a knife and a panga were used in the robbery. Having alleged in the particulars of the offence that a knife and a panga were used in the robbery, the evidence led by the prosecution clearly ou ght to have focused on the kind of weapons as stated in the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8399608\charrsid10162450 particulars}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1801753\charrsid10162450 of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8399608\charrsid10162450 offence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1801753\charrsid10162450 and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8399608\charrsid10162450 naturally}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1801753\charrsid10162450 the }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8399608\charrsid10162450 appellants}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8399608 ought to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1801753\charrsid10162450 have applied their defences to those weapons}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8399608 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1801753\charrsid10162450 What we find in the evidence, however, is that none of the eye witnesses mentioned }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8399608 a panga or a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid1801753\charrsid10162450 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1801753\charrsid10162450 knife as having being used. George Kamuhanda said he was pierced with a spear picked from his room. This was dismissed by the learned trial judge as }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid1801753\charrsid10162450 \'93presumptions than factual. \'94 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1801753\charrsid10162450 It therefore came as a matter of surprise when the learned trial Judge turned round and held that a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid1801753\charrsid10162450 \'93 knife, panga and spear\'94 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1801753\charrsid10162450 were used during the robbery. With due respect to the learned trial judge there is no evidence }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8399608 to support that finding. \par In the circumstance we find that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1801753\charrsid10162450 no deadly weapon was used or}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8399608 thr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1801753\charrsid10162450 eatened to be used in the robb}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8399608 ery. We agree, however, that an }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1801753\charrsid10162450 offence of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8399608\charrsid10162450 Simple} {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1801753\charrsid10162450 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8399608\charrsid10162450 robbery}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8399608 did take place}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1801753\charrsid10162450 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8399608\charrsid10162450 and that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1801753\charrsid10162450 there }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8399608\charrsid10162450 was}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8399608 sufficie}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8399608\charrsid10162450 nt}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8399608 evidence that proved it. The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1801753\charrsid10162450 appeal against conviction for aggravated robbery \line therefore succeeds. The convictions f}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8399608 or }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1801753\charrsid10162450 aggravated robbery are quashed and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8399608\charrsid10162450 sentence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1801753\charrsid10162450 of death set aside. We substitute therefore convictions for Simple robbery contrary to S. 272 and 273(1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8399608 ) (b) of the Penal Code Act. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1801753\charrsid10162450 The appropriate sentence w}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8399608 ill be considered after address by counsel. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1801753\charrsid10162450 D}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8399608 ated at Kampala this 26}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \super\insrsid8399608\charrsid8399608 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8399608 day of November 1999. \par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\ql \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid8399608 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8399608 G. M. Oke1lo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1801753\charrsid10162450 \line Justice of Appeal. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8399608 \par J. P. Berko \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8399608\charrsid10162450 Justice of Appeal.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1801753\charrsid10162450 \line }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8399608 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1801753\charrsid10162450 C. N. B.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8399608 Kiturnba \line Justice of Appeal. \line }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1801753\charrsid10162450 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10162450 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1801753\charrsid10162450 \par }{\*\themedata 504b030414000600080000002100828abc13fa0000001c020000130000005b436f6e74656e745f54797065735d2e786d6cac91cb6ac3301045f785fe83d0b6d8 72ba28a5d8cea249777d2cd20f18e4b12d6a8f843409c9df77ecb850ba082d74231062ce997b55ae8fe3a00e1893f354e9555e6885647de3a8abf4fbee29bbd7 2a3150038327acf409935ed7d757e5ee14302999a654e99e393c18936c8f23a4dc072479697d1c81e51a3b13c07e4087e6b628ee8cf5c4489cf1c4d075f92a0b 44d7a07a83c82f308ac7b0a0f0fbf90c2480980b58abc733615aa2d210c2e02cb04430076a7ee833dfb6ce62e3ed7e14693e8317d8cd0433bf5c60f53fea2fe7 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