Matete Sam v Uganda [2002] UGSC 5 (31 December 2002)

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\li0\ri0\sb72\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3025941 \f39\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs43\b\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 THE REPUBLIC OF UGANDA }{\cs43\b\f0\insrsid3025941\charrsid3025941 \par }{\cs45\b\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF UGANDA }{\cs45\b\f0\insrsid3025941\charrsid3025941 \par }{\cs45\b\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 AT MENGO}{\cs45\b\f0\insrsid3025941\charrsid3025941 \par \par }{\cs37\b\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 (CORAM: ODOKI, C. J. ODER, KAROKORA, KANYEIHAMBA, KATO, J. J. S. C.)}{\cs37\b\i\f0\insrsid3025941\charrsid3025941 \par }{\cs45\b\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 CRIMINAL APPEAL NO. }{\cs41\b\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 53 }{\cs45\b\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 OF }{\cs41\b\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 2001 }{\cs41\b\f0\insrsid3025941\charrsid3025941

\par \par }{\cs45\b\f0\expnd18\expndtw90\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 BETWEEN }{\cs45\b\f0\expnd18\expndtw90\insrsid3025941\charrsid3025941 \par \par }{\cs45\b\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 MATETE SAM :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::APPELLANT \par }\pard\plain \s23\qc \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3025941 \f39\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs45\b\f0\expnd18\expndtw90\insrsid3025941\charrsid3025941 \par }{\cs45\b\f0\expnd18\expndtw90\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 AND}{\cs45\b\f0\expnd18\expndtw90\insrsid3025941\charrsid3025941 \par \par }{\cs45\b\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 UGANDA :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::RESPONDENT}{\cs45\b\f0\insrsid3025941\charrsid3025941 \par \par }\pard \s23\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3025941 {\cs37\b\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 (Appeal from the judgment and d}{\cs37\b\i\f0\insrsid3025941 ecision of the Court of Appeal (Mukasa-Kikonyogo,DCJ, }{ \cs37\b\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 Twinomujuni, Kitumba, JJA, dated 18}{\cs37\b\i\f0\super\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 th}{\cs37\b\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 December, 2001 at Kampala in Criminal Appeal No. 29 of 2000) \par }\pard \s23\qc \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3025941 {\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 \par \par }\pard \s23\qc \li0\ri0\sb187\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3025941 {\cs45\f0\ul\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 JUDGMENT OF THE COURT \par }\pard\plain \s16\qj \li0\ri0\sb197\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3025941 \f39\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs44\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 This is an appeal from the judgment and decision of the Court of Appeal dated 18}{\cs44\f0\super\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 th}{\cs44\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 December 2001, in which the appellant's conviction and sentence by the High Court at Fort Portal in C. S. C. No. 0013 of 1998 and dated 5}{\cs44\f0\super\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 th}{\cs44\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 June, 2000, were upheld and confirmed. \par }\pard \s16\ql \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3025941 {\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 \par }\pard \s16\ql \li0\ri0\sb235\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3025941 {\cs44\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 The facts of the case maybe summarised as follows: \par }\pard \s16\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3025941 {\cs44\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 On the 29}{\cs44\f0\super\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 th}{\cs44\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 April, 1997 in the Police barracks at Kasese}{\cs44\f0\insrsid3025941 }{\cs44\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 police station, both the appellant and the deceased, one SPC}{\cs44\f0\insrsid3025941 }{\cs44\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 Raphael Rugemwa, were on duty. The deceased was on duty at the Guard Room while the appellant was also on duty in the adjoining room known as the Radio Control Room. At about 5 a.m. that morning, the barracks was awakened by a lot of gunfire noise comi ng from the area of the Guard Room and the Radio Control Room. Several policemen including the O/C of the barracks took cover initially. However, soon afterwards, they cautiously moved to the area where the gunfire noise had been heard to come from. These

police officers met the appellant moving away from the Guard Room. He was armed with a gun, AK.47, and smoking a cigarette. He was seen behaving as if nothing at all had happened. On being asked what was going on, all the appellant could say was that ther e was no problem. The police colleagues who had met and asked him about the shooting became suspicious of him and decided to disarm him, which they did. When they inspected the Guard Room, they found the body of Raphael Rugemwa riddled with bullet wounds. I t was lying in a pool of blood. Examination of the gun, which was taken away from the appellant, revealed that its muzzle was still very hot and smelt of gunpowder. The gun was identified as the one which had been issued to the deceased to carry with him w hile on duty. The appellant had not been issued with any gun but as already observed, when disarmed, the gun he had was found to be the same gun that had been issued to the deceased. The appellant was arrested and charged with murder contrary to sections 183 and 184 of the Penal Code.}{\cs44\f0\insrsid3025941 }{\cs44\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 He was subsequently indicted for that offence. At his trial, his unsworn statement of denial and plea of alibi were rejected. The court believed the prosecution's evidence and convicted him. He was sentenced to death. His appe al to the Court of Appeal was dismissed, hence this appeal. \par }{\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 \par }\pard \s16\qj \li0\ri0\sb221\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3025941 {\cs44\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 The Memorandum of Appeal before this court contains four grounds of appeal framed as follows: - \par {\pntext\pard\plain\s30 \cs37\i\charrsid3025941 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 1-\tab}}\pard\plain \s30\qj \fi567\li0\ri0\sb610\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls1\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent730 {\pntxta -}} \faauto\ls1\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3025941 \f39\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs37\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 THAT the learned Justices of Appeal erred in law and fact for having upheld the decision that the charge and caution statement was true and voluntary and that the confession was correctly admitted in evidence. \par {\pntext\pard\plain\s30 \cs37\i\charrsid3025941 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 2-\tab}}\pard \s30\qj \fi567\li0\ri0\sb341\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls1\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent730 {\pntxta -}} \faauto\ls1\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3025941 {\cs37\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 THAT the learned Justices of Appeal erred in law and in fact to uphold the finding that there was enough circumstantial evidence to justify a conviction for murder.}{ \cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 \par {\pntext\pard\plain\s30 \cs37\i\charrsid3025941 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 3-\tab}}\pard \s30\qj \fi567\li0\ri0\sb317\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls1\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent730 {\pntxta -}} \faauto\ls1\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3025941 {\cs37\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 THAT the learned Justices of Appeal erred in law and in fact for having failed to evaluate evidence as a whole.}{\cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 \par {\pntext\pard\plain\s30 \cs37\i\charrsid3025941 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 4-\tab}}\pard \s30\qj \fi567\li0\ri0\sb341\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls2\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent730 {\pntxta -}} \faauto\ls2\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3025941 {\cs37\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 THAT the learned Justices of Appeal erred in law and in fact for having failed to return or find a verdict of manslaughter.}{ \cs48\i\f0\expnd6\expndtw30\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 \par }\pard\plain \s16\qj \li0\ri0\sb192\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3025941 \f39\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs44\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 In this Court, the appellant was represented by Mr. Edward Muguluma and the State by Mr. Okwanga, Principal State Attorney. Mr. Muguluma, argued grounds 1 and 2 separately but combined grounds 3, & 4. In reply, Mr. Okwanga also argued grounds 1 and 2 separately but combined grounds 3 and 4.}{\cs44\f0\insrsid3025941 \par }{\cs44\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 In arguing ground 1 of the appeal, Mr. Muguluma contended that the charge and caution statement upon which the appellant's conviction was based had been improperly obtained and wrongly admitted by the learned trial judge. Consequently, counsel contended further that when the learned Justices of Appeal confirmed the findings of the trial court on the matter and upheld the con v iction, they erred both in law and fact. Mr. Muguluma submitted that the evidence in the case shows that the recording of the charge and caution statement was recorded by one D/AIP Okot, a police officer who had been heavily involved in the investigation o f the case. Not only was this practice contrary to the Evidence Act, Cap.25, but it offended against police regulations and practice which stipulate that an investigating police officer in a case should not be the same officer to record any charge and cau tion statements of accused persons in the same case. It was Counsel's contention that police officer Okot did both which should have rendered the statement inadmissible. Counsel cited the case of }{\cs45\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 Mateo Ocheng v. Uganda, }{\cs44\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 Cr. App. No. 25/2000 (S. C), (unreported) in support of his submissions. \par }\pard \s16\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3025941 {\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 \par \par }\pard \s16\qj \li0\ri0\sb10\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3025941 {\cs44\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 On ground 1, Mr. Okwanga for the respondent, contended that the charge and caution statement in this case was properly tendered and received by the courts below. Counsel pointed out that, following the appellant's retra ction of his confession, there had been a trial within a trial. The trial within a trial showed that the confession had been legally and properly obtained. It was for this reason that the learned trial judge admitted it and the Court of Appeal, having pro perly reevaluated the evidence, confirmed the findings. Mr. Okwanga contended that under the circumstances therefore there could be no reason for this court to interfere with the decisions of the courts below. \par }{\cs44\f0\insrsid3025941 \par }{\cs44\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 In the Court of Appeal, ground 1 before this court was ground 3. The learned Justices of Appeal went to great lengths in dealing with this ground. They examined the manner in which the charge and caution statement had been extracted from the appellant and considered whether or not the procedure in d o ing so had offended the provisions of section 25 of the Evidence Act. They reviewed the allegation that the appellant had been restrained with handcuffs during the extraction of the statement and that in any event the statement had not been read back to h i m and therefore could not have been voluntary or truthful. They considered the complaint that D/AIP Okot who recorded the statement was also an investigating officer in the same case. They noted that following the retraction of the charge and caution stat ement by the appellant, there had been a trial within a trial. The learned Justices of Appeal then concluded. \par }\pard\plain \s18\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3025941 \f39\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 \par }\pard \s18\qj \li0\ri0\sb134\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3025941 {\cs49\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 "Learned counsel for the appellant did not point out, nor do we see where the learned trial fudge went wrong. He had the opportunity of seeing wi tnesses give evidence before him and his wisdom held that the prosecution case was credible. He was entitled to make such a holding. We think that the trial court acted correctly to admit the statement, which in fact was a confession". \par }\pard\plain \s16\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3025941 \f39\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 \par }\pard \s16\qj \li0\ri0\sb29\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3025941 {\cs44\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 Thereafter, the learned Justices of Appeal considered the implication of authorities such as }{ \cs45\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 Kasule v. Uganda, }{\cs44\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 (1992-1993) HCB 38 and }{\cs45\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 Mateo Ocheng v. Uganda, }{\cs44\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 (supra) and concluded that that ground should be dismissed. We entirely agree with their Lordships, the Justices of Appeal, that there is no merit in this ground. Therefore ground 1 of this appeal is dismissed. \par }\pard \s16\qj \li0\ri0\sb77\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3025941 {\cs44\f0\insrsid3025941 \par }{\cs44\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 On ground 2, Mr. Muguluma contended generally that the circumstantial evidence upon which the appellant was convicted was insufficient to justify the indictment of murder and corroborate the charge and caution statement. Counsel pointed out contradictions

in the evidence. One of these contradictions related to the date and month when the sketch showing the murder scene was drawn. Part of the evidence indicated that it was in April, 1997 while another part said it was in May, 1997. Counsel contended furthe r that the fact that there were rebels operating in the area of the incident which was advanced by the defence, was ignored by both the trial court and the Court of Appeal. \par }\pard \s16\qj \li0\ri0\sb5\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3025941 {\cs44\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 Counsel for the appellant also contended that, considering that no finger prints o n the murder weapon had been lifted or ascertained and that a number of bullets from the murder gun had not been accounted for, tended to weaken the prosecution's case and create reasonable doubt which ought to have been resolved in favour of the appellan t, but was not. \par }\pard \s16\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3025941 {\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 \par }\pard \s16\qj \li0\ri0\sb14\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3025941 {\cs44\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 On ground }{\cs46\f0\expnd6\expndtw30\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 2,}{\cs46\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{ \cs44\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 Mr. Okwanga responded by contending that there was overwhelming circumstantial evidence to show that only the appellant could have committed the murder. It was only the appellant who had opportunity to enter the Duty Room. It is only he who was found at the scene of the crime holding the murder weapon for which he had no plausible explanation. There had been a lot of shooting around the area where witnesses found the appellant fully awake and smoking a cigarette. When asked by

witnesses as to what had happened, the appellant behaved and acted as if all was well. He ought to have been scared. The conduct of the appellant was therefore incompatible with his innocence. In our view, the evidence against the appellant as the person who shot the deceased was overwhelming.}{\cs44\f0\insrsid3025941 }{\cs44\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 We agree with the findings of the Court of Appeal that the discovery by eye witnesses of the appellant at the scene of the murder with the murder weapon, together with the bullet-riddled body of his colleague in the G uard Room lying in a pool of blood left no doubt that it was the appellant who had shot and killed the deceased. The finding is reinforced by the manner in which the appellant behaved when discovered at the scene of the murder. When asked for an explanati o n, all he could say about the shooting was that there was no problem. Yet, in his own statement of defence, he admitted being at the scene of the crime. Even if he had been in the toilet as he claims, he could not have failed to react to the murder of his colleague. The police witnesses who were further away }{\cs44\f0\expnd-6\expndtw-30\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 in}{\cs44\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 distance at the time of shooting had to be the ones to discover the body of the deceased. The appellant did not state that he had seen any other person coming to or running away from the Radio Room or Guard Room. We find no merit in this ground. It is therefore dismissed. \par }\pard \s16\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3025941 {\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 \par }\pard \s16\qj \li0\ri0\sb24\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3025941 {\cs44\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 On grounds 3 and 4, Mr. Muguluma contended that the explanation offered by the appellant was totally ignored by both the tria l judge and the Justices of Appeal. The Justices of Appeal seemed to be interested only in why, in light of what had happened, the appellant remained calm and did not react to the murder. Counsel contended that the onus is not on the appellant to explain how and why he behaved in a certain way during the commission of a crime}{\cs44\f0\insrsid3025941 }{\cs44\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 of which he is innocent, but on the prosecution. Counsel contended that the demeanour of the appellant at the scene of the murder can be explained away by saying that he was too frightened to do or say anything which any other rational person would. Different people behave differently in all sorts of encounters and situations. For instance, on the night in question, it was dark and cold and that is the r e ason why the appellant was smoking. The police did not carry out any thorough investigations after making up their minds that it was the appellant who committed the murder. The appellant ought to have been given the benefit of the doubt. Counsel concluded by praying for the quashing of the appellant's conviction and the setting aside of his sentence. \par }\pard \s16\qj \li0\ri0\sb19\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3025941 {\cs44\f0\insrsid3025941 \par }{\cs44\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 For the respondent, Mr. Okwanga submitted that there was no merit in either ground 3 or 4 of the appeal. Counsel contended that on ground 3, the Court of App eal evaluated the entire evidence on record, scrutinised it and came to the only finding possible. In their judgment, the learned Justices of Appeal considered and resolved all the relevant evidence on record. They took into account the explanation given b y the appellant when found at the scene of the crime. Mr. Okwanga submitted that ground 4 of the appeal was devoid of merit since there had been overwhelming evidence to support the conviction of murder. The manslaughter theory advanced for the appellant in ground 4 is not justified and, in any case, it was not advanced by the defence at the trial in the High Court. \par }\pard \s16\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3025941 {\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 \par }\pard \s16\qj \li0\ri0\sb14\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3025941 {\cs44\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 We agree with learned Counsel for the respondent that there is no merit in grounds 3 and 4 of the appeal. They must accordingly fail. \par }\pard \s16\qj \li0\ri0\sb235\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3025941 {\cs44\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 Since all the four grounds of appeal have failed, the appeal is dismissed. \par }\pard \s16\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3025941 {\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 \par }{\cs44\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 Before leaving this appeal, we are constrained to comment on one aspect of it upon which we found the observations of both the learned trial Judge and the learned Justices of Appe al not to be in conformity with the principles we have established in cases such as }{\cs45\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 Bogere Moses v Uganda, }{\cs44\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 Criminal Appeal No.1 of 1997 (S. C), (unreported) and }{ \cs45\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 Kifamunte Henry V. Uganda, }{\cs44\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 Criminal Appeal No. 10 of 1998 (S. C), (unreported). In their judgment, the learned Justices of Appeal observed, \par }\pard\plain \s20\qj \li0\ri0\sb10\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3025941 \f39\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 "The}{ \cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{\cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 learned}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{\cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 trial}{ \cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{\cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 Judge}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{\cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 correctly}{ \cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{\cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 directed}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{\cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 himself to}{ \cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{\cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 the}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{\cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 law}{ \cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{\cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 applicable}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{\cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 when}{ \cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{\cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 the}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{\cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 prosecution}{ \cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{\cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 relies on}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{\cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 circumstantial}{ \cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{\cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 evidence.}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{\cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 This}{ \cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{\cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 is}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{\cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 how}{ \cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{\cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 he handled}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{\cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 the}{ \cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{\cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 matter.}{\cs50\i\f0\insrsid3025941 }{\cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 'The}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{ \cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 law}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{\cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 dealing}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{ \cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 with}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{\cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 circumstantial}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{ \cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 evidence}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{\cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 was clearly}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{ \cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 stated}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{\cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 in}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{ \cs49\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 Simon Musoke V R. }{\cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 (1958). E. A.}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{\cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 715.}{\cs50\i\f0\insrsid3025941 }{\cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 That}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{\cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 principle}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{ \cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 of}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{\cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 the}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{ \cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 law}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{\cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 simply}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{ \cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 says}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{\cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 that}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{ \cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 where the}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{\cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 prosecution}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{ \cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 case}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{\cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 is}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{ \cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 founded}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{\cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 on}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{ \cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 circumstantial evidence,}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{\cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 that}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{ \cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 circumstantial}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{\cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 evidence}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{ \cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 must}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{\cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 show that}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{ \cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 the}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{\cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 accused}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{ \cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 is}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{\cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 guilty}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{ \cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 and}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{\cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 there}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{ \cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 are}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{\cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 no}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{ \cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 co\-existing}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{\cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 factors}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{ \cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 that}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{\cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 tend}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{ \cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 to}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{\cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 weaken}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{ \cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 or}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{\cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 destroy}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{ \cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 the inference}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{\cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 of}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{ \cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 guilt.}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{\cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 In}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{ \cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 the}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{\cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 circumstances}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{ \cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 which}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{\cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 I have}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{ \cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 explained}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{\cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 above,}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{ \cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 I}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{\cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 would}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{ \cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 not}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{\cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 hesitate}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{ \cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 to}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{\cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 hold that}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{ \cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 there}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{\cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 were}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{ \cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 no}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{\cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 other}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{ \cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 co-existing}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{\cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 circumstances which}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{ \cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 would}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{\cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 weaken}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{ \cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 or}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{\cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 destroy}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{ \cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 the}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{\cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 inference}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{ \cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 of accused's}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{\cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 guilt. \par }{\cs50\i\f0\insrsid3025941 \par }{\cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 Accordingly,}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{\cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 I}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{ \cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 have}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{\cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 found}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{ \cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 that}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{\cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 the}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{ \cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 prosecution has}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{\cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 successfully}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{ \cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 destroyed}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{\cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 the}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{ \cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 accused's}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{\cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 alibi by}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{ \cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 adducing}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{\cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 evidence}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{ \cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 which}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{\cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 put}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{ \cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 the}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{\cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 accused at}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{ \cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 the}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{\cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 scene}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{ \cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 of}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{\cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 the}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{ \cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 crime.}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{\cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 The}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{ \cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 law}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{\cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 is}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{ \cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 that}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{\cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 once the}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{ \cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 prosecution}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{\cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 has}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{ \cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 proved}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{\cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 that}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{ \cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 the}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{\cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 accused was}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{ \cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 at}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{\cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 the}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{ \cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 scene}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{\cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 of}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{ \cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 the}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{\cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 crime,}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{ \cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 the}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{\cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 defence}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{ \cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 of alibi}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{\cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 must}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{ \cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 be}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{\cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 rejected.}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{ \cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 I}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{\cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 accordingly}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{ \cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 reject}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{\cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 it. The}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{ \cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 circumstantial}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{\cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 evidence}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{ \cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 available conclusively}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{\cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 leads}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{ \cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 to}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{\cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 the}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{ \cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 inference}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{\cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 that}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{ \cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 the accused}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{\cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 person}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{ \cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 was}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{\cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 responsible}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{ \cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 for Rugemwa's}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{\cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 death.}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{ \cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 I}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{\cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 so}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{ \cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 find'.}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{\cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 We}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{ \cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 agree}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{\cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 with this}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{ \cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 finding." \par }\pard\plain \s32\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3025941 \f39\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 \par }\pard \s32\qj \li0\ri0\sb10\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3025941 {\cs44\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 In so far as the learned Justices of Appeal are agreeing with the learned trial Judge's statement on the law of circumstantial evidence, we also agree, but in so far as the}{\cs44\f0\insrsid3025941 }{\cs44\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 statement deals with the issue of alibi, with greatest of respect, we disagree. We have held in a number of cases, that where an accused person pleads an alibi as a defence, the prosecution must do more than merely place him or her on the scene of the cri me. They must disapprove or otherwise discredit the defence of alibi. The mere putting the accused on the scene of the crime is not enough. }{\cs44\f0\expnd4\expndtw20\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 We }{\cs44\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 can only reiterate what we said in the }{\cs45\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 Bogere Moses }{\cs44\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 case (supra). \par }\pard\plain \s20\qj \li0\ri0\sb5\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3025941 \f39\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs50\i\f0\insrsid3025941 \par }{\cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 "Where}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{\cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 the}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{ \cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 prosecution}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{\cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 adduces}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{ \cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 evidence showing}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{\cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 that}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{ \cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 the}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{\cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 accused}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{ \cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 person}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{\cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 was}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{ \cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 at}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{\cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 the scene}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{ \cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 of}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{\cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 crime,}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{ \cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 and}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{\cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 the}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{ \cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 defence}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{\cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 not}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{ \cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 only}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{\cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 denies it,}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{ \cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 hut}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{\cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 also}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{ \cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 adduces}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{\cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 evidence}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{ \cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 showing}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{\cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 that}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{ \cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 the accused}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{\cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 person}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{ \cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 was}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{\cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 elsewhere}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{ \cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 at}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{\cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 the}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{ \cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 material time,}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{\cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 it}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{ \cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 is}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{\cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 incumbent}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{ \cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 on}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{\cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 the}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{ \cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 Court}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{\cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 to}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{ \cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 evaluate both}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{\cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 versions}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{ \cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 judicially}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{\cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 and}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{ \cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 give}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{\cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 reasons}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{ \cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 why one}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{\cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 and}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{ \cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 not}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{\cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 the}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{ \cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 other}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{\cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 version}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{ \cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 is}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{\cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 accepted.}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{ \cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 It}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{\cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 is a}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{ \cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 misdirection}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{\cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 to}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{ \cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 accept}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{\cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 the}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{ \cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 one}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{\cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 version}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{ \cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 and then}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{\cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 hold}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{ \cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 that}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{\cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 because}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{ \cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 of}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{\cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 that}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{ \cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 acceptance}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{\cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 per se}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{ \cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 the}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{\cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 other}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{ \cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 version}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{\cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 is}{\cs50\i\f0\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 }{ \cs50\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 unsustainable." \par }\pard\plain \s26\ql \li0\ri0\sb163\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\tldot\tx3648\tldot\tx5482\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3025941 \f39\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs36\f0\insrsid3025941 \par }\pard \s26\qc \li0\ri0\sb163\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\tldot\tx3648\tldot\tx5482\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4079890 {\cs36\b\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid4079890 Dated at Mengo this}{\cs36\b\i\f0\insrsid3025941\charrsid4079890 17}{ \cs36\b\i\f0\super\insrsid3025941\charrsid4079890 th}{\cs36\b\i\f0\insrsid3025941\charrsid4079890 }{\cs36\b\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid4079890 day of}{\cs36\b\i\f0\insrsid3025941\charrsid4079890 December }{\cs36\b\i\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid4079890 2003. \par \sect }\sectd \margtsxn993\sbknone\linex0\colsx60\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid8016868\sftnbj {\headerl \pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \f39\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid8016868 \par }}{\headerr \pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \f39\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid8016868 \par }}\pard\plain \s33\qc \li0\ri0\sb62\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4079890 \f39\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs52\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 B. J. ODOKI }{\cs52\f0\insrsid4079890 \line }{ \cs42\f0\ul\insrsid8016868\charrsid4079890 CHIEF JUSTICE}{\cs42\f0\ul\insrsid4079890 \par }{\cs42\f0\insrsid8016868 \par }\pard \s33\qc \li0\ri0\sb62\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8016868 {\cs42\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid8016868 A. H. O. ODER}{\cs42\f0\insrsid8016868 \line }{\cs42\f0\ul\insrsid8016868 JUSTICE OF THE SUPREME COURT}{ \f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid8016868 \par }\pard\plain \s35\qc \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3025941 \f39\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 \par \par }\pard\plain \s33\qc \li0\ri0\sb62\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8016868 \f39\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs52\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 A. N. KAROKORA}{\cs52\f0\insrsid8016868 \line }{ \cs42\f0\ul\insrsid8016868 JUSTICE OF THE SUPREME COURT \par \par }{\cs42\f0\insrsid8016868 G. W. KANYEIHAMBA\line }{\cs42\f0\ul\insrsid8016868 JUSTICE OF THE SUPREME COURT \par \par }{\cs52\f0\expnd4\expndtw20\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 CM.}{\cs52\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid3025941 KATO }{\cs52\f0\insrsid8016868 \line }{\cs42\f0\ul\insrsid8016868 JUSTICE OF THE SUPREME COURT}{\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid8016868 \par }{\cs56\f0\insrsid8016868\charrsid8016868 \par }}