muhwezi Alex & Anor Vs. Uganda [2010] UGSC 12 (13 April 2010)

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TSEKOOKO, KATUREEBE, KITUMBA, TUMWESIGYE, KISAKYE, JJ. S. C.) \par }\pard \s16\qc \fi-1440\li2160\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid8019991 {\f0\fs24\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 \par }\pard\plain \qc \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8019991 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\caps\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 CRIMINAL APPEAL NO.21 OF 2005}{ \caps\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 \par }\pard\plain \s3\qc \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8019991 \b\f150\fs28\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 { \b0\caps\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 {\shp{\*\shpinst\shpleft4044\shptop431\shpright4224\shpbottom1511\shpfhdr0\shpbxcolumn\shpbxignore\shpbypara\shpbyignore\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt0\shpz0\shplid1026 {\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 88}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fPseudoInline}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fLayoutInCell}{\sv 1}}}{\shprslt{\*\do\dobxcolumn\dobypara\dodhgt8192\dppolyline\dppolycount59\dpptx0\dppty0\dpptx18\dppty2\dpptx35\dppty7 \dpptx43\dppty11\dpptx50\dppty16\dpptx57\dppty21\dpptx64\dppty26\dpptx69\dppty33\dpptx75\dppty40\dpptx79\dppty48\dpptx83\dppty55\dpptx86\dppty64\dpptx88\dppty72\dpptx90\dppty81\dpptx90\dppty90\dpptx90\dppty450\dpptx90\dppty459\dpptx92\dppty468 \dpptx94\dppty477\dpptx97\dppty485\dpptx101\dppty493\dpptx105\dppty500\dpptx111\dppty507\dpptx116\dppty514\dpptx123\dppty520\dpptx130\dppty525\dpptx137\dppty529\dpptx145\dppty533\dpptx162\dppty538\dpptx180\dppty540\dpptx162\dppty542\dpptx145\dppty547 \dpptx137\dppty551\dpptx130\dppty556\dpptx123\dppty561\dpptx116\dppty566\dpptx111\dppty573\dpptx105\dppty580\dpptx101\dppty588\dpptx97\dppty595\dpptx94\dppty604\dpptx92\dppty612\dpptx90\dppty621\dpptx90\dppty630\dpptx90\dppty990\dpptx90\dppty999 \dpptx88\dppty1008\dpptx86\dppty1017\dpptx83\dppty1025\dpptx79\dppty1033\dpptx75\dppty1040\dpptx69\dppty1047\dpptx64\dppty1054\dpptx57\dppty1060\dpptx50\dppty1065\dpptx43\dppty1069\dpptx35\dppty1073\dpptx18\dppty1078\dpptx0\dppty1080 \dpx4044\dpy431\dpxsize180\dpysize1080\dpfillfgcr255\dpfillfgcg255\dpfillfgcb255\dpfillbgcr255\dpfillbgcg255\dpfillbgcb255\dpfillpat0\dplinew15\dplinecor0\dplinecog0\dplinecob0}}}}{\f0\fs24\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 BETWEEN \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8019991 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 1. }{\b\caps\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 MUHWEZI ALEX }{\b\caps\insrsid16736842\charrsid1121405 }{\b\caps\insrsid7429682\charrsid1121405 :::}{\b\caps\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 ::}{\b\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 :::::::::::::::::::::::: APPELLANTS \par 2. BEINOMUGISHA HASSAN \par \par }\pard\plain \s3\qc \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8019991 \b\f150\fs28\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\f0\fs24\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 AND \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8019991 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 UGANDA:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::}{\b\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 RESPONDENT \par }\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid8019991 \i\f150\fs28\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\i0\f0\fs24\insrsid2505384\charrsid1121405 Criminal procedure \endash second appeal \endash duty of second appellate court \endash number of witnesses required in law to prove a conviction \endash }{\b\i0\f0\fs24\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 \par }{\b\i0\f0\fs24\insrsid2505384\charrsid1121405 Evidence \endash Identification \endash circumstances favouring correct identification \endash whether appellants were correctly identified using light from torches and where the incident lasted four hours \endash corroboration \endash what constitutes corroboration. \par }\pard \s15\ql \li735\ri720\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin735\itap0\pararsid8019991 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid2505384\charrsid1121405 Held : appeal dismissed, conviction and sentence confirmed}{ \b\f0\fs24\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 \par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 [Appeal from the judgment of the Court of Appeal (Mukasa-Kikonyogo DCJ, Okello and Kavuma, JJ. A), dated 2}{\f0\fs24\super\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 nd}{\f0\fs24\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 August , 2005 in Criminal Appeal No.53 of 2002. \par }{\b\f0\fs24\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 \par }\pard\plain \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8019991 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\ul\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 JUDGMENT OF THE COURT \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8019991 {\insrsid2767596\charrsid1121405 \par }{\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 This is a second appeal. It is against the decision of the Court of Appeal which upheld the convictions of the appellants for simple robbery and }{\insrsid16393163\charrsid1121405 defilement contrary}{ \insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 to }{\insrsid16393163\charrsid1121405 sections 272}{\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 , 273 (2) and 123(1) respectively of the Penal Code}{\insrsid3434968\charrsid1121405 Act}{\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 and sentences of imprisonment for 12 years. \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2767596 {\insrsid5056349\charrsid1121405 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5056349 {\insrsid5056349\charrsid1121405 For convenience we must correct a t this stage the error introduced in this appeal by counsel for the appellants. Behayo Moses who was the first appellant in the Court of Appeal died before his appeal was heard by the Court of Appeal. Consequently during the hearing of the }{ \insrsid7743940\charrsid1121405 appeal, the}{\insrsid5056349\charrsid1121405 court noted on th}{\insrsid3434968\charrsid1121405 e record that his appeal abated}{\insrsid5056349\charrsid1121405 . As far as we are concerned the appearance of his name on our record of appeal is erroneous and therefore the same is struck out. We shall in this judgment refer to Muhwezi Alex as the 1}{\super\insrsid5056349\charrsid1121405 st}{ \insrsid5056349\charrsid1121405 appellant (A1) and to Beinomugisha Hassan as the 2}{\super\insrsid5056349\charrsid1121405 nd}{\insrsid5056349\charrsid1121405 Appellant. (A2). \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2767596 {\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8019991 {\insrsid5056349\charrsid1121405 In the High Court }{\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 the appellants, were indicted jointly }{ \insrsid5056349\charrsid1121405 with the }{\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 }{\insrsid5056349\charrsid1121405 }{\insrsid11079215\charrsid1121405 deceased Behayo}{\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 Moses (who was the first accused at the trial) in count 1 for aggravated robbery, contrary to sections 272 and 273 (2) P enal Code Act. Muhwezi Alex, the first appellant was alone indicted in count 11 for defilement, contrary to section 123(1) of the Penal Code Act. All the three were convi}{\insrsid12416009\charrsid1121405 cted of simple robbery on count 1 and each}{ \insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 one was sentenced to twelve years imprisonment. The }{\insrsid10911219\charrsid1121405 first appellant}{\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 was}{\insrsid12416009\charrsid1121405 convicted on count 11 as}{ \insrsid197165\charrsid1121405 charged,}{\insrsid12416009\charrsid1121405 }{\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 sentenced to 12 years imprisonment}{\insrsid12416009\charrsid1121405 and the}{\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 sentence was to run concurrently with the one on}{\insrsid11813950\charrsid1121405 }{\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 count 1. The three were dissatisfied with the decision of the High Court and appealed to the Court of Appeal. \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2767596 {\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8019991 {\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 The prosecution evidence as accepted by the trial court and the Court of Appeal is as follows: \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2767596 {\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8019991 {\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 During the night of 10/6/1999 at Muzira village, Kakunyu Sub- }{\insrsid16393163\charrsid1121405 County,}{ \insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 Bushenyi District robbers broke into the house of John Ruhurira (PW2). They robbed him of cash 350,000/= together with his graduated tax tickets}{\insrsid14181444\charrsid1121405 ,}{\insrsid7743940\charrsid1121405 and tied him up }{\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 together with his son Natumanya Andrew, (PW5), o}{\insrsid7743940\charrsid1121405 rdered them to go under the bed}{\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 . When the two were under the bed the robbers threatene} {\insrsid7743940\charrsid1121405 d to kill John Ruhurira (PW2) unless they were given}{\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 800,000/=}{\insrsid10357207\charrsid1121405 .}{\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 Florence Sanyu (PW4),}{\insrsid7743940\charrsid1121405 PW2\rquote s }{\insrsid15427909\charrsid1121405 wife }{\insrsid7743940\charrsid1121405 gave the }{\insrsid14181444\charrsid1121405 robbers Shs}{\insrsid2632076\charrsid1121405 }{\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 350,000/=. \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2767596 {\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8019991 {\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 When the robbery was going on, the first appellant took the complainant\rquote s daughter, Atuheire Catherine, (PW3) from her bedroom to the sitting room where he defiled her. John Ruhurira (PW2) managed with the help of his son, Natumanya Andrew (PW5), to untie himself and escaped from the house through the window. He }{ \insrsid15275600\charrsid1121405 made an alarm}{\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 which was answered by villagers. The robbers ran away. The prosecution witnesses had identified the appellants as their attackers with the aid of the light from torches which the robbers were flashing in the course of the robbery. \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2767596 {\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8019991 {\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 The }{\insrsid10357207\charrsid1121405 second}{\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 appellant was arrested that night and on the following day he led the police to Ishaka town where the }{\insrsid16271472\charrsid1121405 first}{\insrsid11079215\charrsid1121405 appellant}{\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 and }{ \insrsid5056349\charrsid1121405 the deceased}{\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 were arrested. John Ruhurira\rquote s graduated tax tickets for 1998 and 1999 were recovered from }{\insrsid1725951\charrsid1121405 the }{\insrsid5056349\charrsid1121405 deceased}{\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 at the time of his arrest. \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2767596 {\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8019991 {\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 In their defences, the appellants totally denied the offences. All of them put up the defence of alibi. The learned trial judge rejected their defences}{\insrsid16715199\charrsid1121405 ,}{\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 convicted them of simple robbery on count 1 and sentenced them to 12 year}{\insrsid5056349\charrsid1121405 s imprisonment each. The }{\insrsid16715199\charrsid1121405 first appellant}{\insrsid5056349\charrsid1121405 was}{\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 convicted on count 11 of defilement and sentenced 12 years imprisonm ent. The sentences against the first appellant were to run concurrently. \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2767596 {\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8019991 {\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 On the first appeal, the Court of Appeal upheld the convictions on the ground that the Justices of Appeal were satisfied on the evidence on record that the appellants were correctly identified by the prosecution witnesses. Hence this appeal to this court.

\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2767596 {\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3885880 {\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 In this court }{\insrsid5056349\charrsid1121405 each }{\insrsid14498569\charrsid1121405 appellant filed}{ \insrsid5056349\charrsid1121405 a separate memorandum}{\insrsid1725951\charrsid1121405 . }{\insrsid5056349\charrsid1121405 }{\insrsid1725951\charrsid1121405 The}{\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 two memoranda of }{\insrsid14498569\charrsid1121405 appeal are}{\insrsid661633\charrsid1121405 virtually identical.}{\insrsid14498569\charrsid1121405 }{\b\i\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 \par }\pard \qj \li357\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin357\itap0\pararsid14031946 {\b\i\insrsid14498569\charrsid1121405 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8019991 {\insrsid2756881\charrsid1121405 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8019991 {\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 During the hearing of this appeal in this }{\insrsid16593649\charrsid1121405 Court,}{ \insrsid14498569\charrsid1121405 }{\insrsid3885880\charrsid1121405 Mr. }{\insrsid14498569\charrsid1121405 Ambrose Ti}{\insrsid16271472\charrsid1121405 i}{\insrsid14498569\charrsid1121405 shekwa}{\insrsid11891162\charrsid1121405 ,}{ \insrsid14498569\charrsid1121405 appeared}{\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 for the first appellant, Muhwezi Alex, who was present in court. \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2767596 {\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8019991 {\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 The second appellant, Beinomugisha Hassan, was absent because the prison authorities failed to bring him to court. He was represented }{\insrsid16414254\charrsid1121405 by}{\insrsid16593649\charrsid1121405 his co}{\insrsid1736103\charrsid1121405 unsel, Mr}{\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 . Robert Tumwine. This court invoked its powers under Rule 69 of the Rules of this Court and proceeded to hear the appeal in the absence of the second appellant. Counsel for both appellants filed written submissions.}{\insrsid2756881\charrsid1121405 Mr. Simon Peter Semalemba, Principal State Attorney}{\insrsid16593649\charrsid1121405 ,}{\insrsid2756881\charrsid1121405 represented the respondent.}{\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2767596 {\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8019991 {\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 Notwithstanding the fact}{\insrsid2756881\charrsid1121405 that}{\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 the grounds of appeal of both appellants are similar, we think that it is appropriate to }{\insrsid2756881\charrsid1121405 discuss}{\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 and dispose of each appellant\rquote s case separately. \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1725951 {\insrsid1725951\charrsid1121405 The first appellant\rquote s memorandum of appeal contains one ground namely:- \par }{\b\i\insrsid1725951\charrsid1121405 \'93The Learned Justices of Appeal erred in law when they failed to correctly re-evaluate the prosecution evidence about participation of the appellant in robbery and defilement\'94}{\insrsid1725951\charrsid1121405

\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2767596 {\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8019991 {\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 In his written submissions, counsel for the first appellant co mplained that the learned Justices of Appeal erred in law when they failed to correctly re-evaluate the prosecution evidence regarding the participation of the appellant in the commission of the two offences of robbery and defilement. \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2767596 {\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8019991 {\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 He contended that th e prosecution evidence did not prove the offences against the appellant beyond reasonable doubt. He submitted that the attack took place at night around 1.00.a.m.}{\insrsid2756881\charrsid1121405 }{\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 Ruhurira John (PW2) and his }{\insrsid83718\charrsid1121405 family were}{\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 already asleep. He was woken up in fear as a result of a bang }{\insrsid2756881\charrsid1121405 on}{\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 his door. According to counsel, though the attackers had torches which they were flashing in the room, the prosecution witnesses did not have control of those torches. In such circumstances, Ruh}{\insrsid16271472\charrsid1121405 u}{ \insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 rira John (PW2) could not have seen and recognized the first appellant whom he did not know before. Counsel argued further that Florence Sanyu (PW4) had testified that }{\insrsid13762715\charrsid1121405 she knew}{ \insrsid2756881\charrsid1121405 }{\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 the first appellant. However, she too saw him under the same conditions like her husband. Additionally, she was also under fear as the attackers threatened to rape her. \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2767596 {\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8019991 {\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 Counsel argued further that the victim of defilement (PW3) admitted upon cross examination that she had not known the first appellant before the incident. She }{\insrsid13325233\charrsid1121405 coul}{\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 d not, therefore, recognize the first appellant. }{\insrsid10765585\charrsid1121405 Counsel criticized}{\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 the learned Justices of Appeal that they erred for holding that}{\insrsid4226328\charrsid1121405 the eye witness \rquote s}{\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 }{\insrsid14031946\charrsid1121405 evidence corroborate}{\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 the evidence of identification which was given by }{\insrsid4226328\charrsid1121405 each other}{ \insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 . He argued that none of these pieces of evidence could corrobor ate each other because all of them needed independent corroboration. Counsel contended that Pw4 was a single identifying witness who could have been honest but mistaken. \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2767596 {\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8019991 {\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 Mr. Simon Peter Semalemba, }{\insrsid83718\charrsid1121405 Principal State}{\insrsid3897828\charrsid1121405 }{ \insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 Attorney, for the respondent }{\insrsid4226328\charrsid1121405 supported the decisions of the two courts}{\insrsid10765585\charrsid1121405 contending }{\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 that the learned Justices of Appeal }{ \insrsid14031946\charrsid1121405 properly re}{\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 -evaluated the evidence. The}{\insrsid3897828\charrsid1121405 Learned}{\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 Principal State Attorney argued that the circumstances}{ \insrsid5471687\charrsid1121405 under which the offences were committed}{\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 were favourable for correct identif ication. There was light from the torches and the incident lasted for about four hours. The witnesses and their attackers were close to each other. According to the evidence of No 25998 D. C. Mujuni Stephen (PW7), the second appellant informed the first a ppellant that his uncle Ruh}{\insrsid11931204\charrsid1121405 u}{\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 rira John }{\insrsid16337947\charrsid1121405 (}{\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 PW2}{\insrsid16337947\charrsid1121405 )}{\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 had sold coffee. He contended that it is the second appellant who informed those who arrested him that he would take them and show them the people who had attacked the witnesses. \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2767596 {\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8019991 {\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 On contradictions, he submitte d that the witnesses were not challenged on these contradictions and they were not challenged that they made different statements to the police. The investigating officer was not challenged too on that matter. \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2767596 {\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8019991 {\insrsid10637563\charrsid1121405 As the}{\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 second appellate }{\insrsid10637563\charrsid1121405 court our}{ \insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 duty is to determine whether the first appellate court re-evaluated the evidence on record and properly considered the judgment }{\insrsid3897828\charrsid1121405 of the trial judge see}{\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 . }{ \b\i\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 Kifamunte Henry V Uganda S. C. Criminal Appeal No 10 of 1997 [1999] KALR 50 at P.57}{\b\i\insrsid11235458\charrsid1121405 ,}{\b\i\insrsid3897828\charrsid1121405 }{\insrsid11235458\charrsid1121405 w}{ \insrsid2110318\charrsid1121405 here}{\insrsid3897828\charrsid1121405 this court emphasized }{\insrsid6564150\charrsid1121405 the role}{\insrsid11235458\charrsid1121405 of a second appellate court thus:-}{\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 \par }{\insrsid2767596\charrsid1121405 \par }\pard \qj \li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8019991 {\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 \'93}{\b\i\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 Once it has been established that there was some competent evidence to support a finding of fact, it is not open, on second appeal to go into the sufficiency of that evidence or the reasonableness of the finding. Even if a court of first instance has wrongly directed itself on a point and the Court of first appellate Court has wrongly held that the trial Court correctly directed itself, yet, if the Court of fi}{\b\i\insrsid2650951\charrsid1121405 r}{ \b\i\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 st appeal has correctly directed itself on the point, the second appellate Court cannot take a different view }{\b\i\ul\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 R. Mohamed Ali Hashan vs. R }{ \b\i\ul\insrsid16414254\charrsid1121405 [}{\b\i\ul\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 1941}{\b\i\ul\insrsid16414254\charrsid1121405 ]}{\b\i\ul\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 8 E. A. C. A 93}{\b\i\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 . \par }\pard \qj \li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2767596 {\b\i\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 \par }\pard \qj \li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8019991 {\b\i\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 On second appeal the Court of Appeal is precluded from questioning the findings of fact of the trial Court, provided that there was evidence to support those findings, though it may think it possible, or even probable that it would not have itself come to the same conclusion; it can only interfere where it considers that there was no evidence to support finding of fact, this being a question of law. }{\b\i\ul\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 R. }{ \b\i\ul\insrsid16414254\charrsid1121405 vs.}{\b\i\ul\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 Hassan Bin Said }{\b\i\ul\insrsid16414254\charrsid1121405 [}{\b\i\ul\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 1942}{\b\i\ul\insrsid16414254\charrsid1121405 ]}{ \b\i\ul\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 9 E. A. C. A.62) \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2767596 {\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8019991 {\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 We }{\insrsid3897828\charrsid1121405 are satisfied}{\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 that the Court of Appeal was alive to its duty to re-appraise the evidence that was before the trial Court and c}{\insrsid3897828\charrsid1121405 a}{\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 me to its own conclusion. The Court of Appeal referred to rule 29(1) (a) of the Court of Appeal Rules and the authority}{\insrsid15618290\charrsid1121405 of}{\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 }{\b\i\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 Peters V Sunday Post}{ \insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 }{\insrsid5118095\charrsid1121405 [}{\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 1958}{\insrsid5118095\charrsid1121405 ]}{\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 E. A. 424 which lay down the principles of re-evaluation of evidence by }{ \insrsid3897828\charrsid1121405 a }{\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 first appellate}{\insrsid3897828\charrsid1121405 court}{\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 . \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2767596 {\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8019991 {\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 The learned Justices of Appeal dealt with grounds 1 and 2 that were filed in that court. I n both grounds the complaint by appellants\rquote counsel was on contradictions between the evidence of}{\insrsid15618290\charrsid1121405 the eye}{\insrsid6432998\charrsid1121405 }{\insrsid15618290\charrsid1121405 witnesses namely PW2 and}{ \insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 PW4, regarding whether they actually saw the first appellant and recognized him as their attacker. The Justices of Appeal extensively quoted from the record of proceedings thus: \par }\pard \qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6432998 {\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 \tab }{\i\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 \'93 In the instant case, the complaint is that the trial judge erred when he failed to appreciate }{\i\insrsid6432998\charrsid1121405 t}{\i\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 he grave contradictions between the evidence }{\i\insrsid6432998\charrsid1121405 of PW2} {\i\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 and PW4 casting doubt to their identification, particularly of A2 at the scene. Our re-appraisal of the evidence on record reveals no such a contradiction. \par }\pard \qj \li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2767596 {\insrsid9532265\charrsid1121405 \par }\pard \qj \li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8019991 {\i\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 The evidence of PW2 as is relevant to this point went as follows: \par }\pard \qj \li1440\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid8019991 {\b\i\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 \'93The two people I saw that night are here. They are A1 and A2. After they entered the bedroom, they told me to sit down and demanded for shillings 800,000/= A1 held a knife, torch and a stick. A2 held a knife and a torch. The two tied my hands with my neck tie. I had only shillings 350,000/= remaining after using 450,000/=. My wife handed the 350,000/= to them. A2 picked my pair of trousers which had my graduated tax tickets and took the tickets.\'94 \par }\pard \qj \li1440\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid8019991 {\b\i\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8019991 {\i\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 Under cross - examination he said: \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8019991 {\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 \'93}{\b\i\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 When I was getting out of bed, I saw two men in my bedroom. They flashed a torch at me. There was no light in my bedroom. I lit a tadoba after they had left\'85.. Before the incident, I had not seen A1 and A2. I saw them after the Kibaate visit.\'94

\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8019991 {\b\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8019991 {\i\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 The Evidence of PW4 as is relevant to this point went as follows:- \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8019991 {\b\i\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 \'93After the bang, we saw people enter our b edroom and ordered us to sit down. I recognized the people who entered the bedroom. There were torches on and I recognized the people I used to see in Ishaka town. Those who entered our bedroom were A1 and A2. \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8019991 {\b\i\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8019991 {\b\i\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 After they ordered us to sit, they tied my husband. They tied his hands and mouth. They told him they wanted money and that the person who had taken them had told them to kill him. They said they wanted shillings 800,000/=. A1 held a knife and a torch. A2 had a knife and a stick.\'94 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8019991 {\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8019991 {\i\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 Under cross-examination, she said:- \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8019991 {\b\i\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 \'93 On the night in issue, I did not see A3. However, I saw A1 and A2. They were not unfamiliar when I saw them that night, because I had seen them in Ishaka town.\'94 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8019991 {\i\insrsid11235458\charrsid1121405 \par }{\i\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 It is important to note what PW5, the 14 year old son of the complainant, said in his evidence as follows:- \par }{\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 \'93}{\b\i\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 A3 came and got me from my bed. He had a torch and I knew him before so I recognized him. Time was about 2.00am. }{\b\i\insrsid9532265\charrsid1121405 He}{ \b\i\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 told me to move to my father\rquote s bedroom. In my father\rquote s bedroom, I found the other two:- A1 and A2. I had not seen them before. They tied me together with my father and ordered us to go under the bed. Later, I untied my father. He then untied me also. A1 told those in the sitting room that Mzee had escaped. My father got from under the bed and escaped through the window.\'94 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6226113 {\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8019991 {\i\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 Under cross-examination he said:- \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8019991 {\b\i\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 \'93 Since the incident, I had not met the accused 1 and 2. I saw A3 after his arrest. I saw him in the morning, following the robbery at about 2.00 am. A3 wore a Khaki pair of trousers and a checked shirt. That is what I saw. He had nothing on his head. I did not see him holding anything. A2 held a knife, a torch and a stick. A1 also held a knife, a torch and a stick.\'94 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8019991 {\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 \par }\pard \qj \li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8019991 {\i\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 PW5\rquote s description of what A2 held while in the complainant\rquote s bedroom tallied with PW4 description. We still}{\i\insrsid4135917\charrsid1121405 do }{\i\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 not find any contradiction between his evidence and that of PW2.\'94 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2767596 {\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8019991 {\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 The Court of Appeal resolved that there were no contradictions between the evidence of PW2 and PW4 as far as recognizing the first appellant was concerned. That was proper re-evaluation of evidence by the Court of Appeal and we agree with it. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2767596 {\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8019991 {\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 We are unable to appreciate counsel\rquote s submission that Florence Sanyu (PW4) had no reason to have taken interest in the first appellant whom she used to see at Ishaka town and therefore was able to recognize him as someone she had seen before}{\insrsid9532265\charrsid1121405 .}{ \insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2767596 {\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8019991 {\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 With due respect to counsel for the first appellant, his criticism of the Justices of Appeal on corroboration is }{\insrsid3622764\charrsid1121405 not sound}{\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 . In the first place there was no need in law for the evidence of all the prosecutions witnesses who identified the first appellant during the robbery to be corroborated. They were all adult witnesses and gave their evidence on oath. There is no number of witnesses required in law to secure a conviction.

\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2767596 {\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8019991 {\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 Counsel for the first appellant appears to us}{\insrsid4135917\charrsid1121405 ,}{ \insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 with due respect, to advance strange notions}{\insrsid6226113\charrsid1121405 on corroboration. He appears to state}{\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 }{\insrsid12132281\charrsid1121405 that the evidence of one eye witness cannot corroborate that of another eye witness}{\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 . Corroboration as we know it is independent evidence that implicates the accused with the commission of the offence. }{ \insrsid12132281\charrsid1121405 In}{\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 No. }{\b\i\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 RA 78064 CPL Waswa Ninsiima Vs Uganda}{\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 }{\b\i\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 Criminal Appeal No 48 and 49 of 1999 S. C}{\b\i\insrsid12132281\charrsid1121405 , }{\insrsid12132281\charrsid1121405 this }{\insrsid4679700\charrsid1121405 C}{\insrsid12132281\charrsid1121405 ourt stated:}{\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2767596 {\insrsid7764924\charrsid1121405 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8019991 {\i\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 \'93Corroboration is constituted by some independent evidence which i mplicates or tends to implicate the accused with the offence he is charged of. That, in essence, was the decision of the English Court Criminal Appeal, with which we agree, in the often cited case of }{\b\i\ul\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 R.vs}{ \b\ul\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 }{\b\caps\ul\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 BASKERVILLE }{\b\caps\ul\insrsid13851683\charrsid1121405 [}{\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 1916-17}{\insrsid13851683\charrsid1121405 ]}{\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 ALL ER. Rep. 38, in which Viscount Reading C. J. said at p.43. \par }{\insrsid2767596\charrsid1121405 \par }\pard \qj \fi90\li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8019991 {\b\i\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 \'93 We hold that evidence in corroboration, must be independent testimony which affects the accused by connecting or tending to connect him with the crime. In other words, it must be evidence which implicates him that is whi ch confirms in some material particular not only the evidence that crime has been committed, but also that the prisoner committed it. \par }\pard \qj \fi91\li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2767596 {\b\i\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 \par }\pard \qj \fi90\li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8019991 {\b\i\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 The test applicable to determine the nature and extent of the corroboration is thus the same whether the case falls within the rule of practice at common law, or within that class of offence for which corroboration is required by statute.\'94}{ \b\i\ul\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8019991 {\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 \par Regarding the offence of defilement the }{\insrsid3622764\charrsid1121405 victim Atuhaire}{\insrsid12132281\charrsid1121405 Catherine}{\insrsid3622764\charrsid1121405 , (}{\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 PW3) evidence was amply corroborated by the testimony of her mother Sanyu Florence (PW4) who saw }{\insrsid7235453\charrsid1121405 the appellant taking}{\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 her to the sitting room where she was defiled. \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8019991 {\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8019991 {\insrsid7235453\charrsid1121405 In our opinion}{\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 the Justices of Appeal properly re-evaluated the evidence and upheld the convicti}{\insrsid7235453\charrsid1121405 ons of the first appellant.}{\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2767596 {\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8019991 {\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 We find that the appeal by the first appellant is devoid of merit and is accordingly dismissed. }{ \insrsid7764924\charrsid1121405 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2824494 {\insrsid2824494\charrsid1121405 The second appellant\rquote s memorandum of appeal contains two grounds which read: \par \par {\listtext\pard\plain\b\i\insrsid2824494\charrsid1121405 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 1.\tab}}\pard \qj \fi-390\li750\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx750\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin750\itap0\pararsid2824494 { \b\i\insrsid2824494\charrsid1121405 That the learned Justices of Appeal erred in law and fact when they failed to re-evaluate the whole evidence on court record that had a lot of contradictions and wrongly decided to rely on it to convict the 2}{ \b\i\super\insrsid2824494\charrsid1121405 nd}{\b\i\insrsid2824494\charrsid1121405 appellant. \par {\listtext\pard\plain\b\i\insrsid2824494\charrsid1121405 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 2.\tab}The Learned Justices of Appeal failed to re-evaluate the defence evidence that had been incorrectly evaluated by the Trial Judge leading to the conviction of the 2} {\b\i\super\insrsid2824494\charrsid1121405 nd}{\b\i\insrsid2824494\charrsid1121405 appellant. \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2767596 {\insrsid7764924\charrsid1121405 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8019991 {\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 Learned Counsel for the second appellant complained in the two grounds of appeal that the learned Justices of Appeal erred in law and in fact when they failed to re-evaluate the whole evidence that had a lot of contradictio ns and to re-evaluate the second appellants\rquote defence of alibi. \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2767596 {\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8019991 {\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 Counsel argued that the Justices of Appeal, like the trial judge, held that Atuhaire Catherine (PW3) recognized the second appellant by voice. He argued that the parents of that witness who are adults did not recognize the second appellant by voice. }{ \insrsid13787445\charrsid1121405 He contended that}{\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 , it was not feasible for the witness who was }{\insrsid13787445\charrsid1121405 a young girl}{\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 to recognize him by voice.}{ \insrsid13787445\charrsid1121405 We must dismiss this }{\insrsid4599169\charrsid1121405 straightaway because}{\insrsid13787445\charrsid1121405 by 1999 when the offence was committed, PW3 was age d 15years and therefore not too young to appreciate what happened}{\insrsid10645711\charrsid1121405 .}{\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2767596 {\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8019991 {\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 Counsel criticized the Justices of Appeal for upholding the conviction of the second appellant inspite of the fact that they noted }{\insrsid6448986\charrsid1121405 that the}{\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 trial judge did not evaluate}{ \insrsid4599169\charrsid1121405 the witness police statements}{\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 . \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2767596 {\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8019991 {\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 In reply, the learned Principal State Attorney supported the decision of the Court of Appeal. He contended that the Justices of Appeal properly re-evaluated the evidence on record.}{\insrsid12132281\charrsid1121405 He }{\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 argued that whatever }{\insrsid7359635\charrsid1121405 contradictions there}{\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 }{\insrsid7359635\charrsid1121405 were }{\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 between the witness\rquote s evidence in court and the police statements were minor. They were probably due to lapse of time as the offences were committed in June 1999 and the trial was held in 2002. He submitted that in any case the prosecution witnesses were not challe nged on those contradictions. \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid926375 {\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8019991 {\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 We have already stated in our consideration of the case against the first appellant that Ruh}{ \insrsid8918342\charrsid1121405 u}{\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 rira John (PW2) and his wife Sanyu Florence }{\insrsid9440652\charrsid1121405 (}{\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 PW4}{\insrsid9440652\charrsid1121405 )}{\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 saw their attackers by the aid of light from the torches which they were flashing. The alleged contradictions that were complained about by counsel in the first appellate court were correctly resolved by that Court. Counsel for the second appellant has not raised those alleged contradictions in this appeal. Natumanya Andrew, }{\insrsid9440652\charrsid1121405 (}{\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 PW5}{\insrsid9440652\charrsid1121405 )}{\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 too saw the second appellant and recognized him. Atuhaire Catherine PW3 and her brother }{\insrsid9440652\charrsid1121405 (}{\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 PW5}{\insrsid9440652\charrsid1121405 )}{\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 identified the second appellant because he was their relative and they recognized him by voice. Counsel\rquote s argument that it is not possible that Atuhaire Catherine (PW3) recognized the second appellant by voice whereas her parents had not done so is not tenable. All witnesses }{\insrsid15360735\charrsid1121405 need}{\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 not identify the accused}{\insrsid11496721\charrsid1121405 in a similar manner}{ \insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 .}{\insrsid11496721\charrsid1121405 One witness may recognize a witness by physical features and another may recognize him by voice.}{\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 Additionally, a witness does not have to be a voice expert in order to recognize the voice of an accused person as counsel has argued. \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid926375 {\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8019991 {\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 In the case of }{\b\i\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 Moses Kayondo V Uganda }{ \b\i\insrsid15360735\charrsid1121405 (}{\b\i\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 Criminal Appeal No 11 of 1992 SC}{\b\i\insrsid15360735\charrsid1121405 )}{\b\i\insrsid4460401\charrsid1121405 ,}{\b\i\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 }{ \insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 this Court upheld a conviction which was based, inter alia, on evidence of a young boy who had }{\insrsid4460401\charrsid1121405 identified the accused }{\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 during the night, by voice. The appellant was his uncle. }{\insrsid13904706\charrsid1121405 The above case is not very d}{\insrsid15360735\charrsid1121405 ifferent from the instant appeal}{\insrsid13904706\charrsid1121405 .}{\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 }{ \b\i\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8019991 {\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8019991 {\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 The Learned Justices of Appeal were, in our view, rightly concerned about the learned judge\rquote s failure to consider the witnesses\rquote police statements. This was first information which would have been used to test the prosecution witnesses truthfulness or otherwise. However, though the police statements were on record they were not proved. Sanyu Florence (PW4) when cross-examined on her first statement to the police}{\insrsid15360735\charrsid1121405 stated that}{\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 she did not tell the police that she used to see the first accused and the fist appellant in Ishaka town her answer was as follows: \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8019991 {\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 \par }\pard \qj \li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8019991 {\b\i\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 \'93I told the police that I know A1 and A2. Some details are missing from my statements\'94. \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8019991 {\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 When Atuhaire Catherine (PW3) was challenged in cross examination \par about the discrepancy between her last statements to the police that she had said that the second appellant was arrested because he had not answered the alarm, her reply was:- \par }\pard \qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8019991 {\b\i\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 \'93I told the police I had seen A3\'94 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8019991 {\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 According to the record the prosecution witnesses in effect stated that their police statements were not correctly recorded. That being the case t he court could not have used such statements to discredit their evidence given in court on oath unless the police officer who recorded them was called and adduced evidence that the statements were correctly recorded. The duty was upon counsel for the app ellants }{\insrsid15360735\charrsid1121405 during trial }{\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 to call the recording police officer. This court held so in the case of }{\b\i\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 Okwanga Antony V Uganda }{ \b\i\insrsid15360735\charrsid1121405 (}{\b\i\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 Criminal Appeal No 20 of 2000. S. C.}{\b\i\insrsid15360735\charrsid1121405 )}{\b\i\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 \par }{\b\i\insrsid926375\charrsid1121405 \par }{\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 In that case the police statements were admitted in evidence without objection from the prosecution. There were discrepancies between the witness\rquote s statements and their evidence in court but the witnesses denied making those statements. \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8019991 {\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8019991 {\i\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 This court held. \par }\pard \qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8019991 {\b\i\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 \'93\tab Since the makers of the statements denied that the statements reflected what they had told the polic e, it was necessary to call the Police Officers to prove the statements notwithstanding the admission in evidence of the statements without objection by the prosecution. }{\b\i\ul\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 The only way to disprove the witnesses \rquote allegation of incorrect recording of their st atements was to adduce evidence of rebuttal by the statements. If it was proved that the statements were correctly recorded, then they could be used to discredit the evidence in court of persons who made the statements. Only the Police Officers who had r ecorded the statements could do so.}{\b\i\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 \'94 (Underlining ours) \par }\pard \qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2767596 {\b\i\insrsid2767596\charrsid1121405 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2055847 {\insrsid7016344\charrsid1121405 In the }{\insrsid15360735\charrsid1121405 present }{\insrsid14898207\charrsid1121405 appeal since}{ \insrsid7016344\charrsid1121405 the statements were not properly proved}{\insrsid15360735\charrsid1121405 ,}{\insrsid7016344\charrsid1121405 they were valueless.}{\insrsid2055847\charrsid1121405 We are of the considered view that }{ \insrsid7429682\charrsid1121405 the Court}{\insrsid4460401\charrsid1121405 of Appeal}{\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 properly re-evaluated the evidence and rightly conclu ded that the second appellant was at the scene of the crime and participated in the commission of the offence. His }{\insrsid15360735\charrsid1121405 alibi is false and was properly rejected}{\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 . We entirely agree with that decision \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8019991 {\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8019991 {\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 The second appellant\rquote s appeal too lacks merit. It is accordingly dismissed}{ \insrsid4460401\charrsid1121405 .}{\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2767596 {\insrsid4460401\charrsid1121405 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4460401 {\insrsid4460401\charrsid1121405 Before we leave this appeal, there is an observation to make. At the trial}{\insrsid14898207\charrsid1121405 , }{\insrsid4460401\charrsid1121405 during submission, prosecuting State Attorney abandoned the third count. The trial judge did not make a decision on the abandoned count. The proper }{\insrsid4135917\charrsid1121405 course}{ \insrsid2055847\charrsid1121405 of action}{\insrsid4460401\charrsid1121405 which the}{\insrsid14898207\charrsid1121405 trial}{\insrsid4460401\charrsid1121405 judge should have taken was to acquit the appellant for lack of evidence to prove that count. We accordingly }{\insrsid7693872\charrsid1121405 acquit}{\insrsid4460401\charrsid1121405 the appellants on the 3}{\super\insrsid4460401\charrsid1121405 rd}{ \insrsid4460401\charrsid1121405 count. \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8019991 {\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 \par }\pard \qc \li-720\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin-720\itap0\pararsid8019991 {\insrsid13977151\charrsid1121405 }{\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 Dated at Mengo this}{\insrsid6319485\charrsid1121405 }{ \b\insrsid6319485\charrsid1121405 13}{\b\super\insrsid6319485\charrsid1121405 th}{\b\insrsid6319485\charrsid1121405 }{\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 day of}{\insrsid6319485\charrsid1121405 }{\b\insrsid6319485\charrsid1121405 April}{ \insrsid6319485\charrsid1121405 }{\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 2010 \par }{\b\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 \par }{\b\insrsid4933537\charrsid1121405 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8019991 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 \'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85.. \par J. W. N. TSEKOOKO \par JUSTICE OF THE SUPREME COURT. \par \par \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8019991 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 \'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85 \'85.. \par B. M. KATUREEBE, \par JUSTICE OF THE SUPREME COURT \par \par \'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85. \par C. N. B. KITUMBA, \par JUSTICE OF THE SUPREME COURT \par \par \'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85 \par J. TUMWESIGYE \par JUSTICE OF THE SUPREME COURT \par \par \'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85.. \par E. M. KISAAKYE \par JUSTICE OF THE SUPREME COURT \par }\pard \qc \li-720\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin-720\itap0\pararsid8019991 {\b\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8019991 {\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\insrsid8019991\charrsid1121405 \par }}