Muhwezi Jackson v Uganda (HIGH COURT CRIMINAL APPEAL NO. 10 OF 2008) (HIGH COURT CRIMINAL APPEAL NO. 10 OF 2008) [2008] UGHC 11 (1 December 2008)

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jchemeri}{\creatim\yr2009\mo1\dy8\hr9\min51}{\revtim\yr2009\mo1\dy8\hr9\min51}{\printim\yr2008\mo12\dy2\hr8\min21}{\version2}{\edmins0}{\nofpages9}{\nofwords2220}{\nofchars12654}{\*\company } {\nofcharsws14845}{\vern24689}}\widowctrl\ftnbj\aenddoc\noxlattoyen\expshrtn\noultrlspc\dntblnsbdb\nospaceforul\formshade\horzdoc\dgmargin\dghspace180\dgvspace180\dghorigin1800\dgvorigin1440\dghshow1\dgvshow1 \jexpand\viewkind1\viewscale100\pgbrdrhead\pgbrdrfoot\splytwnine\ftnlytwnine\htmautsp\nolnhtadjtbl\useltbaln\alntblind\lytcalctblwd\lyttblrtgr\lnbrkrule\nobrkwrptbl\snaptogridincell\allowfieldendsel\wrppunct \asianbrkrule\rsidroot13108348\newtblstyruls\nogrowautofit \fet0{\*\ftnsep \pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid13728681 \chftnsep \par }}{\*\ftnsepc \pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 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\li0\ri360\widctlpar\tqc\tx4320\tqr\tx8640\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin360\lin0\itap0\pararsid13108348 {\insrsid15612488 \par }}{\*\pnseclvl1\pnucrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl2\pnucltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl3\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl4\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta )}} {\*\pnseclvl5\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl6\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl7\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl8 \pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl9\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13108348 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\insrsid13108348\charrsid687999 THE REPUBLIC OF UGANDA}{\b\insrsid13108348 \par }{\b\insrsid13651965 \par }{\b\insrsid13108348\charrsid687999 \par IN THE HIGH COURT OF UGANDA AT KAMPALA}{\b\insrsid13108348 \par }{\b\insrsid13651965 \par }{\b\insrsid13108348\charrsid687999 \par }{\b\insrsid2500053 HIGH COURT CRIMINAL APPEAL }{\b\insrsid13108348\charrsid687999 NO. }{\b\insrsid13108348 10 OF 2008 \par \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13108348 {\b\insrsid13108348 (Arising from City Hall Criminal Case No. 352 of 2007) \par }{\b\insrsid13651965\charrsid687999 \par }{\b\insrsid13108348\charrsid687999 \par }{\b\insrsid13108348 MUHWEZI JACKSON}{\b\insrsid13108348\charrsid687999 \'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85..}{\b\insrsid13108348 \'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85}{\b\insrsid13108348\charrsid687999 APPELLANT \par \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13108348 {\b\insrsid13108348\charrsid687999 VERSUS \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13108348 {\b\insrsid13108348 UGANDA\'85..\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85. RESPONDENT}{ \b\insrsid13108348\charrsid687999 \par \par Before: }{\insrsid13108348\charrsid687999 Hon. Mr. Justice E. S. Lugayizi \par \par \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13108348 {\b\insrsid13108348\charrsid687999 JUDGMENT \par \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13108348 {\insrsid13108348 This judgment is in respect of an}{\insrsid13108348\charrsid687999 appeal}{\insrsid13108348 that the}{\insrsid9794599 above-named appellant}{\insrsid13108348\charrsid687999 preferred}{\insrsid9794599 against a decision of a}{\insrsid13108348 Magistrate}{\insrsid9794599 Grade 1}{\insrsid15931182 of}{\insrsid9794599 City Hall, Kampala}{\insrsid13108348 (as }{ \insrsid9794599 she then was \endash Her Worship Ms}{\insrsid13108348 .}{\insrsid9794599 Esta Nambayo}{\insrsid15931182 -}{\insrsid13108348\charrsid687999 )}{\insrsid13108348\charrsid618459 }{\insrsid9794599 dated 8}{ \super\insrsid13108348\charrsid687999 th}{\insrsid9794599 February 2008}{\insrsid13108348\charrsid687999 .}{\insrsid13108348\charrsid9712666 }{\insrsid13108348 Under that}{\insrsid13108348\charrsid687999 decision the}{\insrsid9794599 learned}{ \insrsid15931182 trial}{\insrsid9794599 Magistrate convicted the appellant}{\insrsid13108348\charrsid687999 of}{\insrsid13108348 }{\insrsid9794599 the offence}{\insrsid15931182 of}{\insrsid9794599 malicious damage to property contrary to section 335 (1) of the Penal Code Act (Cap.120}{\insrsid13108348 ). }{\insrsid9794599 She, then sentence}{\insrsid2500053 d him to pay}{\insrsid9794599 a fine of shillings 1,000,000/= or in default thereof to suffer imprisonment for 3 years.}{\insrsid13108348 \par \par }{\insrsid13108348\charrsid687999 The}{\insrsid13108348 above}{\insrsid13108348\charrsid687999 decision}{\insrsid9121767 and sentence}{\insrsid13108348 aggrieved}{\insrsid13108348\charrsid618459 }{\insrsid13108348 the appellant; and hence the appeal} {\insrsid9121767 herein, which seeks to overturn}{\insrsid13108348 that decision }{\insrsid9121767 and replace it with an acquittal and Or}{\insrsid9006222 der setting aside the}{\insrsid9121767 sentence. }{\insrsid13108348 \par \par }{\insrsid1077775 Be that as it may}{\insrsid13108348 , before this Honourable Court goes into the meri}{\insrsid13125701 ts}{\insrsid10382451 of the appeal it is wise to acquaint oneself}{\insrsid13125701 with}{\insrsid13108348 the evidence that the learned}{\insrsid13125701 trial Magistrate had before her}{\insrsid13108348 as }{\insrsid13125701 s}{\insrsid13108348 he made the above decision. Court will begin with the}{\insrsid13125701 State\rquote s evidence that}{ \insrsid13108348 is briefly as follows: \par }{\insrsid13125701 \par Harriet Nakib}{\insrsid12142359 eru}{\insrsid6243325 }{\insrsid12142359 (PW2}{\insrsid6243325 \endash the complainant}{\insrsid12142359 ) had been living}{\insrsid15142049\charrsid15142049 }{\insrsid15142049 since childhood on a}{\insrsid13125701 customary holding}{\insrsid15142049\charrsid15142049 }{\insrsid15142049 in Ntinda near Kampala}{\insrsid8849092 .}{\insrsid15142049 }{\insrsid8849092 Such}{\insrsid15142049 customary holding is popularly known as }{ \b\i\insrsid15142049\charrsid15142049 \'93a}{\b\i\insrsid13125701\charrsid15142049 kibanja}{\b\i\insrsid15142049\charrsid15142049 \'94}{\b\i\insrsid15142049 }{\insrsid15142049\charrsid15142049 in}{\insrsid15142049 the central part of Uganda}{ \insrsid6243325 .}{\insrsid8849092 The said kibanja had a house (with ten rooms, boys\rquote quarters and other structures) built on it. That house was made of bricks. }{\insrsid6243325 Nakiberu}{\insrsid15142049 became}{\insrsid13125701 a beneficiary of }{\insrsid8849092 the}{\insrsid6243325 kibanja}{\insrsid8849092 in question}{\insrsid13125701 as the remaining child of the late Jackson Kiberu}{\insrsid13987245 w}{\insrsid3962967 ho }{\insrsid15142049 died in 1994. Initially, a one Wasswa was}{\insrsid13987245 t}{\insrsid3962967 he registered proprietor of the Mailo interes}{\insrsid6243325 t on which the above kibanja was}{\insrsid15142049 found}{\insrsid13987245 . Subseque}{\insrsid3962967 ntly, Wasswa sold his Mailo interest}{\insrsid13987245 }{\insrsid3962967 to the appellant. At that point}{\insrsid13987245 ,}{\insrsid15142049 in time,}{\insrsid13987245 unease}{\insrsid15142049 developed}{\insrsid6243325 on the land; and}{ \insrsid2845626 Nakiberu started}{\insrsid1186321 receiving}{\insrsid13987245 notices}{\insrsid2845626 purpor}{\insrsid8849092 ting to evict her from the}{\insrsid13987245 kibanja}{\insrsid8849092 in question}{\insrsid13987245 . }{\insrsid2845626 She quickly}{\insrsid13987245 notified th}{\insrsid3962967 e Administrator-General about th}{\insrsid7694848 at new development}{\insrsid3962967 .}{\insrsid13987245 In turn, the Administrator-General warned the appellant}{\insrsid1186321 against}{ \insrsid13987245 evict}{\insrsid1186321 ing}{\insrsid6243325 Nakiberu}{\insrsid8849092 from her kibanja}{\insrsid13987245 without compensating her}{\insrsid1186321 .}{\insrsid3962967 However, the}{\insrsid16077690\charrsid16077690 }{ \insrsid16077690 Admi}{\insrsid5858523 nistrator-General\rquote s warning fell on deaf ears, for Nakiberu}{\insrsid16077690 continued to }{\insrsid5858523 receive threats of eviction.}{\insrsid6243325 Finally,}{\insrsid16077690 on 18}{ \super\insrsid16077690\charrsid16077690 th}{\insrsid16077690 }{\insrsid4667976 February 2007}{\insrsid5858523 a grader mauled}{\insrsid16077690 down}{\insrsid6243325 all Nakiberu\rquote s buildings that}{\insrsid5652384 were standing on the}{ \insrsid13773553 above}{\insrsid4667976 kibanja}{\insrsid13773553 ;}{\insrsid15017454 and completely destroyed them.}{\insrsid6243325 Nakiberu}{\insrsid4667976 reported the mat}{\insrsid1395718 ter to the police. T}{\insrsid4667976 he police}{ \insrsid1395718 arrested the appellant and took him}{\insrsid5652384 to }{\insrsid1395718 the lower court where he was tried}{\insrsid5652384 for the}{\insrsid4667976 offence}{\insrsid13773553 that is the subject of this judgment}{\insrsid4667976 . } {\insrsid16077690 }{\insrsid13125701 \par }{\insrsid13108348 \par \par In his defence}{\insrsid13108348\charrsid687999 }{\insrsid4667976 the appellant}{\insrsid13108348 }{\insrsid13108348\charrsid687999 denied}{\insrsid13108348 having committed the above offence. He explained}{\insrsid4667976 that on the material day he was in Kabale; and}{\insrsid1395718 that he did not play any}{\insrsid4667976 part}{\insrsid3107492 (direct or indirect) in}{\insrsid15017454 destroying the complainant\rquote s buildings}{\insrsid3107492 .}{ \insrsid13108348 \par }{\insrsid3107492\charrsid687999 \par }{\insrsid13108348 After considering}{\insrsid13108348\charrsid8394835 }{\insrsid13108348 the above evidence}{\insrsid13108348\charrsid687999 }{\insrsid13108348 t}{\insrsid13108348\charrsid687999 he}{\insrsid13108348 learned trial M}{ \insrsid13108348\charrsid687999 agistrate}{\insrsid1395718 made a finding }{\insrsid3107492 that the State}{\insrsid1395718 had}{\insrsid3107492 proved}{\insrsid1395718 ,}{\insrsid3107492 beyond reasonable doubt}{\insrsid1395718 ,}{\insrsid3107492 that the appellant committed the offence in question. She, therefore, conv}{\insrsid16149297 icted the appellant of the above}{\insrsid15017454 offence; and sentenced him}{\insrsid16149297 accordingly.}{\insrsid13108348 The above decision}{ \insrsid3107492 and sentence aggrieved the appellant}{\insrsid13108348 ; and hence the appeal herein. \par \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13108348 {\insrsid13108348 At the time of}{\insrsid3107492 hearing the appeal, Mr. Mutabingwa represented the appellant and Mr. Byansi}{ \insrsid13108348 represented the respondent.}{\insrsid15017454 }{\insrsid5852020 B}{\insrsid11999467 oth}{\insrsid15017454 }{\insrsid11999467 counsel}{\insrsid4226533 agreed}{\insrsid5852020 , then,}{\insrsid4226533 that}{\insrsid1454645 }{ \insrsid4226533 the appellant was the registered proprietor o}{\insrsid5852020 f the land in question. They further}{\insrsid4226533 agre}{\insrsid15017454 ed that the complainant\rquote s buildings which}{\insrsid11693400 were standing on the above}{ \insrsid11999467 piece of}{\insrsid11693400 land}{\insrsid4226533 were destroyed.}{\insrsid15017454 }{\insrsid5852020 Finally,}{\insrsid15017454 both counsel also agreed that the appeal herein raised three main issues, which Court duly recorded. }{ \insrsid5852020 \par \par }{\insrsid15017454 However, }{\insrsid5852020 on second thought}{\insrsid5392975 Court now believes}{\insrsid1454645 that}{\insrsid5852020 the appeal herein}{\insrsid1454645 can only be}{\insrsid5852020 satisfactorily disposed of}{\insrsid1454645 if }{\insrsid14645898\charrsid14645898 }{\insrsid9791921 two more}{\insrsid1454645 issues were}{\insrsid5852020 added}{\insrsid5392975 to the above list. Therefore}{\insrsid9791921 ,}{\insrsid5852020 in all}{\insrsid10248894 ,}{\insrsid5852020 Court}{ \insrsid10248894 will}{\insrsid9791921 below}{\insrsid5392975 discuss}{\insrsid5852020 fiv}{\insrsid5392975 e is}{\insrsid9791921 sues; and they}{\insrsid5852020 are as follows: }{\insrsid13108348 \par }{\insrsid7307113 \par (a) whether the record of the lower cou}{\insrsid9791921 rt reflects that Nakiberu had}{\insrsid7307113 a}{\insrsid2113028 genuine interest in the land}{\insrsid7307113 in question; \par \par (b}{\insrsid3107492 ) whether}{\insrsid4226533 the}{\insrsid7307113 record}{\insrsid16265009 of the lower court}{\insrsid7307113 shows that the}{\insrsid11693400 }{\insrsid7307113 destruction of the}{\insrsid11693400 property}{\insrsid16154103 on the }{\insrsid7307113 kibanja}{\insrsid16154103 in question}{\insrsid14777961 was unlawful}{\insrsid5386012 ly}{\insrsid14777961 and }{\insrsid5386012 willfully brought about}{\insrsid11693400 ; \par \par }{\insrsid16154103 (c}{\insrsid11693400 ) whether the}{\insrsid7307113 record}{\insrsid16265009 of the lower court}{\insrsid7307113 reveals that the}{\insrsid11693400 appellant was implicated in the destruction of the above property; \par \par }{\insrsid16154103 (d}{\insrsid11693400 ) whether section 7 of the Penal Code Act (Cap. 12}{\insrsid14645898 0}{\insrsid6119620 )}{\insrsid11693400 protects the appellant}{\insrsid6119620 ; and \par \par }{\insrsid16154103 (e}{\insrsid6119620 ) the available remedies. }{\insrsid3107492 \par }{\insrsid6119620 \par This Court will, below, address the above issues in turn. \par }{\insrsid16265009 \par With regard to the first issue }{\b\insrsid16265009\charrsid16265009 (i.e. whether the record of the lower court r}{\b\insrsid9791921 eflects that Nakiberu had}{\b\insrsid16265009\charrsid16265009 a}{\b\insrsid2113028 genuine interest in the land}{ \b\insrsid16265009\charrsid16265009 in question}{\b\insrsid16265009 )}{\insrsid9791921 the testimonies}{\insrsid16265009 of the following }{\insrsid7021207 witnesses }{\insrsid9791921 provide}{\insrsid7021207 the answer: i.e.}{\insrsid9791921 Harriet Nakiberu (PW2}{\insrsid16265009 ) and Nasuru Nankya (PW7)}{\b\insrsid16265009 . }{\insrsid16265009\charrsid16265009 Nakiberu}{\insrsid16265009 testified that she}{\insrsid7021207 was b}{\insrsid3371657 orn}{\insrsid7021207 at the kibanja in question}{\insrsid2113028 , which kibanja}{\insrsid9791921 had been her home for over 43 years}{\insrsid3371657 .}{\insrsid16265009 She}{\insrsid3371657 , then, pointed out that she finally}{\insrsid16265009 became the beneficiary of the interest in that kibanja when her father }{\insrsid9791921 (}{\insrsid16265009 the late Jackson }{\insrsid7021207 Kiberu}{\insrsid3371657 )}{\insrsid7021207 and her two brothers died. Nankya }{\insrsid3371657 (}{ \insrsid7021207 a State Attorney}{\insrsid9791921 ,}{\insrsid7021207 working in the Administrator-General\rquote s office}{\insrsid3371657 )}{\insrsid7021207 confirmed the}{\insrsid3371657 correctness of Nakiberu\rquote s testimony. }{\insrsid16459551 She pointed out that her office}{\insrsid2113028 was}{\insrsid3371657 aware of}{\insrsid7021207 Nakiberu}{\insrsid3371657 \rquote s}{\insrsid16459551 beneficial}{\insrsid2113028 interest in the said kibanja}{\insrsid4722097 ,}{\insrsid2113028 which is found on the land in question.}{\insrsid10359059 \par \par }{\insrsid16725106 Indeed, the}{\insrsid10359059 record of the lower court}{\insrsid2113028 clearly shows}{\insrsid10359059 that the}{\insrsid3371657 appellant did not challenge the }{\insrsid2113028 above areas of}{\insrsid10359059 evi}{ \insrsid2113028 dence in}{\insrsid10359059 cross-examining}{\insrsid2113028 Nakiberu and Nankya}{\insrsid16725106 . Besides}{\insrsid16459551 , the appellant\rquote s}{\insrsid10359059 defence did not dispute Nakiberu\rquote s interest in the}{ \insrsid16459551 above kibanja}{\insrsid10359059 . \par \par All in all,}{\insrsid1656914 therefore,}{\insrsid10359059 this Court is satisfied that the record of }{\insrsid10359059\charrsid10359059 the lower court reflects that the complainan}{\insrsid2113028 t had}{\insrsid10359059\charrsid10359059 a}{ \insrsid2113028 genuine interest in the land}{\insrsid10359059\charrsid10359059 in question}{\insrsid10359059 . \par \par With}{\insrsid4198043 regard to the second issue}{\insrsid10359059\charrsid10359059 }{\b\insrsid10359059\charrsid10359059 (i.e. whether the record of the lower court shows that th}{\b\insrsid16154103 e destruction of the property}{\b\insrsid16459551 on }{\b\insrsid16154103 the}{\b\insrsid5386012 kibanja}{\b\insrsid16154103 in question}{\b\insrsid5386012 was unlawfully and willfully }{\b\insrsid14044047 brought about}{\b\insrsid10359059 )}{\b\insrsid16459551 }{\insrsid16459551\charrsid16459551 it}{ \insrsid16459551 is first of}{\insrsid3017733 all very}{\insrsid16459551 important to understand the meaning of some key words}{\insrsid3017733 in this area}{\insrsid16459551 .}{\insrsid10359059\charrsid16459551 }{\insrsid3017733 T}{\insrsid14777961 he key word}{\insrsid4198043 s}{\insrsid3017733 in this area}{\insrsid14777961 are the words}{\insrsid10359059 }{\b\i\insrsid5386012 \'93unlawful}{\b\i\insrsid10359059\charrsid10359059 l}{\b\i\insrsid5386012 y}{\b\i\insrsid10359059\charrsid10359059 \'94}{\insrsid10359059 and }{\b\i\insrsid10359059\charrsid10359059 \'93}{\b\i\insrsid14777961 wil}{\b\i\insrsid10359059\charrsid10359059 ful}{\b\i\insrsid5386012 ly}{\b\i\insrsid10359059\charrsid10359059 \'94}{\b\i\insrsid14777961\charrsid14044047 .}{ \i\insrsid4198043\charrsid14044047 }{\i\insrsid3017733 \par \par }{\insrsid3017733 The word}{\b\insrsid14044047 \'93unlawfully\'94}{\b\insrsid3017733 }{\insrsid3017733\charrsid3017733 is}{\insrsid3017733 an adverb; and it is derived from}{\insrsid14044047 the}{\insrsid3017733 word}{\insrsid14044047 }{ \b\i\insrsid14044047\charrsid14044047 \'93unlawful\'94}{\b\i\insrsid3017733 , }{\insrsid3017733\charrsid3017733 which}{\insrsid3017733 is an adjective.}{\b\i\insrsid3017733 }{\b\insrsid15868736\charrsid15868736 WORDS AND PHRASES legally defined}{ \insrsid15868736 }{\b\insrsid15868736\charrsid15868736 (Third edition (R-Z)}{\insrsid15868736 }{\b\insrsid15868736\charrsid9899746 at page 359}{\b\insrsid9899746\charrsid9899746 ,}{\insrsid9899746 agrees that}{\insrsid15868736 the}{\insrsid9899746 more accurate use of the}{\insrsid15868736 word \'93}{\b\i\insrsid15868736\charrsid15868736 unlawful}{\b\i\insrsid15868736 \'94}{\insrsid15868736\charrsid14044047 }{\insrsid14044047 convey}{\insrsid3017733 s}{\insrsid9899746 th}{\insrsid9460064 is}{ \insrsid9899746 meaning:}{\insrsid14044047 i.e.}{\insrsid9899746 }{\b\i\insrsid9899746\charrsid9899746 \'93contra}{\b\i\insrsid9899746 r}{\b\i\insrsid9899746\charrsid9899746 y to law}{\b\i\insrsid9899746 \'94}{\i\insrsid14044047\charrsid14044047 .}{ \b\i\insrsid13852558 }{\insrsid13852558\charrsid13852558 Therefore,}{\insrsid9460064 when}{\insrsid13852558 a person}{\insrsid7943343 has done}{\insrsid13852558 something }{\insrsid9460064 \'93}{\b\i\insrsid13852558\charrsid9460064 unlawfully}{ \b\i\insrsid9460064 \'94 }{\insrsid9460064\charrsid9460064 it }{\insrsid9460064 means that }{\insrsid13852558 he}{\insrsid9460064 or she has does that thing}{\insrsid7943343 in a manner that is}{\insrsid13852558 contrary to}{\insrsid9460064 the}{ \insrsid13852558 law.}{\insrsid9460064 \par }{\insrsid3017733 \par }{\insrsid13852558\charrsid13852558 A}{\insrsid13852558 t page 435}{\insrsid9460064 ,}{\insrsid13852558 the above book}{\insrsid3017733 also}{\insrsid13852558 defines the word }{\b\i\insrsid13852558\charrsid13852558 \'93}{\b\i\insrsid13852558 wil}{ \b\i\insrsid13852558\charrsid13852558 fully\'94}{\b\i\insrsid13852558 }{\insrsid13852558\charrsid13852558 to}{\insrsid13852558 mean}{\insrsid9460064 an act}{\insrsid13852558 }{\b\i\insrsid13852558\charrsid13852558 \'93 done deliberately and intentionally}{\b\i\insrsid13852558 , not by accident or inadvertence, but so that the mind of the person who does the act goes with it\'94}{\b\i\insrsid9460064 .}{\insrsid13852558\charrsid13852558 }{ \b\i\insrsid4198043\charrsid9899746 \par }{\insrsid4198043 \par According to Peter Mubogwe (PW1)}{\insrsid10515592 , Harriet Nakiberu (PW2) and Katongole Makumbi (PW8) the pe}{\insrsid9460064 rson who demolished the }{\insrsid3017733 buildings}{\insrsid9460064 in question}{\insrsid10515592 had}{\insrsid3017733 no court order authorizing him}{\insrsid10515592 to do so.}{\insrsid16668916 In addition}{\insrsid3017733 , that person did not demolish those buildings}{\insrsid9460064 accidentally}{\insrsid16154103 . He came with a grader}{\insrsid3017733 in broad day-light}{\insrsid16154103 and deliberately knocked down the sai}{\insrsid3017733 d buildings. \par \par }{\insrsid16154103 }{\insrsid3017733 Again t}{\insrsid16154103 he}{\insrsid3017733 respondent did not challenge the}{\insrsid16154103 above}{\insrsid10515592 area}{\insrsid16154103 s of the}{\insrsid3017733 above witnesses\rquote testimony}{ \insrsid10515592 during cross-examination }{\insrsid3017733 n}{\insrsid10515592 or}{\insrsid3169100 did he contradict those areas in his }{\insrsid16154103 defence. \par \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16154103 {\insrsid16154103 All in all, therefore, this Court is satisfied that the record of the lower court }{\insrsid16154103\charrsid16154103 shows that the destru}{\insrsid16154103 ction of the property on the}{\insrsid16154103\charrsid16154103 kibanja}{\insrsid16154103 in question}{\insrsid16154103\charrsid16154103 was unlawfully and willfully brought about}{\insrsid14963175 .}{ \insrsid16154103 \par }{\insrsid14963175 \par With regard to the third issue }{\b\insrsid14963175\charrsid14963175 (i.e. whether the record of the lower court reveals t}{\b\insrsid16606380 hat the appellant was implicated}{\b\insrsid14963175\charrsid14963175 in the destruction of the above property) }{\b\insrsid14963175 }{\insrsid14963175\charrsid14963175 Court has this to say:}{\insrsid14963175 As already poi}{\insrsid3874298 nted out the appellant is the registered proprietor of the Mailo interest on which the kibanja in question is found.}{ \insrsid14687087 However,}{\insrsid3874298 N}{\insrsid8326165 a}{\insrsid3874298 kiberu testified that as soon as}{\insrsid8326165 Wasswa (}{\insrsid14687087 the original registered proprietor}{\insrsid3874298 of the}{\insrsid8326165 above}{ \insrsid3874298 Mailo interest}{\insrsid8326165 )}{\insrsid10706052 sold}{\insrsid881456 his}{\insrsid10706052 interest}{\insrsid881456 in the land}{\insrsid3874298 to the appellant}{\insrsid8326165 , she}{\insrsid881456 received threats of eviction from the}{\insrsid14687087 kibanja}{\insrsid881456 in question}{\insrsid16130649 . S}{\insrsid3358072 he}{\insrsid16130649 , then,}{\insrsid3358072 reported}{\insrsid3874298 the matt}{\insrsid14438867 er to the Administrator-General,}{\insrsid16130649 but}{\insrsid3358072 }{\insrsid13856277 she }{\insrsid16130649 subsequently lost the said}{\insrsid13856277 kiba}{\insrsid3358072 nja}{\insrsid16130649 ;}{\insrsid3358072 and}{\insrsid16130649 all }{ \insrsid10706052 her buildings}{\insrsid16130649 on it}{\insrsid13856277 were destroyed.}{\insrsid8326165 Nankya, the Administrator-General\rquote s representative confirmed the truthfulness of }{\insrsid2259018 Nakiberu\rquote s testimony. Nankya}{ \insrsid10777687 further pointed out that her office responded to the above}{\insrsid1726099 threats}{\insrsid10777687 }{\insrsid1726099 by warning}{\insrsid8326165 the }{\insrsid1726099 appellant against evicting Nakiberu without }{\insrsid10706052 co}{\insrsid1726099 mpensating her}{\insrsid8326165 .}{\insrsid1726099 \par \par In cross-examining the above witnesses, t}{\insrsid13856277 he}{\insrsid10706052 appellant}{\insrsid4076418 did not challenge the}{\insrsid1726099 m in respect of the }{\insrsid13856277 above}{\insrsid1726099 areas. In addition,}{\insrsid10706052 even}{\insrsid1726099 in his}{\insrsid9919258 defence}{\insrsid1726099 the appellant}{\insrsid9919258 d}{\insrsid10706052 id not}{\insrsid13856277 deny that }{\insrsid10706052 he}{\insrsid13856277 was t}{\insrsid4944752 he moving force behind the}{ \insrsid13856277 th}{\insrsid4076418 reats}{\insrsid4944752 that preceded Nakiberu\rquote s eviction from the kibanja in question}{\insrsid4076418 . }{\insrsid10706052 \par \par In all, therefore,}{\insrsid15927306 the above evidence}{\insrsid9919258 sets up }{\insrsid14438867 a collection of}{\insrsid9919258 strong circumstantial }{\insrsid4076418 evidence implicating}{\insrsid9919258 the appellant in}{\insrsid4076418 t}{ \insrsid15927306 he eviction of Nakiberu from her kibanja and}{\insrsid7696675 the}{\insrsid15927306 destruction of the buildings thereon}{\insrsid7696675 . In any case}{\insrsid10036847 , when one considers}{\insrsid10706052 all the}{\insrsid7696675 important}{\insrsid10706052 events }{\insrsid7696675 preceding}{\insrsid12732162 the said}{\insrsid10706052 }{\insrsid12732162 eviction}{\insrsid7696675 (including}{\insrsid3298426 Wasswa}{\insrsid7696675 \rquote s demise in 2006 - i.e. Wasswa}{ \insrsid3298426 the former owner of the Mailo interest}{\insrsid7696675 in question}{\insrsid3298426 )}{\insrsid10036847 this}{\insrsid7696675 burning}{\insrsid4076418 question}{\insrsid10036847 inevitably comes to mind:}{\insrsid7696675 Who else had an}{\insrsid4076418 interest}{\insrsid7344067 in}{\insrsid4076418 evict}{\insrsid7344067 ing}{\insrsid4076418 Nakiberu from the}{\insrsid10036847 said kibanja}{\insrsid5052346 ?}{\insrsid4076418 The answer}{\insrsid5052346 to that question is very simple; and it}{\insrsid4076418 this: No one else, except t}{\insrsid7696675 he registered proprietor of the Mailo}{\insrsid4076418 interest}{\insrsid7696675 on which that kibanja was standing}{\insrsid3298426 i.e}{ \insrsid4076418 .}{\insrsid3298426 the appellant.}{\insrsid7696675 \par \par }{\insrsid5052346 Consequently, although there is no direct evidence}{\insrsid9578606 implicating }{\insrsid5052346 the appel}{\insrsid3298426 lant in the eviction of Nakiberu from her kibanja}{\insrsid7696675 and destruction o}{\insrsid10620768 f all her buildings thereon,}{\insrsid3298426 the circumstantial evidence available irresistibly point}{\insrsid11278952 s}{\insrsid10620768 to him as the mov}{\insrsid14560995 ing force behind that mayhe}{\insrsid10620768 m}{\insrsid3298426 . }{ \b\insrsid11278952 ((See Simon Musoke v R [1958] E. A. 715 and Teper v R. (2) [1952] A. C. 480 at page 489).}{\b\insrsid3298426\charrsid3298426 )}{\insrsid1073237 In short, the appellant cannot}{\insrsid11278952 escape criminal liability in respect of the offence under consideration. }{\insrsid9578606 \par \par }{\insrsid4263581 In conclusion}{\insrsid9578606 this Cour}{\insrsid4263581 t has no choice, but to make a finding}{\insrsid9578606 that}{\b\insrsid9578606\charrsid9578606 }{\insrsid9578606\charrsid9578606 the record of the lower court reveals that the appellant was implicated in the destruction of the above property}{\insrsid9578606 .}{\insrsid4076418\charrsid9578606 }{\insrsid3634721 \par \par With regard to the fourth issue }{\b\insrsid3634721\charrsid11026037 (i.e. whether section 7 of the Penal Code Act (Cap. 12}{\b\insrsid1604753 0}{\b\insrsid3634721\charrsid11026037 ) protects the appellant)}{\b\insrsid14568061 }{ \insrsid14568061\charrsid14568061 Court has}{\insrsid14568061 this to say: F}{\insrsid3634721 or the sake of clarity, it is wise to take }{\insrsid5922568 a good look at}{\insrsid3634721 the above law before going}{\insrsid5922568 into a discussion touching it}{\insrsid3634721 . For that reason Court will, }{\insrsid5922568 below, reproduce that law}{\insrsid3634721 verbatim: }{\insrsid9919258\charrsid9578606 }{\insrsid5922568 \par \par }{\b\i\insrsid5922568\charrsid5922568 \'937. Claim of right. \par \par A}{\b\i\insrsid5922568 person is not c riminally responsible in respect of an offence relating to property if the act done or omitted to be done by the person with respect to the property was done in the exercise of an honest claim of right and without intention to defraud.\'94 \par \par }{\insrsid5922568\charrsid5922568 Mr.}{\insrsid8326165\charrsid5922568 }{\insrsid5922568 Mutabingwa was of the opinion that because the appellant was the registe}{\insrsid853038 red proprietor of the Mailo}{\insrsid5922568 interest on which the kibanja in question}{\insrsid1073237 was}{\insrsid853038 found,}{\insrsid5922568 section 7 of the Penal Code (Cap. 120)}{\insrsid853038 effectively}{\insrsid5922568 insulated him from culpability}{\insrsid853038 in respect of the offence under consideration. Mr. Byansi thought otherwise}{\insrsid7671715 . In his view,}{\insrsid853038 the evidence on the record of the lower court showed that the appellant intended to}{\insrsid12852488 defraud Nakiberu by evicting her without compensating her. \par \par With respect, this Court does not agree with Mr. Mutabingwa\rquote s interpretation of the above law. In Court\rquote s opinion, the above law}{\insrsid14568061 does not apply}{\insrsid15533117 where the property}{\insrsid3826159 in question}{ \insrsid14568061 is}{\insrsid12852488 the subject}{\insrsid7671715 of multiple interests}{\insrsid14568061 .}{\insrsid12852488 }{\insrsid15533117 I}{\insrsid15299960 n the instant case}{\insrsid3826159 ,}{\insrsid7671715 we have seen that}{ \insrsid3826159 much as the appellant had a registered interest in the land in question}{\insrsid2113348 ,}{\insrsid15299960 Nakiberu}{\insrsid2113348 too}{\insrsid3826159 had}{\insrsid15299960 a legitimate}{\insrsid2113348 interest o}{ \insrsid3826159 n that land as a kibanja holder.}{\insrsid15299960 Therefore,}{\insrsid7671715 the appellant ought to have respected Nakiberu\rquote s}{\insrsid2113348 said interest.}{\insrsid7671715 }{\insrsid3826159 \par }{\insrsid2113348 \par }{\insrsid3826159 Secondly}{\insrsid15299960 , Mr. Byansi was absolutely right in saying that the evidence on the record of the lower }{\insrsid330501 court reveals fraud on the appellant\rquote s part in that he threw}{\insrsid15299960 Nakiberu out of her kibanja without c}{\insrsid6165754 ompensating her. The Administrator-General\rquote s file, which is part of the lower court\rquote s record as }{\insrsid330501 (Exhibit P2) is clear. It shows}{\insrsid6165754 that the Administrator-General\rquote s office}{\insrsid15299960 warned}{\insrsid10166147 the }{\insrsid6165754 appellant against evicting Nakiberu from her kibanja without compensating her}{\insrsid10166147 .}{\insrsid6165754 However, the}{ \insrsid9839928 appellant did not heed}{\insrsid330501 that}{\insrsid9839928 warning!}{\insrsid10166147 He went ahead}{\insrsid330501 to}{\insrsid10166147 evi}{\insrsid330501 ct Nakiberu without}{\insrsid6165754 compensating her}{\insrsid10166147 . }{\insrsid13459037 }{\insrsid6366547 T}{\insrsid13459037 his was}{\insrsid6366547 not only dishonest, but it was also a serious breach}{\insrsid13459037 of the law. }{\b\insrsid13459037\charrsid13459037 (See Article 26 of the Constitution.)}{ \insrsid13459037 Consequently}{\insrsid6366547 , w}{\insrsid10166147 hat better evidence o}{\insrsid9839928 f fraud would one need}{\insrsid2113348 than that? Yet, a}{\insrsid330501 ccording to section 7 of the}{\insrsid6366547 Penal Code Act (Cap. 120) the presence of fraud would deny a person protection despite a claim of right he or she might have}{\insrsid10516776 in a given property}{\insrsid6366547 . }{\insrsid9839928 \par \par All in all,}{\insrsid2113348 therefore,}{\insrsid9839928 section 7}{\insrsid12852488 }{\insrsid9839928 of the Penal Code Act (Cap. 120) does not protect the appellant in the ci}{\insrsid16139650 rcumstances of this case. To hold}{\insrsid2113348 otherwise, would be}{\insrsid9839928 to encourage}{\insrsid2113348 high-handedness and}{\insrsid9839928 lawlessness in}{\insrsid16139650 cases of this nature. \par \par With regard regard to the fifth issue }{\b\insrsid16139650\charrsid16139650 (i.e. the available remedies)}{\insrsid16139650 Court has this to say}{\insrsid2780756 : Since }{\insrsid16139650 Court has }{\insrsid2780756 resolved all the}{\insrsid3561549 five}{\insrsid16139650 issues}{\insrsid3561549 listed above}{\insrsid16139650 }{\insrsid2780756 against the appellant}{\insrsid16139650 , it means that the appeal herein}{\insrsid13435008 has failed. Therefore, that appeal}{\insrsid749423 is hereby dismissed. The conviction of the appellant and the sentences the lower court passed against him}{\insrsid13435008 shall remain standing}{\insrsid749423 . \par \par However}{\insrsid13435008 it should be remembered}{\insrsid14569361 that}{\insrsid13435008 the appellant\rquote s}{\insrsid16338811 high-handedness and}{\insrsid13435008 lawlessness}{\insrsid749423 caused}{\insrsid14569361 Nakiberu, a total}{ \insrsid7938905 ly innocent person}{\insrsid749423 ,}{\insrsid14569361 t}{\insrsid1509495 o suffer}{\insrsid749423 material loss in that}{\insrsid16338811 all}{\insrsid13435008 her buildings}{\insrsid14569361 were}{\insrsid16338811 completely}{ \insrsid14569361 destroyed}{\insrsid13435008 . For that reason,}{\insrsid14569361 it is only fa}{\insrsid749423 ir that the appellant pays Nakiberu}{\insrsid14569361 some reasonable compensation}{\insrsid16338811 in respect of that loss}{ \insrsid13435008 .}{\insrsid1399667 \par \par Taking into account all}{\insrsid14569361 ,}{\insrsid1399667 therefore,}{\insrsid13435008 this Court hereby orders as follows: T}{\insrsid13651965 he appellant shall}{\insrsid13435008 also}{\insrsid14569361 pay Nakiberu a sum of shillings}{ \insrsid16338811 5}{\insrsid7604801 0,000,000/= as compensati}{\insrsid16338811 on in respect of all her}{\insrsid13435008 buildings}{\insrsid13651965 , which}{\insrsid13435008 the appellant}{\insrsid7604801 destroyed on 18}{ \super\insrsid7604801\charrsid7604801 th}{\insrsid7604801 February 2007.}{\insrsid1399667 \par \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1399667 {\insrsid1399667 The above amount of money is generally based on two things: (a) the estimated value of the buildings destroyed; and (b) the estimated cost of land in Ntinda, which is a popular residential area that is very near the city. However, this Court must emphasize that the}{\insrsid9202542 above figure is only a}{\insrsid1399667 rough estimate}{\insrsid9202542 that is}{\insrsid1399667 supposed to place something into the hands of Nakiberu for th}{\insrsid9202542 e time being. Indeed, the true}{\insrsid1399667 amount in terms of money representing }{\insrsid9202542 the actual loss Nakiberu}{\insrsid1399667 suffered could be very much higher than the abo}{\insrsid9202542 ve sum of money; and Nakiberu}{\insrsid1399667 is free to seek other remedies}{ \insrsid9202542 to realize that figure}{\insrsid1399667 . \par \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16154103 {\insrsid8521565 The}{\insrsid13651965 power to make the above}{\insrsid1509495 O}{\insrsid7604801 rder}{\insrsid8521565 is derived}{ \insrsid7604801 from section 197(1) of the Magistrate\rquote s Courts Act (Cap. 16) and section 34(2)(b) of the Criminal Procedure Code (Cap. 116).}{\insrsid1509495 }{\insrsid1399667 \par \par }{\insrsid7353258 \par \par }{\insrsid11345519 \par \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11345519 {\insrsid11345519 E. S. Lugayizi (J) \par }{\insrsid1595703 2/12}{\insrsid11345519 /2008 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11345519 {\insrsid11345519 }{\b\insrsid11345519\charrsid2822589 Read before}{\insrsid11345519 : At}{\insrsid7938905 10.16 a.m.}{\insrsid11345519

\par }{\insrsid7938905 Appellant \par The complainant \par Ms. Nakigudde for the DPP \par Mr. Mutabingwa for the appellant \par Ms. Aceng c/clerk \par }{\insrsid11345519 \par \par \par E. S. Lugayizi (J) \par }{\insrsid1595703 2/12}{\insrsid11345519 /2008 \par }{\insrsid5183065 \par R/A explained \par \par \par E. S. Lugayizi (J) \par }{\insrsid15613472 2/12/2008 \par }{\insrsid5183065 \par \par \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16154103 {\insrsid16139650 }{\insrsid9839928 }{\insrsid853038 }{\insrsid5922568 }{\insrsid14963175\charrsid5922568 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13108348 {\insrsid10515592 }{\insrsid4198043 \par \par \par }{\insrsid4198043\charrsid4198043 }{\insrsid16265009\charrsid4198043 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\insrsid11413773 \par }}