Mushikoma Watete & 3 Ors V Uganda (Criminal Appeal No. 63 of 1998) [1999] UGCA 10 (8 November 1999)

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{\field{\*\fldinst {\cs17\insrsid3020657 PAGE }}{\fldrslt {\cs17\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid3226256 1}}}{\cs17\insrsid3020657 \par }\pard \s16\ql \li0\ri360\widctlpar\tqc\tx4153\tqr\tx8306\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin360\lin0\itap0\pararsid3020657 {\insrsid3020657 \par }}{\*\pnseclvl1\pnucrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl2\pnucltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl3\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl4\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta )}} {\*\pnseclvl5\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl6\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl7\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl8 \pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl9\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \s15\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1 \widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3020657 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid3020657 THE }{ \b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid3020657 REPUBLIC }{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid3020657 OF UGANDA \line IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF UGANDA AT KAMPALA \line CRIMINAL APPEAL NO. 63/98 \line }{ \b\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid3020657 CORAM: }{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid3020657 HON. MR. JUSTICE C. M. KTO, JA \line }{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid3020657 }{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid3020657 HON. }{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid3020657 LADY }{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid3020657 JUSTICE A. E. MPAGI-BAHIGEINE,JA \line }{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid3020657 }{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid3020657 HON. MR. JUSTICE J}{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid3020657 . P. BERKO, JA \par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3020657 {\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid3020657 1. MUSHIKOMA WATETE) \line }{ \b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid3020657 2. KAKALA }{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid3020657 MUKHW}{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid3020657 ANA }{ \b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid3020657 ) }{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid3020657 \'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85}{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid3020657 APPELLANTS \line 3. FRANCIS }{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid3020657 MUKHW}{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid3020657 ANA }{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid3020657 ) \line 4. LAWRENCE NATSEBA ) \line }{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid3020657 \par }\pard \s15\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3020657 {\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid3020657 VERSUS \line UGANDA}{ \b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid3020657 \'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85}{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid144769 RESPONDENT \line (Ap}{ \b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid3020657 peal from the judgment and}{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid144769 decision of the Hi\'e7h Court of }{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid3020657 Uganda H}{ \b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid144769 olden at ale delivered on the 6}{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\super\langnp1033\insrsid144769\charrsid144769 th}{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid3020657 }{ \b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid3020657 day }{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid3020657 of N}{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid144769 ovember 1998 }{ \b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid3020657 by the Hon. Ju}{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid144769 dge Augustus Kania in Criminal }{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid3020657 Session Case No. 283 of 1997) \line }{\b\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid3020657\charrsid3020657 \par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3020657 {\b\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid144769\charrsid3020657 J}{ \b\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid3020657 UDGMENT }{\b\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid3020657 OF THE COURT: }{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid3020657 \line }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid985413 The four appellants were tried and convicted on 6/11/98 on an indictment which charged them with the offence of murder and sentenced to death. \line }{ \b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid144769 \par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid985413 {\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid985413 The brief facts}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid144769 are that sometime in December }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid985413 1995 the elders of Bumusho Parish convened a meeting at which it was decided to deal with those w ho practise witchcraft in the area. The names of suspected witches and wizards were compiled. It was also resolved at the meeting to select young men who would kill the suspected witches and wizards. The appellants attended the meeting. On the 6/12/95 the deceased was arrested around 4p.}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid144769 m. by a mob armed with pangas, }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid985413 clubs and sticks on an allegation that her brother had kept with her his bag containing instruments of witchcraft. They took her to Bushiko sub-county headquarters whilst beinq assaulted wi th pangas and clubs. All appellants were among the mob. From Bushika sub-county the deceased wa}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid144769 s taken to Bududa. Or the way to }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid985413 Bududa the second appellant was alleged to have cut the deceased on the side of the head with a panga whilst the third and fort h appellants assaulted her with clubs and stones At Bududa Trading Centre one Waringa Wakoko cut the deceased on the head and she collapsed. She was picked up and dumped at the Bududa Police Post where she died. The mob fled when the police approached the m}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid144769 . It took sometime before the }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid985413 appellants were arrested and charged. \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid144769 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid985413 At the trial, all the appellants gave unsworn statements. The first appellant, Natseba Lawrence, said that he was arrested from his home on the 3/2/97 at 3.00 a.m. He denied having pa rticipated in the murder of the deceased. He stated hat he did not stay in Kikhohcvillage most of the time as he was re/ident at Mbale. The second a}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid144769 ppellant, Nakhokho Peter alias }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid985413 Mushikoma Watete}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid144769 , said that he was arrested on }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid985413 17/2/96 on an allegation that he had gone to the home of one Sam Nambaale and threatened to kill him. While that case was pending he was charged with other offences which were alleged to have been committed in 1995. He said he w}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid144769 as surprised of being accused o}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid985413 f an offence committed in 1995 and yet he was at home all those years. The third appellant, Kakala Mukhwana Fred, stated that he travel}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid144769 led from his home in Bumasisho }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid985413 village on the 12/10/96 and cam}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid144769 e to Mbale to visit his sister - in - }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid985413 law. He was arrested by the police at the car park where he had gone to look for transport to return to his village. He denied the offence. \line }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid144769 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid985413 The fourt}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid144769 h appellant, Francis Mukhwana, }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid985413 stated that he took his sick wife to Bududa \line Hospital where s}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid144769 he was admitted on the 6/12/95 }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid985413 and whilst he }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid144769 was busy looking for what the }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid985413 hospital ha}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid144769 d asked him to bring he met RC }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid985413 officials and one}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid144769 Sam Nambaale and a boy called }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid985413 Mutege who had be}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid144769 en arrested and tied up with a }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid985413 rope. He was to}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid144769 ld that the boy was found with }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid985413 another person whom they suspected had a gun. \par They had saved the boy and were taking him to the police. He went to his home and found that many homes were being searched. He went back to the hospital until the searches were over. He was arrested on the 22/8/97. He denied the charge. \line }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid144769 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid985413 The appellants called three police officers in support of their defence. D/AIP Ogwang Johnson produced in}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid144769 evidence the first and second }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid985413 information that were recorded by the Police. The first information was given by one Khankha Joseph on 7/12/95 and was t o the effect that his sister-in-law Kibone Mary had been killed by a mob of unknown people. The second information was given by Sam Nambaale and was to the effect that his sister Kibone Christine had been killed by Lawrence Matsebu and George Waringa. and others. D/AIP Owori Charles and D/AIP Elibu, all of CPS}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid144769 in Mbale were called to put in evidence }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid985413 the charge and caution statements of the appellants. We shall revert to the significance of their evid}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid144769 ence later in the judgment. }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid985413 \line }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid144769 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid985413 The learned trial judge accepted the prosecution case, rejected the defence and convicted the appellants. \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid144769 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid985413 The grounds of the appeal are that: \line }{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid144769 \par }\pard \s15\ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid144769 {\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid985413 (1) }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid144769 \tab }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid985413 the H}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid144769 onourable trial judge erred in }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid985413 law and fact when he failed to \line care}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid144769 fully evaluate the evidence of }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid985413 the single identifying witness and \line thu}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid144769 s held that the appellants had }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid985413 been properly identified, \line }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid144769 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid985413 (2) }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid144769 \tab }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid985413 the Honourable trial judge erred in law and fact when he held that the appellants were guilty without prope}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid144769 rly evaluating the evidence of }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid985413 alibi set up by the appellants, }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid144769 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid985413 (3) }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid144769 \tab }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid985413 the Honourable trial judge erred in law and fact when he held that the deceased had died of cut wounds whereas there was no evidence to that effect, and \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid144769 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid985413 (4) }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid144769 \tab }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid985413 the trial judge failed to resolve the grave inconsistenies in the prosecution case. \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid144769 \par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid144769 {\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid985413 At the h earing, ground four was abandoned, and quite rightly so, as learned counsel for the appellants }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid144769 was unable to point out any }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid985413 inconsistencies in the prosecution\rquote s case. T}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid144769 he evidence was straight and co-}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid985413 ordinated. Though grounds one and two were argued sep arately, they can conveniently be considered together as they dealt with the issue of identification. \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid144769 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid985413 According to }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid144769 appellants\rquote counsel, Ms. Diana }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid985413 Musoke, evidence of identification of the \line appellants depend}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid144769 ed on the evidence of a single }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid985413 identifying witnes}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid144769 s. In counsel\rquote s view PW 2, the }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid985413 Parish Chie}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid144769 f, to whom the mob brought the }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid985413 deceased, ne}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid144769 ver mentioned the names of the }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid985413 appellants as bei}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid144769 ng among those who brought the }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid985413 deceased. It w}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid144769 as only PW 3 who said that the }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid985413 appellants were among the mob who cam}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid144769 e and }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid985413 grabbed the decea}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid144769 sed. In her view since the mob }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid985413 consisted of over f}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid144769 ifty people, it was impossible }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid985413 for PW 3 to id}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid144769 entify who did what and as the }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid985413 witness was able to give a detailed account of \line what each a}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid144769 ppellant did, her evidence was }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid985413 suspect. For that reason the judge ought not to \line have accep}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid144769 ted her evidence. Counsel also }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid985413 attacked the learned trial judge for not \line considering t}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid144769 he alibi set up by each of the }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid985413 appellant. \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid144769 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid985413 We do not accept the arguments of appellants\rquote Counsel that the appellants w ere identified by one single identifying witness. The evidence of PW 2 shows that the deceased was brought to him at the sub-county headquarters at 5p.m. The deceased was being held about 8 metres away from where he was and he could see how she was bei ng held. He then continued: \par }\pard \s15\ql \li720\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid144769 {\b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid985413 \'93 A4 was holding the left hand, A3 the right hand, A4 had a }{\b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid144769 club}{\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid985413 }{ \b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid985413 while A3 had a panga, A2 had a club so }{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid985413 had }{\b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid985413 A5. A4}{ \b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11878177 was beating the deceased with t}{\b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid985413 he panga all over }{\b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid11878177 the}{ \b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid985413 }{\b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid985413 body. He was using the flat side of the panga. I saw A2 assa ult the deceased with the club in the back and buttocks. A2 had a club and assaulted the deceased in the back and legs. A5 first pushed the deceased down.\'94 \line }{\b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11878177 \par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11878177 {\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid985413 The above evidence was elicited from PW 2 in cross examination. It is therefore not correct to say that PW 2 did not mention the names of the appellants as part of the mob that assaulted the deceased on the 6/12/95. \line }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11878177 \par The second }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid985413 identifying witness was EW 3. Her evidence was that she was sewing with her mother, the deceased, on the 6/12/95 at Kikholo}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11878177 Trading }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid985413 Centre when many people armed with sticks, pangas, and stones came and surrounded her. Her mother got frightened and when she was trying t}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11878177 o flee the people grabbed her. A}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid985413 mong those who grabbed her mother were Waninga Wakoko, Natseba Lawrence ( A2), Mushikoma Watete (A3), Mukhwana Kalala (A4), Mukwana Tomasi, Mutsaka Wandyembe, Menne Matete, Buhama Watwekere and others. She said she followed them for some distance when they started to}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11878177 assault her mother. The first }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid985413 person to hit the deceased was Waninja Wakoko. \line Lawrence Mats}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11878177 ebu hit her back with a panga, }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid985413 Mushikoma Watete}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11878177 hit her buttocks with a club, }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid985413 Mukhwana Makala hit}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11878177 her chest with a stone whilst }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid985413 Mukhwana Tomasi }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11878177 hit on the head. She said that }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid11878177 A2}{\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid985413 , }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid985413 A3, A4 and A5 were her cousins. That was}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11878177 not }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid985413 challenged by the appellants. \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11878177 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid985413 According to this witness the incident started at the}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11878177 Trading Centre at about 4p.m. }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid985413 They reached the sub-county headquarters around 5p.m. The deceased was finally dumped at Bududa Police Post at about 8p.m. The app ellants therefore had been under observation for about four hours. \par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid985413 {\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid985413 The learned trial judge, after referring to the prosecution evidence on identification, correc}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11878177 tly directed his mind on law on}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid985413 evidence of identification and guidelines for insuring that conditions existed for correct identification. He referred, in particular, to the cases of }{\b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid985413 Abdalla bin Wendo and Another v R (1953) 20 EACA, 166 Roria v Republic (1967) EA 583, }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11878177 and }{\b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid985413 Abdalla }{ \b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid985413 Nabulere }{\b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11878177 and others v Uganda, Criminal }{\b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid985413 Appeal No. 12 of 1981. }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid985413 T}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11878177 o these may be added }{\b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid985413 Patrick Isimbwa and Another v Uganda}{ \b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11878177 Cr. Appi. }{\b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid985413 No. 13 of 1991 (SCU) unreported }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid985413 and }{ \b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid985413 Uganda}{\b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11878177 v }{\b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid985413 George Wilson }{ \b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11878177 Simbwa Cr. App. No. 37 of 1995 }{\b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid985413 (SCU) unreported. \line }{\b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11878177 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid985413 Briefly, the law is that although identification of an accused person can be proved by the testimony }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11878177 of a single witness, this does }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid985413 not lessen the need for testing with the greatest care the evidence of such a witness regarding identification, especiaLly when conditions favouring correct identification are difficult. Circumst ances to be taken into account include the presence and nature of light; whether the accused person is known to the witness before the incident or not; the length of time and opportunity the witness had to see the accused and the distance between them. Wh e}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11878177 re conditions}{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid985413 }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid985413 are unfavourable for correct identification, what is needed is other evidence pointing to guilt from which it can be reasonably concluded that the evidence of identification can safely be accepted as free from possibility of error. The tr ue test is not whether the evidence of such a witness is reliable. A witness may be truthful and his evidence apparently reliable and yet there is still the risk of an honest mistake particularly in id}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11878177 entification. The true test is }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid985413 whether the evidence can be accepted as free from possibility of error. \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11878177 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid985413 The position of the law, where the case against the accused person depends wholly or substantially on correctness of identification of one or more witnesses, can be found in the case of Abadala Nabulere (Supra) . In that case the former Court of Appeal of Uganda put}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11878177 }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid985413 it this way: }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11878177 \par }\pard \s15\ql \li720\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11878177 {\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11878177 \'93}{ \b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid985413 Where the case against an accused depends wholly or substantially on the correctness of one or more identifications of an accused, which the defence disputes, the judge should warn himself and the assessors of the special need for caution before convicting accused in reliance of the correct identification or identifications. The reason for the special caution is that there is possibility that a mistaken witness can b a convincing}{\b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11878177 one, that even anumber of such witnesses can all}{\b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid985413 be mistaken. The judge should then examine clearly the circumstance }{\b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid11878177 the}{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid985413 }{\b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid985413 identification came to be made, particularly the length of time, the distance, the light, the familiarity of the witness with the accused. All these factors go to the quality of the identification evidence. If }{ \b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid11878177 the}{\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid985413 }{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid985413 quality }{ \b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid985413 is good }{\b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid11878177 the}{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid985413 }{ \b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid985413 danger of mistaken identity is reduced, but the poorer the quality the greater the danger\'94. }{\b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11878177 \par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid985413 {\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid985413 In the instant cas e there were two identifying witnesses. The first one was PW 2, Davis Warnanial. As we have already seen from his evidence, he knew all the appellants very well. He was formerly their Parish Chief and he knew the village of each of the appellant. He saw a ll the appellants at the meeting convened by the elders at which it was resolved to deal with people in the area }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11878177 who practice witchcraft. He }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid985413 saw the deceas}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11878177 ed and her assailants at about }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid985413 5p.m. when}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11878177 she was brought to Bushika sub-}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid985413 county headquarters where she was assaulted with clubs and pangas. He said that the assailants were only 8 metres away from him. He described in detail the part each appellant playe}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11878177 d in the whole sordid episode. \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid985413 PW 2\rquote s evidence was not chall}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11878177 ened by putting to him in cross-}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid985413 exami nation that he did not see what he said he saw, and that he did not know the appellants before the incident. \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11878177 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid985413 The second identifying witness was PW 3. As we have already no}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11878177 ted from her evidence, she was }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid985413 with the deceased when she was grabbed at 4p.m. S he followed the mob from that time until 8p.m. when the deceased was finally dumped at the police post. She said the appellants were her cousins. She therefore had an opportunity to observe the appellants from 4p.m. to 8p.m., a period :of four hours. A gr eater part: of the period was broad day light. \line }{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11878177 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid985413 PW 3 w}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11878177 as similarly not challenged in cross-}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid985413 examination that she did not witness what she said she witnessed, and that the appellants were not related to her. \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11878177 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid985413 The learned trial judge, after reviewing the evidence of PW 2 and PW 3 and testing it against the safeguards laid down in the decided cases, found that the conditions for correct identification ex}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11878177 isted. He therefore found that }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid985413 the appellants were correctly identified by PW 2 and PW 3 as being part of the mob which arrested, assaulted and caused the unlawful death of the deceased. \line }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11878177 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid985413 There is no doubt that the learned trial judge properly directed himself as to the law applicable to evidence of identification by one or more witnesses. \line }{ \b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11878177 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid985413 On the evidence of PW 2 and PW 3 we are satisfied that conditions for correct identification of the appellants by PW 2 and PW 3 existed, as such ruled out any mistaken identification of}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11878177 the appellants by them. In the }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid985413 circumstances, our view is that ground one of the appeal must fail. This, we think, also disposes of ground 2 in so far as the first, second and third appellants are concerned. The reason being that they did not set up an alibi as a defence. Learned counsel for the appellants was therefore wrong in crit icising the learned trial judge for not considering the alibi set up by the first, second and third appellants. \line }{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid985413 \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid985413 It was the fourth appellant who put up a defence of alibi, but we agree that the evidence of PW 2 and PW 3 puts him at the scene of the crime. His alibi therefore must collapse: See }{\b\i\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid985413 Siraji Sajjabi v Uganda Cr. App. No. 31 of 1989. }{\b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid985413 \line }{\b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11878177 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid985413 A common argument put up on behalf of all the appellants by Mr. }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11878177 Owori, who represented them at }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid985413 the trial, was that they could not. have p.articipated in the mur der as they were arrested long after the incident even though they claimed to have been at Bushika all the time. The explanation given by the appellants\rquote own witne}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11878177 ss, D/AIP Ebilu, was that the }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid985413 suspects in connection with this case could not be arrested immediately because they had either been arrested in connection with other offences or they could not be found. This e}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11878177 xplanation was accepted by the }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid985413 learned trial judge, and quite rightly so, as there is evidence that a lot of killings of suspected witc hes and wizards took place in the area at that time and that some of the appellants were arrested in connection with some of those killings. \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11878177 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid985413 Ground two also fails. \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11878177 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid985413 Ground three challenged the conclusion of the medical evidence that the cause of death }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11878177 was due }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid985413 to internal brain haemorrhage in view of the admission by the doctor, in cross examination, that the post mortem examination was not thorough as he did not have facilities to carry out internal examination. The evidence of PW }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid11878177 3}{\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid985413 }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid985413 shows that the dec eased was cut on the heed at Bududa Trading Centre and she collapsed.. Se died not long after that. \line PW 4 found cut wounds on the head and bruises on the arms. The doctor found that the bone in the head was broken and therefore the possibility of blood going into it cannot be ruled out. In our view the con}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid3226256 clusion of the doctor that the }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid985413 deceased died of internal brain haemorrhage is supported by evidence on record. A part from the medical evidence, the evidence of the eye witness shows that the deceased died at the hands of the appellants. We therefore do not see any merit in }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid3226256 ground three, which must fail. \par I}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid985413 n }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid3226256 the}{\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid985413 }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid985413 event the appeal is dismissed. \line \line Dated at Kampala this }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid3226256 9}{\lang1033\langfe2057\super\langnp1033\insrsid3226256\charrsid3226256 th}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid3226256 }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid985413 day}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid3226256 of November 1999.}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413\charrsid985413 \line }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid985413 \par }\pard \s15\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3226256 {\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid3226256 C. M. Kato \par Justice of Appeal. \par A. E. Mpagi-Bahigeine \par Justice of Appeal \par J. P. Berko \par Justice of Appeal.}{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid3226256\charrsid3226256 \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid985413 \fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\fs24\insrsid14750223\charrsid985413 \par }}