Musiitwa Lubega v Uganda (Criminal Appeal No. 73 of 2003) [2009] UGCA 5 (22 March 2009)

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{\nofpages9}{\nofwords2306}{\nofchars13149}{\nofcharsws15425}{\vern24689}}\widowctrl\ftnbj\aenddoc\noxlattoyen\expshrtn\noultrlspc\dntblnsbdb\nospaceforul\formshade\horzdoc\dgmargin\dghspace180\dgvspace180\dghorigin1800\dgvorigin1440\dghshow1\dgvshow1 \jexpand\viewkind1\viewscale100\pgbrdrhead\pgbrdrfoot\splytwnine\ftnlytwnine\nolnhtadjtbl\useltbaln\alntblind\lytcalctblwd\lyttblrtgr\lnbrkrule\nobrkwrptbl\snaptogridincell\allowfieldendsel\wrppunct\asianbrkrule \rsidroot2180962\newtblstyruls\nogrowautofit \fet0{\*\ftnsep \pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid2648913 \chftnsep \par }}{\*\ftnsepc \pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid2648913 \chftnsepc \par }}{\*\aftnsep \pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 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.}}{\*\pnseclvl3\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl4\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta )}} {\*\pnseclvl5\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl6\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl7\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl8 \pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl9\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \qc \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3933553 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\insrsid6701740\charrsid3933553 THE REPUBLIC OF UGANDA \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3933553 {\b\insrsid14753229\charrsid3933553 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3933553 {\b\insrsid6701740\charrsid3933553 IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF UGANDA, AT KAMPALA \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3933553 {\b\insrsid6701740\charrsid3933553 \par CORAM: \par \tab \tab HON. JUSTICE A. E. N. MPAGI-BAHIGEINE, JA \par }{\b\insrsid15033401\charrsid3933553 \tab \tab HON. JUSTICE C. N. B. KITUMBA,}{\b\insrsid6701740\charrsid3933553 JA \par \tab \tab HON. JUSTICE A. S. NSHIMYE, JA \par \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3933553 {\b\i\ul\insrsid14237840\charrsid3933553 CRIMINAL APPEAL NO 73/2003}{\b\i\ul\insrsid6701740\charrsid3933553 \par }{\b\i\insrsid4095659\charrsid3933553 (HCT-04-CR-SC 265/2002) \par }{\b\i\ul\insrsid14237840\charrsid3933553 \par }{\b\insrsid14237840\charrsid3933553 MUSIITWA LUBEGA :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: APPELLANT \par }{\b\i\insrsid14237840\charrsid3933553 VERSUS \par }{\b\insrsid14237840\charrsid3933553 UGANDA ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: RESPONDENT \par }{\b\ul\insrsid6701740\charrsid3933553 \par }{\b\ul\insrsid4994600\charrsid3933553 JUDGEMENT OF THE COURT}{\b\ul\insrsid2180962\charrsid3933553 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3933553 {\b\insrsid2180962\charrsid3933553 \par }{\insrsid2180962\charrsid3933553 This appeal is against the conviction and death sentence, passed }{\insrsid2116414\charrsid3933553 on the appellant }{\insrsid2180962\charrsid3933553 by the High Court at Tororo, for the offence of robbery contrary to }{ \b\i\insrsid2180962\charrsid3933553 sections 285}{\insrsid2180962\charrsid3933553 and }{\b\i\insrsid2180962\charrsid3933553 286(2) }{\insrsid2180962\charrsid3933553 &}{\b\i\insrsid2180962\charrsid3933553 (3)}{\insrsid2180962\charrsid3933553 of the }{ \b\i\insrsid2180962\charrsid3933553 Penal Code Act}{\insrsid2180962\charrsid3933553 : \par \par The facts were as follows. On 18}{\super\insrsid2180962\charrsid3933553 th}{\insrsid2180962\charrsid3933553 August 2001, at around}{\insrsid4095659\charrsid3933553 9:00 a.m }{\insrsid1928415\charrsid3933553 the appellant}{ \insrsid4095659\charrsid3933553 ,}{\insrsid1928415\charrsid3933553 No. RA 33904 Sgt Lubega Musitwa}{\insrsid4095659\charrsid3933553 ,}{\insrsid1928415\charrsid3933553 was at Tororo special \endash hire stage where he pretended t o hire motor vehicle Registration No. 927 UCK from its driver}{\insrsid2116414\charrsid3933553 ,}{\insrsid1928415\charrsid3933553 Angino Patrick, at a charge of Shs. 5,000/=}{\insrsid2116414\charrsid3933553 ,}{\insrsid1928415\charrsid3933553 to go and carry his property from Rubongi barracks.}{\insrsid2180962\charrsid3933553 \par }{\insrsid1928415\charrsid3933553 \par The driver, }{\insrsid2116414\charrsid3933553 leaving behind his turn boy at the appellant\rquote s insistence}{\insrsid1928415\charrsid3933553 , }{\insrsid2116414\charrsid3933553 alone }{\insrsid1928415\charrsid3933553 drove the appellan t towards Rubongi barracks along Mulanda road. Before reaching the gate to the barracks, the appellant asked the driver to stop which he did. The appellant got out and proceeded to a nearby garden to talk to some women who were digging. He returned shortl y and, at gun point, forced the driver }{\insrsid7677386\charrsid3933553 out of the vehicle}{\insrsid4095659\charrsid3933553 or else lose his life}{\insrsid1928415\charrsid3933553 .}{\insrsid7677386\charrsid3933553 The driver ran off and reported to Police.}{\insrsid1928415\charrsid3933553 }{\insrsid7677386\charrsid3933553 The appellant}{\insrsid1928415\charrsid3933553 then sped off till the vehicle }{\insrsid7677386\charrsid3933553 automatically }{ \insrsid1928415\charrsid3933553 stopped at a trading centre, some distance near Mulanda, due to lack of fuel.}{\insrsid6688034\charrsid3933553 }{\insrsid2564495\charrsid3933553 \par }{\insrsid7677386\charrsid3933553 \par He abandoned the vehicle there}{\insrsid11806730\charrsid3933553 which made the villagers suspicious}{\insrsid7677386\charrsid3933553 . }{\insrsid11806730\charrsid3933553 They then set upon the appellant chasing}{\insrsid7677386\charrsid3933553 him and apprehended him. As they were about to lynch him, the police which had been alerted}{\insrsid11806730\charrsid3933553 about the robbery}{\insrsid7677386\charrsid3933553 arrived and arrested him. \par }{\insrsid7154918\charrsid3933553 \par They escorted him back to where he had abandoned the vehicle. A search of the bush by}{\insrsid2564495\charrsid3933553 the police}{\insrsid11806730\charrsid3933553 and L. Cs}{\insrsid2564495\charrsid3933553 re}{\insrsid7154918\charrsid3933553 vealed}{ \insrsid2564495\charrsid3933553 a pistol with three live ammunition}{\insrsid11806730\charrsid3933553 s in a magazine of 7.65 Mili}{\insrsid2564495\charrsid3933553 metres. He was charged accordingly. \par \par In his charge and caution statement, the appellant admitted having stolen the vehicle but denied using }{\insrsid11806730\charrsid3933553 a}{\insrsid2564495\charrsid3933553 gun.}{\insrsid93598\charrsid3933553 In court, however, he gave a rumbling protracted denial by way of defence.}{\insrsid2564495\charrsid3933553 \par \par Mr. Wilfred Mulumba represented the appellant }{\insrsid93598\charrsid3933553 while}{\insrsid2564495\charrsid3933553 Ms. Caroline Nabasa}{\insrsid93598\charrsid3933553 ,}{\insrsid2564495\charrsid3933553 Principal State Attorney}{ \insrsid93598\charrsid3933553 ,}{\insrsid2564495\charrsid3933553 was for the respondent. \par \par The memorandum of }{\insrsid1648552\charrsid3933553 appeal,}{\insrsid2564495\charrsid3933553 dated 21}{\super\insrsid2564495\charrsid3933553 st}{\insrsid93598\charrsid3933553 -01-09, comprises fiv}{\insrsid2564495\charrsid3933553 e grounds, namely}{ \insrsid11806730\charrsid3933553 that}{\insrsid2564495\charrsid3933553 : \par \par }\pard \qj \fi-720\li720\ri360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\tx8280\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin360\lin720\itap0\pararsid3933553 {\b\i\insrsid2564495\charrsid3933553 1.\tab The learned trial judge erred in law and fact when she held that the ingredient of theft was proved. \par \par 2.\tab The learned trial judge erred in law and fact when she held that a deadly weapon was used }{\b\i\insrsid1921079\charrsid3933553 by the appellant.}{\b\i\insrsid2564495\charrsid3933553 \par }{\b\i\insrsid1921079\charrsid3933553 \par 3.\tab The learned trial judge erred in law and fact by convicting the appellant without sufficient identification. \par \par 4.\tab The learned trial judge erred in law to convict the appellant basing herself among other thing}{\b\i\insrsid9135398\charrsid3933553 s}{\b\i\insrsid1921079\charrsid3933553 on the appellant}{\b\i\insrsid9135398\charrsid3933553 \rquote s}{ \b\i\insrsid1921079\charrsid3933553 defence weakness rather than on the strength of the respondent\rquote s case. \par \par 5.\tab The learned trial judge erred in law and fact in rejecting the appellant\rquote s alibi which had not been negatived by the prosecution and which ought to have raised a reasonable suspicion. \par }\pard \qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\tx8640\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid3933553 {\insrsid1921079\charrsid3933553 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3933553 {\insrsid8074284\charrsid3933553 \par }{\insrsid10449101\charrsid3933553 Arguing}{\insrsid5393252\charrsid3933553 ground No. }{\insrsid1921079\charrsid3933553 I}{\insrsid93598\charrsid3933553 , }{\insrsid1921079\charrsid3933553 Mr. Wilfred Mulumba, learned counsel, stated that the offence of theft had not been proved. The vehicle had not been proven to have been }{\i\insrsid1921079\charrsid3933553 \lquote permanently taken away\rquote }{\insrsid1921079\charrsid3933553 . }{ \insrsid11806730\charrsid3933553 I}{\insrsid1921079\charrsid3933553 t had been abandoned. }{\insrsid11806730\charrsid3933553 T}{\insrsid93598\charrsid3933553 he }{\insrsid1921079\charrsid3933553 owner, Geoffrey Owor Olowo, PW2}{ \insrsid11806730\charrsid3933553 ,}{\insrsid1921079\charrsid3933553 told Court the vehicle had been recovered. \par Mr. Mulumba }{\insrsid93598\charrsid3933553 further }{\insrsid1921079\charrsid3933553 took issue with the fact that it had not been exhibited in court and }{\insrsid93598\charrsid3933553 that }{\insrsid1921079\charrsid3933553 this unexplained omission}{ \insrsid6496762\charrsid3933553 created doubts as to whether there was an offence of theft committed. He prayed court to resolve this doubt in favour of the appellant.}{\insrsid1921079\charrsid3933553 \par }{\insrsid6496762\charrsid3933553 \par Ms. Caroline Nabasa}{\insrsid93598\charrsid3933553 ,}{\insrsid6496762\charrsid3933553 learned Principal State Attorney}{\insrsid93598\charrsid3933553 ,}{\insrsid6496762\charrsid3933553 supported both the conviction and sentence. She submitted that the vehicle was }{\insrsid11806730\charrsid3933553 indeed }{\insrsid6496762\charrsid3933553 stolen from the driver, Angino Patrick, PW1, at about 7:30 a.m. It was recovered at }{ \insrsid11806730\charrsid3933553 around }{\insrsid6496762\charrsid3933553 3 p.m. }{\insrsid93598\charrsid3933553 having been abandoned }{\insrsid6496762\charrsid3933553 at Namulanda. PW1}{\insrsid11806730\charrsid3933553 ,}{ \insrsid6496762\charrsid3933553 a single identifying witness drove the appellant who }{\insrsid93598\charrsid3933553 had }{\insrsid6496762\charrsid3933553 hired him to take him to the Barracks. }{\insrsid6499367\charrsid3933553 T}{ \insrsid6496762\charrsid3933553 he appellant asked him to stop some distance}{\insrsid9400263\charrsid3933553 , }{\insrsid6499367\charrsid3933553 where}{\insrsid1587225\charrsid3933553 he got out to }{\insrsid9400263\charrsid3933553 ta lk to some women who were digging}{\insrsid10433601\charrsid3933553 .}{\insrsid9400263\charrsid3933553 }{\insrsid6499367\charrsid3933553 Shortly}{\insrsid10433601\charrsid3933553 he returned to put the driver at gun point}{ \insrsid6499367\charrsid3933553 ,}{\insrsid10433601\charrsid3933553 forcing the latter to get out while he got in and }{\insrsid6499367\charrsid3933553 sped}{\insrsid11806730\charrsid3933553 off}{\insrsid10433601\charrsid3933553 till }{ \insrsid6499367\charrsid3933553 t}{\insrsid10433601\charrsid3933553 he }{\insrsid6499367\charrsid3933553 vehicle stopped}{\insrsid11806730\charrsid3933553 some distance away}{\insrsid10433601\charrsid3933553 for lack of fuel. At around 3 p.m. the owner of the vehicle, Geoffrey Owor Olowo, was notified of the}{\insrsid11806730\charrsid3933553 recovery of his vehicle, where it had been abandoned.}{\insrsid6496762\charrsid3933553 \par }{\insrsid10449101\charrsid3933553 \par }{\insrsid10433601\charrsid3933553 Ms. Nabasa submitted that }{\insrsid2295832\charrsid3933553 that\rquote s clear evidence that }{\insrsid10433601\charrsid3933553 the offence of theft was completed when the vehicle was }{\insrsid2295832\charrsid3933553 grabbed from its driver and due to lack of fuel it was abandoned}{\insrsid10433601\charrsid3933553 . She prayed court to reject ground}{\insrsid11806730\charrsid3933553 No.}{\insrsid10433601\charrsid3933553 I. \par As to the failure to exhibit the vehicle, }{\insrsid3961340\charrsid3933553 she pointed out that that aspect}{\insrsid10433601\charrsid3933553 was never impeached in the lower court. The vehicle was identified by PW1 by its registration number. He was the one driving it. }{\insrsid3961340\charrsid3933553 T}{\insrsid10433601\charrsid3933553 he police officers who recovered it identified it}{ \insrsid3961340\charrsid3933553 on basis of its registration No.}{\insrsid11806730\charrsid3933553 927 UCK}{\insrsid10433601\charrsid3933553 .}{\insrsid11806730\charrsid3933553 The robbery had been reported to them.}{\insrsid10433601\charrsid3933553 In counsel\rquote s view failure to exhibit it}{\insrsid11806730\charrsid3933553 , therefore,}{\insrsid10433601\charrsid3933553 was inconsequential. \par \par The }{\b\i\insrsid10433601\charrsid3933553 Penal Code Section 254}{\insrsid10433601\charrsid3933553 defines theft as: \par \par }\pard \qj \fi-1440\li2160\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid3933553 {\b\i\insrsid1393577\charrsid3933553 \'93}{\b\i\insrsid10433601\charrsid3933553 254(1)\tab A person who fraudulently and without claim of right takes anything capable of being stolen, or fraudulently converts to the use of any person other than the general or special owner thereof anything capable of being stolen, is said to steal that thing.

\par }\pard \qj \fi-1440\li1440\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid3933553 {\b\i\insrsid10433601\charrsid3933553 \tab }{\b\i\insrsid10449101\charrsid3933553 \tab }{\b\i\insrsid10433601\charrsid3933553 \'85

\par \par }\pard \qj \fi-720\li2160\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid3933553 {\b\i\insrsid1393577\charrsid3933553 (6)\tab A person shall not be deemed to take a thing unless he or she moves the thing or causes it to move \'85\'94 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3933553 {\insrsid1393577\charrsid3933553 \par }{\insrsid11806730\charrsid3933553 It is apparent that }{\insrsid6571574\charrsid3933553 four }{\insrsid10293969\charrsid3933553 elements constitute the offence of theft: \par \tab }{\b\i\insrsid10293969\charrsid3933553 (i)\tab dishonesty; \par \tab (ii)\tab appropriation}{\b\i\insrsid6571574\charrsid3933553 or moving the property}{\b\i\insrsid10293969\charrsid3933553 ; \par \tab (iii)\tab property belonging to another and \par \tab (iv)\tab intention permanently to deprive}{\b\i\insrsid6571574\charrsid3933553 or keep}{\insrsid8547672\charrsid3933553 .}{\insrsid10293969\charrsid3933553 \par \par The facts as established by the prosecution were more than sufficient to prove }{\insrsid16189909\charrsid3933553 the offence of theft }{\insrsid10293969\charrsid3933553 that the appellant had dishonestly purported to hire }{ \insrsid8748561\charrsid3933553 motor vehicle Registration No. }{\insrsid16189909\charrsid3933553 927 UCK }{\insrsid8748561\charrsid3933553 which he appropriated from its driver PW1 at gun point. This vehicle belonged to }{ \insrsid16189909\charrsid3933553 Geoffrey Owor Olowo, PW2}{\insrsid8748561\charrsid3933553 . The appellant had intended to permanently keep it and use it until it }{\insrsid8547672\charrsid3933553 accidentally }{\insrsid8748561\charrsid3933553 ran out of fuel \par }{\insrsid16189909\charrsid3933553 \par }{\insrsid8748561\charrsid3933553 Failure to exhibit it in court }{\insrsid16189909\charrsid3933553 was}{\insrsid8748561\charrsid3933553 inconsequential as}{\insrsid8547672\charrsid3933553 neither }{\insrsid8748561\charrsid3933553 its identity}{ \insrsid8547672\charrsid3933553 nor ownership/possession}{\insrsid8748561\charrsid3933553 }{\insrsid8547672\charrsid3933553 were ever}{\insrsid16189909\charrsid3933553 disputed by the defence}{\insrsid8547672\charrsid3933553 in the lower court.}{ \insrsid8748561\charrsid3933553 \par \par We agree with the learned P/SA that ground }{\insrsid8547672\charrsid3933553 No. }{\insrsid8748561\charrsid3933553 I }{\insrsid16189909\charrsid3933553 is devoid of any merit and is accordingly dismissed}{\insrsid8748561\charrsid3933553 . \par \par Regarding ground }{\insrsid16189909\charrsid3933553 No. }{\insrsid8748561\charrsid3933553 2}{\insrsid16189909\charrsid3933553 ,}{\insrsid8748561\charrsid3933553 Mr. Mulumba disputed the use of a deadly weapon by the appellant, arguing that according to the evidence it was never used. He pointed out that no one saw him hiding the said gun where it was recovered from; no finger-prints were lifted from the gun so as to link it with the appellant. He asserted that a gun was recovered a day after the incident thus creating a doubt as to whether it was the one used in this offence. \par \par Ms. Nabasa, however, contended that use of a deadly weapon was proved beyond reasonable doubt}{\insrsid16189909\charrsid3933553 . T}{\insrsid8748561\charrsid3933553 he driver of the vehicle, PW1, saw the shot gun. It was recovered in }{ \insrsid11229159\charrsid3933553 the same area where the vehicle was abandoned due to lack of fuel. The appellant was arrested where the car was abandoned. A search of the }{\insrsid8547672\charrsid3933553 surrounding }{\insrsid11229159\charrsid3933553 area revealed footmarks which led to}{\insrsid8547672\charrsid3933553 a bush and to fresh}{\insrsid11229159\charrsid3933553 human excreta under which the pistol was found. The circumstances were such that the appellant was arrested at the same spot where both the vehicle and the gun recovered from. }{\insrsid16189909\charrsid3933553 A}{\insrsid11229159\charrsid3933553 ll this could not have been }{\insrsid8547672\charrsid3933553 sheer}{\insrsid11229159\charrsid3933553 coincidence}{\insrsid8547672\charrsid3933553 ,}{\insrsid16189909\charrsid3933553 she argued}{\insrsid11229159\charrsid3933553 . Th}{ \insrsid16189909\charrsid3933553 e gun was examined by a ballistics}{\insrsid11229159\charrsid3933553 expert}{\insrsid16189909\charrsid3933553 ,}{\insrsid11229159\charrsid3933553 PW6}{\insrsid16189909\charrsid3933553 .}{\insrsid11229159\charrsid3933553 }{\insrsid16189909\charrsid3933553 It was}{\insrsid3874906\charrsid3933553 found to be in working order, capabl}{\insrsid10112312\charrsid3933553 e of discharging ammunition in }{\insrsid3874906\charrsid3933553 accordance with }{ \b\i\insrsid3874906\charrsid3933553 section 273(2)}{\insrsid3874906\charrsid3933553 of the }{\b\i\insrsid3874906\charrsid3933553 Penal Code Act}{\insrsid3874906\charrsid3933553 .}{\insrsid8748561\charrsid3933553 \par }{\insrsid8547672\charrsid3933553 \par }{\insrsid9832584\charrsid3933553 The learned judge held: \par }\pard \qj \fi-720\li720\ri1620\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin1620\lin720\itap0\pararsid3933553 {\b\i\insrsid9832584\charrsid3933553 \'93\tab \'85The accused was found in the vicinity in which the st olen vehicle was, the same day the vehicle was robbed, the gun (pistol) was found near a place where the fuel ran out from the vehicle \'85\'94 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3933553 {\insrsid8547672\charrsid3933553 \par We consider that the driver, PW1, could not have so willingly handed over that vehicle to an unarmed person during broad day light, and just ran off. This sounds farfetched. }{\insrsid9832584\charrsid3933553 It is }{\insrsid8283260\charrsid3933553 the }{ \insrsid9832584\charrsid3933553 use of this gun which }{\insrsid8547672\charrsid3933553 instilled fear into the mind of}{\insrsid9832584\charrsid3933553 the driver}{\insrsid8547672\charrsid3933553 forcing him}{\insrsid9832584\charrsid3933553 to escape from the vehicle and ran to report to police}{\insrsid8547672\charrsid3933553 and the owner of the vehicle PW2. The period the vehicle remained under the control and possession of the appellant is immaterial. It is the intention to permanently deprive the owner of }{\insrsid10112312\charrsid3933553 the vehicle}{\insrsid8547672\charrsid3933553 which was apparent }{ \insrsid15695041\charrsid3933553 that is material}{\insrsid9832584\charrsid3933553 .}{\insrsid15695041\charrsid3933553 It is the shortage of fuel which frustrated }{\insrsid10112312\charrsid3933553 t}{\insrsid15695041\charrsid3933553 his plot.}{ \insrsid3874906\charrsid3933553 \par \par We are of the view}{\insrsid9832584\charrsid3933553 ,}{\insrsid3874906\charrsid3933553 therefore}{\insrsid9832584\charrsid3933553 ,}{\insrsid3874906\charrsid3933553 that ground }{\insrsid15695041\charrsid3933553 No. }{\insrsid3874906\charrsid3933553 2 } {\insrsid9832584\charrsid3933553 also }{\insrsid3874906\charrsid3933553 lacks merit and}{\insrsid9832584\charrsid3933553 it}{\insrsid3874906\charrsid3933553 is }{\insrsid9832584\charrsid3933553 so}{\insrsid3874906\charrsid3933553 dismissed. \par \par Concerning ground }{\insrsid9832584\charrsid3933553 No. }{\insrsid3874906\charrsid3933553 3 that there was no sufficient identification of the appellant, Mr. Mulumba argued that the driver}{\insrsid9832584\charrsid3933553 ,}{ \insrsid3874906\charrsid3933553 PW1}{\insrsid9832584\charrsid3933553 ,}{\insrsid3874906\charrsid3933553 had not known the appellant before and only recognized him in the dock. No identification parade was ever}{\insrsid3684375\charrsid3933553 held after his arrest and PW1 was not present at the time of the appellant\rquote s}{\insrsid1648552\charrsid3933553 arrest. He could not even remember the clothes he was putting on. The appellant was thus not properly identified.}{ \insrsid3874906\charrsid3933553 \par }{\insrsid1648552\charrsid3933553 \par Ms. Nabasa}{\insrsid15695041\charrsid3933553 , however,}{\insrsid1648552\charrsid3933553 argued that the learned judge after properly directing himself as to the law regarding a single identifying witness}{\insrsid1978026\charrsid3933553 under }{ \b\i\insrsid1978026\charrsid3933553 Abdulla Bin Wendo and Anr v R (1953) 20 EACA 166; Roma v R (1967) 583}{\insrsid1648552\charrsid3933553 proceeded to observe that the robbery took place at around 7:00 a.m., }{\insrsid1978026\charrsid3933553 and the entire ordeal lasted}{\insrsid1648552\charrsid3933553 about one hour. }{\insrsid1978026\charrsid3933553 During this time both the appellant and PW4}{\insrsid15932064\charrsid3933553 }{\insrsid1648552\charrsid3933553 were talking amicably to each other before the appellant got out of the vehicle, only to return with the pistol}{\insrsid5930068\charrsid3933553 .}{\insrsid15341394\charrsid3933553 It is eviden}{\insrsid15695041\charrsid3933553 t that}{ \insrsid15341394\charrsid3933553 PW1 was able to observe the appellant\rquote s face without any inhibition of fear. The circumstances were still serene and friendly.}{\insrsid1648552\charrsid3933553 \par }{\insrsid5930068\charrsid3933553 \par }{\insrsid15025112\charrsid3933553 We are also of the same view that identification of the appellant by PW1 was free from error}{\insrsid5930068\charrsid3933553 . }{\insrsid15025112\charrsid3933553 PW1}{\insrsid5930068\charrsid3933553 states in his evidence in chief: \par }{\b\i\insrsid5930068\charrsid3933553 \par }\pard \qj \fi-720\li720\ri720\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\tx7920\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid3933553 {\b\i\insrsid5930068\charrsid3933553 \'93\tab \'85 I saw the accused approaching me that he wanted to hire me. He asked me if I was the driver of the vehicle and I answered in affirmative. He asked me how much it was from town to Lubonge barracks. I replied to him that it was Shs. 7,000/=. He asked me to reduce but I told him that it was that one. Then he told me to go \'85}{\b\i\insrsid16078140\charrsid3933553 , b}{\b\i\insrsid5930068\charrsid3933553 ut before we left I called my turn boy}{\b\i\insrsid16078140\charrsid3933553 . He had got into the car. He told me that he didn\rquote t want any person as its not permitted to have many people enter. I set off with him and other people remained including the tu}{\b\i\insrsid1248656\charrsid3933553 rn boy. As I was preparing to turn}{\b\i\insrsid16078140\charrsid3933553 to the barracks he told me to go ahead that his wife lived beyond. He said that he wanted to pick the key from his wife and then he was back. He went in the gardens where some women were digging leaving me in the vehicle. He went and talked to those women and when he came back he pulled his gun towards me. He asked me to choose between death and life. I didn\rquote t answer him. I got out of the vehicle and he entered the vehicle and }{ \b\i\insrsid9909332\charrsid3933553 drove away. I then ran faster I }{\b\i\insrsid16078140\charrsid3933553 rang my boss one Owori Geoffrey and told him. \par \tab \'85 I had not known the accused before. The whole ordeal took about one hour. It was bout 7:30 a.m. }{\b\i\ul\insrsid16078140\charrsid3933553 I can recognize he is that one in the dock}{\b\i\insrsid16078140\charrsid3933553 :}{ \b\i\insrsid12142000\charrsid3933553 \'94}{\b\i\insrsid5930068\charrsid3933553 \par }\pard \qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid3933553 {\insrsid12142000\charrsid3933553 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3933553 {\insrsid12650950\charrsid3933553 It was only a matter of a few hours later that t}{\insrsid12142000\charrsid3933553 he appellant was a rrested by the mob who were proceeding to lynch him}{\insrsid12650950\charrsid3933553 after watching him abandon a vehicle in their area}{\insrsid12142000\charrsid3933553 . The police }{\insrsid12650950\charrsid3933553 which had already been on alert }{ \insrsid12142000\charrsid3933553 stepped in }{\insrsid12650950\charrsid3933553 before the }{\insrsid12142000\charrsid3933553 mob }{\insrsid12650950\charrsid3933553 could }{\insrsid8789538\charrsid3933553 burn}{\insrsid12650950\charrsid3933553 him}{ \insrsid12142000\charrsid3933553 . Sgt. Kasim Rajab No. 41511 a police officer attached to Tororo Police Station said: \par \par }\pard \qj \fi-720\li720\ri720\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid3933553 {\b\i\insrsid12142000\charrsid3933553 \'93\tab On 18-8-2001, I was at M}{\b\i\insrsid12650950\charrsid3933553 urande}{ \b\i\insrsid12142000\charrsid3933553 Police Post I was O/C.}{\b\i\insrsid2971788\charrsid3933553 I received information from}{\b\i\insrsid1312152\charrsid3933553 the chairman L. C. 1 Tere telling me that someone has abandoned the vehicle and that the mob was following him. I went to the scene with another policeman called Etuket. I deployed the policeman to guard the vehicle}{\b\i\insrsid15683023\charrsid3933553 . I followed the mob. Reaching a place in a distance, I found when the man had been arrested and they were going to burn him. I saved him and arrested him and brou}{\b\i\insrsid614828\charrsid3933553 ght him to CPS Tororo. Together }{ \b\i\insrsid9909332\charrsid3933553 with the accused,}{\b\i\insrsid15683023\charrsid3933553 I recovered the motor vehicle and brought it to Tororo Police Station. I didn\rquote t record a statement from the accused.\'94 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3933553 {\insrsid1586038\charrsid3933553 \par \par }{\insrsid15683023\charrsid3933553 It is No. 25701 D/Cpl. Ejadu Richard}{\insrsid928423\charrsid3933553 , PW5,}{\insrsid15683023\charrsid3933553 of same Police Station who recorded the appellant\rquote s statement. He was also i nstructed to visit the scene of crime where the vehicle was }{\insrsid928423\charrsid3933553 abandoned}{\insrsid8789538\charrsid3933553 . With the }{\insrsid10112312\charrsid3933553 guidance}{\insrsid8789538\charrsid3933553 of L. Cs.}{ \insrsid15683023\charrsid3933553 of the area,}{\insrsid8789538\charrsid3933553 and}{\insrsid15683023\charrsid3933553 following some footmarks}{\insrsid928423\charrsid3933553 into the bush}{\insrsid15683023\charrsid3933553 they recovered the pistol some few metres from the main road. It had a black }{\insrsid11500192\charrsid3933553 potte}{\insrsid15683023\charrsid3933553 and it was Yugosla}{\insrsid928423\charrsid3933553 vian made. This was confirmed}{ \insrsid15683023\charrsid3933553 by D/AIP Wakoko Patrick, PW7. It was identified }{\insrsid928423\charrsid3933553 in}{\insrsid15683023\charrsid3933553 court by Robinah Kilumya, PW6, a ballistics expert who examined it and found it to be capable of emitting ammunitions. }{\insrsid1312152\charrsid3933553 }{\insrsid12142000\charrsid3933553 \par }{\insrsid11500192\charrsid3933553 \par }{\insrsid928423\charrsid3933553 This goes to show that the sequence of events from robbery to arrest was never }{\insrsid10112312\charrsid3933553 interrupted}{\insrsid928423\charrsid3933553 .}{\insrsid8789538\charrsid3933553 The appellant never left his captors\rquote custody.}{\insrsid928423\charrsid3933553 }{\insrsid11500192\charrsid3933553 The identification is thus impeccable. }{\insrsid8789538\charrsid3933553 The question of mistaken identity does not arise.}{ \insrsid10112312\charrsid3933553 \par }{\insrsid928423\charrsid3933553 Thus ground No. 3 also fails.}{\insrsid739142\charrsid3933553 \par }{\insrsid928423\charrsid3933553 \par }{\insrsid8789538\charrsid3933553 G}{\insrsid739142\charrsid3933553 round }{\insrsid8789538\charrsid3933553 No. }{\insrsid739142\charrsid3933553 4 }{\insrsid8789538\charrsid3933553 was }{\insrsid739142\charrsid3933553 that the learned judge based the appellant\rquote s conviction on his defence weakness rather than on the strength of the respondent\rquote s strength, like the lies the appellant told the court}{\insrsid8789538\charrsid3933553 . That this was an erroneous approach.}{ \insrsid739142\charrsid3933553 }{\insrsid10112312\charrsid3933553 \par \par }{\insrsid8789538\charrsid3933553 Ms. Nabasa disputed this argument, pointing out that the learned judge was only evaluating evidence. The law does not tolerate lies in court. She was not biased. \par \par }{\insrsid1513422\charrsid3933553 The appellant in his defence denied ever having driven a car in his life. That he did not even know how to drive. He also denied having had a pistol. He, however, did not challenge PW1\rquote s narrative of events leading to his arrest. \par \par In assessing and evaluating the evidence the learned judge}{\insrsid739142\charrsid3933553 }{\insrsid8666719\charrsid3933553 relied on}{\insrsid739142\charrsid3933553 }{\b\i\insrsid9000643\charrsid3933553 Otti Sebastian Vs. Uganda (SCU) Cr. App. 5/90}{ \b\i\insrsid1513422\charrsid3933553 }{\insrsid1513422\charrsid3933553 thus:}{\insrsid739142\charrsid3933553 \par }\pard \qj \fi-720\li720\ri2340\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin2340\lin720\itap0\pararsid3933553 {\b\i\insrsid1513422\charrsid3933553 \par }{\b\i\insrsid9000643\charrsid3933553 \'93\tab That particular evidence went through unchallenged in cross-e xamination. The only inference for the omission by the defence to challenge the evidence in chief or a material or essential points by cross-examination would lead to an inference that the evidence is true.-\'93 \par }\pard \qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid3933553 {\insrsid9000643\charrsid3933553 \par }{\insrsid8666719\charrsid3933553 The learned judge noted: \par }\pard \qj \fi-720\li720\ri720\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid3933553 {\b\i\insrsid8666719\charrsid3933553 \'93\tab The accused in his defence which was on oath denied having robbed the complainant at gun point. He said he didn\rquote t know how to drive. He pleaded he was a victim of circumstances because he was a soldier unknown to the villagers who arr}{ \b\i\insrsid1587225\charrsid3933553 ested him. \'85 }{\b\i\insrsid8666719\charrsid3933553 thus is a case which depended exclusively on correct identification by a single witness\'85\'94 \par \par \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3933553 {\insrsid9000643\charrsid3933553 In view of the disjointed and long winded defence }{\insrsid1513422\charrsid3933553 full }{ \insrsid8666719\charrsid3933553 of blatant lies }{\insrsid9000643\charrsid3933553 the learned judge}{\insrsid7606227\charrsid3933553 }{\insrsid8666719\charrsid3933553 properly}{\insrsid7606227\charrsid3933553 assessed all the evidence before her}{ \insrsid1513422\charrsid3933553 and reached the correct conclusion.}{\insrsid7606227\charrsid3933553 }{\insrsid8666719\charrsid3933553 \par }{\insrsid10112312\charrsid3933553 Ground No. 5 thus fails and stands dismissed.}{\insrsid1513422\charrsid3933553 \par }{\insrsid10112312\charrsid3933553 \par }{\insrsid8666719\charrsid3933553 Ground}{\insrsid7606227\charrsid3933553 No. 5 was to the effect that the learned trial judge erred in rejecting the appellant\rquote s alibi.}{\insrsid13107927\charrsid3933553 }{\insrsid7606227\charrsid3933553 Mr. Mulumba contended that the prosecution never negatived the appell}{\insrsid10112312\charrsid3933553 ant\rquote s alibi which }{\insrsid1513422\charrsid3933553 was }{\insrsid10112312\charrsid3933553 incumbent upon it}{\insrsid7606227\charrsid3933553 so to do. He was arrested on mere suspicion by whoever arrested him. \par \par Ms. Nabasa}{\insrsid13107927\charrsid3933553 ,}{\insrsid7606227\charrsid3933553 however, argued that the appellant was correctly placed at the scene of crime by the driver, PW1. It was immaterial that }{\insrsid8666719\charrsid3933553 PW1}{ \insrsid7606227\charrsid3933553 himself was not around }{\insrsid13107927\charrsid3933553 at the time of his arrest}{\insrsid7606227\charrsid3933553 . }{\insrsid8666719\charrsid3933553 Nonetheless there}{\insrsid7606227\charrsid3933553 was overwhelming evidence to connect the appellant to the offence. \par }{\insrsid6231584\charrsid3933553 \par }{\insrsid8666719\charrsid3933553 This ground of appeal is amply covered under the foregoing}{\insrsid13107927\charrsid3933553 ground}{\insrsid10112312\charrsid3933553 s}{\insrsid8666719\charrsid3933553 . The appellant was }{ \insrsid13107927\charrsid3933553 squarely}{\insrsid8666719\charrsid3933553 placed at the scene of crime. This ground fails.}{\insrsid6231584\charrsid3933553 \par \par The appeal consequently }{\insrsid13107927\charrsid3933553 fails and is }{\insrsid6231584\charrsid3933553 dismissed}{\insrsid13239247\charrsid3933553 forthwith}{\insrsid6231584\charrsid3933553 . \par }{\insrsid13239247\charrsid3933553 \par }{\insrsid2114724\charrsid3933553 Learned counsel for the appellant did not deem it necessary to address us on the issue of the sentence. The death sentence passed by the High Court is thus upheld. \par \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3933553 {\insrsid6231584\charrsid3933553 Dated at Kampala}{\insrsid2888223\charrsid3933553 this }{\insrsid12931844\charrsid3933553 23}{ \super\insrsid12931844\charrsid3933553 rd}{\insrsid12931844\charrsid3933553 }{\insrsid2888223\charrsid3933553 d}{\insrsid6231584\charrsid3933553 ay of }{\insrsid12931844\charrsid3933553 March}{\insrsid6231584\charrsid3933553 2009. \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3933553 {\insrsid6231584\charrsid3933553 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3933553 {\b\insrsid6231584\charrsid3933553 Hon. A. E. N. Mpagi-Bahigeine \par }{\b\i\ul\insrsid4921616\charrsid3933553 JUSTICE OF APPEAL}{\i\ul\insrsid1921079\charrsid3933553 \par }{\b\insrsid2114724\charrsid3933553 \par }{\b\insrsid4921616\charrsid3933553 Hon. C. N. B. Kitumba \par }{\b\i\ul\insrsid4921616\charrsid3933553 JUSTICE OF APPEAL \par }{\b\insrsid4921616\charrsid3933553 \par Hon. A. S. Nshimye \par }{\b\i\ul\insrsid4921616\charrsid3933553 JUSTICE OF APPEAL}{\insrsid2564495\charrsid3933553 \par }}