Nkula Moses v Uganda (Criminal Appeal No.62 of 2008) (Criminal Appeal No. 62 of 2008) [2009] UGCA 31 (17 August 2009)

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kgalenda}{\creatim\yr2009\mo8\dy18\hr10\min18}{\revtim\yr2009\mo8\dy18\hr10\min18}{\printim\yr2009\mo8\dy14\hr10\min50}{\version2}{\edmins2}{\nofpages5}{\nofwords1425}{\nofchars8123} {\*\company Court of Appeal}{\nofcharsws9529}{\vern24689}}\paperw11909\paperh16834\margl1440\margr1440 \widowctrl\ftnbj\aenddoc\noxlattoyen\expshrtn\noultrlspc\dntblnsbdb\nospaceforul\formshade\horzdoc\dgmargin\dghspace120\dgvspace180\dghorigin1440 \dgvorigin1440\dghshow2\dgvshow2\jexpand\viewkind1\viewscale100\pgbrdrhead\pgbrdrfoot\splytwnine\ftnlytwnine\nolnhtadjtbl\useltbaln\alntblind\lytcalctblwd\lyttblrtgr\lnbrkrule\nobrkwrptbl\snaptogridincell\allowfieldendsel\wrppunct\asianbrkrule \rsidroot5978681\newtblstyruls\nogrowautofit \fet0{\*\ftnsep \pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid14973466 \chftnsep \par }}{\*\ftnsepc \pard\plain \ql 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\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tqc\tx4320\tqr\tx8640\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\insrsid1774207 \par }}{\*\pnseclvl1\pnucrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl2\pnucltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl3\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl4\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta )}} {\*\pnseclvl5\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl6\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl7\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl8 \pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl9\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \qc \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10384646 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\insrsid5978681\charrsid10384646 THE REPUBLIC OF UGANDA \par \par IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF UGANDA AT KAMPALA \par \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10384646 {\b\insrsid5978681\charrsid10384646 CORAM:\tab HON. JUSTICE S. G. ENGWAU, JA. \par \tab \tab HON. JUSTICE A. TWINOMUJUNI, JA. \par \tab \tab HON. JUSTICE C. N. B KITUMBA, JA. \par \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10384646 {\b\ul\insrsid5978681\charrsid10384646 CRIMINAL APPEAL No.62 OF 2008 \par \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10384646 {\b\insrsid5978681\charrsid10384646 NKULA MOSES\tab \tab \tab \tab :::::::::::::::::::: APPELLANT \par \tab \tab }{\insrsid5978681\charrsid10384646 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10384646 {\b\insrsid5978681\charrsid10384646 VERSUS \par \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10384646 {\b\insrsid5978681\charrsid10384646 UGANDA\tab \tab \tab \tab :::::::::::::::::::::\tab RESPONDENT \par \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10384646 {\b\i\insrsid7686825\charrsid10384646 [Appeal from the conviction and sentence by the High Court of Uganda sitting at Kampala (C. A. Okello J) in Criminal Session Case No. 153 of 2007 dated 4/6/2008) \par }{\b\ul\insrsid5978681\charrsid10384646 JUDGEMENT OF THE COURT \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10384646 {\insrsid5978681\charrsid10384646 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sb120\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10384646 {\insrsid1114659\charrsid10384646 This is an appeal against the conviction for the offence of manslaughter contrary to sections 189 and 190 of the Penal Code Act}{\insrsid5978681\charrsid10384646 .}{\insrsid85610\charrsid10384646 \par }{\insrsid1114659\charrsid10384646 The following is the back ground to the appeal. Nkula Moses, hereinafter to be referred to as the appellant}{\insrsid1066523\charrsid10384646 ,}{\insrsid1114659\charrsid10384646 owned a shop at Kate Falawo Zone}{ \insrsid14115261\charrsid10384646 ,}{\insrsid1114659\charrsid10384646 Kawempe Division, Kampala District. Kasumba Robert, now deceased}{\insrsid7686825\charrsid10384646 ,}{\insrsid1114659\charrsid10384646 was his shop attendant. On 3}{ \super\insrsid1114659\charrsid10384646 rd}{\insrsid1114659\charrsid10384646 February 2007 the deceased}{\insrsid14115261\charrsid10384646 ,}{\insrsid1114659\charrsid10384646 left his home and went to the appellant\rquote s shop to work at around 11.00 am. The deceased left his sister Fiona Namatovu, Pw3 , at home. The deceased returned home at around 3.00 pm with a swollen head and was crying. When Pw3 asked him what had happened, he told her that the appellant had severely assaulted him on allegation that he had stolen from his shop merchandise worth Sh s. 200,000/-}{\insrsid1926748\charrsid10384646 . The deceased informed his sister that because of the severe beating, he had been forced into signing an agreement in which he admitted the stealing. He had undertaken to pay the value of the goods and had made part payment of Shs. 12,000/-. Pw 3 though a neighbo}{\insrsid1066523\charrsid10384646 u}{\insrsid1926748\charrsid10384646 r}{\insrsid1774207\charrsid10384646 ,}{\insrsid1926748\charrsid10384646 Nalongo Ssebowa}{\insrsid1774207\charrsid10384646 ,}{\insrsid1926748\charrsid10384646 informed their mother }{\insrsid14115261\charrsid10384646 Sylvia}{\insrsid1926748\charrsid10384646 Kasozi (Pw4) of the assault and requested her to return home.}{\insrsid1114659\charrsid10384646 \par }{\insrsid1926748\charrsid10384646 When Pw4 returned home she found her son in a serious condition. The deceased repeated to his mother the story of how he had been assaulted by the appellant. Pw4 took the deceased to }{\insrsid14115261\charrsid10384646 Dr. Ntege\rquote s}{\insrsid1926748\charrsid10384646 clinic}{\insrsid14115261\charrsid10384646 at Bwaise}{\insrsid1926748\charrsid10384646 and a}{\insrsid7686825\charrsid10384646 lso reported the matter to the p}{\insrsid1926748\charrsid10384646 olice. The deceased }{\insrsid1066523\charrsid10384646 passed away at 3.00 a.m. Dr. Isy}{\insrsid1926748\charrsid10384646 a}{\insrsid1066523\charrsid10384646 g}{\insrsid1926748\charrsid10384646 i}{\insrsid7686825\charrsid10384646 ,}{ \insrsid1926748\charrsid10384646 Pw1, performed a post mortem on the body of the deceased, which was admitted in evidence under section 66 of the Trial on Indictment Act. He found on the body a number of internal and external injuries. The cause of death was increased intracranial pressure secondary to intracranial hemorrhage. \par }{\insrsid4526818\charrsid10384646 In his defence the appellant }{\insrsid1066523\charrsid10384646 totally denied}{\insrsid4526818\charrsid10384646 of the offence. He also denied ever employing the deceased. He stated that he had allowed the deceased to hang around near his shop to carry parcels for customers and get ti}{\insrsid7686825\charrsid10384646 ps. He stated that on the day in}{ \insrsid4526818\charrsid10384646 question the deceased had}{\insrsid14115261\charrsid10384646 attempted to steal merchandise}{\insrsid4526818\charrsid10384646 from}{\insrsid14115261\charrsid10384646 his shop. When the merchandise}{ \insrsid4526818\charrsid10384646 fell down and alert}{\insrsid1066523\charrsid10384646 ed the appellant the deceased ra}{\insrsid4526818\charrsid10384646 n away and in the process hit his head on the metal container of the shop.}{ \insrsid1926748\charrsid10384646 \par }{\insrsid4526818\charrsid10384646 The learned trial judge rejected the defence. She preferred the prosecution cas e. However, she found that the appellant did not have malice aforethought to murder the deceased. She, therefore, acquitted him of murder, convicted him of minor cognate offence of ma}{\insrsid1066523\charrsid10384646 nslaughter and sentenced him to}{ \insrsid4526818\charrsid10384646 five years imprisonment. \par Dissatisfied with the decision of the learned trial judge, the appellant filed his amended memorandum of appeal in this court on the 26}{\super\insrsid4526818\charrsid10384646 th}{\insrsid4526818\charrsid10384646 February 2009. The amended memorandum of appeal}{\insrsid11488911\charrsid10384646 contains the following two grounds; -}{\insrsid4526818\charrsid10384646 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\b\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\langfenp1033\insrsid11488911\charrsid10384646 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 1.\tab}}\pard \qj \fi-360\li1080\ri1109\sb120\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar \jclisttab\tx1080\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin1109\lin1080\itap0\pararsid10384646 {\b\insrsid11488911\charrsid10384646 That the learned trial judge erred in law in rel ying on the dying declaration without wholly evaluating corroborating evidence and the circumstances under which it was made. \par {\listtext\pard\plain\b\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\langfenp1033\insrsid11488911\charrsid10384646 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 2.\tab} The learned trial judge erred in law in convicting the appellant for manslaughter in the absence of evidence on record to connect him with the offence. \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sb120\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10384646 {\insrsid11488911\charrsid10384646 He prayed this court to allow the appeal, quash the conviction and set aside the sentence. \par }{\insrsid14961508\charrsid10384646 During the hearing of the appeal, learned counsel}{\insrsid14115261\charrsid10384646 ,}{\insrsid14961508\charrsid10384646 Mr. Edward Mugogo appeared for the appellant and learned state attorney, Ms Josephine Namato vu represented the respondent. \par Counsel for both parties argued the two grounds jointly. \par In this judgment we shall handle the grounds of appeal in a similar manner. \par Appellant}{\insrsid14115261\charrsid10384646 \rquote }{\insrsid14961508\charrsid10384646 s counsel contended that the learned trial judge erred in law when he convicted}{\insrsid5245429\charrsid10384646 the appellant on }{ \insrsid7686825\charrsid10384646 the}{\insrsid5245429\charrsid10384646 uncorroborated dying declaration. He urged that the judge did not take into account the circumstances under which the dying declaration was made. He submitted that according to the evidence as contained in the dying declaration the decea sed was hit by the appellant with a mingling stick. However, the injuries that were found on the body by the doctor who performed the post mortem examination were not consistent with a mingling stick having been used. Counsel contended that the deceased w as assaulted during the day but there was no eye witness. He submitted that the trial judge did not properly evaluate the evidence and}{\insrsid14115261\charrsid10384646 that if}{\insrsid5245429\charrsid10384646 she had done so she would have acquitted the appellant.}{\insrsid14961508\charrsid10384646 \par }{\insrsid5245429\charrsid10384646 In support of his submissions, he relied}{\insrsid1066523\charrsid10384646 on}{\insrsid5245429\charrsid10384646 the following authorities. }{\b\ul\insrsid5245429\charrsid10384646 Simon Musoke v Republic [1958] EA 185. Bogere Charles vs Uganda SSCA No. 10 of 1999}{\insrsid5245429\charrsid10384646 . \par }{\insrsid14115261\charrsid10384646 The learned state a}{\insrsid3563118\charrsid10384646 ttorney opposed the appeal and supported the decision of the learned trial judge. She contended that the deceased made the dying declaratio n to Pw3, Pw4 and to the medical staff at Dr. Ntege\rquote s clinic in the presence of his mother Pw4. She }{\insrsid1066523\charrsid10384646 a}{\insrsid3563118\charrsid10384646 rg}{\insrsid1066523\charrsid10384646 u}{\insrsid3563118\charrsid10384646 ed that the dying declaration was corroborated by the appellant\rquote s admission to the deceased\rquote s mother that he had assaulted the deceased but would not pa y for his treatment. She submitted that the judge properly directed herself and the assessors on the law and the evidence before convicting the appellant on the dying declaration. She urged further that nobody witnessed the assault on the deceased because he was locked inside the shop.}{\insrsid5245429\charrsid10384646 \par }{\insrsid16080791\charrsid10384646 We have the duty as the first appellate court to re-appraise the evidenc}{\insrsid14115261\charrsid10384646 e and draw inferences of fact, }{\b\ul\insrsid14115261\charrsid10384646 See Rule 30 (1) (a) of T}{ \b\ul\insrsid16080791\charrsid10384646 he}{\b\ul\insrsid14115261\charrsid10384646 Judicature}{\b\ul\insrsid16080791\charrsid10384646 }{\b\ul\insrsid14115261\charrsid10384646 (}{\b\ul\insrsid16080791\charrsid10384646 Court of Appeal Rules}{ \b\ul\insrsid14115261\charrsid10384646 ), Directions}{\insrsid16080791\charrsid10384646 . We have the duty to re-hear the case and consider all materials before the trial judge taking into account that we neither saw nor heard the witnesses. \par In the appeal before us the issue is whether the learned trial judge properly evaluated the evidence and came to the right conclusion that the deceased died from injuries that were inflicted on him by the appellant and were not accidentally sustained. The learned trial judge found that there were serious injuries on the body of the deceased. She stated thus in her judgment; - \par }\pard \qj \fi-720\li720\ri1109\sb120\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin1109\lin720\itap0\pararsid10384646 {\insrsid16080791\charrsid10384646 \tab }{\b\i\insrsid16080791\charrsid10384646 \lquote From the evidence before t his court, it is clear that Robert Kasumba is dead. The only points of contention are whether he died from injuries inflicted during a deliberate vicious assault carried out with the intention or with full knowledge that it will end in his death. \par }\pard \qj \li720\ri1109\sb120\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin1109\lin720\itap0\pararsid10384646 {\b\i\insrsid16080791\charrsid10384646 Or did the death arise from an injury accide}{\b\i\insrsid3807178\charrsid10384646 ntally sustained by the decease}{\b\i\insrsid16080791\charrsid10384646 .}{\b\i\insrsid3807178\charrsid10384646 }{\b\i\insrsid16080791\charrsid10384646 \par }{\b\i\insrsid3807178\charrsid10384646 A closer examination of the post-mortem report shows that the deceased sustained more than}{\b\i\insrsid14115261\charrsid10384646 one}{\b\i\insrsid3807178\charrsid10384646 injury on the head as well as minor abrasion on the right fore-arm. The larger abrasion was on the left side of the head measuring 4.5 x 0.3 cm that was surrounded by a swelling measuring 6 x 4 cm. \par The more serious injuries however, were the contusion on the left aspect of the skull and haemotoma in the right temporal region and in sub arachn}{\b\i\insrsid14115261\charrsid10384646 o}{\b\i\insrsid3807178\charrsid10384646 id}{ \b\i\insrsid9175851\charrsid10384646 membrane. It was this letter bleeding that pushed (compression)}{\b\i\insrsid3807178\charrsid10384646 right side of the brain creating intracranial}{\b\i\insrsid9175851\charrsid10384646 pressure and death. These injuries are extensive and serious. It is unlikely that one accidental knock on the head could have caused it. The injur ies are most consistent with an assault. On the evidence, I am convinced that the injuries were not sustained in an accident}{\b\i\insrsid14115261\charrsid10384646 al}{\b\i\insrsid9175851\charrsid10384646 fall but in an atrauma-an assault. Death was due to unlawful act\rquote }{\i\insrsid9175851\charrsid10384646 .}{\i\insrsid14115261\charrsid10384646 (sic)}{\b\i\insrsid3807178\charrsid10384646 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sb120\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10384646 {\insrsid6838710\charrsid10384646 The judge proceeded to examine the evidence of the dying declaration, which was made to PW3 }{ \insrsid9989263\charrsid10384646 and}{\insrsid6838710\charrsid10384646 P}{\insrsid9989263\charrsid10384646 w}{\insrsid6838710\charrsid10384646 4. In that declaration the deceased identified the appellant as his assailant. Relying on section }{ \b\ul\insrsid6838710\charrsid10384646 30 (a) of the Evidence Act}{\insrsid6838710\charrsid10384646 and }{\b\ul\insrsid6838710\charrsid10384646 Tindigwihure vs Uganda Criminal Appeal No. 9 of 19}{\b\ul\insrsid4154643\charrsid10384646 8}{ \b\ul\insrsid6838710\charrsid10384646 9}{\insrsid6838710\charrsid10384646 , she held that}{\insrsid14115261\charrsid10384646 when}{\insrsid6838710\charrsid10384646 the deceased made a declaration}{\insrsid14115261\charrsid10384646 he}{ \insrsid4154643\charrsid10384646 expected to die from the injuries sustained and it did not matter that he lived from 3.00 pm to 3.00 am when he passed away.}{\insrsid9989263\charrsid10384646 The judge also found that the injuries were sustained at }{ \insrsid14115261\charrsid10384646 the appellant\rquote s }{\insrsid9989263\charrsid10384646 shop.}{\insrsid16080791\charrsid10384646 \par }{\insrsid9989263\charrsid10384646 This court find}{\insrsid13309536\charrsid10384646 s}{\insrsid9989263\charrsid10384646 that}{\insrsid13309536\charrsid10384646 when}{\insrsid9989263\charrsid10384646 the}{\insrsid1066523\charrsid10384646 deceased made the}{\insrsid9989263\charrsid10384646 dying declarat}{\insrsid13309536\charrsid10384646 ion to Pw3,}{\insrsid9989263\charrsid10384646 Pw4}{\insrsid13309536\charrsid10384646 and to the staff of}{\insrsid1066523\charrsid10384646 the clinic at Bwaise he}{\insrsid13309536\charrsid10384646 was at that time conscious and able to talk. From the evidence on record it is clear that the deceased appreciated what he was saying.}{\insrsid9989263\charrsid10384646 \par }{\insrsid13309536\charrsid10384646 T}{\insrsid9989263\charrsid10384646 he appellant by his own admission to Pw4 stated that he assaulted the deceased but would not pay for his medical treatment}{\insrsid8470520\charrsid10384646 . This to u}{ \insrsid13187323\charrsid10384646 s}{\insrsid8470520\charrsid10384646 is}{\insrsid13187323\charrsid10384646 corroboration of the dying declaration.}{\insrsid9989263\charrsid10384646 \par }{\insrsid13187323\charrsid10384646 The argument by appellant counsel that the evidence of the dying declaration should not have been believe d because there was no one who witnessed the assault whereas the offence was committed during the day is not tenable.}{\insrsid7567035\charrsid10384646 The deceased stated to his sister}{\insrsid8470520\charrsid10384646 ,}{ \insrsid7567035\charrsid10384646 Pw3 and}{\insrsid13309536\charrsid10384646 his mother}{\insrsid8470520\charrsid10384646 ,}{\insrsid7567035\charrsid10384646 }{\insrsid8470520\charrsid10384646 Pw4 that}{\insrsid7567035\charrsid10384646 the appellant gagged his mouth, increased the volume of the radio and assaulted him while his wife was holding the door. In those circumstances it was not possible to have }{\insrsid8470520\charrsid10384646 eye}{\insrsid7567035\charrsid10384646 witnesses to the assault.}{\insrsid13187323\charrsid10384646 \par }{\insrsid7567035\charrsid10384646 It is our considered opinion that all the evidence on record irresistibly point to the fact that it is the appellant who unlawful ly assaulted the deceased. In consequence of the assault, the deceased had serious injuries inflicted on him, which caused his death. \par }{\insrsid13309536\charrsid10384646 This}{\insrsid7567035\charrsid10384646 appeal is devoid of merit and is accordingly dismissed. \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\sb120\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10384646 {\b\insrsid7567035\charrsid10384646 Dated this}{\b\insrsid8277160\charrsid10384646 17}{\b\super\insrsid8277160\charrsid10384646 th}{ \b\insrsid8277160\charrsid10384646 }{\b\insrsid7567035\charrsid10384646 day of}{\b\insrsid8277160\charrsid10384646 August }{\b\insrsid7567035\charrsid10384646 2009. \par }{\b\insrsid9261200\charrsid10384646 S. G. ENGWAU}{\b\insrsid7567035\charrsid10384646 \par }{\b\ul\insrsid9261200\charrsid10384646 JUSTICE OF APPEAL \par }{\b\insrsid9261200\charrsid10384646 \par A. TWINOMUJUNI \par }{\b\ul\insrsid9261200\charrsid10384646 JUSTICE OF APPEAL \par }{\b\insrsid9261200\charrsid10384646 \par C. N. B. KITUMBA \par }{\b\ul\insrsid9261200\charrsid10384646 JUSTICE OF APPEAL \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sb120\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10384646 {\insrsid9261200\charrsid10384646 \par \par }{\insrsid3807178\charrsid10384646 \par }{\insrsid1926748\charrsid10384646 \par }}