Onzima Yunusu v Uganda [1995] UGSC 11 (28 July 1995)

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{\insrsid930330 \chftnsepc \par }}\sectd \linex0\headery708\footery708\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid6366140\sftnbj {\footer \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar \tqc\tx4153\tqr\tx8306\pvpara\phmrg\posxr\posy0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4291630 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\field{\*\fldinst {\cs17\insrsid930330 PAGE }}{\fldrslt { \cs17\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid6817101 1}}}{\cs17\insrsid930330 \par }\pard \s16\ql \li0\ri360\widctlpar\tqc\tx4153\tqr\tx8306\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin360\lin0\itap0\pararsid930330 {\insrsid930330 \par }}{\*\pnseclvl1\pnucrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl2\pnucltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl3\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl4\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta )}} {\*\pnseclvl5\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl6\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl7\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl8 \pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl9\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \s15\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1 \widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid9381739 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5704255\charrsid9381739 THE REPUBLIC OF UGANDA \line IN THE SUPREME COURT OF UGANDA \line AT MENGO \line (CORAM: MANYINDO, D. C. J., ODER, J. S. C., & TSEKOOKO, J. S. C.) CRIMINAL APPEAL NO.35 OF 1994 \line BETWEEN \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9381739 O}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5704255\charrsid9381739 NZI}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9381739 MA YU}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5704255\charrsid9381739 N}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9381739 U}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5704255\charrsid9381739 S}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9381739 U===================================APPELLANT \par }{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5704255\charrsid9381739 AND \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9381739 UG}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5704255\charrsid9381739 AND}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9381739 A================ ======================== RE}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5704255\charrsid9381739 SP}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9381739 O}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5704255\charrsid9381739 NDENT \line }{ \b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5704255\charrsid9381739 (Appeal from the judgment of the High Court of Uganda at Mukono (L. E. M. MUKASA }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5704255\charrsid9381739 - }{ \b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5704255\charrsid9381739 KIKONYONGO, J.) dated 9}{\b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\super\langnp1033\insrsid5704255\charrsid9381739 th}{\b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5704255\charrsid9381739 day December, 1994 \line }{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5704255\charrsid9381739 IN \line }{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5704255\charrsid9381739 CRIMINAL SESSION}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5704255\charrsid9381739 }{ \b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5704255\charrsid9381739 CASE NO.238 }{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5704255\charrsid9381739 OF}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5704255\charrsid9381739 }{ \b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5704255\charrsid9381739 1994 \line }{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9381739 \par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid9381739 {\b\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5704255\charrsid9381739 REASONS FOR THE DECISION OF THE COURT: }{ \b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5704255\charrsid9381739 \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5704255\charrsid9381739 The appellant Onzima Yunusu was charged with murder C/SS. 183 and 184 of the Penal Code Act. He was tried at Mukono and acquitted of the charge of murder but convicted of the minor and cognate offence of manslaughter C/S 182 of the Penal Code and sentenced to imprisonment for 13 years. He appealed against the convic tion and sentence. \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9381739 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5704255\charrsid9381739 We dismissed the appeal without hearing the Respondent and promised to give our reasons, which we now give. \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9381739 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5704255\charrsid9381739 The facts of the case are these. The appellant and the deceased Shabani \line Byaruhanga (aged 13 years) lived in a camp at Nakalesa Tea Estate in Mukono \line District. The deceased lived with his parents. T}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9381739 he appellant who worked as a }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5704255\charrsid9381739 porter in the estate lived alone in his residence. The prosecution evidence depended essentially on PW6, Betty Adiye, who may have been aged between 6 and 8 years at the time of the incident. \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9381739 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5704255\charrsid9381739 On 22/11/1994 at about 5.00 p.m. the deceased, PW6 and other children were playing near the residence of the appellant. The appellant got out of his residence armed with a small axe which is used for wood curving an d announced that he was mad. He then cut the deceased on the forehead with the axe and run away. PW6 raised alarms and reported the matter to her mother (PW7), Rose Atayi Ejak, who was sweeping their own residence which is neighbouring that of the appella n t. The deceased was taken to Kawolo hospital by his father, Sulait Nzahabo, (PW4), where he died on 23/11/1994. By then the appellant had been traced and arrested by RC 1 chairman of the estate. At the trial, the appellant denied the offence and claimed h e did not know what happened and that people found him in his house and wanted to beat him up alleging he had \'93killed a person\'94 . He claimed that before the incident he suffered headache. He testified that he had mental break down during 1979 and was detained at Butabika Psychiatric Hospital for I years and that ever since then he used to \'93hear people talking in my head.\'94 DW2 Dr. Kigozi the Director of Butabika Hospital testified that during 1983 the appellant suffered from mental disturbance and was hospital ised at Butabika hospital not for 1 1/2 years as claimed by the appellant but 3 months from 27/6/85 to 29/9/85 before he was discharged. There was no evidence that he received further medical treatment thereafter in respect of his mental illness. DW2 furt her testified, inter alia, that a person who suffers from mental disorders of persecutory nature which appeared to be appellant\rquote s illness would not go into hiding immediately }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9381739 after committing an offence. }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5704255\charrsid9381739 \par The learned trial judge and the asses sors believed PW6 and DW2 and ruled out the defence of insanity. Although the assessors advised conviction for murder, the learned judge thought that there was a possibility that the appellant who was in the habit of drinking could have been drunk and the refore she convicted the appellant of the offence of manslaughter. \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9381739 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5704255\charrsid9381739 The memorandum of appeal contained }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5704255\charrsid9381739 5 }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5704255\charrsid9381739 grounds of appeal, the fifth one having been added by leave of this Court. \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9381739 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5704255\charrsid9381739 Mr. Yese Mugenyi who prosecuted the appeal abandoned grounds 2 and 3. \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9381739 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5704255\charrsid9381739 Learned counsel then argued ground }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5704255\charrsid9381739 5}{\b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5704255\charrsid9381739 }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9381739 first. That ground states that \endash }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5704255\charrsid9381739 }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9381739 \par }\pard \s15\ql \li720\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid9381739 {\b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5704255\charrsid9381739 \'93 The learned trial judge misdirected herself }{\b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5704255\charrsid9381739 on}{\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5704255\charrsid9381739 }{\b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9381739 the evidence }{ \b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5704255\charrsid9381739 when she held that the appellant had admitted having killed the deceased.}{\b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9381739 \'94}{ \b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5704255\charrsid9381739 }{\b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9381739 \par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid9381739 {\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5704255\charrsid9381739 Having studied the evidence we think with respect that the learned judge misdirected herself on the evidence. \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9381739 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5704255\charrsid9381739 We agree with Mr. Mugenyi\rquote s submissions that apart from the concession by defence couns}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9381739 el during his submissions that -}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5704255\charrsid9381739 \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9381739 \par }\pard \s15\ql \li720\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid9381739 {\b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5704255\charrsid9381739 \'93The accused did inflict the fat}{ \b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9381739 al blow to the deceased on the }{\b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5704255\charrsid9381739 day of the inc ident if the appellant in his evidence never admitted the killing of the deceased. With respect, in this regard, we think that the learned judge was not entitled in a criminal trial to conclude that because his counsel said so in submissions the appellant had admitted }{\b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5704255\charrsid9381739 the}{\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5704255\charrsid9381739 }{\b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5704255\charrsid9381739 killing of the deceased.\'94 \line This ground succeeds. }{\b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5704255 \par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid9381739 {\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9381739\charrsid9381739 Mr. Mugenyi nex}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9381739 t argued ground 1 which states -}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9381739\charrsid9381739 \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9381739 \par }\pard \s15\ql \li720\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid9381739 {\b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9381739\charrsid9381739 That the learned trial judge erre}{ \b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9381739 d in law and facts an that she }{\b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9381739\charrsid9381739 did not consider or direct the assessors and the Court that the uncorroborated evidence of the prosecution witness PW6 Betty Adiye a minor should be accepted with great care and that she should not have accepted the uncorroborated evidence of such witness. \line }{\b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9381739 \par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid9381739 {\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9381739\charrsid9381739 Mr. Mugenyi submitted that PW6, who was the star arid the only eye witness was a minor (actually should be a child of tender years) and should not have been relied on to found a conviction b ecause her evidence was uncorroborated. That the learned judge did not warn herself and the assessors on the danger of convicting on the uncorroborated evidence of this witness of tender years. \line Learned Counsel referred us to the cases of }{ \b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9381739\charrsid9381739 Oloo S/O Gai V R }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9381739\charrsid9381739 (1960) EA 86 and }{\b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9381739\charrsid9381739 R. Leonard Bin Ngubwa }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9381739\charrsid9381739 (1943) 10 EACA 113. \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9381739 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9381739\charrsid9381739 We agree that PW6 was a child of tender years, being aged as the trial judge found, between 8-10 years at the time she testified in Court. As a general rule of practice, it is desirable for trial judge to warn herself/himself and the assessors of the dangers of acting on the uncorroborated evidence of a child of tender years: }{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9381739\charrsid9381739 Oloos\rquote s }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9381739\charrsid9381739 case (supra). But this is a rule of practice and not a rule of law. This rule of practice has acquired the force of law. It is therefore necessary for the trial judge to warn himself and the assessors of the dangers of acting on the uncorroborated evidence of a child of tender years. Failure to do so will normally vitiate the conviction. \line }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9381739 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9381739\charrsid9381739 The learned judge referred to t he conduct of the appellant. She considered his fleeing the scene and hiding himself after he had cut the deceased as evidence of his guilt. This amounts to corroboration even if the lea}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9381739 r ned judge did not say so.}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9381739\charrsid9381739 \par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid6817101 {\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid6817101\charrsid9381739 Secondly in his testimony the appellant stated t hat he ran away from his house because people}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid6817101 wanted to beat him up on allegat}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid6817101\charrsid9381739 i}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid6817101 ons}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid6817101\charrsid9381739 that he had killed a person. In other words he did not deny being at or near the scene of crime at the time it is alleged that he cut the deceased. In the circumstances of th is case this evidence supports the evidence of PW6 and to a certain extent that of PW7 that the appellant was at the scene of crime at the time the offence was committed. \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid6817101 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid6817101\charrsid9381739 Neither defence counsel nor State Attorney suggested to the learned judge that PW6\rquote s evidence required corroboration. The defence counsel was apparently so impressed by the evidence of PW6, that he had to concede the fact that the appellant caused the death of the deceased. After the concession the Defence counsel concentrated his submis sions on possible defences of insanity and intoxication, with the result that the learned trial Judge was persuaded to accept that the appellant\rquote s conduct was influenced by alcohol even though the assessors appear to have ruled this defence out. \line In our opinion ground one must fail. \line The la}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid6817101 st ground is ground 4 which is -}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid6817101\charrsid9381739 \line }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid6817101 \par }\pard \s15\ql \li720\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid6817101 {\b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid6817101\charrsid9381739 \'93 That the learned trial Judge erred in law and fact when she \line found that the appellant might not have acted when he was insane.\'94 \line }{\b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid6817101 \par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid9381739 {\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid6817101 The evidence on the q}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid6817101\charrsid9381739 uestion of possible defence of insan ity was that of PW6, PW7, the appellant himself, DW2 and DW3. PW6 testified that before cutting the deceased, the appellant announced that he was mad. Yet DW2 testified that a mad person would not admit this. PW7 said that the appellant had behaved in }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid6817101 a }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid6817101\charrsid9381739 strange}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid6817101 }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid6817101\charrsid9381739 way some time earlier before the cutting of the deceased in that \'93he appeared annoyed and ran about with a panga.\'94 The appellant himself stated he was suffering from severe headache similar to the type he suffered before he was taken to Butabika hospital in 1983. DW3 testified about his drinking habits and the fact that when he went past the appellant\rquote s house before the incident, he heard the appellant talking to himself. }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid6817101 However the defence expert }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5704255\charrsid9381739 evidence of DW2 upon which the learned judge relied ruled out the probability that the appellant could have been in}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid6817101 sane at the time he cut the decease}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5704255\charrsid9381739 d. \line We have studied the judgment of th e learned judge and are satisfied that just as she directed the assessors she fully directed herself on the defence of insanity and indeed that of intoxication before she excluded the defence of insanity. We find no fault in her judgment on this score. Gr ound four therefore fails. \line We are satisfied that although the trial judge misdirected herself on the evidence by holding that the appellant had admitted the fact of causing death of the deceased, she actually considered all the available evidence and defen ces and arrived at the correct conclusions on the facts. \line For the foregoing reasons we found no merit in the appeal which we accordingly dismissed. \line Dated at Mengo this 28th day of July 1995. \line }{ \b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5704255\charrsid9381739 S. T. MANYINDO \line DEPUTY CHIEF JUSTICE \line A. H. O. ODER \line JUSTICE OF THE SUPREME COURT \line J. W. N. TSEKOOKO \line JUSTICE OF THE SUPREME COURT }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5704255\charrsid9381739 \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9381739 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14830933\charrsid9381739 \par }}