Owor Arthur and Others v Gulu University [2007] UGHC 39 (29 November 2007)

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\tab \tab \tab \tab ) \par {\listtext\pard\plain\b\insrsid9254838\charrsid16603653 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 2.\tab}EDEMA TAKO GEORGE\tab \tab \tab ) \par {\listtext\pard\plain\b\insrsid9254838\charrsid16603653 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 3.\tab}LOUM JANANI\tab \tab \tab \tab \tab ) \par {\listtext\pard\plain\b\insrsid9254838\charrsid16603653 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 4.\tab}MUSAGALA PETER\tab \tab \tab \tab ) \par {\listtext\pard\plain\b\insrsid9254838\charrsid16603653 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 5.\tab}ADIA MADINA MOHAMED\tab \tab )\tab \par {\listtext\pard\plain\b\insrsid9254838\charrsid16603653 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 6.\tab}SEKYANZI DEO\tab \tab \tab \tab ) \par {\listtext\pard\plain\b\insrsid9254838\charrsid16603653 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 7.\tab}DR. AYELLA ATARO PAUL STEPHEN) \par {\listtext\pard\plain\b\insrsid9254838\charrsid16603653 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 8.\tab}ATUKEI PROSSY\tab \tab \tab \tab ) \par {\listtext\pard\plain\b\insrsid9254838\charrsid16603653 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 9.\tab}WANDERA BESWERI \tab \tab \tab ) ::::APPLICANTS \par }\pard \ql \li360\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid9254838 {\b\insrsid9254838\charrsid16603653 \par }\pard \qc \li360\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid9254838 {\b\insrsid9254838\charrsid16603653 VERSUS \par }\pard \ql \li360\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid9254838 {\b\insrsid9254838\charrsid16603653 \par GULU UNIVERSITY\tab :::::::::::::::::::::::RESPONDNET \par \par }\pard \qc \li360\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid281003 {\b\ul\insrsid9254838\charrsid16603653 BEFORE: HIS LORDSHIP JUSTICE REMMY K. KASULE \par \par JUDGMENT \par }\pard \qj \li360\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid281003 {\insrsid9254838\charrsid16603653 \par \tab }{\insrsid13252605\charrsid16603653 \tab }{\insrsid9254838\charrsid16603653 The applicants, through this cause of judicial Revi ew, seek from the respondent reliefs by way of prerogative orders of certiorari, prohibition and injunction. They also seek general damages. \par }{\insrsid13252605\charrsid16603653 \tab }{\insrsid9254838\charrsid16603653 \tab The applicants pursue their claims through section 36 of the Judicature Act Cap 13, as amended, and Order 46A Ru les 2, 3,35, 6, 7 and 8 of the Civil Procedure (Amendment) (Judicial Review) Rules, 2003. \par }{\insrsid13252605\charrsid16603653 \tab \tab Learned Counsel Caleb Alaka of Alaka & Co. Advocates, appeared for the applicants, while Jude Atyang Otim, Esq of Atyang Otim & Co. Advocates represented the respondent. \par }{\insrsid16519115\charrsid16603653 \tab \tab The applicants are all adult Ugandans, University graduates in various academic disciplines with upper class degrees and are starting out academic careers. Each of the applicants was, at all time, material to this application, a teaching assistan t with the respondent. }{\insrsid8659748\charrsid16603653 Teaching assistant is the lowest rank, and thus the starting point, for the academic staff of this respondent University.}{\insrsid16519115\charrsid16603653 \par }{\insrsid2889317\charrsid16603653 \tab \tab The respondent, Gulu University, is a state owned and state funded University situate in Gulu, Uganda. Th e motto, or vision and mission of the University are all geared towards rural transformation of the country through the disciplines of Agriculture, Medicine, Science Education, Business and Development Studies. These disciplines from the core of the facu lties of this University. \par }{\insrsid10682636\charrsid16603653 \tab \tab }{\insrsid1120066\charrsid16603653 The dispute between the applicants and the respondent arises from the decision taken by the University on 29}{\super\insrsid1120066\charrsid16603653 th}{ \insrsid1120066\charrsid16603653 March, 2007, to terminate the services of the applicants, as teaching assistants. }{\insrsid10682636\charrsid16603653 \par }{\insrsid16582889\charrsid16603653 \tab \tab The applicants seek by way of Jud icial Review relief that this court quashes by the order of certiorari, the proceedings whereby the decision to terminate their services was taken, prohibit and restrain, through the orders of prohibition, order the respondent to pay general damages, as w ell as arrears of salary and allowances to the applicants.}{\insrsid1120066\charrsid16603653 \par }{\insrsid16582889\charrsid16603653 \tab \tab The reliefs sought by applicants are based on the grounds that the organ of the respondent namely the Management Committee that took the decision to dismiss the applicants had no powers to do so; and thus it acted ultravires its authority. The said organ, the applicants further contend acted unconstitutionally and in breach of the principles of natural justice, as it afforded no opportunity to each of the applicants a fair or any hearing at all.

The applicants were thus condemned unheard, contrary to the Constitution of Uganda, the Supreme Law of the land, and contrary to the University and other Tertiary Institutions (Amendment) Act, 2006 and to the Tenure, Terms and Conditions of service of the respondent that governs the contracts of employment between the applicants and respondents. \par \tab \tab The respondent denies the claims of the applicants on premises that the application is misconceived and defective and lacks a cause of action. Further that the a pplicants absconded from their work as teaching assistants to pursue further studies and by }{\insrsid10501133\charrsid16603653 reason}{\insrsid16582889\charrsid16603653 thereof each of the applicants }{\insrsid10501133\charrsid16603653 acted in breach of the terms of the contract of service which amounted to repudiation of the contract. Specifically with regard to the fourth, (Musala Peter), 5}{\super\insrsid10501133\charrsid16603653 th}{\insrsid10501133\charrsid16603653 (Adia Madinoa Mohamed), Sixth (Sekwyanzi Deo), seventh (Dr. Ayella Ataro Paul Stephen) eight (Atukei Prossy, and ninth (wandera Besweri) applicants their employment contracts with the respondents had already expired by the material date of 1}{ \super\insrsid10501133\charrsid16603653 st}{\insrsid10501133\charrsid16603653 March, 2007 and as such }{\insrsid16582889\charrsid16603653 }{\insrsid10501133\charrsid16603653 each one of them was no longer an employee of the respondent. Accordingly none of them had a cause of action against the respondent.}{\insrsid16582889\charrsid16603653 \par }{\insrsid14962739\charrsid16603653 \tab \tab At the actual hearing learned counsel Caleb Alaka of ALaka & Co. Advo cate, appeared for the applicants, while the respondent was represented by learned counsel Jude Otim Atyang of Atyang & Co. Advocates, and was assisted by Ms. Judith Oroma, an advocate employed by the respondent. }{\insrsid10501133\charrsid16603653

\par }{\insrsid14944300\charrsid16603653 \tab \tab Three issues were framed for determination by court. \par {\listtext\pard\plain\insrsid14944300\charrsid16603653 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 1.\tab}}\pard \qj \fi-810\li1530\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx1530\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin1530\itap0\pararsid14944300 { \insrsid14944300\charrsid16603653 Whether the applicants\rquote application is competent before court \par {\listtext\pard\plain\insrsid14944300\charrsid16603653 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 2.\tab}whether the applicants have a cause of action against the respondent. \par {\listtext\pard\plain\insrsid14944300\charrsid16603653 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 3.\tab}whether or not the applicants are entitled to the remedies sought. \par }\pard \qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14944300 {\insrsid14944300\charrsid16603653 As to the first issue counsel for the respondent submitted that the applicant\rquote s application be dismissed for being incompetent by reason of the fact that except for the second applicant, Edema Tako George, the rest of the applicants did not file affidavits in support of the application. Those applicants that had not filed affidavits in support of the application had failed to discharge the burden of proving their respective cases as each one of them had failed to adduce evidence by affidavit or through other documents to substantiate his / her case against the respondent. It followed therefore that, in absence of such evidence, the respondent had no burden to discharge with regard to the claims of those applicants who filed no affidavits in support of the application. Each of those applic ants had thus failed to discharge the burden placed upon each one of them by sections 101, 102, 103, and 106 of the Evidence Act Cap.6. \par }\pard \qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4670830 {\insrsid4670830\charrsid16603653 }{\insrsid14944300\charrsid16603653 Though the first (Owor Arthur) and fourth (Musagala Peter) applicants had sworn and filed affidavits with app lication, the first did so by way of rejoinder, and not as his original affidavit to support the application. Similarly the fourth applicant filed }{\insrsid5838131\charrsid16603653 his}{\insrsid14944300\charrsid16603653 in court as a supplementary one to that of the second applicant. Such an affidavit, respondents\rquote counsel contended, }{\insrsid5838131\charrsid16603653 cannot}{\insrsid14944300\charrsid16603653 be a substitute for an original affidavit to support the application which the fourth applicant is obliged to file with the application. \par }\pard \qj \li360\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid281003 {\insrsid4670830\charrsid16603653 \tab \tab The case of the applicants, not being in the nature of a representative suit provided for by order 1 rule 8 (old version) of the civil procedure Rules, the second applicant has no legal duty to depone for and on behalf of the rest of the applicants in support of the application.}{\insrsid14944300\charrsid16603653 \par }{\insrsid4670830\charrsid16603653 \tab \tab For the applicants it was submitted that the application was competent i n respect of all the applicants as the second applicant clearly stated in his affidavit that he was deponing to the contents of the affidavit on his own behalf and also on behalf of the co-applicants. Section 133 of the Evidence Act, does not require a p articular number of witnesses to prove a fact. The affidavit of the second applicant was sufficient to prove the fats of all the applicants in support of the application. \par \tab \tab \tab Court notes that the second applicant, in paragraph 1 and 2 of his affidavit in support of the application, clearly states that:- \par {\listtext\pard\plain\b\insrsid4670830\charrsid16603653 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 1.\tab}}\pard \qj \fi-720\li1440\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx1440\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls3\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid4670830 { \b\insrsid4670830\charrsid16603653 That I am an adult male Ugandan of sound mind and am an applicant in the above application together with my other colleagues and I swear this affidavit in that capacity and also on }{\b\insrsid2367211\charrsid16603653 behalf}{\b\insrsid4670830\charrsid16603653 of my co-applicants. \par {\listtext\pard\plain\b\insrsid4670830\charrsid16603653 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 2.\tab} That my co-applicants and I have been working with the respondent as Teaching Assistants on a two years renewable contract each as indicated in our appointment letters and have duly been performing our duties. Photocopies of our appointment letters are hereto attached collectively as \'93A\'94}{\b\insrsid9595460\charrsid16603653 .}{\b\insrsid4670830\charrsid16603653 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9595460 {\insrsid9595460\charrsid16603653 This court did not receive any evidence throughout the course of hearing this application that any of the applicants was disputing the authority of the second applicant to depone to matters in support of the application for and on behalf of the rest of the applicants. Yet all applicants used to attend court in person, most of the times, the application came up for hearing. \par \tab \tab Further, section 133 of the Evidence Act provides that no particular number of witnesses is required to prove a fact. \par \tab \tab In the considered view of this court the second applicant laid the foundation and provided the basis in paragraphs 1 and 2 of his affidavit as to why he was deponing on his own and on behalf of the other applicants of matters tha t he knew of his own knowledge. He was a fellow employee of the respondent, like the rest of the applicants. The events he depones to happened to him at the same time as they happened }{\insrsid9843797\charrsid16603653 to the rest of the applicants. In the absence of evidence from the rest of the applicants to the effect that they, or any one of them, did not authorize him to s}{\insrsid3108533\charrsid16603653 w}{\insrsid9843797\charrsid16603653 ear the affidavit on their behalf, court has no basis for not accepting his affidavit evidence as also supporting the case of the rest of the applicants.}{\insrsid9595460\charrsid16603653 \par }{\insrsid4980946\charrsid16603653 \tab \tab As to the affidavit in rejoinder by the first applicant and supplementary affidavit by the fourth applicant, no legal authority was provided by respondents\rquote counsel as to why they should not be regarded as competent evidence to support the case of the respective applicants. The import of Order 17 Rule 3 of the Civil Procedure Rules (old version) is that affidavit evidence is as good as any other evidence, provided it is confined to facts as the deponent is able as of that deponent\rquote s own knowledge to prove }{\insrsid3293869\charrsid16603653 . Court is satisfied that both affidavit in rejoinder and the supplementary affidavit of the first and fourth applicants constituted proper}{\insrsid9524831\charrsid16603653 evidence to support the cases of those particular applicants as well as the rest of the applicants.}{\insrsid4980946\charrsid16603653 \par }{\insrsid9524831\charrsid16603653 \tab \tab Therefore as to the f irst issue court holds that the applicants application is not incompetent before court by reason of the rest of the applicants, except the second applicant, not having filed in court their own individual affidavits in support of the application. \par \tab \tab The second issue is whether the applicants have a cause of action against the respondent. It is submission of the }{\insrsid2064245\charrsid16603653 respondent that as of 01.04.2007, the 4}{\super\insrsid2064245\charrsid16603653 th}{ \insrsid2064245\charrsid16603653 , 5}{\super\insrsid2064245\charrsid16603653 th}{\insrsid2064245\charrsid16603653 , 6}{\super\insrsid2064245\charrsid16603653 th}{\insrsid2064245\charrsid16603653 , 7}{\super\insrsid2064245\charrsid16603653 th}{ \insrsid2064245\charrsid16603653 , 8}{\super\insrsid2064245\charrsid16603653 th}{\insrsid2064245\charrsid16603653 and 9}{\super\insrsid2064245\charrsid16603653 th}{\insrsid2064245\charrsid16603653 applicants had no valid contracts of service with the respondent as their previous contracts had expired, none of them had applied for renewal of same, and thus there had been no renewal thereof.}{\insrsid9524831\charrsid16603653 \par }{\insrsid2064245\charrsid16603653 The said applicants therefore, by reason of absence of contracts of service, had no cause of action in this application against the respon dent. The applicants, the subject of this submission, deny that by the 01/04/2007, the date of termination of their services, they, individually and /or collectively no longer had employment contract(s) with the respondent. It is their submission that t he respondent had by conduct taken their individual contracts as renewed. The}{\insrsid3108533\charrsid16603653 y}{\insrsid2064245\charrsid16603653 too, accordingly, carried on their work under the same terms and conditions of service in accordance with their contracts. \par }{\insrsid11229699\charrsid16603653 \tab \tab From the evidence availed to court, each of the 4}{\super\insrsid11229699\charrsid16603653 th}{\insrsid11229699\charrsid16603653 , 5}{\super\insrsid11229699\charrsid16603653 th}{ \insrsid11229699\charrsid16603653 , 6}{\super\insrsid11229699\charrsid16603653 th}{\insrsid11229699\charrsid16603653 , 7}{\super\insrsid11229699\charrsid16603653 th}{\insrsid11229699\charrsid16603653 , 8}{\super\insrsid11229699\charrsid16603653 th}{ \insrsid11229699\charrsid16603653 and 9}{\super\insrsid11229699\charrsid16603653 th}{\insrsid11229699\charrsid16603653 applicants was appointed by the respondent as a teaching assistant in the faculty of Science Education on a two years contract, renewable once. \par \tab \tab The 7}{\super\insrsid11229699\charrsid16603653 th}{\insrsid11229699\charrsid16603653 applicant\rquote s contract started on 15/09/2004, the 5}{\super\insrsid11229699\charrsid16603653 th}{\insrsid11229699\charrsid16603653 applicant\rquote s on 01/02/2005, while whose of the }{\insrsid3108533\charrsid16603653 4}{\super\insrsid3108533\charrsid16603653 th}{\insrsid3108533\charrsid16603653 ,}{\insrsid11229699\charrsid16603653 6}{\super\insrsid11229699\charrsid16603653 th}{ \insrsid11229699\charrsid16603653 , 8}{\super\insrsid11229699\charrsid16603653 th}{\insrsid11229699\charrsid16603653 and 9}{\super\insrsid11229699\charrsid16603653 th}{\insrsid11229699\charrsid16603653 started on 01.03.2005. \par \tab \tab It would }{\insrsid13724852\charrsid16603653 normally}{\insrsid11229699\charrsid16603653 follow therefore that by the 01.03.2007, latest the date of dismissal, each of those applicant\rquote s contracts should have expired, and the contractual }{\insrsid3108533\charrsid16603653 relationship of (}{\insrsid11229699\charrsid16603653 employee/applicants and employer/respondent) should have ceased. \par }{\insrsid13313588\charrsid16603653 \tab \tab Court notes however that each of the concerned applicants was communicated to by the respondent with a termination letter dated 29.03.2007 terminating each of the applicant\rquote s contract of se rvice with effect from 01.04.2007. \par \tab \tab From the termination letter the reason given for termination is that each of the applicants embarked on a Master}{\insrsid3108533\charrsid16603653 s}{\insrsid13313588\charrsid16603653 programme without being officially rel}{ \insrsid3949163\charrsid16603653 e}{\insrsid13313588\charrsid16603653 ased for study leave. \par \tab \tab This court concludes from the wording of the termination le}{\insrsid3949163\charrsid16603653 t}{\insrsid13313588\charrsid16603653 ter that the respondent did not take each of the applicants}{\insrsid12847173\charrsid16603653 \rquote }{ \insrsid13313588\charrsid16603653 }{\insrsid12847173\charrsid16603653 contract}{\insrsid13313588\charrsid16603653 of service as having come to an end by the 01/03/2007, or earlier in respect of the 7}{\super\insrsid13313588\charrsid16603653 th}{ \insrsid13313588\charrsid16603653 and 5}{\super\insrsid13313588\charrsid16603653 th}{\insrsid13313588\charrsid16603653 applicants. \par }{\insrsid6700330\charrsid16603653 \tab \tab Given the fact that the respondent never communicated in w riting or otherwise, to each of the applicants that their respective contracts had come to an end, but instead availed and let them continue, carrying out their teaching assignments and programmes to the respondent\rquote s undergraduates and other students, while collecting their monthly salaries, all go to show that the respondent regarded and so conducted each of the applicants as still being in employment. \par }{\insrsid1717546\charrsid16603653 \tab \tab Being continuing employees of the respondent, as at the time of termination letter, on 29.03.2007, the 4}{\super\insrsid1717546\charrsid16603653 th}{\insrsid1717546\charrsid16603653 , 5}{ \super\insrsid1717546\charrsid16603653 th}{\insrsid1717546\charrsid16603653 , 6}{\super\insrsid1717546\charrsid16603653 th}{\insrsid1717546\charrsid16603653 , 7}{\super\insrsid1717546\charrsid16603653 th}{\insrsid1717546\charrsid16603653 , 8}{ \super\insrsid1717546\charrsid16603653 th}{\insrsid1717546\charrsid16603653 , and 9}{\super\insrsid1717546\charrsid16603653 th}{\insrsid1717546\charrsid16603653 applicants, have established in their pleadings that their rights as employees are being violated and that the respondent is liable. They have thus established }{\insrsid3108533\charrsid16603653 a }{\insrsid1717546\charrsid16603653 cause of action: See }{\b\insrsid1717546\charrsid16603653 AUTO GARAGE AND OTHERS V MOTOKOV (No. 3) (1971) EA 514 \par }{\insrsid1717546\charrsid16603653 \tab \tab This court on the overall appreciation of the contents of the pleadings and the submissions of counsel of the respective parties to the application holds with regard to the second issue that the applicants have a cause of action against the respondent.

\par }{\insrsid71953\charrsid16603653 \tab \tab The third issue is whether or not the applicants are entitled to the remedies sought against the respondent.}{\insrsid1717546\charrsid16603653 \par }{\insrsid71953\charrsid16603653 \tab \tab The remedies sought by the applicants have already been stated. \par }{\insrsid7477683\charrsid16603653 \tab \tab The applicants case is that on 29.03.2007 the Management }{\insrsid2367211\charrsid16603653 Committee}{\insrsid7477683\charrsid16603653 of the respondent terminated their respective contracts of service on the ground that each of them had, taken up without the permission of the respondent post graduate studies at other various Universities in Uganda, and thus absconded from employment.

\par \tab \tab The applicants challenge the decision to terminate their contracts on the grounds that the decision was taken by a body that had no powers in law to take such a decision, and further, that the decision was taken in breach of the rules of natural jus tice as none of the applicants was afforded an opportunity to be heard and put up defence. Each one had been condemned unheard. \par }{\insrsid3897632\charrsid16603653 \tab \tab The respondent maintains that the law and procedure was followed in terminating the services of the applicants who abandoned their work as teaching assistants to pursue post}{\insrsid1056541\charrsid16603653 graduate degrees without the permission or leave of the respondent. The Management Committee of the respondent had }{\insrsid3108533\charrsid16603653 in}{\insrsid1056541\charrsid16603653 law the powers it exercised in the matter.}{ \insrsid7477683\charrsid16603653 \par }{\insrsid1056541\charrsid16603653 \tab \tab According to respondent, the applicants\rquote contracts of service having come to an end, the remedy of}{\insrsid16740081\charrsid16603653 }{\insrsid1056541\charrsid16603653 prohibition was not available to them. The applicants had not suffered and had not proved any damages, so none was available to them in this application. Applicants were at liberty to seek damages for wrongful dismissal through}{ \insrsid7673968\charrsid16603653 separate suits if they felt they had been wrongly dismissed.}{\insrsid1056541\charrsid16603653 \par }{\insrsid7673968\charrsid16603653 \tab \tab The applicants also ought to have exhausted the machinery available to them within the University set up instead of lodging this application. Through that machin ery the applicants ought to have appealed to the University Council for relief. \par }{\insrsid7406887\charrsid16603653 \tab \tab Court will proceed to examine in brief the law as to judicial review and then the merits and demerits of the cases of the parties to this application. \par \tab \tab The prerogative jurisdiction of judicial review has now, in Uganda}{\insrsid6425532\charrsid16603653 , its foundation in the Constitution.}{\insrsid7406887\charrsid16603653 \par }{\insrsid6425532\charrsid16603653 \tab \tab Article 28(1) of the Constitution provides that:- \par }\pard \qj \li1440\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid2367211 {\b\i\insrsid6425532\charrsid16603653 \'93 In the determination of Civil rights and obligation or any criminal charge, a person shall be entitled to a fair, speed and public hearing before an independent and impartial court or tribunal established by law\'94 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9595460 {\insrsid13766287\charrsid16603653 \tab \tab Thus by Constitution one whose rights are being determined must be afforded a fair hearing, a speedy disposal of the accusations against such a one, must be heard in defence and the decision must be taken without bias, and undue influence.}{ \insrsid6425532\charrsid16603653 \par }{\insrsid13766287\charrsid16603653 \tab \tab The respondent being a public Universit}{\insrsid3108533\charrsid16603653 y created under section 22 of the Universities and O}{\insrsid13766287\charrsid16603653 ther Tertiary Institutions Act, it follows that the respondents employees, who include the applicants in this case, }{\insrsid6301185\charrsid16603653 are}{\insrsid13766287\charrsid16603653 }{\insrsid6301185\charrsid16603653 public}{ \insrsid13766287\charrsid16603653 }{\insrsid6301185\charrsid16603653 officers in public service. They thus enjoy the constitutional protection of Article }{\insrsid3108533\charrsid16603653 173 of the constitution. The article }{ \insrsid6301185\charrsid16603653 forbids victimization or discrimination of a public officer for having performed his or her duties faithfully, or dismissal or removal from office or reduction in rank or otherwise punished without just cause.}{ \insrsid13766287\charrsid16603653 \par }{\insrsid6301185\charrsid16603653 \tab \tab The remedy of judicial review is thus available to the applicants, if termination of their contracts of service was in violation of t he provisions of the Constitution. The burden is on the applicants to satisfy court that there was such a violation of the constitution and other laws. \par \tab \tab The essence of judicial review jurisdiction is for this court to ensure that the machinery of justice is observed and controlled in its exercise by those inferior bodies in society that happen to be vested with legal authority to determine questions affecting the rights of subjects. Such bodies or individuals have a duty to act judicially. \par \tab \tab Prima facie a duty to act judicially arises in the exercise of power to deprive one of a livelihood, or legal status, or liberty, or }{\insrsid7432127\charrsid16603653 property rights, or any legitimate interest or expectation or to impose a penalty on some one.}{\insrsid6301185\charrsid16603653 \par }{\insrsid7432127\charrsid16603653 \tab \tab Judicial review jurisdiction, has, ove r the years, developed and expanded, so that the modern view now, is that, in order to establish that a duty to act judicially applies to the performance of a particular function, it is no longer necessary to show that the function is analytically of a ju dicial character or involves determination of lis inter partes: see HALSBURY\rquote S LAW OF ENGLAND, Fourth Edition, Volume 1, page 77 paragraph 65. \par \tab \tab The modern view of judicial review jurisdiction appears to have been constitutionalised in Uganda through }{\insrsid3108533\charrsid16603653 A}{\insrsid7432127\charrsid16603653 rticles 28, 173, and others of the 1995 constitution. \par \tab \tab Judicial Review goes to the manner in which the decision being challenged was made. Judicial review is primarily not available as a means of reviewing a decision taken on the basis of whether it is fair or reasonable: see }{ \b\ul\insrsid7432127\charrsid16603653 PIUS NIWAGABA VS LDC: }{\b\ul\insrsid3350570\charrsid16603653 COURT OF APPEAL CIVIL APPLICATION NO. 18 OF 2005, }{\insrsid3350570\charrsid16603653 unreported.}{\b\ul\insrsid7432127\charrsid16603653 \par }{\insrsid13588675\charrsid16603653 \tab \tab The overriding purpose of judicial review is to ensure that the individual concerned receives fair treatment, that lawful authority is not abused by unf air treatment. It is not for the court to take over the authority and the task entrusted to that authority, by substituting its own decision on the merits of what has to be decided: See }{\b\insrsid13588675\charrsid16603653 CHIEF CONSTABLE OF NORTH WALES POLICE VS EVANS (1982) 3 ALL ER 141.}{\insrsid13588675\charrsid16603653 See also: }{\b\ul\insrsid3350570\charrsid16603653 HIGH COURT KAMPALA: MISCELLANEOUS CAUSE NUMBER 202 OF 2006: }{ \b\ul\insrsid13588675\charrsid16603653 CARING FOR ORPHANS, WIDOWS, AND ELDERLY LIMTED \endash VS- BANK OF UGANDA}{\b\ul\insrsid7346749\charrsid16603653 }{\b\ul\insrsid13588675\charrsid16603653 (AKIIKI KIIZA J.)}{\ul\insrsid13588675\charrsid16603653 ,}{ \insrsid13588675\charrsid16603653 unreported. \par }{\insrsid7346749\charrsid16603653 \tab \tab Implicit in the concept of fair treatment are the two cardinal rules that constitute natural justice: no one shall be a judge in one\rquote s own cause}{\insrsid3093802\charrsid16603653 }{ \insrsid7346749\charrsid16603653 (nemo judex in causa sua); and : No one shall be condemned unheard (audi alteram partem)}{\insrsid13588675\charrsid16603653 \par }{\insrsid7346749\charrsid16603653 \tab \tab }{\insrsid3093802\charrsid16603653 Whenever }{\insrsid3350570\charrsid16603653 and wherever }{\insrsid3093802\charrsid16603653 there is a duty to act judicially the above two rules of natural justice must be observed. A decision reached without observing the rules of natural justice is no decision at all: see }{\b\insrsid3093802\charrsid16603653 MARKO MATOVU & 2 OTHERS VS MOHAMMED SSEVIRI and }{\b\insrsid3350570\charrsid16603653 T}{\b\insrsid3093802\charrsid16603653 he UGANDA LAND COMMISSION}{\insrsid3093802\charrsid16603653 : }{\b\insrsid3350570\charrsid16603653 UGANDA COURT OF APPEAL NO. 7 OF 1987}{\insrsid3093802\charrsid16603653 . }{\insrsid1526839\charrsid16603653 See}{\insrsid3093802\charrsid16603653 also: }{\b\insrsid3093802\charrsid16603653 GENERAL MEDICAL COUNCIL VS SPACKMAN (1943) 2 ALL ER 337}{ \b\insrsid3350570\charrsid16603653 .}{\b\insrsid3093802\charrsid16603653 }{\b\insrsid7346749\charrsid16603653 \par }{\insrsid7477683\charrsid16603653 \tab \tab }{\insrsid1273239\charrsid16603653 Certiorari lies on the application of an }{\insrsid1526839\charrsid16603653 aggrieved party}{\insrsid1273239\charrsid16603653 to bring to this court proceedings including a decision of an inferior tribunal for review so that the court can determine whether or not those proceedings and decision be quashed. }{\insrsid8542258\charrsid16603653 Certiorari will issue and an order to quash made in case of excess or lack of jurisdiction, error of law on the face of the record, non observance of the rules of natural justice, or in case of fraud, collusion or perjury. }{ \insrsid7477683\charrsid16603653 \par }{\insrsid8542258\charrsid16603653 \tab \tab While }{\insrsid11618583\charrsid16603653 certiorari deals with what has already happened, prohibition looks to the future. By its application, court\rquote s prerogative jurisdiction is invoked to prevent the happening in future of an act complained of. It is thus preventive not corrective: see: I}{\insrsid3350570\charrsid16603653 N}{\insrsid11618583\charrsid16603653 RE MUSTAFA RAMATHAN (Musoke Kibuuka, J) (1996) v KALR 86 }{\insrsid3350570\charrsid16603653 at}{\insrsid11618583\charrsid16603653 P.87}{\insrsid8542258\charrsid16603653 \par }{\insrsid1330361\charrsid16603653 \tab \tab Injunction issues to restrain the imminent threat, or commission or continuance of unlawful acts, in which case it is prohibitory. It may also issue to compel taking up some action to prevent imminen t or further damage resulting from an unlawful act or to preserve the status quo of a subject matter pending further action. The injunction is then said to be mandatory. \par \tab \tab }{\insrsid2189930\charrsid16603653 It is submitted for each of the applicants that the body of the respondent that too k the decision that resulted in termination of their employment contracts did not have the powers to do so. It acted without jurisdiction.}{\insrsid1330361\charrsid16603653 \par }{\insrsid14904026\charrsid16603653 \tab \tab Each of the applicants received a letter of termination of 29/03/2007. The letter stated that the Management Committee}{\insrsid5972889\charrsid16603653 had received, deliberated and noted with dismay that the applicant has embarked on a masters programme without being officially released for study leave. The Committee therefore considered the applicant to have absconded from work. The applicant \rquote s services were thus being terminated by reason thereof. The termination letter was signed by the University Secretary.}{\insrsid14904026\charrsid16603653 \par }{\insrsid13652402\charrsid16603653 \tab \tab Part X of the Universities and other Tertiary Institutions Act provides for: \par \tab \tab }{\b\insrsid13652402\charrsid16603653 \'93STAFF OF A PUBLIC UNIVERSITY\rquote \par }{\insrsid13652402\charrsid16603653 Section 50(3) provides for an appointments Board responsible to the University Council for the appointment, }{\insrsid7543358\charrsid16603653 promotion}{\insrsid13652402\charrsid16603653 , removal from service and discipline of all officers and staff of the University.}{\insrsid12463225\charrsid16603653 Section 55 provides for the procedure of removal of officers and employees from o ffice. The affected officer, other than the Vice-Chancellor or Deputy Vice- Chancellor, has to be given notice in writing including grounds for the removal and the officer is required to respond to the same in writing. The officer may then be suspended p ending investigation, the case against the officer is referred to the appointments Board, and the Secretary of the University Appointments Board makes arrangements for the affected officer to appear before the University staff tribunal with respect to the matter.}{\insrsid13652402\charrsid16603653 \par }{\insrsid13698537\charrsid16603653 The University staff tribunal and appointments board have to finish the officer\rquote s case within a period of six months from the date of suspension of the officer. \par }{\insrsid9984449\charrsid16603653 The \'93}{\b\i\insrsid9984449\charrsid16603653 Tenure, terms and conditions of service for Gulu University 2005\'94}{\insrsid9984449\charrsid16603653 also pursuant to the Universities and Other Tertiary Institutions Act vest the power to make appointments in the Appointment Board: see 1(a) page 1}{\insrsid13698537\charrsid16603653 \par }{\insrsid9984449\charrsid16603653 \tab \tab The category of Teaching Assistances to which the applicants belong, is provided for as the lowest rank of academic staff: see Term 3.2 (a) (vi) page 3. \par }{\insrsid5994113\charrsid16603653 \tab \tab Under terms 7 (b) page 6, the Appointments Board may for good cause remove any member of }{\insrsid16139247\charrsid16603653 staff}{\insrsid5994113\charrsid16603653 from office for various reasons set out therein. Appendix D provides procedure for removal for good cause. The procedure is similar to that set out in section 55 of the Act.}{\insrsid9984449\charrsid16603653 \par }{\insrsid7889023\charrsid16603653 \tab \tab There is nothing in the letters of Termination of the applicants contracts of service, or any where else in the evidence adduced before court, to show that the relevant provisions herein pointed out of the Universities and other Tertiary Institutions Act, or those of the Tenure}{\insrsid3878899\charrsid16603653 , Terms and conditions of service of Gulu University 2005, were followed when terminating the contracts of employment of the applicants.}{ \insrsid7889023\charrsid16603653 \par }{\insrsid3878899\charrsid16603653 \tab \tab The Management Committee}{\insrsid9059011\charrsid16603653 of the University, f rom what is stated in the termination letters given to the applicants, usurped the powers of the Appointments Board and those of the University Tribunal. In so acting it acted without jurisdiction.}{\insrsid3878899\charrsid16603653 \par }{\insrsid9059011\charrsid16603653 \tab \tab Both the provisions of the University and other Tertiar y Institutions Act as well as the Tenure, Terms and conditions of service for Gulu University-2005 emphasize the requirement that the affected officer has to be afforded an opportunity to be heard and to put his/her case in defence}{ \insrsid12518890\charrsid16603653 .}{\insrsid9059011\charrsid16603653 \par }{\insrsid12518890\charrsid16603653 There is no evidence th at respondent afforded any of the applicants an opportunity to be herd and to put up a defence before being condemned with a termination letter. The respondent therefore acted in breach of the rule of natural justice. \par \tab \tab It follows therefore that the decision to terminate the appointment of each of the applicants as Teaching Assistan}{\insrsid3350570\charrsid16603653 t}{\insrsid12518890\charrsid16603653 was taken contrary to law and to the Rules of natural justice. The termination of each of the applicants is thus null and void. The same stands quashed by this court.}{\insrsid9984449\charrsid16603653 \par }{\insrsid12518890\charrsid16603653 \tab \tab The decision to terminate the applicants}{\insrsid3350570\charrsid16603653 \rquote }{\insrsid12518890\charrsid16603653 contracts of employment is remitted to the respondent, so that, the respondent, if he still so wishes, deals with it, in accordance with }{\insrsid1994757\charrsid16603653 the provisions of the Universities and other Tertiary Institutions Act, and the T enure, Terms and conditions of service for Gulu University-2005. }{\insrsid12997300\charrsid16603653 T}{\insrsid1994757\charrsid16603653 his remittance is made pursuant }{\insrsid12997300\charrsid16603653 to Rule 10 (4) of the Civil Procedure(Amendment) Judicial Review Rules, 2003. \par \tab \tab Since the termination of the contracts of service of the applicants has been held to be void ab initio, it is ordered that each of the applicants be paid his/her full monthly remuneration and all entitlements, as from the date of the purported termination of contract of service, that }{\insrsid3350570\charrsid16603653 is }{ \insrsid12997300\charrsid16603653 01.04.2007 until such a time, if it is the wish of the respondent, be conclusively dea}{\insrsid3350570\charrsid16603653 l}{\insrsid12997300\charrsid16603653 t with one way or }{\insrsid2566385\charrsid16603653 the other in accordance with the law as herein set out. Until the respondent acts otherwise, each of the applicants is bound to carryout the terms and conditions of his/her employment contract with the respondent strictly.}{ \insrsid12518890\charrsid16603653 \par }{\insrsid2566385\charrsid16603653 \tab \tab Each of the applicants is awarded interest at court rate on the remuneration due to him/her for the period from the date of purported termination up to the date of this judgment. No interest is to accrue on any future payment s to any of the applicants, who continues to work after the date of this judgment, if the same is }{\insrsid11292589\charrsid16603653 paid in time together with other remunerations of other staff of the respondent.}{\insrsid2566385\charrsid16603653

\par }{\insrsid11292589\charrsid16603653 \tab \tab Court received no credible}{\insrsid3350570\charrsid16603653 evidence }{\insrsid11292589\charrsid16603653 to justify an award of general damages. None are awarded. \par \tab \tab The applicants are awarded the costs of this application as well as }{\insrsid3350570\charrsid16603653 those of }{\insrsid11292589\charrsid16603653 the application for leave to file application for judicial Review. \par \par \par \par }{\b\insrsid11292589\charrsid16603653 .................................. \par Remmy K. Kasule \par Ag. Judge \par 30/11/2007 \par }{\b\insrsid1717546\charrsid16603653 \par }{\b\insrsid13313588\charrsid16603653 \par \par }}