Peter Dhour Iyouk V Uganda (Criminal Appeal No. 20 of 1998) [1998] UGCA 26 (14 December 1998)

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{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl9\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \s15\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1 \widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12663773 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5181749\charrsid5181749 THE REPUBLIC OF UGANDA \line IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF UGANDA AT KAMPALA. }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid12663773 \line CRIMINAL APP}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5181749\charrsid5181749 EAL NO.20/98. \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid12663773 \par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12663773 {\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5181749\charrsid5181749 CORAM: HON. MR. JUSTICE G. M. OKELLO,JA.; \line }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid12663773 }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5181749\charrsid5181749 HON. LADY JUSTICE A. E. MPAGI-BAHIGEINE,JA \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid12663773 }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5181749\charrsid5181749 HON. MR. JUSTICE A. TWINOMUJUNI ,J. A. \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid12663773 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5181749\charrsid5181749 PETER DHOUR IYOUK}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid12663773 \'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5181749\charrsid5181749 APPELLANT \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid12663773 \par }\pard \s15\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12663773 {\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5181749\charrsid5181749 VERSUS \line }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid12663773 \par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12663773 {\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5181749\charrsid5181749 UGANDA}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid12663773 \'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5181749\charrsid5181749 RESPONDENT \line }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid12663773 \par }{\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid12663773 JUDGMENT OF TH}{\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5181749\charrsid5181749 E COURT }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5181749\charrsid5181749 \line }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid12663773 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5181749\charrsid5181749 This is a second appeal. It arises from an appellate decision of the High Court dated 26-6-98 whereby Tinyinondi,J. acquitted the appellant an}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid12663773 d confirmed the order of }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5181749\charrsid5181749 condemnation of the goods. \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid12663773 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5181749\charrsid5181749 The appellant Peter Dhour lyouk was originally charg}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid12663773 ed before the Chief Magistrate Y}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5181749\charrsid5181749 . Bamwine,Esq. on three counts of knowingly using counterfeit documents cls 148(h) of the East rican Customs and Manage ment Act, as amended by Decree No.13 of 1997, in respect of about 800 cartons of sportsman cigarettes made in Tanzania purportedly consigned to him whereas not. \line On the alternative count he was charged with Importing prohibited goods c/s 146(a) 1 of the Act. \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid12663773 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5181749\charrsid5181749 The Chief Magistrate convicted the appellant on the three main counts and sentenced him to the maximum fine of Shs.200,000= or }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid12663773 12 months in jail in default. \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5181749 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid12663773 The learned Chief Magisttrate also ordered forfeiture of the goods under Section 180 (1) of the Act. He however acquitted the appell ant, under Section 131 of the Magistrates Court Act; on the alternative count. \par On appeal to the High Court, the learned judge allowed the appeal,in part. He quashed the conviction, acquitted the appellant and set aside the sentence. He however upheld the order for the goods to be condemned. \par The appeal to this court is agains such order of condemnation and is based on 4 grounds: \par {\listtext\pard\plain\s15 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid12663773 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 1.\tab}}\pard \s15\ql \fi-360\li720\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar \jclisttab\tx720\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12663773 {\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid12663773 The learned judge erred in Law and in fact in holding that the Appellant was not the owner of the goods by reason of his acquittal or importing prohibited goods and which acquittal was itself irregular in Law. \par {\listtext\pard\plain\s15 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid12663773 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 2.\tab}The learned judge erred in Law and in fact in holding that the Appellant did not validly import the goods into the country on transit to Sudan when the Appellant was found not to have known that the documents he used to claim th goods from Uganda Revenue Authority were counterfeit. \par {\listtext\pard\plain\s15 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid12663773 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 3.\tab} The learned judge erred in Law and in fact in believing the evidence of PW8 who was incompetent and his evidence inconsistent with that of PW2 and PW4. \par {\listtext\pard\plain\s15 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid12663773 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 4.\tab}The learned judge erred in Law and in fact in condemning the goods. \par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12663773 {\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid12663773 Mr. Eric Muhwezi for the appellant argued them together. \par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5181749 {\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid12663773 He firtst dealt with the issue of acquittal on the alternative count. H e stated that the learned Chief Magistrate erred in making }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5181749\charrsid5181749 a finding on the alternative count on which he based the order of condemnation In his view the goods would not have been condemne had the correct proceur been followed. Having convicted on the three main counts, the Chief Magistrate should not have made any finding on the alternative count. He submitted that the acquittal was illegal and the fi nding based on such acquittal that the appellant did not import the goods and that the goods did not belong to him, irrogular and erroneous. \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid1322222 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5181749\charrsid5181749 The State did not canvass this point, neither before the High Court or before us. In view of the evidence on record}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid1322222 it would make no diff}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5181749\charrsid5181749 erence. \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid1322222 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5181749\charrsid5181749 We agree that the learned trial Magistrate was not correct to make a tnding on the alternative count after convicting on the main counts. In R. v. Seymour 38, Cr. App. R.68, the evidence was consistent with both larceny and receiving, but no count on larceny was included in the indictment. It was held that the Indictment shot.ld contain both counts, and that If a conviction is entered on one of th\'80 alternative counts, no finding should be made on the other. \line }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid1322222 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5181749\charrsid5181749 We do not agree however that it was this finding that influencea the learned appeal Judge to ord}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid1322222 er condemnation of the goods. \line \par After}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5181749\charrsid5181749 convicting the appellant on the three main Counts, the Chief Magistrate proceeded to invoke Section 160(1) of the Act to order \lquote forfeiture on account of the conviction.\'94 \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid1322222 \par The learned judge similarl}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5181749\charrsid5181749 y remarked: \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid1322222 \par }\pard \s15\ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1322222 {\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5181749\charrsid5181749 \'93The reason for the forfeiture in }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid1322222 the lower court was the conviction.\'94 \par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1322222 {\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid1322222 The acquittal therefore did not influence either the lower or High Court in passing their orders. \par Mr. Muhwezi\rquote s other submission was that the appellant had proved ownership of the goods and did not know the documents were false. He mainly challenged the evidence of PW8 whom he said was not he author of the documents and was therefore not competent to testify as to their authenticity. He said that the authors were available but were never called to testify as to their authenticity. He said that the authors were available but were never called to testify.

\par It was his argument that the goods were validly imported through middlemen and were enroute to Sudan. He prayed court to quash the condemnation order and order the appellant to produce proper documentation. \par Mr. Byabakama, Senior Principla State Attorney, supported the High Court decision and prayed for dismissal of the appeal. He submitted that the High Court having found that there was lack of knowledge on part of the appellant on the counterfeit nature of the documents he presented to prove ownership of the goods, the learned judge rightly quashed the lower court conviction and having done so the judge was required to consider the fate of the goods in question under Section 160 (2) of the Act. He pointed out that under Section 167 the onus of proving law ful importation was on the appellant, which onus he had faild to discharge. \par Regarding ownership the learned Chief Magistrate after admirably scrutinizing the documents and analysing the evidenc of PW8 said: \par \tab \'93 They are all outright forgeries and therefore counterfeits.\'94 \par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5181749 {\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid1322222 The learnce judge observed:}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5181749\charrsid5181749 }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid1322222 \par }\pard \s15\ql \li720\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid1322222 {\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5181749\charrsid5181749 \'93 The court highlighted several discrepancies between the documents presented by the prosecution exhibit \'93PVI\'94 and the evidence, of PW8 as against the documents presented by the appellant - Exhibit \'93P}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid1322222 1\'94 and \'93D11}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5181749\charrsid5181749 \'94 to arrive at the conclusion it did. The learned trial Chief Magistrates evaluation of the evidence cannot be faulted on the issue. The discrepancies in the d ocuments presented by the appellant were several, they were glaring and fundamental. PW8 was in a position to testify to the documents. He was best qualified by virtue of his official position of certifying and numbering the documents before releasing the goods as Resident Sales Tax officer in the Tanzanian Cigarette Company Ltd.\'94 \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid1322222 \par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1322222 {\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5181749\charrsid5181749 We would agree PW8\rquote s competence to testify was based on or acquired by practical experience. It has been held; \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid13855451 \par }\pard \s15\ql \li720\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13855451 {\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5181749\charrsid5181749 \'93 All persons who practice a business or profession which requires them to possess a certain knowledge of the matter in hand are experts so far as experience is required.\'94 per Maule,J. in Vander Donckt v. Theiluson, (1849) 8 CB 812 cited in Gatheru }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid13855451 s/o}{\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5181749\charrsid5181749 }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5181749\charrsid5181749 Njangware v. R.. - Cr. App. No.938 of 1954. \line }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid13855451 \par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13855451 {\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5181749\charrsid5181749 PW8 was not testifying as a handwriting expert as Mr. Muhwezi contended. He was testifying as a }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid13855451 person employed by the Tanzania }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5181749\charrsid5181749 Tobacco Company as a Resident Sales officer for a long time sinGe 1988. His knowledge was based on records kept by the company. He had handled genuine do cuments for a long time as correctly pointed out by Mr. Byabakama. He could therefore easily isolate false ones. \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid13855451 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5181749\charrsid5181749 The learned Judge - referred to S.167 which casts - the burden of proving ownership of the cigarette upon the appel lant,and said that this co uld be done only by the production of genuine documents. Furthermore, the onus was upon the appellant on first appeal to show that the findings of the Chief Magistrate were unreasonable and could not be supported having regard to the evidence on record. \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid13855451 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5181749\charrsid5181749 Mr. Muhwezi maintained that }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid13855451 the appellant did not know the }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5181749\charrsid5181749 documents were false and made a rather an untenable suggestion that the appellant be ordered to produce proper documents. This }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid13855451 suggestion is rendered especially meaningless when considered in light of his earlier submission that the authors of the documents were available but were never called to testicy. It is not clear why the appellant himself never availed himself of this evidence at his trail. It is to be observed that when the appellant was asked to produce the documents to PW1 he promised to produce them and never did so. After some time, instead of returning to PW1, he produced counterfeits to PW2, which prompted investigations culminating into this case. He had more than ample opportunity to produce the correct documents at the trial. The onus was upon him to prove ownership, the documents which were presented by the appellant were forgeries and could not }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid2037809 support his claim to the ownership of the goods. The learned judge condemned the goods because ownership thereof had not been established. Section 160 gives the court power either to release the goods to the person from whom they were seized, or to the owner thereof or to condemn them. They were seized from the compound of Lt. Col. Kazini who displayed surprise as to how they had found their way to his compound and he alerted the URA. The appellant failed to prove ownership thereof. This left the court with the one option of condemning them; indeed ti was the inevitable conclutiosn that the learned judge could come to, on the evidence and the law. \par In these circumstances this appeal is dismissed. The order of condemnation is hereby upheld. \par Dated at Kampala this 15}{\lang1033\langfe2057\super\langnp1033\insrsid2037809\charrsid2037809 th}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid2037809 day of December, 1998. \par }\pard \s15\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2037809 {\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid2037809 G. M. Okello \par }{\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid2037809 JUSTICE OF APPEAL \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid2037809\charrsid2037809 A. E}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid2037809 . Mpagi-Bahigeine \par }{\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid2037809 JUSTICE OF APPEAL \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid2037809 A. Twinomujuni \par }{\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid2037809 JUSTICE OF APPEAL}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5181749\charrsid5181749 \line \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5181749 \fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\fs24\insrsid14750223\charrsid5181749 \par }}