Machingura v Pandadzi (HH 72 of 2004) [2004] ZWHHC 72 (23 March 2004)
Full Case Text
HC 4813/98 SAM MACHINGURA and SHERPARD PANDADZI HIGH COURT OF ZIMBABWE GOWORA J HARARE, 20 MAY 2003 and 24 MARCH 2004 J Musimbe, for the plaintiff T Musariri, for the defendant GOWORA J: The plaintiff is an Assistant Inspector in the Zimbabwe Republic Police and attached to the Traffic Section in Harare. He seeks an amount of $500 000.00, in terms of his amended summons and declaration by way of defamation damages, for words allegedly uttered by the defendant on 24th April 1997. It is alleged on behalf of the plaintiff that on the day in question the defendant stated of the plaintiff and a fellow police officer and concerning the two of them, the following words or words to the same or similar effect: ‘You two police officers are corrupt, you have been bribed in the sum of $20.00. There are endless accidents on the road because you go about receiving bribes, and not arresting the culprits’ It is alleged on behalf of the plaintiff that the words in question were uttered to a crowd of onlookers and fellow police officers and as a result the esteem of the plaintiff was lowered both in the eyes of the members of the public as well as in the eyes of his fellow police officers. As a result the plaintiff had suffered damages in the sum of $50 000.00. The plaintiff at start of the trial applied to have the claim amended to reflect an amount of $500 000.00, which amendment was granted by consent. In turn the defendant in his initial plea denies uttering the words complained . An amendment to his plea was granted by consent at the start of the hearing In terms of the amended plea, the defendant pleads that in the alternative if it is found that he did utter the words complained of and that the words were defamatory, then he was justified in uttering them as the words were in essence true and their publication by the defendant was in the public interest. Both parties gave evidence and in addition called the evidence of one witness each. The evidence adduced on behalf of both of them is as divergent as it can be both in terms of time frame and the actual events themselves. The evidence adduced on the plaintiff’s behalf was in the following vein. The plaintiff stated that he was an Assistant Inspector in the Zimbabwe Republic Police assigned to the Harare Traffic section. He had joined the police force as a Patrol Officer in 1987. In 1992 or 1993 there was a change in the structure of the ranks within the entire police force which resulted in all patrol officers being made sergeants which in effect amounted to a demotion. At the time of the alleged incident between himself and the defendant he was still a sergeant. He was promoted to assistant inspector in March 2003. As to the events, he said that he and Constable Pedzisai were tasked that day to attend to traffic accidents in the Harare city centre. At about 8.30 in the morning an accident was passed on to them for attention by the control room through the radio communication system. They proceeded to the scene of accident at the corner of Orr St and Robert Mugabe Rd. The plaintiff was driving the police vehicle which was a Peugeot 405 with the police emblems and colours. At the scene the plaintiff parked directly opposite the entrance to Standard Chartered Bank. Pedzisai on the instructions of the plaintiff remained inside manning the radio, whilst the plaintiff proceeded to the other side of Robert Mugabe Rd where the parties to the vehicular collision were located one of whom was lying on the ground. He had started interviewing the parties and recording the details of the accident in the TAB when one of the parties to the accident alerted him to the group of people who were around their vehicle. He immediately rushed there and when he got there he found one Inspector Makuwe in their midst. They were shouting and when the plaintiff enquired if he required assistance, the Inspector advised him to carry on with whatever he was doing. As the plaintiff was walking away the defendant accosted him and said to him in the vernacular: “You policeman you are corrupt, you are going around being given bribes. There are endless accidents on the road because you go around receiving bribes and not arresting the culprits.” The defendant was according to the plaintiff ‘fuming.’ The defendant said that the plaintiff had been given $20.00 by a commuter omnibus driver. The plaintiff had tried to reason with the defendant and explain to him that he was not corrupt to no avail. Other members of the public then stated advancing towards the plaintiff and the defendant as the plaintiff was trying to explain to him that he was not corrupt. The defendant then poked the plaintiff on the shoulder twice with a finger and repeating that the plaintiff was a thief. The plaintiff decided to walk away and it was at that stage that the defendant called on the other members of the public to assist him to overturn the police vehicle. This prompted the plaintiff to rush into the vehicle and drive off quickly. Pedzisai was at that stage seated in the vehicle. He had apparently gone out of the vehicle briefly but had gone back inside when he realized that there was tension. He said that Inspector Makuwe invited those who wanted to witness on both sides to give their names and addresses including the details of the defendant who reported the alleged bribery to Makuwe. As a result of the incident investigations were conducted and he and his colleague were asked to submit reports which they did. A copy of the report was tendered into evidence as Exhibit 2. The allegations were investigated the conclusions thereafter were that there was no evidence that he and Pedzisai had accepted bribes. As a result of the incident with the defendant, his superiors could no longer trust him and he lost several promotion opportunities as a result. He said he was claiming the sum of $500 000.00 because he wanted to be reimbursed for his legal costs as well as being compensated for the humiliation he sustained as a result of the attack on him by the defendant. He was however not in a position to state how much of the amount being claimed constituted costs as he had not yet finalized that figure with his legal practitioner. He felt that the defendant had defamed him by referring to him as a thief in public. He said that the words that the defendant uttered could not have been justified as they were of no benefit to the public and in addition the words were not true. He denied that all that the defendant had done was to ask why he was doing these thingsthat is receiving bribes in public. Edson Pedzisai deposed that he was a Constable in the police and was stationed at Harare Traffic section. He confirmed that he and the plaintiff had been on duty in the central area attending to accidents. At 8.30 am they received a report on the police radio of an accident that had occurred at the corner of Orr St and Robert Mugabe Rd in the city centre. As they were near there they arrived at the scene within a short time. He remained in the vehicle whilst the plaintiff went to attend to the parties who were on the other side of Robert Mugabe Rd and opposite where the police vehicle was parked. The defendant then attracted his attention and pointing at him, said to him: ‘You police officers, accidents don’t stop happening day and night because you accept bribes.’ At that juncture the witness observed the plaintiff approaching from the other direction. There was also a large crowd milling around the vehicle. When the plaintiff reached the vehicle, the defendant pushed him and uttered words to the following effect: ‘You two police officers are corrupt. That is why accidents don’t end because you go about accepting bribes from drivers.’ According to the witness, although the defendant indicated that they had been given $20.00 he never stated who had given them the money nor did he show him who it was had done so even though the witness requested that he do so. There were a lot of people at the scene and due to the commotion they had to drive away from there. Apart from himself and the plaintiff, Inspector Makuwe who was a few metres away and came to the scene. He approached the defendant and took him to Harare Central Police Station in order to seek clarification on what he had alleged. When he and the plaintiff arrived at the station, he observed the defendant in the office of the officerincharge. The witness heard him say he had observed them being given a bribe of $20.00 by a commuter omnibus driver. The evidence adduced on behalf of the defendant was as dissimilar to that of the plaintiff in time and detail as could be imagined. The defendant stated that he was employed at Nestle as a chemist. On 24 April 1997, at about 7.30 am he was one of the people in a queue at an automated teller machine outside Standard Chartered Bank in Robert Mugabe Rd. Including himself there were about ten people in the queue. About five minutes later, a police vehicle with three people then pulled up and parked about two metres away from them in front of the machine. In the vehicle were two policemen in uniform, one of them driving with a civilian by in the front passenger seat. The other policeman was seated at the back. The civilian alighted from the vehicle and approached the people at the machine. He indicated that he needed to pay some money to the policemen in order to retrieve his road service permit which had been detained and he therefore pleaded to be allowed to jump the queue. He said the amount he had given them initially had proved to be inadequate. When the other people in the indicated that they were not willing to accede to his request, the defendant interceded on his behalf and he was allowed to make a withdrawal. He withdrew about $300 or $400 in $100 notes and then went back to the vehicle where he handed the money over to the plaintiff who was still in the vehicle. The other detail had gone out of the car and was loitering around the vehicle. When he handed over the money the driver, who later turned out to be the plaintiff, produced a document which was in a plastic cover and handed it over. When the commuter driver got the permit he then ran to a commuter omnibus which had been parked all along opposite Meikles. The defendant, on seeing this, knocked on the window of the police vehicle and asked why the driver had been given the money. The plaintiff denied that the commuter driver had left any money. The plaintiff then alighted from the vehicle and said to the defendant they should go away from there as he did not want the issue discussed there. The defendant refused to move away maintaining that what he had done in the face of members of the public was not a good thing. The other people at the automated teller machine, who were less than eight in number, then came and added their voices to that of the defendant in condemning what the plaintiff had done. Whilst they were engaged in conversation with the plaintiff, an Inspector arrived in a Santana and the defendant, thinking he would be in a position to help, approached and gave him a statement of what had transpired together with two other witnesses to the incident. They were invited to go the Harare Central Police Station, but only the defendant went as the others indicated that they did not have the time to do so. At the station the defendant wrote out a statement in his own hand, explaining what he had witnessed. The plaintiff and his witness were not at the station and only arrived two hours after he had gone there. After he had received the summons in this matter he had gone to the police station and had requested a copy of the handwritten statement but was surprised to be advised that it could not be located and was further surprised to find that a copy had been produced at court by the plaintiff. As a result he had been requested to write another statement which was typed. This statement was by consent produced as Exhibit 4. Of the accident recorded in the TAB, exhibit 1, the defendant stated that on that day when the incident occurred there had been no accident and it could have occurred afterwards. He denied that he had said that the plaintiff was corrupt, but thought he might have said to the plaintiff words to the following effect: “How can you do such a thing in front of the public. The public would think the police are corrupt.” He said that the chaos that the plaintiff speaks of occurred after people indicated to the inspector who came as to what had occurred at the automated teller machine which was the reason why the inspector was surrounded by a lot of people whose number however was less than twenty. He denied that he had defamed the plaintiff and stated that what he said amounted to a repeat of what the commuter omnibus driver had told the people at the machine. Anthony Manungo was the witness called to corroborate the events narrated by the defendant. He deposed to having been waiting in a queue to enter Standard Chartered Bank in Robert Mugabe Rd on 24th April 1997. According to his evidence, he had arrived at the bank at about 7:15 in the morning He intended to withdraw cash from a company account in order to pay expenses for the company in which he was a director. There were other people who were in a queue to withdraw cash from an automated teller machine. A police vehicle bearing three occupants then arrived around 7:30 and parked right in front of the people in the queue for the main banking hall. In the vehicle were two policemen in uniform and a civilian. One of the uniformed details was seated at the back, whilst the other drove. The civilian was in the front passenger seat. The detail in the back of the vehicle and the civilian alighted from the vehicle. The policeman moved a distance away from the car whilst the civilian approached the automated teller machine and requested from the people in that queue to allow him to go to the top of the queue so that he could withdraw money quickly as he needed to give money to the police details in his company in order to retrieve his road service permit. The civilian mentioned that there was a commuter omnibus parked about 50 metres from Meikles which presumably he was responsible for. After some grumbling from the people in the queue, the civilian was allowed to go to the top of the same. The witness observed him withdraw cash and he then returned to the vehicle where he left the cash which was about $300.00 between the driver and passenger seats on the gear lever. The plaintiff who had been driving the police vehicle, and had remained in the vehicle then handed over a blue document covered in plastic and which the witness took to be the permit. There was an outcry from members of the public at this including the witness himself. The witness and the defendant with whom he was not at that time acquainted, then went up to the police vehicle. The defendant knocked on the window of the vehicle and the witness heard him say ‘why are you doing this in public’. The plaintiff asked what the problem was and said that the civilian had just left the money and he did not know why. The members of the public then started to grumble saying that the police were corrupt and that the reports in the newspapers were accurate. All this while the plaintiff was seated in the vehicle and there was no way that the defendant could have pushed him. Subsequently a police Santana arrived and the lone occupant, a police officer in uniform, approached the crowd to find out the cause of the disturbance at which stage the plaintiff got out of his vehicle. The events were narrated to driver of the Santana and he was shown the money. He then requested that people attend with him at the police station so that statements could be recorded. The witness could not go as he had a tight schedule that morning but he relayed his personal details to the defendant because he kept on insisting that what the policemen had done in the public view was a corrupt act. He did not see the defendant leave the scene. His further evidence was that the accident had occurred after the incident at about 7:50 am and had not occurred close to where they were. When the accident occurred the plaintiff and the other policeman had already left the scene. It is the plaintiff’s case that the reason why he was at the junction of Robert Mugabe Rd and Orr St was that an accident had occurred at the scene and they had been tasked to attend to the same. The evidence of the plaintiff and his witness is that they were informed over the radio at about 8:30 am of the occurrence of the collision and they attended. A TAB book was produced in proof of the accident. A perusal of the exhibit in question shows that the time of arrival at the scene by the attending detail was 8:35 am. This is not disputed by the defendant. Although the defendant denied that an accident had occurred as stated by the plaintiff, the defendant’s witness Manungo states that the accident occurred after the defendant had left the scene of the incident. He gives the time of the accident as 8:30 which coincides with the time on the TAB. It cannot therefore be disputed that there was an accident on the day in question at 8:30 am which was attended to by the plaintiff and which accident occurred in the vicinity of Robert Mugabe Rd and Orr St. Exhibit 3 is a copy of a statement which the defendant wrote on the same day regarding the events of the day in question which events are the subject matter of the dispute between the parties. The statement shows that at 8:35 am on the day in question the defendant was at the police station where he was putting down in writing his version of the events of that day. The statement by the defendant was copied by means of a photocopying machine and certified at the police station and the copy of the statement reflects the stamp of the station and the date of 24 April 1997. I have no reason to dispute the date and time appearing thereon and the plaintiff has made no effort to dispute the same. If indeed the defendant was making a statement on the events of that morning at the police station at 8:30 in the morning it is therefore not open to doubt that the events occurred well before 8:30 am and not at that time as claimed by the plaintiff and his witness. In addition it is also clear that as the accident occurred at 8:30 am which time is recorded in Exhibit 1, the plaintiff and his witness were not attending to an accident when the confrontation with the defendant occurred. I must therefore on the basis of the documents produced by the parties accept that at 8:35 that morning the plaintiff was at the corner of Orr St and Robert Mugabe Rd whilst the defendant was at Harare Central Police Station. Turning now to the substance of what actually occurred between the plaintiff and the defendant, I find myself more inclined to believe the defendant as opposed to the plaintiff. According to the plaintiff and his witness they had to attend an accident at the scene, and in view of the finding I have already made in terms of the time frame, this cannot be true. In addition, the plaintiff would have this court believe that he went to attend to an accident where one of the parties was lying on the road on his own whilst his colleague and partner remained in the vehicle manning a radio. The improbabilities of such a scenario are so obvious they leap to the mind. Further to that the plaintiff, concedes that there was a commotion from the members of the public who were waiting outside the bank to conduct various aspects of business both within and outside of the bank, and according to his evidence, this was at the time when he was across the road attending to the parties to the traffic accident. He has however not been able to explain how the people became agitated especially as he was across the road and his partner was seated in the vehicle. The plaintiff states that when he became aware of the commotion Inspector Makuwe had already been surrounded by members of the public and that when he went to the vehicle members of the public surrounded them and called them corrupt and Makuwe was addressing members of the public who were speaking about whether or not they had seen the bribe given to the police. Again he does not explain what had agitated the crowd to such an extent that, Makuwe, who as plaintiff’s witness would have us believe was on his private business, was diverted from that to attend to the problem and thereafter take witnesses to Harare Central Police Station. In my view the version of the defendant and his witness that they had witnessed the plaintiff and his colleague being given money and releasing a road service permit is more in accord with the circumstances surrounding the incident than that of the plaintiff. The defendant was sufficiently outraged by what he had witnessed that he offered to bear witness to it and as a result he gave a statement to the police. I cannot give credence to the claim by the plaintiff that the defendant had pushed the plaintiff and had also encouraged other members of the public to turn over the police vehicle as that is not borne out by the evidence. I am not satisfied, in view of the unsatisfactory nature of the evidence of the plaintiff and his witness, that the offending words were uttered. The probabilities favour the version of the defendant that money was placed in the vehicle in which the plaintiff and Pedzisai were thus prompting a reaction not only from the defendant but from other people, which is the reason that Makuwe was at the scene talking to the crowd. The plaintiff has failed to prove that the defendant called him corrupt in public and to his superiors In the event that I am wrong in finding that the defendant did utter the words complained of, I turn to consider whether if the words were said, was there justification on the part of the defendant in saying the words in question. Recently the defence of justification was discussed in the matter of Levy v Modus Publications (Pvt) Ltd 1998(1)ZLR 229 At 241D242C KORSAH JA described the defence in the following terms: “The respondent admitted that it was defamatory of the appellant to say that he was ‘getting away with bending the rules’. As WESSELS JA observed in Nasionale Pers Bpk v Long 1930 AD 87 at 99100, cited with approval by RUMPFF CJ in SuidAfricanse Uitsaaikorporasie v O’ Malley 1977(3) SA 394(A) at 406GH: ‘The use of defamatory language about a person is prima facie evidence of animus iniurandi. The onus is then upon the defendant to establish some lawful justification or excuse for the defamatory language used. But it is not enough for him to show that he did not intend to do wrong, for it is a principle of our law which applies as well to libel and slander and other wrongs that if a man acts recklessly, not heeding whether he will or will not injure another, he cannot be heard to say he did not intend to hurt’. In the instant case the appellant was specifically named as the object of the defamatory statement and, regard being to all the surrounding circumstances, I am left in no doubt about the existence of animus iniurandi. Whereas falsity is not a matter to be alleged or proved by the plaintiff, because the defamatory nature of the statement is not dependant upon its falsity, it is settled law that: ‘……the defendant must prove the truth of the very imputation complained of; he may not under a plea of justification prove the truth of other facts damaging to the plaintiff’s reputation, even if they are in the same sector of the plaintiff’s life, and would be no less damaging to the plaintiff’s reputation than the imputation complained of.’ Gatley on Libel and Slander 8 ed para 354; Scott v Sampson (1882) 8 QBD 491; Sutter v Brown 1926 AD 155 at 172. For the defence of justification to succeed, the defendant must not only allege that the defamatory statement was true, but that the publication thereof was to the benefit of the public: Johnson v Rand Daily Mails 1928 AD 190. If, therefore, the defamatory statement published is false, then that is an end of the matter, because it cannot be in the interest of the public to know untruths. As BEADLE CJ pertinently observed in Mahomed Kassim 1973(2) SA 1(RA) at 10B: ‘The public interest lies in telling the public something of which they are ignorant, but something that is in their interest to know.’ Since the defamatory statements complained of consisted both of facts and opinion, in the language of LORD FINDLAY in Sutherland v Stopes [1925]AC 47 at 6263: ‘A plea of justification means that the libel is true not only in its allegations of fact, but also in any comments made……The defendant has to prove not only that the facts are truly stated but also that any comments upon them are correct.’ And per LORD SHAW at p 75 of the same report: ‘In a plea of justification, the defence that a matter of opinion or inference is true is not that the defendant truly made that inference, or truly held that opinion, but is that the opinion and inference are both of them true.’ ” In the instant case the defendant has stated that the plaintiff was given money by a commuter omnibus driver. Manungo the witness called by the defendant says the same thing. Their evidence as to how much the plaintiff was actually given is however not consistent, in that the amount in their oral evidence differs from $200.00 to about $400.00. The defendant in a statement given by him on 24th April 1997 had said the amount given to the plaintiff was about $20.00. He said in his evidence that there was an error on the statement as the money given to the plaintiff had been withdrawn from the automated teller machine and there is no way the commuter driver could have withdrawn that amount from the machine as the minimum withdrawal was about $50.00. He says that the statement is a photocopy of the one he had given to the police on the day in question and he believes that there is a zero missing from the amount appearing on the statement. As Exhibit 2 the plaintiff had produced a report he had written on 24 April 1997 regarding the allegations of bribery. A perusal of the report shows that the allegations being leveled were that Constable Pedzisai had received a bribe on the day in question. The statement written by the defendant on the day in question makes allegations against Constable Pedzesai. The defendant explained that when he initially enquired as to the identity of the driver of the police vehicle he was advised that it was Pedzisai, which is why the plaintiff’s name was not mentioned at that early stage. What is clear however is that Makuwe was advised that a bribe had been given to the police officers and the money was shown to him. The plaintiff confirms that Makuwe was advised that a bribe had been given to the details, which is the reason why he obtained the personal details of possible witnesses to the bribery and also why the defendant had to go to the station to give a statement. I am alive to the discrepancy in the amount of the alleged bribe but in my view that does not detract from the substance of the evidence of the defendant and his witness which has in my view a ring of truth. I also find corroboration of their evidence in the fact that the purpose of the presence of the plaintiff and his witness has not been adequately explained to the court, in view of the fact that the accident only occurred at 8:30 am, after the incident had long passed. In addition the plaintiff himself confirms that at the scene he was accused of having accepted a bribe in order to release a road service permit. Further to that the plaintiff confirms that the public was agitated although he was unable to tell the court the reason for the agitation. The probabilities in this case favour the defendant and I find that the imputation was true. That is however not the end of the matter. Was the publication in the public interest? The plaintiff says that the publication was made to the members of the public and to the plaintiff’s fellow officers. The bribery took place in full view of persons who were in the process of withdrawing money or waiting to enter the bank. The public of its own volition had become outraged by the conduct of the plaintiff and his colleague to the extent that the commotion that ensued attracted the attention of an officer who came to enquire as to the cause. The members of the public who were present clearly made it their business to know what the plaintiff and his colleague had been doing. The plaintiff is a police officer whose duties are to detect crime and arrest offenders. Instead the plaintiff was himself not only committing a crime but assisting and facilitating the commission thereof. In my view members of the public have a right to be advised of the aberrant behaviour of police officers especially where such behaviour is concerned with bribery and is committed in a brazen fashion in view of the same members of the public. The behaviour of any police officer which is tainted with corruption not only taints the police force but the moral fibre of society as a whole. In so far as the plaintiff’s superiors and fellow officers are concerned, it would be absurd in my view for the plaintiff to attempt to suggest that it is not in their interest to know that the plaintiff had accepted a bribe. A bribe given and accepted to facilitate the commission of a crime would in any circumstances bring the police into disrepute and it in the interest of the entire police force that its members be honest and not themselves be perpetrators of the very offences they are meant to stop from being perpetrated. There was, in my view, sufficient interest in the plaintiff’s colleagues and superiors to be informed of the allegations of bribery against the plaintiff. Although the plaintiff claimed $500 000.00 he has not adduced evidence as to how much he is claiming as damages for the defamation and the amount being claimed as legal costs. In so far as the damages are concerned the plaintiff has not shown that he was in fact damaged in his reputation and standing. Although he stated in his evidence that the allegations caused him loss of promotion opportunities, it is a fact that at the time of the incident he was a sergeant and yet at the time the matter was had he had been promoted to Assistant Inspector. He has not explained how the promotion came about if his superiors had been influenced by the allegations that he was corrupt and dishonest. The claim for costs would appear to have been an afterthought as no figures were produced to the court in support thereof. The plaintiff himself led no evidence and stated that he and his legal practitioner had not finalized the issue. In the submissions filed on his behalf an attempt is then made to justify the legal costs being claimed. This is not evidence of damages. In the result the plaintiff has not discharged the onus upon him to prove his claim on a balance of probabilities. I therefore find for the defendant and the plaintiff’s claim is dismissed with costs. J. Musimbe & Associates, applicant's legal practitioners Chihambakwe, Mtizwa & Partners, respondent's legal practitioners