Tibihika Johnson v Uganda [2003] UGSC 37 (26 October 2003)

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)}}{\*\pnseclvl9\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \s18\qc \li0\ri0\sb53\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4729289 \f37\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs29\b\f1\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12063461\charrsid12063461 THE REPUBLIC OF UGANDA}{\cs29\b\f1\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid4729289\charrsid12063461 \line }{ \cs29\b\f1\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12063461\charrsid12063461 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF UGANDA }{\cs29\b\f1\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid4729289\charrsid12063461 \line }{\cs29\b\f1\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12063461\charrsid12063461 AT MENGO \par }\pard \s18\ql \li864\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin864\itap0\pararsid4729289 {\cs29\b\f1\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12063461\charrsid12063461 \par }\pard \s18\qc \li0\ri0\sb120\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4729289 {\cs29\b\f1\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12063461\charrsid12063461 (CORAM: ODER, TSEKOOKO, KAROKORA, MULENGA AND}{ \cs29\b\f1\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid4729289\charrsid12063461 }{\cs29\b\f1\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12063461\charrsid12063461 KANYIEHAMBA, JJSC) \par }\pard\plain \s23\ql \li854\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin854\itap0\pararsid4729289 \f37\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs29\b\f1\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12063461\charrsid12063461 \par }\pard \s23\qc \li0\ri0\sb101\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4729289 {\cs29\b\f1\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12063461\charrsid12063461 CRIMINAL APPEAL No.38 OF 2001 \par }\pard\plain \s17\qc \li0\ri0\sb86\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4729289 \f37\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs29\b\f1\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid4729289\charrsid12063461 \par }{\cs29\b\f1\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12063461\charrsid12063461 BETWEEN \par }\pard \s17\ql \li250\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\tldot\tx7157\faauto\rin0\lin250\itap0\pararsid4729289 {\cs29\b\f1\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid4729289\charrsid12063461 \par }\pard \s17\qc \li250\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin250\itap0\pararsid4729289 {\cs29\b\f1\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12063461\charrsid12063461 TIBIHIKA JOHNSON}{\cs29\b\f1\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid4729289\charrsid12063461 \'85\'85\'85\'85\'85 \'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85 }{\cs29\b\f1\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12063461\charrsid12063461 APPELLANT \par }\pard \s17\qc \li0\ri0\sb5\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4729289 {\cs29\b\f1\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12063461\charrsid12063461 AND \par }\pard \s17\qc \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4729289 {\cs29\b\f1\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid4729289\charrsid12063461 UGANDA \'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85 }{ \cs29\b\f1\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12063461\charrsid12063461 RESPONDENT \par }\pard\plain \s22\qj \fi-134\li134\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin134\itap0\pararsid4729289 \f37\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs29\f1\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12063461\charrsid12063461 \par }\pard \s22\qj \li0\ri0\sb10\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4729289 {\cs29\f1\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12063461\charrsid12063461 [Appeal from the Judgment of the Court of Appeal at Kampala (Kato, Mpagi-Bahigene and Twinomujuni, JJ. A) dated 17th May, 2001 in Criminal Appeal 26 of 2000] \par }\pard\plain \s17\qc \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4729289 \f37\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs29\f1\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12063461\charrsid12063461 \par }\pard \s17\qc \li0\ri0\sb34\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4729289 {\cs29\f1\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12063461\charrsid12063461 REASONS FOR THE JUDGMENT OF THE COURT \par }\pard\plain \s16\qj \li0\ri0\sb202\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4729289 \f37\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs29\f1\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12063461\charrsid12063461 In the High court, the appellant, Tibihika Johnson, was tried for and convicted of the offence of defilement contrary to S.123(1) of the Penal Code Act and he was sentenced to imprisonment for ten years. His appeal to the Court of Appeal was dismissed. He appealed to this Court. On 25/6/2003 we heard the appeal, dismissed it and promised to give reasons in support of our decision. We now give the reasons. \par }\pard \s16\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4729289 {\cs29\f1\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12063461\charrsid12063461 \par }\pard \s16\qj \li0\ri0\sb230\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4729289 {\cs29\f1\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12063461\charrsid12063461 The case for the prosecution was that the appellant and the family of the complainant, K ansiime Restetuta,}{\cs29\f1\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid4729289\charrsid12063461 }{\cs29\f1\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12063461\charrsid12063461 (PW2) were neighbours and friendly. Prior to the defilement, the two families would visit and assist each other. So Kansiime Restetuta, the victim of defilement, knew the appellant well. On 23/10/1998, the parents of Kansiime went visi ting and asked the appellant to check on their home. Kansiimes' mother, Topista Nabukalu, (PW1), instructed her to prepare lunch which should include green vegetable sauce. As Kansiime was preparing the sauce, the appellant dropped in. He persuaded Kansii m e to accompany him to his home to collect mushrooms for preparing better sauce. At his home, the appellant coaxed Kansiime first to enter his living room and later his bedroom to look for mushrooms. While she was in the bedroom, the appellant grabbed her,

undressed her and forcefully had sexual intercourse with her while holding her mouth to prevent her from screaming. Gorreti, the wife of the appellant found the appellant in the act of defiling. Kansiime and Gorreti, reported to Topista separately that th e appellant had defiled Kansiime. Kansiime was first examined, by a nurse on that day. On 31/10/1998, she was examined by Dr. Guma whose report showed that Kansiime's hymen had been raptured about two weeks before the date of examination. \par }\pard \s16\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4729289 {\cs29\f1\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12063461\charrsid12063461 \par }\pard \s16\qj \li0\ri0\sb235\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4729289 {\cs29\f1\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12063461\charrsid12063461 During the trial, Topista, the mother of Kansiime, gave evidence and testified about the latter's defilement on 23/10/1998 and to the fact that Kansiime was 10 years. She was not cross-examined about the date of defilement and the medical examination of Kansiime .}{\cs29\f1\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid4729289\charrsid12063461 }{\cs29\f1\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12063461\charrsid12063461 Kansiime herself gave evidence on oath. Her evidence fully incriminated the appellant, though, very surprisingly, she was not cross-examined by counsel for the appellant. \par }\pard \s16\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4729289 {\cs29\f1\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12063461\charrsid12063461 \par }\pard \s16\qj \li0\ri0\sb235\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4729289 {\cs29\f1\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12063461\charrsid12063461 The appellant gave an unsworn st atement claiming that he was not at the scene of crime because he had taken his sick wife to Mubende from where he returned on 26/10/1998. \par }\pard \s16\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4729289 {\cs29\f1\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12063461\charrsid12063461 \par }\pard \s16\qj \li0\ri0\sb221\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4729289 {\cs29\f1\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12063461\charrsid12063461 In light of the overwhelming and unchallenged incriminating evidence, the learned trial judge convicted the appellant and sentenced him to 10 years. As we stated earlier, his appeal was dismissed by the Court of Appeal. \par }\pard \s16\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4729289 {\cs29\f1\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12063461\charrsid12063461 \par }\pard \s16\qj \li0\ri0\sb216\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4729289 {\cs29\f1\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12063461\charrsid12063461 In this Court the memorandum of appeal contained two grounds. Mr. Bwengye, counsel for the appellant, argued the first ground and abandoned the 2nd ground which was on sentence. The substance of the ground argued is that the Court of Appeal erred in confirming the appellant's conviction because admission of medical evidence at the trial was irregular. Mr. Bwengye contended that medical evidence was improperly received under section 3 0 of the Evidence Act, and that this caused a miscarriage of justice since Dr. Guma who examined Kansiime did not personally testify. \par }{\cs29\f1\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid4729289\charrsid12063461 \par }\pard \s16\qj \li0\ri0\sb72\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4729289 {\cs29\f1\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12063461\charrsid12063461 Dr. Guma who had examined Kansiime did not testify. Instead, a Dr. Muhumuza Eri, who wa s familiar with the handwriting of Dr. Guma, produced the report authored by Dr. Guma. No reason was given why Dr. Guma did not turn up to testify nor was any law cited at the time Dr. Muhumuza testified, or subsequently, as authority for admission of the

report. Other than the claim in the court below, by Mr. Zagyenda, that admission was made under S.30, we do not appreciate how Mr. Bwengye concluded that medical evidence was admitted contrary to section 3 0 of the Evidence Act. We think that the Court of Appeal was misled by Mr. Zagyenda's claim when the court stated that the medical evidence was admitted under S.30. We do not think that Dr. Guma's report was admitted under section 30. \par }\pard \s16\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4729289 {\cs29\f1\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12063461\charrsid12063461 \par }\pard \s16\qj \li0\ri0\sb226\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4729289 {\cs29\f1\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12063461\charrsid12063461 It is our considered opinion that, even if the evidence of Dr. Guma is ignored, as indeed the trial judge did ignore it, because, although he alluded to it while summarising evidence, he did not base the conviction of the appellant on that medical evidence, there was ample evidence proving the guilt of the appellant beyond r easonable doubt. It was Mr. Zagyenda who raised in the Court of Appeal for the first time, the so called improper admission of medical evidence under S.30 of the E. A. We do not appreciate why he referred to that section when it had not been relied on by c ourt during the trial. The Court of Appeal misdirected itself, when it stated that the trial judge had relied on Dr. \par \sect }\sectd \marglsxn1136\margrsxn1136\margtsxn1284\sbknone\linex0\colsx60\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\footer \pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \f37\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid12063461 \par }}\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\sb108\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4729289 \f37\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs29\f1\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12063461\charrsid12063461 \par }\pard\plain \s16\qj \li283\ri0\sb72\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin283\itap0\pararsid4729289 \f37\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs29\f1\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12063461\charrsid12063461 Guma's evidence and that, that evidence was admitted under S.3 0 of the Evidence Act. \par }\pard \s16\qj \li283\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin283\itap0\pararsid4729289 {\cs29\f1\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12063461\charrsid12063461 \par }\pard \s16\qj \li283\ri0\sb216\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin283\itap0\pararsid4729289 {\cs29\f1\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12063461\charrsid12063461 However, in our opinion the misdirection by the Court of Appeal did not cause any miscarriage of justice whatsoever as contended by Mr. Bwengye. \par }\pard \s16\qj \li307\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin307\itap0\pararsid4729289 {\cs29\f1\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12063461\charrsid12063461 \par }\pard \s16\qj \li307\ri0\sb216\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin307\itap0\pararsid4729289 {\cs29\f1\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12063461\charrsid12063461 It was for the foregoing reasons that we found no merit in the appeal which we dismissed. \par }\pard \s16\qc \li298\ri0\sb29\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin298\itap0\pararsid4729289 {\cs29\f1\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid4729289\charrsid12063461 \par }{\cs29\b\i\f1\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12063461\charrsid12063461 Dated at Mengo this 27th day of October 2003. \par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \li288\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin288\itap0\pararsid4729289 \f37\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs29\f1\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12063461\charrsid12063461 \par \par \par \par }\pard \s18\qc \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4729289 {\cs29\f1\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12063461\charrsid12063461 A. H. O. ODER}{\cs29\f1\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid4729289\charrsid12063461 \line }{ \cs29\f1\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12063461\charrsid12063461 JUSTICE OF THE SUPREME COURT}{\cs29\f1\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid4729289\charrsid12063461 \par \par }{\cs29\f1\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12063461\charrsid12063461 J. W. N. TSEKOOKO }{\cs29\f1\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid4729289\charrsid12063461 \line }{\cs29\f1\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12063461\charrsid12063461 JUSTICE OF THE SUPREME COURT}{ \cs29\f1\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid4729289\charrsid12063461 \par \par }{\cs29\f1\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12063461\charrsid12063461 A. N. KAROKORA}{\cs29\f1\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid4729289\charrsid12063461 \line }{\cs29\f1\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12063461\charrsid12063461 JUSTICE OF THE SUPREME COURT}{ \cs29\f1\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid4729289\charrsid12063461 \par \par }{\cs29\f1\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12063461\charrsid12063461 J. N. MULENGA}{\cs29\f1\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid4729289\charrsid12063461 \line }{\cs29\f1\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12063461\charrsid12063461 JUSTICE OF THE SUPREME COURT}{ \cs29\f1\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid4729289\charrsid12063461 \par \par }{\cs29\f1\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12063461\charrsid12063461 G. W. KANYEHAMBA}{\cs29\f1\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid4729289\charrsid12063461 \line }{\cs29\f1\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12063461\charrsid12063461 JUSTICE OF THE SUPREME COURT \par }}