Uganda v Basajja Paul (Criminal Case No.276 of 2001) [2004] UGHC 65 (27 July 2004)

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.}}{\*\pnseclvl2\pnucltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl3\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl4\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta )}} {\*\pnseclvl5\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl6\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl7\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl8 \pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl9\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s15\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1 \widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid3632233 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 THE REPUBLIC OF UGANDA \line IN THE HIGH COURT OF UGANDA HOLDEN AT MITYANA/MUBENDE \line CRIMINAL SESSION }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid3632233 CASE NO. 276 OF 2001 \line UGANDA \'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11754779 \'85.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid3632233 \'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85..\'85 \'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85PRO}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 SECUTION \line Versus \line BASAJJA PAUL}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid3632233 \'85\'85\'85 \'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85..}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 ACCUSED \line }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid3632233 \par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid3632233 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 BEFORE: HON. MR. JUS}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid3632233 TICE V. A. R. RWAMISAZI-KAGABA \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 JUDGMENT }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 \line }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 Basajja Paul who I shall refer to as \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid3632233 the accused\'94 in the rest of my }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 judgment is indicted for Murder contrary }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid3632233 to sections 188 and 189 of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 Penal Code Act. The particulars I support }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid3632233 of the charge are that Basajja }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 Paul on or about the 18th day of Augus}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid3632233 t 2000 at Boma Hill in Mubende }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 Distr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid3632233 ict, murdered Kasozi Expedito. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 The accused denied the charge and was}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid3632233 represented by Edward Muguluma while the }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 prosecution was led}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid3632233 by; Vincent Nyonzima, a State Attorney based at Mubende. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 The prosecution call}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid3632233 ed fourteen witnesses. The sum}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid3632233\charrsid3632233 mary}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 facts of the case are that Kasozi Expedito, the deceased was at the bar of Moses drinking alcohol in company of other people in the evening of 13/8/2000. The last person to see the deceased drinking in the bar of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid3632233\charrsid3632233 M}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid3632233 oses was Sekiziivu Samuel (PW1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 1) who shared a room near the residence of the deceased. This was in the night of 23/8}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid3632233 /2000 \emdash a Sunday.

\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 During the night of 13/8/2000, Paul Basajja went to the home of Nantumbwe Antonina (PW9). Nantumbwe lived with her two so ns, Kamoga Expedito (PW7) and Fred Iga (PW8). (PW8). It was then about 9.00 p.m. Basajja called out Kamoga (PW7), introduced himself as his uncle. Kamoga opened the window, whereupon Basajja threw a panga into Kamoga}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid3632233 \rquote s bedroom through the window. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 This panga was picked by Fred Iga and Nantumbwe Antonina and the same was handed to Bukenya Richard, their Chairman LC. 1. T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid3632233 he pan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 ga was later exhibited as exh. P7. In the same night 13/8/2000, at }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid3632233\charrsid3632233 about}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid3632233 1.00 a. m -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 the accused}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid3632233 went to the house of Sekiziivu Samuel (PW1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 1) and asked to be let in. Sekiziivu refused to open and the accused went away. \line Sekiziivu went to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid3632233\charrsid3632233 Moses\rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 bar and found the deceased semi conscious with }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid3632233 cut wounds on the head. He (PW1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 1) reported the assault on the deceased to Seki w}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid3632233 ho in turn reported to Matovu. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 The deceased, then still alive, was taken }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid3632233 to Mubende Hospital by Richard }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 Kadidi (PW12), the g}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid3632233\charrsid3632233 randson}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 to the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid3632233 deceased. The deceased died in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 Mubende Hospital o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid7294960 n the 18/8/2000 at 10.00}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid3632233 a.m. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 The accused was arrested by the Police at 7.30 p.m. on, the 14/8/2000. He was arrested by t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid3632233 he Chairman LC 1 - Richard Buken}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 ya - who was in company of Nuwagaba (a Police officer since retired from the Police Force) and Kadidi. The accused was taken to the Police (Mubende) by Nuwagaba and Bukenya along with the Panga which Nantumbwe had handed to the Chair}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14450341 man (Bukenya). The witness (PW10}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 ) had been seeing the panga}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14450341 in possession of the accused. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 After making a statement, Richard Bukenya went to the scene and collected bloodstained soil which he handed over to the po}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14450341 lice. On the same day, 15/8/2000) Bukenya (PW10}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 ) collected from the house of the accused a blood stained shirt, which he had been seeing accused wear. He hande}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14450341 d the shirt to Nuwagaba (PW2). \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 The bloodstained shirt, the bloodstained soil and the bl}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14450341 ood sa mple of the accused were }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 taken to the Government Chemist in three sealed envelopes by D. C. Balikowa (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14450341 PW4). The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 Government Chemist made his analyst report - Exh. P6. Tha}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14450341 t report and the exhibits which }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 were taken to Wandegeya for blood }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14450341\charrsid3632233 analysis}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 were collected }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14450341\charrsid3632233 and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 returned to Mubende C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14450341 ID office by D/C Wankya (PW6). \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 The report of the Government Chemist, the panga, the blood-stained shirt and the blood stained soil were admitted in court as exhibits P6, P7, P8 and P11 respectively. One of the envelopes that D. C. Balikowa (PW4) took to the Government Chemist contained the blood sample of the accused. The findings of the Analyst about that blood sampl}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14450341 e are contained in exhibit P6.

\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid14450341 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 In all criminal cases, the burden of proof rests on the prosecution. This burden does not shi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14450341 f}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 t to the accused except in a few exceptional cases, but this is none of those exceptions. The prosecution must }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14450341\charrsid3632233 succeed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 on the strength of its evidence. Any weakness in the defence or lies told by the accused shall not be relied on to, bolster the prosecution case or be a basis for convicting the accused. If, after full }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14450341\charrsid3632233 consideration}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 of the prosecution evidence or the case as a whole, there is some reasonable doubt created about the guilt of the accused, that doubt must be resolved in favour of the accused, and he/she must be acquitted. \line I explained to the assessors, as I also warn himself, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14450341\charrsid3632233 about}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 , the burden and standard of proof and what a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14450341 reasonable doubt means in law. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid14450341 See: (1) Woolmingt}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14450341\charrsid14450341 on vs. D. P. P. (1935) A. C. 462 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid14450341 (2) Sekitole}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14450341\charrsid14450341 ko vs. Uganda (1967) E. A. 631

\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid14450341 (3) Tindigwihura Mbahe vs. Uganda }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid14450341 - }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid14450341 Criminal Appeal No. 9/1987 (S. C.) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14450341\charrsid14450341 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14450341 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 This case rests purely on circumstantial evidence as there was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14450341\charrsid14450341 no}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid14450341 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid14450341 eye}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 witness to the assault on Kasozi which led to his death. Circumstantial evidence is facts and events surrounding the fact or facts in issue. Such evidence must always be narrowly and cautiously examined, because it }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14450341\charrsid3632233 may be}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 fabricated to cast suspicion on a nother person. It is also necessary, before drawing the inference of the accused\rquote s guilt from circumstantial evidence to be sure that there are no other co-existing circumstantial which would weaken or destroy the inference. In order for the prosecution to succeed, the circumstantial evidence must be such that it is incapable of explanation upon any other reasonable hypothesis than that of the guilt of the accused. I explained to the assessors the test to be applied and the standard of proof required when a conviction is to be based on p}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14450341 urely circumstantial evidence. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid14450341 See: (1) Leonard Mpoma vs. Republic }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid14450341 - }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid14450341 Criminal Appeal 103 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid14450341 - }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14450341\charrsid14450341 DSM \emdash 75(1978) LR TN 58 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid14450341 (2) Joseph Magezi vs. Uganda }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid14450341 - }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid14450341 Criminal Appeal 8/1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14450341 993 (S.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14450341\charrsid14450341 C.) \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid14450341 (3)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14450341\charrsid14450341 Teper vs. R. (1952) A. c. 480 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid14450341 (4) R vs. Taylor, Weaver & Dorovan }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid14450341 - }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid14450341 21 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid14450341 - }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid14450341 Crim. App 1. Reports 20 CCB }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14450341\charrsid14450341 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14450341 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 The accused is indicted for murder which}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11622501 consists of four ingredients, namely: -

\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 a)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11622501 That Expedito Kasozi is dead. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 b) That he died t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11622501 hrou.gh an unlawful act \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 c) That whoever inflicted the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11622501\charrsid3632233 injuries}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 , from which Kasozi died, d}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11622501 id so with malice aforethought \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 d) That it was the accused who is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11622501 responsible for Kasozi\rquote s death. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid11622501 See: (1) Uganda vs. Kassim Obura & another vs. Uganda }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid11622501 - }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid11622501 (1981) HCB 9}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11622501\charrsid11622501 \par (2) Uganda vs. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid11622501 Harry Musumba (1992) 1 KALR 83 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11622501\charrsid11622501 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11622501 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 The death of Expedicto was not seriously contested as there was abundant evidence to prove the same. After he was injured, he was seen with wounds on the head b }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11622501 y Nantumbwe, (PW9) Bukenya (PW10}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 ) and Richard Kadidi (PW9). Kadidi and others took Kasozi to the hospital wh ere he died four days after admission. His body was seen by Kadidi who organised its burial. Dr. Kiiza (PW1) treated the deceased on admission in Mubende hospital and later prepared a postmortem report and Death Certificate on the deceased after he (Kasoz i) died. (Refer to Exhibits P1, P2 and P3). I am left with no doubt, that the death of Expedito Kasozi has been p}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11622501 roved beyond reasonable doubt. \par \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 Every homicide is unlawful unless it excused under some provision of the law. Kasozi was cut on the head where he sustained serious cut wounds. Whoever inflicted those injuries on him had no legal justification to do so. I also find the injury and killing of Kasozi were unlawful. \line }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid11622501 See (1) Uganda vs. Night Kulabako Jennifer vs. Uganda }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid11622501 - }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid11622501 C. S. C.61/1991 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid11622501 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11622501\charrsid11622501 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid11622501 (2) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid11622501 Uganda vs. Harry Musumba (1992) 1 KLR 83 } {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11622501\charrsid11622501 \par \par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid9113962 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 Section 191 of the Penal Code Act states the circumstances where malice aforethought is presum}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9113962 ed to exist. Malice aforethoug}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9113962\charrsid3632233 ht}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9113962 is a conclusion }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 from the circumstances of the assault. In arriving at the conclusion, whether malice aforethought has been proved o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9113962 r not, the court may consider, \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 a) the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9113962 number of injuries inflicted, \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 b) the part of the body on whi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9113962 ch the injuries are inflicted, \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 c) the nature of the weapo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9113962 n used, \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 d) t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9113962 he gravity of the injuries and \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 e) the conduct of the accus}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9113962 ed before and after the attack \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid9113962 See: (1) Uganda vs. John Ochieng }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid9113962 - }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9113962\charrsid9113962 (1992-93) HCB 80 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid9113962 (2) R. vs. Tub}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9113962\charrsid9113962 ere s/o Ochen (1945) 12 EACA 63

\par (3) R. vs. Yakobo Ojambo s/o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid9113962 Nambio (1944) 11 EACA 97. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9113962\charrsid9113962 \par \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 According to both Exh. P1 and Exhibit P.2 the deceased received severe deep cut wounds on the head which led to his death four days later. There were no other intervening acts. Although the panga, Exhibit P7 was not availed to the doctor (PW1) to comment whether the injuries were caused by that weapon, I am confirmed in my holding }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9113962 by the evidence of Bukenya (PW10}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 ) Nantumbwe (PW9) and Kamoga (PW7) that it was the panga Exh. P7 which is likely to have }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9113962\charrsid3632233 inflicted}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 the injuries}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9113962 reflected Exhibits P1 and P2. \par \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 The panga though used for domestic purposes, is a lethal weapon when used to inflict harm on people. The injuries were grave, inflicted on a delicate part of the body and a lethal weapon was used to inflict the injuries on Kasozi. I hold therefore, that whoe v er inflicted those injuries of the deceased had the necessary malice aforethought. Any person who commits any of the acts listed in section 196 of the Penal Code Act is presumed to have caused the death of that person. Kasozi was a human being within the definition of sectio}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9113962 n 197 of the Penal Code Act. \par \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 His death followed four days after being assaulted. There }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9113962\charrsid3632233 was no intervening fact}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 between the assault and his death. I therefore find that Kasozi was killed by the person who inflicted the fatal head injuries on }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 him }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9113962 in the night of 13/8/2000. \par \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 Who is the person responsible of Kasozi\rquote s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9113962\charrsid3632233 death?}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 As already observed, there was no eyewitness to the assault. The nearest witness to Kasozi\rquote s last hours is Sekiz}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9113962 iivu Samuel (PW1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 1) who saw Kasozi and accused in the bar of Moses about 8.00 p.m. while in his room at about 8.00 p.m. Sekiziivu heard an object being hit three times and a human voice say. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid9113962 \'93Kuja twende \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9113962 which means,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid9113962 \'93let us go\'94.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9113962\charrsid3632233 accused}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 was wearing a white striped shirt while in the bar. Later the same nig ht, the same accused went to the house of Nantumbwe \emdash threw there a panga Exhibit P/7. That was about }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid9113962 9.00 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid9113962 p.m. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid9113962 at 1.00 a.m. during}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9113962 the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 same night the accused went}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9113962 to the house of Sekiziivu (PW1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 1) asked to be let in but Se}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9113962 kiziivu refused to let him in. \par \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 C an we say these movements were innocent or was the accused getting restless after assaulting the deceased at the bar? The conduct of an accused after the commission of the offence may provide good and strong circumstantial evidence pointing to his guilt a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9113962 nd participation in the crime. \par \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 I find in this regard, the movements of the accused from the bar after Sekiziivu heard those three bangs followed by a voice saying }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid9113962 \'93kuja twende\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 are a pointer to accused trying to find asylum and dispose of the killer weapo n after he had assaulted the deceased at the bar where he was found unconscious with cut wounds and in a pool of blood next morning. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9113962 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 In the case of Uganda vs. Simbwa \emdash Criminal Appeal No. 37/1995, the Supreme Court held that the fact that the accused\rquote s di sappearance from his home and village soon after the incident in which the deceased was killed, was strong corroboration of the accused\rquote s participation i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9113962 n the commission of the crime. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid9113962 See also: Waibi vs. Uganda }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid9113962 - }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid9113962 (1978) HCB 218 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9113962\charrsid9113962 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9113962 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 I find as implicat ing circumstantial evidence in the conduct of the accused after Sekiziivu was the accused in the bar with other drinkers and thereafter hear a bang three times in the same place where the deceased was found next day in a pool of blood. Immediately after t he bang (three times) the accused rushes to hide of dispose \'93his\'94 killer weapon at the hous}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9113962 e of Nantumbwe. As if that is n}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 ot enough, the accused abandons his house that night and goes to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9113962\charrsid3632233 hide}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 at Sekiziivu\rquote s home but the later turns him away. All this conduct on the apart of the accused poi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9113962 nts irresistibly to his guilt. \par \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 The other circumstantial evidence implicating the accused is the panga Exh P.7. This panga w}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9113962 as taken to the house of Nantum}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 bwe (PW9). The accused was identified by his own vice for he told Kamoga }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid9113962 \'93I am Paulo, your uncle\'94.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 His voice was recognised by Fred Iga (PW8). Accused vanished after throwing the panga through the window of Kamoga. Why did he behave so strangely at the time of the night}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9113962 ? \par \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 The panga Exhibit P.7, besides being taken by him to Nantumbwe\rquote s house, was known to be the proper}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9113962 ty of the accused. Bukenya (PW10}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 ) had always seen that panga \emdash Exh P.7 with the accused \emdash and he used it to do casual work in the village. I believe the panga \emdash Exh P.7 is the property of the accused which he took to Nantumbwe\rquote s house. It was the same panga which was exhibited in court after Nantumbwe handed it to the police and th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9113962 e police exhibited in court. \par \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 Although no one saw accused cut the deceased with that panga, the description of the injuries by Dr. Kiiza on exhibits P1 and P2 leave me with no doubt that those injuries were inflicted with a heavy sharp object, such as a panga. I also find as a fact that it was the panga exhibit P7 which the accused u sed to cut Kasozi though the panga did not bear any blood stains when the accused sought to dispose of it or hide it away at the house of Nantumbwe (PW9). \line }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14431429 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 Another incriminating evidence is contained the blood stained soil (Exh. P11), the blood stained shirt, exhibit P8, and the Government Chemist report \emdash exhibit P6. The blood stained soil was collected from the scene of assault where the deceased had been lying in a pool of blood by Bukenya. (PW1O) The same Bukenya collected the blood-stained shirt from a mong the belongings of the accused and from the accused\rquote s house. Counsel for the accused tried to question the role of Bukenya when he collected the blood stained soil and the accused\rquote s blood stained shirt. I see no impropriety in what Bukenya did. He was the Chairman of LC 1 whose duty, among other things is to maintain law and order in his area.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14431429 \par \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 The Chairman is the government representative in his village and is the person directly responsible with assisting in government matters which would involve the police in their investigations of crimes. I will therefore treat Bukenya as a reliable and independent witness when considering the role he played in the investigating of this case. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14431429 \par \par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid14431429 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 The blood stained shirt exh. P8 was testified upon by Bukenya. Bukenya had been seeing accused wearing that shirt in the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14431429\charrsid3632233 village}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 . Sekiziivu saw the accused wear a white }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14431429\charrsid3632233 striped}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 shirt while in the bar in company with the deceased but Exh. P8 was not put to him for identification. The same shirt was found with blood stains fr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14431429 om among the accused\rquote s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 property when Bukenya was handling those propertie}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14431429 s to Mwesige for safe custody. \par \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 The blood on the shirt (Exh. P8) and the blood stained soil (Exh. P11) were found to be the same blood group A, which was that of the deceased. On the ot her hand, the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14431429 blood group of the accused is O}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid14431429 (s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14431429\charrsid14431429 ee Exh. P.6 the Government Chemist}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid14431429 and Analyst Report). }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14431429 \par \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 From the above analysis, the conclusion and inference to be drawn is that the accused, the owner of the panga Exh P7 used it to cut the decease d. In the course of the assault, the deceased\rquote s bl}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14431429 ood spilt on the ground (Exh. P1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 1) and on the shirt (Exh. P8) which the accused was seen wearing as he sat in the bar with the deceased and which belonged to him (accused) according to Bukenya. The evidence of Mr. Lugudo \emdash E}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14431429 xh. P6 is evidence of an expert }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 which the court may apply to arrive at a fact in issue. I have }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14431429 no doubt that Lugudo\rquote s opinion i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 s based i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14431429 n his knowledge and expertise. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid14431429 See: (1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14431429\charrsid14431429 ) Kit}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid14431429 Smile Mugisha vs. Uganda }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid14431429 - }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14431429\charrsid14431429 (1976) HCB 246 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid14431429 (2) Uganda vs. Suigaiman Ndibarema & another (192) HCB 4 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14431429\charrsid14431429 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 The conduct of the accused in the night of 13/8/2000 and 14/8/2000 together the evidence of the deceased\rquote s blood on his shirt leads irresistibly to one conclusion, and that is that the accused killed the deceased.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14431429 \par \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 In his defence the accused denied killing the deceased. He said he was arrested from his house at 7.30 p.m. on the 14/8/2O00. In other words the accused was raising the defence of alibi. It is trite }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14431429\charrsid3632233 law}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 that when an accused }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14431429\charrsid3632233 person}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 puts up the defence of alibi, the prosecution has the legal burden to negative it with evidence. Th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14431429 e accused has not burden to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 prove the alibi. If the prosecution fails to negative that alibi then, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14431429 the accused must be acquitted. \par \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 The court must examine carefully the evidence }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14431429\charrsid3632233 for}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 that of the prosecution, in rebuttal. If there is a doubt created, after considering all the evidence, that doubt must be reso}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14431429 lved in favour of the accused. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid7294960 See: (1) Abdu Ngobi vs. Uganda }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid7294960 - }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14431429\charrsid7294960 Criminal Appeal 10/1991 (S. C.) \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid7294960 (2) Wanda Alex and two others vs. Uganda }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid7294960 - }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14431429\charrsid7294960 Criminal Appeal 42/1995 (S. C.) \par (3)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid7294960 Siraji Sajabi vs. Uganda }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid7294960 - }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14431429\charrsid7294960 Criminal Appeal 31/1998 (C. A) \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid7294960 (4) R. vs. Chamulon Wero Olango (1937) 4 EACA 46 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14431429\charrsid7294960 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14431429 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 On the basis of the circumstantial evidence I have highlighted herein above, I find the prosecution has negatived the accused\rquote s alibi and placed him sq}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14431429 uarely at the scene of crime in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 the night of 13/8/2000. I rejec}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14431429 t the accused\rquote s alibi as lies. \par \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 The defence raised a few contradictions in the prosecution evidence. I note in particular the story of Buke}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14431429 nya PW10}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 and Margaret Nabwire (PW13) as to the stat}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14431429 e of accused\rquote s house when Buken}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 ya retrieved the blood stained shirt (Exh. P18) and the substance on the shirt. I observed the two witnesses in court. Whereas Bukenya was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14431429\charrsid3632233 straightforward}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 in the presentation of his testimony, Nabwire was extremely elusive and dodgy. She did not want to tell the truth about the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14431429\charrsid3632233 event}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 of visiting the accused\rquote s house. She was prepared to call blood on the shirt \'93 red soil\'94 though she admitted the shirt Exhibit P.8 was got from the accused\rquote s house. I prefer to rely on Bukenya\rquote s evidence which was not tainted with lies. Nabwire was to a good extent lying about what she saw when she was at the accused\rquote s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14431429 house with the Chairman, Bukenya (PW10). \par \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 The law concerning the contradictions, which I explained to the assessors, is that it is not every inconsistency that will result in the testimony of a witness being rejected. It is only grave inc onsistency, unless satisfactorily explained, which will usually, but not necessarily result in the evidence of a witness being rejected. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10249588\charrsid3632233 Minor}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 inconsistency will not usually have that effect unless the court }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10249588\charrsid3632233 thinks}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 they point}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10249588 to deliberate untruthfulness. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid10249588 See (1) Wasswa Stephen and another vs. Uganda }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid10249588 - }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid10249588 Crim}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10249588\charrsid10249588 inal Appeal No. 31/1999 (S. C.) \par (2) Co}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid10249588 l. Sabuni vs. Uganda (1981) HCB 11 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10249588\charrsid10249588

\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid10249588 (3) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid10249588 Tindigwihura Mbahe vs. Uganda }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid10249588 - }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid10249588 Criminal Appeal 9/1987 (S. C.) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10249588\charrsid10249588 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10249588 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 Applying the above principles to the contradictions which exist between the evidence of the prosecution witnesses, I find those contradictions are minor and }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10249588 do n}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 ot affe}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10249588 ct the evidence of Bukenya (PW10}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 ). I put little reliance on the evidence of Nabwire who I foun}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10249588 d to be a liar to good extent. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid10249588 See: (1) Ug}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10249588\charrsid10249588 anda vs. Rutaro (1976) HCB 162

\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid10249588 (2) Anthony Barugahare vs. Marita Ntarantambi (1987) HCB 95 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10249588\charrsid10249588 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10249588 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 An accused person is entitled to have any defence, whether raised by him, the prosecution or can be deduced in court, in his or her favour. In this regard, I advised the asse ssors to consider whether the defence or provocation or intoxication could be availed to the accused. Both the assessors advised me to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10249588 acquit the accused as charged. \par \par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid10249588 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 Section 82 (1) of the Trial on Indictments Act}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10249588 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 spells out the duty of the judge to sum the evidence to the assessors and guide them on the relevant law and then record their opinions. But sub-section (2) of the same section state}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10249588 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 that the Judge is no}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10249588 t bound to conform with the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 opinion of the assessors. But if he chooses to differ with their opinions, the Judge must give his reasons}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10249588 for doing so. (Subsection 3). \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid10249588 See: (1) Mohammed Ba}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10249588\charrsid10249588 chu vs. R. (1956) 23 EACA 399. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid10249588 (2) Habib Kara Vesta & o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10249588\charrsid10249588 thers vs. R. (1934) 1 EACA 191 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid10249588 (3) Kasule vs. Uganda }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid10249588 - }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid10249588 Criminal Appeal 10/1987 (1992-93) HCB 38 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10249588\charrsid10249588 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10249588 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 It appears the assessors did not appreciate let alone }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10249588\charrsid3632233 consider}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 the direct and circumstantial evidence under which the attack took place. They did not address their mind}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10249588 s to the evidence of Bukenya, N}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 antumbwe, her children and Sekiziivu. These were witnesse s whose evidence implicated the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10249588\charrsid3632233 accused}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 directly and or circumstantially. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10249588 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 Sekiziivu testified how he saw accused and deceased in the bar. There was evidence of the strange movements of the accused from the house of Nantumbwe and Sekiziivu. There was evidence of the shirt and panga which Bukenya identified as being the accused \rquote s property. There was the evidence of Mr. Lugudo an}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10249588 d his findings on Exhibit P.6. \par \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 If the assessors had considered this evidence properly, their finding would have been different. In any event, the assessors did not state whether they disbelieved the prosecution evidence or some of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10249588 it. \par \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 As they (assessors) misdirected themselves on the law and evidence, I will reject their opinions as being based on their assessors\rquote own imagination. The trial judge is not, in way, bound by }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10249588\charrsid3632233 the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 opinions of the assessors though he must give reasons if he decides }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10249588 to disagree with it (opinion). \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid7294960 See: (1) John Kuka vs. Uganda}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10249588\charrsid7294960 -Criminal Appeal 1/1992 (S. C) \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid7294960 (2) Habib Kara Vesta and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10249588\charrsid7294960 others vs. R. (1934) EACA 191 \par (3) R. vs. Mwita s/o }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid7294960 Samo (1948) 15 EACA 128. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10249588\charrsid7294960 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10249588 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 It is not disputed that the assault on the deceased \emdash Ka}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10249588 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 ozi took place in or at Moses\rquote bar where the accused and the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10249588\charrsid3632233 decease}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10249588 d}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 where sighted drinking at about 8.00 p.m. of 13/8/2000. A lthough we do not know who had drunk what and how much, it cannot be ruled out that both accused and deceased were acting under the influence of alcohol when the attack took place. \line }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10249588 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 Section 12(4) of the Penal Code Act provides \'93Intoxication\'94 shall be take n into account for the purpose of determining whether the person charged had formed the intention, specific or otherwise, in the absence of which, he or she would not be guilty of the offence. \line }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10249588 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 In Chemingwa vs. R. (1956) 53 EACA 451 the Court of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10249588\charrsid3632233 Appeal}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 for }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10249588 Eastern Africa (then) held that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 intoxication may provide a defence by enabling the accused to prove temporary insanity or by indicating that he was incapable of forming the intention necess}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10249588 ary to constitute the offence. \par \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 In the first class, the onus is on the accused to show the insanity. In the second, the onus never shifts from the prosecution. I will also borrow the words of Karokora J. (as he then was) in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid10249588 Uganda vs. Robert Kanyankole (1984) HCB 23.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10249588 Where he said: \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 \'93 Although malice aforethought could readily flow from the nature of the injuries inflicted, the type of weapon used, and the vulnerable part of the body on which it was used, a deadly weapon held by a drunken man does not }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10249588\charrsid3632233 necessarily}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10249588 import malice aforethought.\'94 \par \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 In the instant case, we do not know how long the deceased and accused had been drinking before the attack. We do not know if the attack was backed by any motive, we do not know i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10249588 f there was any quarrel between }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 the two before the attack. There }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10249588 was no evidence of any past }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 misunderstanding which leaves the motive for this }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10249588\charrsid3632233 killing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 a mystery and or unexplained. \line }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10249588 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 As was observed by the Court of Appeal for Eastern Africa (then) in the case of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid10249588 R. vs. Joseph s/o Byarushengo and another (1946) 13 EACA 187}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 , w here it is doubtful on the evidence that the accused intended to kill or cause grievous harm to the deceased, he should be given the benefit of the doubt and be found guilty not }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10249588 of Murder hut of Manslaughter. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 See: Also R. vs. Kabia Arap Serem (1947) 7 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 EACA }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 73. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10249588 \par \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 After addressing myself to the law on intoxica}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10249588 tion and the facts of this case,}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 I find that the killing of the deceased was not accompanied by the r}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10249588 equired malice aforethought. \par \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 The accused may have been acting under}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid7294960 the influence of alcohol when }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid3632233 h e inflicted the fatal blows on Kasozi. Like the assessors found, I find the prosecution has not proved the offence of Murder against the accused. He is acquitted on that charge. However, in disagreement with the opinion of the assessors, I find the accuse d killed the deceased and the killing was unlawful. The prosecution has proved the offence of manslaughter against the accused. I therefore find the accused guilty of the offence of manslaughter and convict him for the same under sections 187 and 190 of } {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10249588 the Penal Code Act. \par \par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\ql \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid10249588 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid7294960 V. }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid7294960 A. R. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid7294960 Rwamisazi-Kagaba \line Judge \line 27/7/2004 }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15271704\charrsid7294960 \line \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3632233 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14830933\charrsid3632233 \par }{\*\themedata 504b030414000600080000002100828abc13fa0000001c020000130000005b436f6e74656e745f54797065735d2e786d6cac91cb6ac3301045f785fe83d0b6d8 72ba28a5d8cea249777d2cd20f18e4b12d6a8f843409c9df77ecb850ba082d74231062ce997b55ae8fe3a00e1893f354e9555e6885647de3a8abf4fbee29bbd7 2a3150038327acf409935ed7d757e5ee14302999a654e99e393c18936c8f23a4dc072479697d1c81e51a3b13c07e4087e6b628ee8cf5c4489cf1c4d075f92a0b 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