Uganda Vs. Byakatonda Ronald (CR CAse No. 100 of 2005) [2010] UGHC 135 (7 July 2010)

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\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\field{\*\fldinst { \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs19\insrsid13203229 PAGE }}{\fldrslt }}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs19\insrsid13203229 \par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\ql \li0\ri360\widctlpar\tqc\tx4153\tqr\tx8306\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin360\lin0\itap0\pararsid9642001 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13203229 \par }}{\footerr \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s18\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tqc\tx4153\tqr\tx8306\pvpara\phmrg\posxr\posy0\wraparound\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13203229 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs19\insrsid13203229 \par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\ql \li0\ri360\widctlpar\tqc\tx4153\tqr\tx8306\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin360\lin0\itap0\pararsid9642001 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13203229 \par }}{\*\pnseclvl1\pnucrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl2\pnucltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl3\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl4\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta )}} {\*\pnseclvl5\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl6\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl7\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl8 \pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl9\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1 \widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9642001 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6374339\charrsid6374339 {\*\xmlopen\xmlns2{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns2{\factoidname PlaceType}}REPUBLIC{\*\xmlclose} OF {\*\xmlopen\xmlns2{\factoidname PlaceName}}UGANDA}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid2107845\charrsid6374339 {\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6374339\charrsid6374339 IN THE HIGH COURT OF UGANDA AT NAKAWA HOLDEN AT MUBENDE \par CR CASE NO 100/05 \par CRD 115/01 \par {\*\xmlopen\xmlns2{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns2{\factoidname country-region}}UGANDA{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} \'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85. PROSECUTION \par VERSUS \par BYAKATONDA R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid2564826 ONALD}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6374339\charrsid6374339 \'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85. ACCUSED}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6374339 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6824920\charrsid6374339 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6374339\charrsid6374339 BEFORE HON. LADY JUSTICE FAITH MWONDHA}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6824920 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6374339 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6824920\charrsid6374339 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6374339\charrsid6374339 JUDGMENT \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9642001 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9642001 The accused was indicted on a ch}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8932273 arge of rape C/S 123}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9642001 of the Penal Code Act. The particulars as alleged by the prosecution were that the accused Byakatonda Ronald and another still at large during the night of 6}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \super\insrsid9642001\charrsid9642001 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9642001 -7}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \super\insrsid9642001\charrsid9642001 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9642001 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12784883 February}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8932273 2001 in Gaya}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9642001 za sub county head quarters cells in Kiboga Distric}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8932273 t had carnal knowledge of Kyaku}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9642001 wa Joyce without her consent.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6374339 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9642001 \par The prosecution always has the burden to prove its case beyond reasonable doubt in order to bring the guilt of the accused home. The burden doesn\rquote t shift at anyone time to the accused. In the case of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9642001\charrsid10814930 Bernado Mugaya v. Uganda Cr. Appeal No 20 of 1971 EACA (Unreported), }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9642001 Duff P put it as follows, \'93 in consideration, the judge must always of course bear in mind the rule that the onus of proof is on the prosecution and the appellant does not have to establish his innocence,\'94 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12784883 see}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9642001 also }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9642001\charrsid10814930 Justine Nankya v. Uganda SC CR Appeal No 24 of 1995}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9642001 which cited with approval }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9642001\charrsid10814930 Okoth Okale v. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6824920\charrsid10814930 R [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9642001\charrsid10814930 1955}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6824920\charrsid10814930 ] EA}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid412839\charrsid10814930 555.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9642001 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid412839 \par In a charge of rape the prosecution had to prove the following essential ingredients to bring the guilt of the accused home; \par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid412839 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 1.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-360\li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar \jclisttab\tx720\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid412839 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid412839 that there was a woman \par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid412839 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 2.\tab}that this woman experienced unlawful sexual intercourse without her consent \par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid412839 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 3.\tab}that the accused participated in it \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid412839 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid412839 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6824920 The}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid412839 prosecution on the first ingredient produced PW1 who was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12784883 obviously}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid412839 a woman by the name of Joyce }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12784883 Kyakuwa}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid412839 Nabanoba. There was the medical evidence contained in EXP1 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12784883 i.e.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid412839 PF3 and its appendix. The report was dated 08/02/2001 of Kiboga hospital. It was referring to Kyakuwa Joyce as complaint in a rape case. She had a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12784883 ruptured} {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid412839 hymen though not recent. There were }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12784883 infalmations}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid412839 around her private parts. That the injuries and inflammation were consistent with force having been used sexually. That there were injuries on the thighs and elbow and that these injuries were consistent with force having been used sexu ally. That there were signs of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12784883 resistance}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid412839 and there were no signs of V. D. the report was signed and stamped. I was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12784883 satisfied}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid412839 that the first ingredient was proved. \par \par On the second ingredient, there was the evidence of PW1 who narrated how the accused with two other men met her when she was with her }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10646311 husband at around 6pm. That}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid412839 the accused arrested her and she was detained in cells. That earlier she had been charged with theft and she went to court. That she had secured bail to be out while attending her trial. That when the accused arrested her he said that she }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10249012 had escaped from prison whereas not. That the army men told her that if she did not want to be in prison she should get a man. That the accused agreed with him by affirming so. That at around mid ni ght the accused and three people entered the jail where she was. That she heard the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6824920 door being}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10249012 opened and the light was flashed from the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12784883 torch}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10249012 . That they went to her. That they raped her by removing the short she had put on. That she recognised Byakatonda. That she did not raise alarms because they had a gun. That the person who had a gun was in army uniform. That she knew Byakatonda\rquote s voice. That she heard him say \'93oba ali ludawa\'94 meaning \'93where is she\'94 . That even when the short was being removed he said that the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8932273 bullets (used condoms)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10249012 should be removed. That they used condoms and they put them in the shorts after using them. That her clothes got torn. That they left and they closed the door. That she did not know who opened the door}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8932273 the following day and she did not see the accused again}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10249012 . That she then went out }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12784883 covering}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10249012 herself with an old blanket. That there was nobody guarding her. That a soldier came and told her to go but she said she wanted a release letter. That she never saw the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8932273 accused again. That when one Ay}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10249012 oni Can (PW2)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10182273 she requested him to go and tell her sister (PW3) to bring her clothes and also that she was raped. That the RDC came and told her to go to hospital.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid412839 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10182273 \par There was the medical evidence also which was in the report PF3 with the appendix. It has already been summarised }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6824920 which in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10182273 addition to the PW1\rquote s testimony }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8932273 corroborated}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10182273 her oral evidence in the material particulars. There were injuries and inflammations around her private parts which were recent and consistent with the force used sexual ly. They showed that force was used sexually. There were injuries on the elbow and thighs and showed that the complaint PW1 was strong enough to put up some }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12784883 resistance}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10182273 . The evidence above showed that PW1 experience unlawful sexual intercourse without her consent.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8932273 All the above was in conformity with S.123 of the Penal Code. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10182273 I was satisfied that this ingredient was proved. \par \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12784883 On the third }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6824920 ingredient,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12784883 PW1 testified that the accused was in company of two other army men}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8932273 when they}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12784883 met her}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8932273 . S}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12784883 he was with her husband at around 6pm. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10182273 That she had known the accused before as SPC at the Gombolola and he had over stayed there. That she used to see him before the incident. Even the accused in his defence stated that he knew the complaint. And that he used to see her in the meetings}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8932273 and market}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10182273 . She said that the accused on the material day arrested her and she was detained on the allegation that she escaped from prison. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12784883 That she told him about her release on bail but one of the army men, the accused was with told her that if she did not want to be in cells she should get a man, which the accused affirmed. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9255317 That she heard the accused ask where she was when the cell }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8932273 was opened }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9255317 where she wa}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8932273 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9255317 . That he even said that the bullets}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8932273 (used condoms)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9255317 should be removed and they collected t he used condoms and put them in the short which they had removed from her. That they had a torch they were flashing around and she knew the accused\rquote s voice. I was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12784883 satisfied}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9255317 that this ingredient was proved.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10182273 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9255317 \par The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12784883 accused}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9255317 gave a sworn statement in which he first testified on events not connected to the case. After saying that he knew the complain}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10646311 an}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9255317 t first as a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12784883 campaign}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9255317 agent for the movement and that she was a tailor in the market at Kyanga.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8932273 He testified about the case of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9255317 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8932273 t}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9255317 heft which had been charged on her. That when }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8932273 she was being looked for she escaped}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9255317 to Kibale. She denied having had sexual intercourse with her }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8932273 forcefully or otherwise }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9255317 and that he was being framed. He said that it was PW2 who arrested her the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12784883 night}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9255317 she alleged to have been raped. But later he stated that he found when she had been arrested by PW2 and told her to go to the cells. That she told him}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2519824 that he was against her. That she went and the accused also went to the Gombolola compound but did not reach the cells. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12784883 That the cells were about 1km}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8932273 from the Gombolola}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12784883 . that she told her sister PW3 to bring the form for release on bail and her husband was with her. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2519824 That the husband said he was going to bring the bail release form. That he told those who were guarding her to let her sit if she had the bail release }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12784883 forms}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2519824 . That she refused to sit saying she was a suspect. That she was taken to cells and he went to tell the chairman.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9255317 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2519824 \par In cross examination, he denied arresting the complaint but admitted moving with her in the company of army men where he told her to sit down on the ground}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8932273 and she refused}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2519824 . That he was the police officer on duty that day at the Gombolola. That the complaint was taken at the detach where all of them were working. \par \par From the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12784883 defence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2519824 it comes out clearly that the accused was at the scene of crime but he was merely denying. His evidence alone puts him squarely at the scene of crime as it corroborates strongly PW1\rquote s evidence. Her evidence was not shaken at all and so I was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12784883 satisfied}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2519824 that the accused participated in having carnal knowledge of the complaint without her consent. \par \par The prosecution in their submission submitted that it had proved its case beyond reasonable doubt on all the three ingredients. The evidence of PW1 and the medical evidence which was unchallenged proved that he ac cused committed the offence. There was sufficient light to enable her identify the accused and she had known him before and he is the one who arrested her}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6323774 on the pretext that she had jumped jail whereas not.} {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2519824 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6323774 \par The defence conceded that ingredients one and two had been proved beyond reasonable doubt. He }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12784883 submitted}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6323774 that PW3 and PW4 were merely told so was}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10646311 \par by PW2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6323774 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10646311 that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6323774 the torch light could not be sufficient to enable the complaint to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6824920 positively identify}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6323774 the accused. That there was a likelihood of mistaken identity which raises doubt on the truthfulness of the testimony of PW1. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10646311 That}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6323774 there were no exhibits and the accused was pleading alibi which was not }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12784883 perforated}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6323774 . He submitted that the accused should be acquitted. \par \par This is a case which depended on proper and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12784883 correct}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6323774 identification by a single witness. The law relating to such a case was long settled in various superior courts following the case of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6323774\charrsid10814930 Abdalla bin Wendo and Another v. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6824920\charrsid10814930 R [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6323774\charrsid10814930 1953] 20 EACA 166}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6323774 . it was held that while the identification of an accused person ca n be proved by the single testimony of a single witness this doe not lessen the need for testing with the greatest caution the evidence of such a witness regarding identification especially when conditions favouring correct identification are difficult. C ircumstances to be taken in account include the presence and nature of light, whether the accused person is known to the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12784883 witness}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6323774 by the incident or not, the length of the time }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12784883 and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6323774 the opportunity the witness had to observe the accused and the distance between them. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8932273 \par \par All these conditions which assist in testing the evidence of a single identifying witness existed. T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6323774 he accused raised the alibi because he knew that he had been}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12784883 positively identi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8932273 fied. He told court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12784883 how he carried out the arrest which strengthened the prosecution case and by saw doing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8932273 t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12784883 he alibi could not stand.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6323774 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12784883 \par The assessors in their joint opinion advised this court to find the accused guilty and convict him as the prosecution had proved its case beyond reasonable doubt. \par \par I agreed with them because of the reasons already given in this judgment. I find that the accused person committed the offence and the prosecution had proved its case beyond reasonable doubt. The accused is accordingly guilty and convicted as charged.

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