Uganda V Donato Okware Othieno (Criminal Session Case No. 48/93) [1994] UGHC 1 (29 April 1994)

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MR. JUSTICE C. M. KATO \par JUDGEMEN}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 T \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid595703 \par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid595703 {\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid595703 The accused per}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 son }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid595703 D}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 onato Okware Othieno }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid595703 is}{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 indicted for the }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid595703\charrsid8393785 murder}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid595703 of}{ \i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid595703 }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid595703 one Pius Ochien}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid595703 g}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid595703 Jadwong contrary to the provisio}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid595703 ns of suction 183 of the Penal C}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid595703 ode Act. \line } {\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid595703 \par The g}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid595703 ist of the case for prosecution }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid595703 has been}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid595703 that on the }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid595703 nigh}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid595703 t of 26}{\lang1033\langfe2057\super\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid595703 th}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid595703 October, 1991 at the villag}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid595703 e of }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid595703 Nyim-}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid595703 Nyim in the District of }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid595703 Tororo the accused }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid595703\charrsid595703 murdered}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid595703 the deceased Pius }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid595703 Oc}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid595703 hien}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid595703 g}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid595703 }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid595703 Jadwong}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid595703 . \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid595703 \par The a}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid595703 ccused pleaded not }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid595703\charrsid595703 guilty}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid595703 to }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid595703\charrsid595703 the}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid595703 indictme}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid595703 nt and }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid595703\charrsid595703 set}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid595703 up}{\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid595703 }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid595703 a defe}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid595703 nc}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid595703 e}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid595703 }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid595703 of alibi.}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid595703 \line }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid595703 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid595703 It }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid595703 is }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid595703 t}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid595703 rite law that when a}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid595703 n }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid595703 accuse}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid595703 d person }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid595703\charrsid595703 pleads}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid595703 not }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid595703\charrsid595703 guilty}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid595703 }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid595703 to any charge}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid595703 the }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid595703\charrsid595703 prosecution}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid595703 is }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid595703\charrsid595703 enjoined}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid595703 to prove each and every ingredie}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid595703 nt of}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid595703 the}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid595703 }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid595703\charrsid595703 offence} {\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid595703 with which the }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid595703 accus}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid595703 ed is }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid595703 charge}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid595703 d. \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid595703 \par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8393785 {\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid595703 It }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid595703 is}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid595703 }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid595703 also require}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid595703 d by the law that the }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid595703\charrsid595703 prosecution}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid595703 mus}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid595703 t }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid595703\charrsid595703 prove}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid595703 its case beyond reasonable doubt b}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid595703 ecau}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid595703 s}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid595703 e}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid595703 the }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid595703 accused has}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid595703 no duty }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid595703 to pro}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid595703 ve, his innocence}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid595703 : }{\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid595703 Woolmington v D. P. P. [1935] AC 462. Uganda v }{\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid595703\charrsid595703 Joseph}{\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid595703 }{\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid595703\charrsid595703 L}{ \ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid595703 ote [1978] HCB }{\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid595703 26}{\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid595703 9}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9177452 . It i}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid595703 s our }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9177452 principle of the la}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid595703 w }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid9177452 th}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9177452 a}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid9177452 t}{\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid595703 }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid595703 as accused }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9177452 person should be convict}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid595703 ed on }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9177452 the strength of the case}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid595703 as p}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9177452 r}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid595703 ov}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9177452 ed by prosecution b}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid595703 ut not}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9177452 on weakness of his defence: }{ \ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9177452 Insrail Epuku s/o Achietu v R [1934] I 166 at page 167.}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid595703 \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9177452 \par In a ca}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid595703 s}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9177452 e}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid595703 of }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9177452\charrsid595703 murder}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9177452 like the one now under consideration the }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9177452\charrsid595703 prosecution}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9177452 must prove that someb}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid595703 ody was killed, that the killing was unlawful, that}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 the killer }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9177452\charrsid8393785 had}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9177452\charrsid8393785 malice}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9177452\charrsid8393785 aforethought}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9177452 and}{ \b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9177452 that the accused indirectly or direct}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid9177452 ly}{ \i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 participated }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid9177452 in}{ \b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9177452 th}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 e }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9177452\charrsid8393785 killing}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 . In the }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9177452\charrsid8393785 instant}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9177452 case it is not ser}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 io}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9177452 u}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 sly disputed that on the }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9177452\charrsid8393785 night}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 of }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid9177452 26}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\super\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid9177452 th}{\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 October}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9177452 , 1991 Pius Ochieng, Jadwong}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 , was violently killed at his }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9177452 home.}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 It is also an accepted fact that his killing was effected by shootin}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9177452 g}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 . These }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid9177452 facts}{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9177452 clearly show that his death was not accidental and }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 therefore it was unlawfu}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9177452 lly caused. It was said in the}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 case of }{ \ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9177452 Gusambizi s/o}{\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 }{\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9177452\charrsid9177452 Wesong}{ \ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid9177452 a}{\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9177452 v R [1948] 15 EACA 65,}{\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid9177452 }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 that in all case}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid546490 s }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 of }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid546490\charrsid8393785 homicide}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 death is said to have been unlawfully caused unless it is accidental or has been }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid546490\charrsid8393785 authorized}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 by law. In the present case it cannot }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid546490 he justifiably said that Jadwong\rquote }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 s dea}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid546490 th was accidental or was authorise}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 d by any law. \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid546490 \par It is m}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 y finding that }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid546490 prosecutio}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 n}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid546490 has pr}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 oved beyond reasonable doubt th}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid546490 e firs}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 t }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid546490 two ingre}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 di}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid546490 ents of this offence.}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid546490 \par On the issue}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 o}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid546490 f malice aforethoug}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 ht }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid546490 it}{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid546490 was}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 said } {\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid546490 in the case of: }{\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid546490 Tubere s/o Ochieng v R [1945] 12 EACA 63}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 t}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid546490 hat in considering whether or not malice afore th}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 ou}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid546490 ght has}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 been established the court should }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid546490\charrsid8393785 consider}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 such things as the weapon used, the nature of injuries caused and the port of the body where such inj}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid546490 uries were inflicted.}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 I}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid546490 n the present case there was overwhelm}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 in}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid546490 g}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 evidence th}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid546490 at the deceased died as a resul}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid546490\charrsid8393785 t}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid546490 of}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid546490 5}{\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 gu}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid546490 n shot wounds inflicted upon him}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 on different parts of his body. A gun is }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid546490 a lethal weapon end anybody who shoots at another in such}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 part o}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid546490 f the body as heart or lungs must ha}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 ve }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid546490 i}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid546490 ntended}{ \b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid546490 to}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid546490 cause the}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid546490 death}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid546490 of }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid546490 the}{ \i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid546490 d}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 ec}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid546490 eased}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 . It }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14222787\charrsid8393785 is}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14222787 m}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 y} {\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14222787 finding that mal}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 ic}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14222787 e aforethought has been proved by prosecution b}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 e}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14222787 yo}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 n}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14222787 d}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14222787 reasonable do}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 u}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14222787 bt. The position being what it is }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 I}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14222787 hold that prosecution ha}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 s proved }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14222787 beyond reasonable doubt that there was murder committed. \par That leads me to the pertinent question which is: who killed this unfortunate m}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 an? It is the case for prosecution that the deceased was }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14646271 killed by the accused but the defence is adam}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 ant that the acc}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14646271 used did not take part in}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14646271 the}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 death of the deceased. \line }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14646271 \par This issue of who kil}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 l}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14646271 ed the de}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 ce}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14646271 ased is tied up with two quest}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid3961968 ions of identi}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 f}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid3961968 ication and the accu}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 sed\rquote }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid3961968 s}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid3961968 defence of }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid3961968\charrsid3961968 al}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid3961968 ib}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid3961968\charrsid3961968 i}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid3961968 . Th court hea}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 r}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid3961968 d evidence}{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid3961968 of one}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid3961968 i}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid3961968 denti}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid3961968 fying witn}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 es}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid3961968 s by t}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 h}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid3961968 e}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid3961968 names of }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid3961968 Anna Adikini. Althoug}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 h }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid3961968 by the pr}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 ovi}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid3961968 sions of}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 sec}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid3961968 tion 132 of the }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid3961968 Evidence}{ \i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid3961968 Act the court can proceed to}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 convict }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid3961968 a}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 n accused on the }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid3961968\charrsid3961968 ev}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid3961968 i}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid3961968\charrsid3961968 den}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid3961968 c}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid3961968 e o}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 f }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid3961968 one identifying witness}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid3961968 , }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 it is increasingly }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid3961968 becomi}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid3961968 ng}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 } {\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid3961968 the practice}{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid3961968 of thi}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 s}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid3961968 }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 c}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid3961968 ourt to view}{\b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid3961968 such evidence with great caution especial}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 ly where }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid3961968 the offence is committed}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid3961968 at}{\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid3961968 night time when condi}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 tions are difficult}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid3961968 :}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14569194 }{ \ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14569194 Roria v Republic [1967] EA 583}{\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14569194\charrsid14569194 . }{\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14569194 Abudul}{ \ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid14569194 la Wendo v}{\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14569194 R [1953] 20}{\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid14569194 EA}{ \ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14569194 16}{\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid14569194 6}{\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14569194 a}{\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid14569194 n}{ \ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14569194 d Ugan}{\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid14569194 da}{\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14569194 }{\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid14569194 v}{ \ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14569194 }{\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid14569194 M.}{\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14569194 Eparu [1976] HCB}{ \ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid14569194 2}{\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14569194 67 at 268.}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14569194 It is the law that where the c}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 ase for p}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14569194 ro}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 s}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14569194 ecution depends whol}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 ly on the eviden}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14569194 ce of identification such evidence should be water tight}{ \ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14569194\charrsid14569194 : J}{\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14569194 ame}{\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid14569194 s}{\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14569194 K}{ \ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid14569194 awek}{\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14569194 a Muso}{\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid14569194 ke}{\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14569194 }{\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid14569194 v}{\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14569194 }{\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid14569194 U}{\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14569194 ganda [1983] HCB 1 at page 2. }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14569194 Adikini\rquote s evidence ca}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 n}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14569194 not be said to have met this} {\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 test. \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14569194 \par In determi}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 n}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14569194 ing}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 wh}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14569194 ether or not con}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 d}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14569194 ition}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 s favourin}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14569194 g corr}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 e}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14569194 ct identifica}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 t}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14569194 ion existed}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14569194 The cour}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14569194 t is usually guided by a number of things}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14569194 which include such things}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14569194 as }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid14569194 s}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14569194\charrsid14569194 our}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid14569194 c }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14569194\charrsid14569194 e of}{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14569194 lig}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11107074 ht, the distanc}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 e between the witness and }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11107074 the}{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11107074 accused, whether or not the accused was a stranger: }{\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11107074\charrsid11107074 Abudala }{\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11107074 Nabud}{ \ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid11107074 ere}{\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11107074 }{\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid11107074 v U}{\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11107074 g}{ \ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid11107074 a}{\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11107074 nda [1}{\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid11107074 979}{\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11107074 ]}{ \ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid11107074 }{\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11107074 HCB 7}{\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid11107074 7}{\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11107074 .}{ \i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11107074 In the present case Ad}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 ikini t}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11107074 e}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 stifi}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11107074 ed th}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 at when she }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11107074 wa}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid11107074 s}{\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11107074 sleeping}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11107074 w}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid11107074 i}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11107074 th}{ \b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11107074 the decea}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 sed she }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid11107074 re}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11107074\charrsid11107074 a}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11107074 lis}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid11107074 ed }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11107074 that one of their houses was ablaze}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid11107074 ,}{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11107074 she went out to find out what was happening; as she}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 was }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11107074 m}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid11107074 oving}{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11107074 towards the burning house she }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 h}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11107074 e}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 ard voices saying }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11107074 \'93 woyo ndiyo bibiyake\'94.}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 The}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11107074 n she turned round an}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 d }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11107074 recogn}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid11107074 ised}{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11107074 the accused who was dress}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 ed in }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11107074 lig}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 h}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11107074 t }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 b}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11107074 lue shirt and dark trousers. This evidence was attacked by learned counsel for defe}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 nce }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11107074 Mr. Wa}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 nd}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11107074 era. It is not in dispute that}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11107074 t}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 h}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11107074 e accu}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 sed w}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11107074 as}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 know}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9002070 n to the witness and}{\b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 that }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid9002070 there}{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9002070\charrsid9002070 was l}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9002070 ight from the burning house. These facts must, however, be weighed against the prevailing situation at that time.}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9002070 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 I}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9002070 n the firs}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 t}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9002070 place}{ \b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9002070 when Adikini left t}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 h}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9002070 e house her atten}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 ti}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9002070 on }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 was attracted }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid9002070 towards}{\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9002070 the burn}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 in}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9002070 g}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid9002070 }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid9002070 house}{ \i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9002070 and when she heard the v}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 o}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9002070 ices she must have been taken by surprise and when }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 s}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9002070 he t}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 u}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9002070 rned s}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 he did not con}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9002070 centrate on the person she c laims she saw. The inpression created by her evidence is that she just turne}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 d }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9002070 aroun}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 d and had }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9002070 a gl}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9002070 ance at the person who she says she saw. It cannot be said that in such circumstances she wa}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 s }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9002070 composed enough to recognise anybody nor can it be said that she had enough time to idenitify }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 any}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9002070 body. Conditions for correct identificat}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11817064 ion did not exist. It must be pointed out here that}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid11817064 t}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11817064\charrsid11817064 he s}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid11817064 hi}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11817064 rt and pa}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11817064 ir}{ \b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 of }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11817064 trouse}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 rs t}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5838897 endered in court }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid5838897 by }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5838897\charrsid5838897 a}{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5838897 }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5838897 policem}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 a}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5838897 n were never identifica}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 t}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5838897 ion by Adikini in court as being the very clothes she saw the accuse}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 d we}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5838897 aring}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 on that fateful night. \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5838897 \par As regards to the defence of alibi raised by the accused it must be stresse}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 d that when that defence is }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5838897 raise}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 d by the }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5838897 accused he does not assume the burden of proof, it is the duty of}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 p}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid162081 ros}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 e}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid162081 cution to adduce evidence that can destroy such a defen}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 ce by pu}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid162081 tting the accused at the s}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 cene of th}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid162081 e}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 c}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid162081 rime}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 at the }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid162081 time the crime was}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid162081 committed: }{\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid162081\charrsid162081 Sekitoleko v Uganda [1967] EA 531. }{\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid162081 }{\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid162081 Leonard Anisetu }{\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid162081\charrsid162081 v}{ \i\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid162081 }{\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid162081 Republic [1963] EA}{\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid162081 2}{ \ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid162081 06.}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid162081 In the pres}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 ent }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid162081 case the prosecution has failed to discharge that burden to the satisfaction of }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 this court. \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid162081 \par Prosecution triad to establish by circumstantial}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 evidence th}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid162081 at the accused had been seen in company of deceas}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 e}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid162081 d\rquote }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid162081\charrsid162081 s}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid162081 }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid162081 adversaries one}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid162081 James Magode Ikwiya but there was nothing on record to show tha}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 t hi}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid162081 s being}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 in }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9050531 company with that man had anything to do with this case}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 .}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9050531 What has however puzzled this } {\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 court }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9050531 is that Ikwiya himself who had a serious quarrel with the acc}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid9050531 u}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9050531 se}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid9050531 d}{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9050531 during}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 the da}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9050531 y and whom the deceased repeatedly said }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 should b}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9050531 e held respons}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 ibl}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9050531 e if anything happene}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid9050531 d}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9050531 }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9050531 to him was}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid9050531 n}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9050531 o}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid9050531 t}{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9050531 made a }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9050531\charrsid9050531 subj}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9050531\charrsid9050531 ect}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 of }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9050531 this case in one}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 way or }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9050531 anot}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 h}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9050531 e}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 r}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9050531 .}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 The }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9050531 offi}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 cer }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9050531 who investigated }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid9050531 }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9050531 this case expressed in court his surprise that Magode was never jointly charged with the present accused. \par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13193109 {\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9050531 Be }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 t}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9050531 hat as }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 i}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9050531 t may, I m}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 u}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9050531 s}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 t}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid13193109 s}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 t}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid13193109 ate that considering the eviden}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 c}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid13193109 e as a}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 wh}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid13193109 ole}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 a}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid13193109 nd}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 in f}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid13193109 u}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 ll }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid13193109 agre}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid13193109 e}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid13193109 ment}{\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid13193109 with the opin}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 io}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid13193109 ns}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 o}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid13193109 f}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 the two ge}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid13193109 n}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 tl}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid13193109 emen}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid13193109 assessors}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid13193109 ,}{ \b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid13193109 I find that pr}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 os}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid13193109 e cution has }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 not proved its ca}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid13193109 s}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 e }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid13193109 agai}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 ns}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid13193109 t}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 th}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid13193109 e }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 acc}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid13193109 us}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 ed to the }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid13193109 s}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 t}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid13193109 a}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 ndard r}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid13193109 e}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 quir}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid13193109 e}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 d to secure a secure conv}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid13193109 ic}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 tion. In }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid13193109 t}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 he}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid13193109 se }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 c}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid13193109 i}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 rcu}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid13193109 m}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 st}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid13193109 a}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 nc}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid13193109 e}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 s I find th}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid13193109 e}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid13193109 a}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 cc}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid13193109 u}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 s}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid13193109 u}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 d no}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid13193109 t}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid13193109 g}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 u}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid13193109 i}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 lty and I do acquit hi}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid13193109 m}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 of t}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid13193109 he}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 offence of }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid13193109 m}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 u}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid13193109 r}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 der. \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid13193109 C. M. KATO\line }{ \ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid13193109\charrsid13193109 JUDG}{\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid13193109 E }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid13193109 \line 29/4/9}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 4 \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8393785 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8393785\charrsid8393785 \par }{\insrsid14830933\charrsid8393785 \par }}