Uganda v John Sekyanzi (Criminal Session Case No. 56 of 2000) (Criminal Session Case No. 56 of 2000) [2000] UGHC 9 (28 March 2000)

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{\insrsid3961070 \chftnsepc \par }}\sectd \linex0\headery708\footery708\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid6627423\sftnbj {\footer \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar \tqc\tx4153\tqr\tx8306\pvpara\phmrg\posxr\posy0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1069983 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\field{\*\fldinst {\cs17\insrsid3961070 PAGE }}{\fldrslt { \cs17\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2248027 1}}}{\cs17\insrsid3961070 \par }\pard \s16\ql \li0\ri360\widctlpar\tqc\tx4153\tqr\tx8306\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin360\lin0\itap0\pararsid3961070 {\insrsid3961070 \par }}{\*\pnseclvl1\pnucrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl2\pnucltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl3\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl4\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta )}} {\*\pnseclvl5\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl6\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl7\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl8 \pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl9\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \s15\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1 \widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid3961070 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4408458\charrsid6627423 THE REPUBLIC OF UGANDA \line IN THE HIGH COURT OF UGANDA \line AT THE SESSION HOLDEN AT MUBENDE \line CRIMINAL SESSION CASE NO. 56 OF 2000 \line }{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid3961070\charrsid3961070 UGAN}{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4408458\charrsid3961070 D }{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid3961070\charrsid3961070 A}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4408458\charrsid6627423 . ::::::::::}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid3961070 :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4408458\charrsid6627423 :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: }{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4408458\charrsid6627423 PROSECUTOR \line VERSUS \line JOHN SEKYANZI }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4408458\charrsid6627423 : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid3961070 ::::::::::}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4408458\charrsid6627423 : : : : : :}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid3961070 : : : : : : : : : : : : }{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4408458\charrsid6627423 ACCUSED \line }{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid3961070 \par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid3961070 {\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4408458\charrsid6627423 BEFORE: }{ \b\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4408458\charrsid6627423 THE HONOURABLE MR. AG. JUSTICE PAUL K. MUGAMBA \line }{\b\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid3961070 \par }{\b\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4408458\charrsid6627423 JUDGMENT }{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4408458\charrsid6627423 \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4408458\charrsid6627423 JOHN SEKYANZI, the accused, was indicted for the offence of defilement, contrary to section 123(1) of the Penal Code Act. \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid3961070 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4408458\charrsid6627423 The prosecution called four witnesses to prove its case. These were: PW1 Nakabo Grace, PW2 Sunda}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid3961070 y Julius, PW3 Ruth Nantale and }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4408458\charrsid6627423 P. W.4 Mubiru Nsubuga. \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid3961070 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4408458\charrsid6627423 The accused gave an unsworn statement and called no witnesses. \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid3961070 \par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid9514386 {\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4408458\charrsid6627423 The facts in the prosecution case are briefly as follows. The accused wa s employed by one Katumba Washington as his herdsman at his home. The complainant is a daughter of the said Katumba Washington and she together with the rest of the family slept in the main house while the accused slept in a separate house within the home stead. On that night of 30}{\lang1033\langfe2057\super\langnp1033\insrsid4408458\charrsid3961070 th}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid3961070 September 1998 and 1}{\lang1033\langfe2057\super\langnp1033\insrsid3961070\charrsid591468 st}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid591468 }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4408458\charrsid6627423 October 1998 while the complainant and other members of the family slept in the main house, the accused went away in search of alcohol. In the course of the night the complainant was awakened by the pa in arising from her vagina. She cried out and her mother who was in another bedroom together with a visitor came to the complainant\rquote s bedroom to check what was amiss. There was an electric light in the room and in no time the accused was found squatting hi ding behind the door in the bedroom. The accused was seen within the bedroom at that time by PW1, PW2 and PW3. He was drunk and the smell of alcohol exuded from him. Leaving the accused under guard by a }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid591468\charrsid6627423 Mrs.}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4408458\charrsid6627423 Kayongo, PW3 left for the residence of the Chairman L. C.l (PW4) in or}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid591468 der to report the incident. She }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4408458\charrsid6627423 reported the matter to PW4 and the secretary for defence in the locality. Accused was later arrested at his }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid591468\charrsid6627423 house, having}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4408458\charrsid6627423 earlier escaped from the main house. He was taken to Police where he was re-arreste d and charged. Upon observation of the girl, PW3 found blood flowing from PW1\rquote s vagina. Medical evidence also revealed that the complainant had had her hymen freshly torn when she was examined the morning after the incident. \line }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid591468 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4408458\charrsid6627423 In his defence the accused set up an alibi. He agreed he went out drinking on the night in issue but that on his return he found the light in the main house on and proceeded straight to his house. \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid591468 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4408458\charrsid6627423 The prosecution has to prove three in}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid591468 gredients in order to secure }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4408458\charrsid6627423 a conviction in a case of defilement. See the case of }{\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4408458\charrsid6627423 Uganda}{\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid591468 vs. }{\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4408458\charrsid6627423 Donozio Yiga }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4408458\charrsid6627423 C. S. C. No. 38 of 1995. These ingredients are: \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid591468 \par }\pard \s15\ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid591468 {\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4408458\charrsid6627423 (a) }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid591468 \tab }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4408458\charrsid6627423 that the complainant was a girl under the age of 18 years at the time of the alleged offence; \line }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid591468 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4408458\charrsid6627423 (b) }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid591468 \tab }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4408458\charrsid6627423 that the complainant had sexual intercourse on the occasion in question, the night of 30}{\lang1033\langfe2057\super\langnp1033\insrsid4408458\charrsid591468 th}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4408458\charrsid6627423 September 1998 and 1}{\lang1033\langfe2057\super\langnp1033\insrsid4408458\charrsid591468 st }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4408458\charrsid6627423 October 1998; \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid591468 \par }\pard \s15\ql \li720\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid591468 {\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4408458\charrsid6627423 (c) }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid591468 \tab }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4408458\charrsid6627423 that it was the accused who committed that offence. \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid591468 \par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid591468 {\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4408458\charrsid6627423 There appears to be no controversy regarding the age of the complainant. She testified she is currently 10 years old and appeared to be of that age in court. In her evidence PW3 the mother of the complainant, also stated the }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid591468\charrsid6627423 girl\rquote s}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4408458\charrsid6627423 age to be 10 years. Medical evidence found the girl was 8 years in 1998. Even the defence did not contest the fact that the age of the girl at the time of the offence was below 18 years. I find for a fact that the prosecution has proved that first ingredient beyond reasonable doubt. \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid591468 \par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid9514386 {\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4408458\charrsid6627423 As to whether the complainant had sexual intercourse on the night of 30}{\lang1033\langfe2057\super\langnp1033\insrsid4408458\charrsid591468 th}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4408458\charrsid6627423 September 1998 and 1}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\super\langnp1033\insrsid4408458\charrsid591468 st}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4408458\charrsid6627423 October 1998, in her unsworn testimony the complainant stated that she awoke in pain on the night in issue after someone had been lying on her. She stated that blood came from her vagina. P. W.}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid591468 3, complainant\rquote s mother, who }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4408458\charrsid6627423 examined her soon afterwards, corroborates PW1\rquote s evidence that blood came from complainant\rquote s vagina. The following morning the complainant was examined at Mityana Hospital and medical evidence showed that there was a fresh tear on the right side of the hymen. Fresh injuries and inflammations were also found around the complainant\rquote s private parts. According to Archbold, }{\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4408458\charrsid6627423 Criminal Pleading Evidence & Practice, }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4408458\charrsid6627423 38th edition at paragraph 2872, sexual intercourse is complete when a female\rquote s sexual organ is pene}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid2248027 trated by a male sexual organ. I}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4408458\charrsid6627423 am satisfied that the evidence of PW1 is corroborated by that of PW3 and medical evidence which was admitted. The ingredient of whether the complainant had sexual intercourse on the occasion has also been proved by the prosecution. \line }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid2248027 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4408458\charrsid6627423 The remaining ingredient is of whether it was the accused responsible for the offence. The accused set upon an alibi, he has no duty to prove the alibi. See the case of }{ \ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4408458\charrsid6627423 Sekitoleko }{\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid2248027\charrsid6627423 vs.}{\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4408458\charrsid6627423 Uganda }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4408458\charrsid6627423 [1967] E. A. 531. It the duty of the prosecution to destroy the alibi, set up by the accused. PW1, PW2 a nd PW3 state that they saw accused hiding within the room behind the door. The conditions were propitious for identification as accused was very well known to them, being their herdsmen. Furthermore, there was light emitted by an electric bulb within the room. The evidence of either witness is corroborated on this issue by that of others. Nor should it be in dispute that there was no light coming from an electricity source. Accused in his d}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid2248027 efence states that there was }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4408458\charrsid6627423 such a light. It is the prosecution case that accused went to his house upon escaping from the main house when PW3 had gone to the residence of PW4. As stated earlier, accused denies having gone to the main house at the time in question. If this were so, it is strange why it was that when PW4 later in the night introduced himself outside accused\rquote s house and requested that accused open the door to his house, accused was reluctant to do so. It is most likely he did not want to open the door because he was aware of his role and did not want to be arrested. Being in the same homestead as the main house accused should have been eager to know what was going on. That he didn\rquote t is indicative of conduct other than that of innocence. In }{ \ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4408458\charrsid6627423 Terikabi }{\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid2248027\charrsid6627423 vs.}{\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4408458\charrsid6627423 Uganda }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4408458\charrsid6627423 [1975] HCB 63, it was held that such suspect conduct on the part of the accused after an offence had been committed was inconsisten}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid2248027 t with the fact of innocence. \line \par I}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4408458\charrsid6627423 am satisfied that the prosecution succeeded in placing the accused at the scene of crime at the time of the offence. The alibi is negated by the overwhelming evidence that he was seen in the main house at the time in issue. What is more, it was not the place where he was expected to be, let alone at night. The alibi was pack of lies. The third ingredient has also been proved by the prosecutio n. \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid2248027 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4408458\charrsid6627423 There were contradictions here and there in the prosecution case, especially with regard to the eviden}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid2248027 ce of PW1 and PW2 concerning }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4408458\charrsid6627423 whether the electric light continued to be consistently on. It is also not clear whether there was a woman visitor in the sitting room on the night in question or how PW3 came to know of the problem in PW1\rquote s bedroom. It is my view that given the entire body of evidence adduced for the prosecution the contradictions bear no significant consequence and can be overlooked. Refer to the case of }{\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4408458\charrsid6627423 Uganda }{\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid2248027\charrsid6627423 vs.}{\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4408458\charrsid6627423 Dusmani Sabuni }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4408458\charrsid6627423 (1981) HCB 1. They are no doubt a result of the passage of time given the tender age of PW1 and PW2. On the whole they were consistent and truthful witnesses. \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid2248027 \par All in all I}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4408458\charrsid6627423 am satisfied that the prosecution has pr oved its case beyond reasonable doubt. I have heard the opinion of the gentlemen assessors where they jointly advise me to convict. Needless to say, lam of the same persuasion. \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid2248027 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4408458\charrsid6627423 I accordingly find the accused guilty of the offence of defilement and convict him accordingly. \line }{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4408458\charrsid6627423 Paul K. }{ \b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid2248027\charrsid2248027 Mug}{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid2248027\charrsid2248027 a}{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4408458\charrsid2248027 mba}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4408458\charrsid6627423 \line }{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4408458\charrsid6627423 AG. }{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid2248027\charrsid2248027 JUDGE}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4408458\charrsid6627423 \line 28/03/2000 \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid2248027 \par }{\b\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4408458\charrsid6627423 ALLOCUTUS }{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4408458\charrsid6627423 \line Ms Nandaula: \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4408458\charrsid6627423 The convict is a first offend}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid2248027 er. He has been convicted of a }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4408458\charrsid6627423 serious offence carrying a maximum sentence of death. Accused was a member of the household. As such he shoul d protect the young in the home against any danger. He abused the trust which family members had in him when he defiled a child of 8. That was reckless conduct on the part of the accused. He is a danger to society. This court has a duty to protest the lik e}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid2248027 s of the victim against }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4408458\charrsid6627423 such as accused. Accused never cared that there would be trauma on the girl. In this era of Aids such people deserve a deterrent sentence. \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid2248027 \par }{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4408458\charrsid2248027 Ms Bugembe:}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4408458\charrsid6627423 \line Accused is a first offender. He is still a young man who has time to reform an d become a useful citizen. Accused was intoxicated when he committed this offence, not in full control of his mind and acts. His period on remand should also be considered. I pray for a lenient sentence. \line }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid2248027 \par }{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4408458\charrsid6627423 Accused: \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4408458\charrsid6627423 I pray for a lenient sentence. \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid2248027 \par }{\b\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4408458\charrsid6627423 SENTENCE }{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4408458\charrsid6627423 \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4408458\charrsid6627423 I have heard the views of both counsel and the accused person himself concerning sentence. Accused took advantage of an eight years old girl who lived in the same homestead as he himself. Cases of defilement are abundant }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid2248027 in this country today and they }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4408458\charrsid6627423 arise mostly from people who have some relationship with the victims. I shall give the convict a sentence that is not harsh but which must be deterrent. I sentence him to 10 years imprisonment. His period on remand shall be taken into account. \line }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid2248027 \par }{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4408458\charrsid6627423 Paul K. Mug}{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid2248027 amba}{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4408458\charrsid6627423 \line AG. JUDGE. \line }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid2248027 28/03/2}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4408458\charrsid6627423 000 \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid2248027 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4408458\charrsid6627423 Accused has a right of appeal within 14 days of today. \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid2248027 \par }{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid2248027 Paul K. Mugam}{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4408458\charrsid6627423 ba \line AG. }{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid2248027\charrsid2248027 JUDGE}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid2248027 \line 28/03/2}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4408458\charrsid6627423 000 \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4408458\charrsid4408458 \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9514386 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4408458\charrsid4408458 \par }}