Uganda v Mukasa Ronald & 2 Ors (High Court Criminal Session Case No. 15 of 2000) (High Court Criminal Session Case No. 15 of 2000) [2001] UGHC 8 (8 May 2001)

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)}}{\*\pnseclvl6\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl7\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl8 \pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl9\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \s15\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1 \widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid9858232 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10054234\charrsid795536 THE }{ \b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10054234\charrsid9858232 REPUBLIC}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10054234\charrsid795536 }{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10054234\charrsid795536 OF }{ \b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10054234\charrsid9858232 UGANDA}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10054234\charrsid795536 \line }{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10054234\charrsid795536 IN THE HIGH COURT OF UGANDA }{ \b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10054234\charrsid9858232 HOLDEN}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10054234\charrsid795536 }{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10054234\charrsid795536 AT }{ \b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10054234\charrsid9858232 MASINDI}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10054234\charrsid795536 \line }{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9858232 HIGH COURT CRIMINAL}{ \b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10054234\charrsid795536 CASE NO. HCT-01-CR-SC-0015 OF 2000 \line }{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9858232 \par }{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9858232\charrsid9858232 UGAND}{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10054234\charrsid9858232 A}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10054234\charrsid795536 }{ \b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10054234\charrsid795536 : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : }{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9858232 PROSECUT}{ \b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10054234\charrsid795536 OR }{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9858232 \par }{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10054234\charrsid795536 VERSUS \line }{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9858232 \par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid9858232 {\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10054234\charrsid795536 1. }{ \b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9858232\charrsid9858232 MU}{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10054234\charrsid9858232 KASA}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10054234\charrsid795536 }{ \b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10054234\charrsid795536 RONALD \line 2.}{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9858232 OJAR}{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10054234\charrsid795536 A}{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9858232 }{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9858232\charrsid795536 JOSEPH:}{\b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10054234\charrsid795536 :::::::::::::::::::::::::::}{\b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9858232 ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::}{\b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10054234\charrsid795536 }{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9858232 ACCU}{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10054234\charrsid795536 SED \line 3. ASUMAN SAID \line }{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9858232 \par }{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10054234\charrsid795536 BEFORE: }{\b\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10054234\charrsid795536 THE HONOURABLE MR. AG. JUSTICE PAUL K. }{\b\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10054234\charrsid9858232 MUGAMBA}{\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10054234\charrsid795536 \line }{\b\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10054234\charrsid795536 JUDGMENT: }{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10054234\charrsid795536 \line }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10054234\charrsid795536 All the three accused persons were indicted for robbery contrary to sections 272 and 273(2) of the Penal Code Act in three separate counts. They }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10054234\charrsid9858232 are}{\b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10054234\charrsid795536 }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10054234\charrsid795536 alleged to have committed acts of aggravated robbery against Businge Livingstone, Baguma Byegarazo and Sunday Robert. They denied the indictment in its totality and trial proceeded. \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9858232 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10054234\charrsid795536 During the trial the prosecution led evidence from four prosecution witnesses }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9858232 namely Businge Livingstone (PW}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10054234\charrsid795536 1), Byamugayo James (PW}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9858232 2), Aberi Baguma Byegarazo (PW3) and Okot Robert Obwana (PW4).}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10054234\charrsid795536 \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9858232 \par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid795536 {\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10054234\charrsid795536 At the close of the prosecution case court found that no sufficient evidence had been adduced against Accused 3, Asuman Said, and in accordance with S.71 of the Trial on I}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9858232 ndictments Decree he was duly }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10054234\charrsid795536 acquitted. The remaining two accused elected to give sworn statements in their defence but called no witnesses. \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid13972935 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10054234\charrsid795536 The prosecution case is that on the night of 23}{\lang1033\langfe2057\super\langnp1033\insrsid10054234\charrsid13972935 rd}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10054234\charrsid795536 February 1997 at Kaduku village in Masindi District the accused persons together with others still at large, using a deadly weapon, to wit a gun, attacked and robbed Businge Livingstone of }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid13972935 money amounting to shs. 300,000/}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10054234\charrsid795536 = merchandise and some ot her property in one incident, attacked and robbed Baguma Byegarazo of merchandise in another incident and attacked and robbed Sunday Robert of a bicycle in yet another incident. Needless to say the state alleges that in all those incidents of robbery a gu n was threatened to be used during, immediately before and immediately after those acts. \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid13972935 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10054234\charrsid795536 Both accused persons set up alibis in their defence. \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid13972935 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10054234\charrsid795536 In order for the prosecution to succeed in a case of aggravated robbery it must prove the following }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid13972935\charrsid795536 ingredients}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10054234\charrsid795536 beyond reasonable doubt: \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid13972935 \par }\pard \s15\ql \li720\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid13972935 {\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10054234\charrsid795536 (a) }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid13972935 \tab }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10054234\charrsid795536 theft of some property; \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid13972935 \par }\pard \s15\ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid13972935 {\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10054234\charrsid795536 (b) }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid13972935 \tab }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10054234\charrsid795536 use or threat to use a deadly weapon during immediately before or immediately after the theft or robbery or causing death or grievous harm; and \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid13972935 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10054234\charrsid795536 (c) }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid13972935 \tab }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10054234\charrsid795536 p}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid13972935 articipation of the accused. \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10054234\charrsid795536 \par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid795536 {\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10054234\charrsid795536 Concerning the }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10054234\charrsid13972935 first}{\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10054234\charrsid795536 }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid13972935 ingredient, PW}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10054234\charrsid795536 1 testified before court that money and merchandise had been stolen from his shop on the night of 23}{\lang1033\langfe2057\super\langnp1033\insrsid10054234\charrsid13972935 rd}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10054234\charrsid795536 February 1997. He testified further that he was able to identify some of the merchandise and other property and indeed identified it in }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid13972935 court as exhibits P.1 to P.8. PW}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10054234\charrsid795536 3 also testified that his shop had been broken into and some merchandise had been stolen. He identified tha}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid13972935 t property as exhibits P.9 and }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10054234\charrsid795536 P.10. In his evidence P W 1 also states that some property had been taken from}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid13972935 the shop of PW}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10054234\charrsid795536 3. I find it for a fact that there had been theft in so far as counts I and 2 of the indictment are concerned and that that ingredient was proved by the prosecution beyond reasonable doubt. Court heard no evidence concerning theft in the c ase of count 3. I find that the prosecution did not prove the ingredient of theft regarding count 3. \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid13972935 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10054234\charrsid795536 The second ingredient relates to the use or }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid13972935\charrsid795536 threat}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10054234\charrsid795536 to use a deadly weapon. The only e}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid13972935 vidence there is that of PW}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10054234\charrsid795536 1 who in his testimony stated that h}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid13972935 e saw A.}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10054234\charrsid795536 l with a gun on the night in issue. The gun was used to guard him. The witness does not say what role the gun played apart from the fact that it was being carried. He was neither threatened with it nor was it discharged. What is more, it was not ex hibited. A deadly weapon includes any instrument made or adapted for shooting, stabbing or cutting and any instrument which, when used for offensive purposes, is likely to cause death. See S.273 of the Penal Code Act. Given the fact that what appeared to be a gun could }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid13972935 have been mistaken for a gun }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10054234\charrsid795536 in a situation lacking of good light conditions and the fact that the gun }{ \i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10054234\charrsid795536 was }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10054234\charrsid795536 never discharged to show that it had the expected properties of a gun, I am reluctant to agree that there was a gun in evidence tha t night. The single witness could have been mistaken. This finding is in relation to count 1. I find no evidence of a gun also where such is not advanced even in the case of count 2 and count 3. Consequently the prosecution has not proved the second ingre dient beyond reasonable doubt. \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10167206 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10054234\charrsid795536 The third ingredient is in relation to the participation of the accused persons. P W 1 told court that he saw both A.l and A.2 at his premises on the night in issue. He stated that he was able to identify the two people becau se of the torch which he had. He was also assisted by moonlight which was shining outside that night. He stated that the attackers were at his house for about one hour. Accused stood near P W 1 on the night in question. I must also note that accused perso n s were not known to P W 1 before. It would be unsafe to convict the accused on evidence of single witness without further evidence. Next morning when he was tracing the whereabouts of the accused he mentioned a green jacket as an item of clothing one of t h e attackers would be identified by. According to P W 4, the investigating officer, all that was found of the stolen property was a kikoyi and coffee satchets. There is no qualification given that those items and indeed slippers which were in wrappers belo nged to either P W 1 or P W 3 and not anywhere else. The prosecution has not given ad}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10167206 ditional evidence to that of }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10054234\charrsid795536 identification by PW1, as initially designed, showing that the persons who were eventually arrested were in any way connected to the proper ty eventually recovered. I am therefore not persuaded that A.l and A.2 were the people who on the night of 23rd February 1997 went and attacked and took away PW1\rquote s property. I need not refer to count 2 and count 3 as no evidence was adduced in support. \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10167206 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10054234\charrsid795536 I agree with counsel for the accused that the alibis of the accused persons have not been disproved by the prosecution thus putting them at the scene of crime. The third ingredient has not been proved by the prosecution beyond reasonable doubt. \line }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10167206 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10054234\charrsid795536 Major contra dictions appear in the prosecution case concerning recovery of the stolen property. The investigating officer (PW4) told court that all that was found was a kikoyi, coffee satchets and later a radio. The radio was of no relevance to the case. PW1 did not e nter any of the houses searched but told court that property suspected to have been stolen was recovered from the house of A.1. Yet PW3 who also went along told court what property was recovered that day was recovered from the house of A.2. Prosecution ev idence is not agreed on where the property, if any, was recovered from. This is a disappointing difference in }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10167206 perception by the witnesses. \line }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10054234\charrsid795536 \par In the result I find that, in agreement with the assessors, the accused persons are not guilty of any of the three counts they are indicted for. They are to be acquitted and set at liberty forthwith unless they are being held on any other lawful charge. \line }{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10167206 \par Paul K. Mugamba}{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10054234\charrsid795536 \line Ag. Judge. \line 8}{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\super\langnp1033\insrsid10054234\charrsid10167206 th}{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10054234\charrsid795536 May 2001. \line }{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10167206 \par }{\b\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10054234\charrsid795536 Order }{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10054234\charrsid795536 \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10054234\charrsid795536 Exhibits P.1 to P.8 are to be handed over t Livingstone Businge while exhibits P.9 and P.10 are to be given to Baguma Byegarazo. \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10167206 \par }{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10167206 Paul K. Mugamba }{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10054234\charrsid795536 Ag. Judge. \line }{ \b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10167206 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10054234\charrsid795536 8}{\lang1033\langfe2057\super\langnp1033\insrsid10054234\charrsid10167206 th}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10054234\charrsid795536 May 2001. \line }{ \b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10054234\charrsid795536 }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10054234\charrsid795536 \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid795536 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10054234\charrsid795536 \par }}