Uganda Vs. Okiror James (Crim. Appeal No 39 Of 2008) (Crim. Appeal No 39 of 2008) [2009] UGHC 202 (11 November 2009)

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)}}{\*\pnseclvl6\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl7\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl8 \pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl9\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \qc \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6306134 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\b\insrsid12667859\charrsid6306134 THE REPUBLIC OF UGANDA \par IN THE HIGH COURT OF UGANDA AT JINJA \par CRIMINAL APPEAL NO. 0039 OF 2008 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6306134 {\insrsid12667859\charrsid6306134 \par }{\b\insrsid12667859\charrsid6306134 UGANDA:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: APPELLANT \par \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6306134 {\b\insrsid12667859\charrsid6306134 VERSUS \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6306134 {\b\insrsid12667859\charrsid6306134 \par OKIROR JAMES::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: RESPONDENT \par \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6306134 {\b\insrsid12667859\charrsid6306134 \par }{\b\i\insrsid12667859\charrsid6306134 [Appeal from the Decision of Atukw}{\b\i\insrsid5915552\charrsid6306134 a}{\b\i\insrsid12667859\charrsid6306134 sa J. Magistrate GI \par dated the 7}{\b\i\super\insrsid12667859\charrsid6306134 th}{\b\i\insrsid12667859\charrsid6306134 August 2008]}{\b\insrsid12667859\charrsid6306134 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6306134 {\b\insrsid12667859\charrsid6306134 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6306134 {\b\insrsid12667859\charrsid6306134 BEFORE: }{\b\ul\insrsid12667859\charrsid6306134 HON. LADY JUSTICE IRENE MULYAGONJA KAKOOZA \par }{\insrsid12667859\charrsid6306134 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6306134 {\b\insrsid12667859\charrsid6306134 JUDGMENT \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6306134 {\insrsid12667859\charrsid6306134 This appeal arose from the ruling of Atukwasa J. sitting as Magistrate Grade I where she acquitted the r espondent on the ground that there was no case to answer on two counts: forgery c/s 342 of the Penal Code Act and uttering a false document c/s 351 of the PCA. \par \par The facts from which the appeal arose are briefly that on the }{\insrsid12345142\charrsid6306134 11/05/06, the }{\insrsid145493\charrsid6306134 respondent}{\insrsid12345142\charrsid6306134 \rquote s motor vehicle was involved in an accident with the vehicle belonging to the complainant, Kizito Henry. The }{\insrsid145493\charrsid6306134 respondent\rquote s}{\insrsid12345142\charrsid6306134 motor vehicle was damaged and had to be repaired. The }{ \insrsid145493\charrsid6306134 respondent}{\insrsid12345142\charrsid6306134 claimed that during the period of repair, he hired a motor vehicle to facilit ate him in his work. After the motor vehicle was repaired, he brought a suit against the complainant in the Chief }{\insrsid145493\charrsid6306134 Magistrates}{\insrsid12345142\charrsid6306134 Court at Jinja claiming special damages of shs 1,960,000/= as the cost of transport for 23 days. In order to prove his claim, he presented a cash sale receipt issued by Dirisa Transport Services}{\insrsid5583191\charrsid6306134 . Court found in his favour and awarded him damages in that amount which the complainant paid. The complainant was however convinced that the receipt that the }{\insrsid145493\charrsid6306134 respondent}{\insrsid5583191\charrsid6306134 presented in court and on the basis of which he got damages of shs 1,960,000/= was a forgery. He thus made a complaint to the police as a result of which the }{\insrsid145493\charrsid6306134 respondent}{\insrsid5583191\charrsid6306134 was apprehended and charged}{\insrsid145493\charrsid6306134 in the Magistrates Court}{\insrsid5583191\charrsid6306134 .}{\insrsid12667859\charrsid6306134 \par }{\insrsid5583191\charrsid6306134 \par After the prosecution witnesses testified in the lower court, Mr. Okalang submitted that the evidence adduced by the prosecution did not make out a prima facie case against the }{\insrsid145493\charrsid6306134 respondent}{\insrsid5583191\charrsid6306134 so as to put him on his defence. The trial magistrate found in }{\insrsid7996424\charrsid6306134 favour of}{\insrsid5583191\charrsid6306134 the }{\insrsid145493\charrsid6306134 respondent}{\insrsid5583191\charrsid6306134 and }{ \insrsid7822809\charrsid6306134 the state appealed on the following grounds:}{\insrsid5583191\charrsid6306134 \par }{\insrsid7822809\charrsid6306134 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7822809\charrsid6306134 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 1.\tab}}\pard \qj \fi-360\li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar \jclisttab\tx720\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6306134 {\insrsid7822809\charrsid6306134 The learned trial magistrate erred in law and fact by failing to properly evaluate the evidence on record and hence came to a wrong ruling. \par {\listtext\pard\plain\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7822809\charrsid6306134 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 2.\tab}The learned trial magistrate erred in law when she ruled that the forged receipt was issued by Mukas a whereas the purported Mukasa had not confirmed issuing the same. \par {\listtext\pard\plain\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7822809\charrsid6306134 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 3.\tab}The learned trial magistrate erred in law and fact when she ruled that there was no forgery and not}{\insrsid2778712\charrsid6306134 h}{ \insrsid7822809\charrsid6306134 ing false uttered by the}{\insrsid145493\charrsid6306134 accused}{\insrsid7822809\charrsid6306134 . \par {\listtext\pard\plain\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7822809\charrsid6306134 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 4.\tab}The learned trial magistrate erred in law when she ruled that the prosecution failed to establish a prima facie case to require the }{ \insrsid145493\charrsid6306134 accused}{\insrsid7822809\charrsid6306134 to give a defence. \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6306134 {\insrsid14813940\charrsid6306134 \par It was proposed that the }{\insrsid7360655\charrsid6306134 trial }{\insrsid14813940\charrsid6306134 magistrate\rquote s ruling be set aside and the }{\insrsid145493\charrsid6306134 respondent}{\insrsid14813940\charrsid6306134 be}{ \insrsid145493\charrsid6306134 returned to the lower court and}{\insrsid14813940\charrsid6306134 put on }{\insrsid11796897\charrsid6306134 h}{\insrsid14813940\charrsid6306134 is defence. \par \par At the hearing of the appeal, Mr. Hamuza Sewankambo }{\insrsid145493\charrsid6306134 (}{\insrsid14813940\charrsid6306134 RSA}{\insrsid145493\charrsid6306134 )}{\insrsid14813940\charrsid6306134 argued all the grounds of the appeal together. He submitted that all the ingredients of both the counts were proved by the evidence on record because PW2 testified that the document in question Exh P2 did not bear his signature. }{ \insrsid12862048\charrsid6306134 Further, t}{\insrsid14813940\charrsid6306134 hat the signatures on the document belonged to the respondent and one Mukasa}{\insrsid12862048\charrsid6306134 and so he (PW2) }{\insrsid808964\charrsid6306134 was}{ \insrsid12862048\charrsid6306134 not}{\insrsid808964\charrsid6306134 the author of Exh P2}{\insrsid12862048\charrsid6306134 . That PW2 also testified that he traded under the name of Dirisa Transport Company but he did not have a company. Further that PW4 had carried out investigations and found that there was no such company as Dirisa Transport Services registered with the Registrar of Companies.}{\insrsid6500359\charrsid6306134 Mr. Sewankambo submitted that the document could not be a genuine document }{\insrsid2778712\charrsid6306134 i}{\insrsid6500359\charrsid6306134 f the company did not exist. Further that while PW2 told court that he had worked for the }{ \insrsid145493\charrsid6306134 respondent}{\insrsid6500359\charrsid6306134 for 15 days, the receipt showed that he worked for 23 days. It was Mr. Sewankambo\rquote s submission that the document told a lie about itself because it stated more days than PW2 had actually worked for the }{\insrsid145493\charrsid6306134 respondent}{\insrsid6500359\charrsid6306134 which meant that the person who produced it meant to defraud or deceive. That as a result, the trial magistrate should have concluded that the }{\insrsid145493\charrsid6306134 respondent}{\insrsid6500359\charrsid6306134 had a case to answer and put him on his defence with regard to count 1.}{\insrsid14813940\charrsid6306134 \par }{\insrsid10630502\charrsid6306134 \par With regard to the second count, Mr. Sewamkambo submitted that the trial magistrate should have found that the respondent uttered a false document because the respondent used the receipt (Exh P2) in Civil Suit No. 48 of 2006 between the respondent and Henry Kizito. He thus prayed that court exercises its powers under s. 35 of the Criminal Procedure Code Act and set aside the acquittal and also order that the respondent be put on his defence.}{\insrsid4201612\charrsid6306134 \par \par In reply, Mr. Okalang for the respondent oppo sed the appeal and submitted that it ought to be dismissed for having no merit. He submitted that the appeal was instituted because the complainant lost a civil suit and was a bitter man. That court should find that }{\insrsid2778712\charrsid6306134 the complainant as}{\insrsid4201612\charrsid6306134 PW1 was a witness of motive whose testimony required corroboration. Mr. Okalang invited court to find that PW1\rquote s testimony had no corroboration of his complaints and allegations.}{ \insrsid1514126\charrsid6306134 He further contended that PW2 who would have been the best witness to corroborate PW1\rquote s testimony gave contrary evidence to that of PW1. While PW1 told court that PW2 had told him that he knew nothing of the questioned documents, PW2 testified before court that his transport business was called Dirisa Transport Services and he authorised one Mukasa to issue Exh P2 on his behalf.}{\insrsid10359739\charrsid6306134 It was thus Mr. Okalang\rquote s view that Exh P2 was a genuine document upon which PW2 admitted that he had received shs 1,960,000/= from the respondent. Further that PW2 was a witness for the state but he was not declared hostile; ne ither did the state call Mukasa to establish whether he actually issued the questioned document as stated by PW2.}{\insrsid351437\charrsid6306134 \par \par With regard to the difference in the number of days stated in the receipt (23 days) and the number of days that PW2 testified that he provided services for the }{\insrsid145493\charrsid6306134 respondent}{\insrsid351437\charrsid6306134 (15 days), Mr. Okalang submitted that this contradiction could be explained by PW2\rquote s testimony that he was paid for 23 days but the respondent stopped him after 15 days. That there was no refund for the balance of 8 days that the respondent paid for but that amount could be recovered in a civil action. It was also Mr. Okalang\rquote s submission that the fact that the contents of the document were false was not a test for determi}{\insrsid5454444\charrsid6306134 ni}{ \insrsid351437\charrsid6306134 ng whether or not the document was false.}{\insrsid5454444\charrsid6306134 That the fact that there was a difference between the 23 days named in the receipt and the testimony of PW2 that it was 15 days was immaterial.}{ \insrsid351437\charrsid6306134 He relied on the case of }{\b\insrsid351437\charrsid6306134 Baig}{\b\insrsid11796897\charrsid6306134 umamu}{\b\insrsid351437\charrsid6306134 v. Uganda [1973] EA. }{\b\insrsid9331257\charrsid6306134 2}{ \b\insrsid351437\charrsid6306134 6}{\insrsid351437\charrsid6306134 which the trial magistrate had also }{\insrsid460258\charrsid6306134 cited}{\insrsid351437\charrsid6306134 in her ruling.}{\insrsid151973\charrsid6306134 }{ \insrsid10035226\charrsid6306134 Mr. Okalang further contended that the state failed to prove fraud against the respondent}{\insrsid151973\charrsid6306134 . This was because PW2 confirmed that he authorised Mukasa to make the receipt on }{ \insrsid7228679\charrsid6306134 h}{\insrsid151973\charrsid6306134 is behalf when he received payment. That as a result, the trial magistrate\rquote s finding that there was no falsifying of a document, fraud or intent to defraud was correct.}{ \insrsid10035226\charrsid6306134 \par }{\insrsid733261\charrsid6306134 \par Since this is a first appeal the appellant is entitled to have the whole evidence submitted to a fresh scrutiny so that this court weighs the conflicting evidence and arrives at its own conclusions; }{\insrsid145493\charrsid6306134 (}{ \b\insrsid733261\charrsid6306134 Okero v. Republic [1972] EA}{\b\insrsid145493\charrsid6306134 )}{\b\insrsid733261\charrsid6306134 .}{\insrsid733261\charrsid6306134 In so doing an allowance should be made for the fact the trial court had the advantage of hearing and seeing the witnesses (}{\b\insrsid733261\charrsid6306134 Peters v. Sunday Post, [1958] EA. 424}{\insrsid733261\charrsid6306134 ).}{\insrsid9315372\charrsid6306134 \par }{\insrsid733261\charrsid6306134 \par }{\insrsid15220664\charrsid6306134 Four}{\insrsid9315372\charrsid6306134 questions need to be answered in this appeal}{\insrsid145493\charrsid6306134 as follows}{\insrsid15220664\charrsid6306134 :}{\insrsid9315372\charrsid6306134 \par }{\insrsid145493\charrsid6306134 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid733261\charrsid6306134 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 i)\tab}}\pard \qj \fi-72\li360\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar \jclisttab\tx360\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid6306134 {\insrsid733261\charrsid6306134 Whether it was proved that the receipt in question was issued by Mukasa. \par {\listtext\pard\plain\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid733261\charrsid6306134 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 ii)\tab}Whether the receipt }{\insrsid15355223\charrsid6306134 (Exh P2) }{\insrsid733261\charrsid6306134 was forged}{ \insrsid15355223\charrsid6306134 . \par {\listtext\pard\plain\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid733261\charrsid6306134 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 iii)\tab}}{\insrsid733261\charrsid6306134 }{\insrsid15355223\charrsid6306134 Whether the respondent}{\insrsid733261\charrsid6306134 falsely uttered }{\insrsid15355223\charrsid6306134 the receipt in court}{\insrsid9639527\charrsid6306134 ; and finally,}{\insrsid733261\charrsid6306134 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid733261\charrsid6306134 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 iv)\tab}Whether the prosecution established a prima facie case so as to require the }{\insrsid145493\charrsid6306134 respondent}{ \insrsid733261\charrsid6306134 to be put on his defence. \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6306134 {\b\insrsid733261\charrsid6306134 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid733261\charrsid6306134 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 i)\tab}}\pard \qj \fi-72\li72\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar \jclisttab\tx72\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin72\itap0\pararsid6306134 {\b\i\insrsid733261\charrsid6306134 Whether it was proved that the receipt in question was issued by Mukasa. \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6306134 {\insrsid14811307\charrsid6306134 It was the appellant\rquote s case that though PW2 testified that he authorised Mukasa to issue a receipt to the resp ondent, it was not proved that it was actually Mukasa who issued the receipt. The evidence on record showed that PW2 stated both in-chief and confirmed in cross-examination that he authorised Mukasa to issue Exh P2 to the respondent. Further that Exh P2 b ore Mukasa\rquote s signature. The state for whom PW2 testified did not challenge this evidence by calling another to rebut it. I therefore agree with the }{\insrsid11614574\charrsid6306134 submissions of counsel for the respondent that}{ \insrsid14811307\charrsid6306134 PW2 authorised Mukas}{\insrsid11614574\charrsid6306134 a}{\insrsid14811307\charrsid6306134 to issue Exh P2 on his behalf as Dirisa Transport Services.}{\insrsid733261\charrsid6306134 \par \par {\listtext\pard\plain\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11614574\charrsid6306134 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 ii)\tab}}\pard \qj \fi-72\li72\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar \jclisttab\tx72\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin72\itap0\pararsid6306134 {\b\i\insrsid11614574\charrsid6306134 Whether the receipt }{\b\i\insrsid15355223\charrsid6306134 (Exh P2) }{\b\i\insrsid11614574\charrsid6306134 was forged}{ \b\i\insrsid15355223\charrsid6306134 .}{\b\i\insrsid11614574\charrsid6306134 }{\insrsid11614574\charrsid6306134 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6306134 {\insrsid15355223\charrsid6306134 Forgery is defined as the making of a false document with intent to defraud or to deceive.}{ \insrsid14369366\charrsid6306134 }{\insrsid15355223\charrsid6306134 The elements of the offence are: i) false making or material alteration}{\insrsid14369366\charrsid6306134 or possessing}{\insrsid15355223\charrsid6306134 of a document, i i) ability to defraud and iii) legal efficacy of the document}{\insrsid2710077\charrsid6306134 and iv) the }{\insrsid10372725\charrsid6306134 intent to }{\insrsid14369366\charrsid6306134 deceive, }{\insrsid10372725\charrsid6306134 defraud}{ \insrsid14369366\charrsid6306134 , or injure}{\insrsid15355223\charrsid6306134 .}{\insrsid14369366\charrsid6306134 }{\insrsid6847091\charrsid6306134 \par }{\b\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14369366\charrsid6306134 \par }{\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid6847091\charrsid6306134 With regard to the first ingredient of the offence, the person must have taken paper and ink and created a false document from scratch or she /he must have taken a genuine document and changed it in some significant way. It is the writing itself which must be false, not the document. }{\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8476551\charrsid6306134 \par \par }{\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid6847091\charrsid6306134 In the instant case, the prosecution argued that the document was false because it }{\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid6119096\charrsid6306134 specified}{ \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid6847091\charrsid6306134 the number of days that the respondent had employed PW2 as 23 days, yet PW2 testified that he worked for the respondent for 15 days from the 11/05/2005 till the respondent told him to stop.}{ \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid6119096\charrsid6306134 That however, the respondent paid him shs 1,960,000/= for 23 days.}{\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10304744\charrsid6306134 Mr. Okalang submi tted that the difference in the number of days did not go to the genuineness of the document}{\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid7228679\charrsid6306134 because the respondent paid PW2 for 23 days. That the balance of 8 days could be refunded to the respondent}{\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid3083731\charrsid6306134 and so fraud was not proved}{ \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid7228679\charrsid6306134 .}{\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid3083731\charrsid6306134 He relied on the case of }{\b\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid3083731\charrsid6306134 Baigumamu v. Uganda }{ \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid3083731\charrsid6306134 (supra).}{\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14812666\charrsid6306134 \par }{\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid11931912\charrsid6306134 \par }{\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9664766\charrsid6306134 The material evidence in}{\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14304878\charrsid6306134 the instant case}{\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9664766\charrsid6306134 is that }{ \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14812666\charrsid6306134 on 11/05/2005 the }{\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid145493\charrsid6306134 respondent}{\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14812666\charrsid6306134 \rquote s motor vehicle was involved in an accident with that of the complainant (PW1). Due to the damage to the }{\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid145493\charrsid6306134 respondent}{\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14812666\charrsid6306134 \rquote s vehicle it had to be taken to the garage for repairs. }{\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2904267\charrsid6306134 According to the document in issue (Exh P2) t}{\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14812666\charrsid6306134 he}{ \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14304878\charrsid6306134 }{\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid145493\charrsid6306134 respondent}{\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14812666\charrsid6306134 then }{ \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14304878\charrsid6306134 hired }{\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9664766\charrsid6306134 Dirisa Walugembe (}{\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14304878\charrsid6306134 PW2}{ \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9664766\charrsid6306134 )}{\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14304878\charrsid6306134 to provide him with transport for 23 days}{\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14812666\charrsid6306134 at a cost of shs 80,000/= per day around Jinja for 20 days, and shs 120,000/= to Kampala for 3 days. The receipt purported to have been issued on the day}{\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2904267\charrsid6306134 of the }{ \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid4137832\charrsid6306134 accident}{\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14812666\charrsid6306134 (11/05/2005). Thereafter, the }{\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid145493\charrsid6306134 respondent}{ \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14812666\charrsid6306134 used the receipt in a civil suit against the complainant in which he claimed for damages of shs 1,960,000/= as }{\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid223499\charrsid6306134 expenses}{ \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14812666\charrsid6306134 incurred when his vehicle was out of use. Court awarded him the said amount }{\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid622081\charrsid6306134 (}{ \i\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14812666\charrsid6306134 ex parte}{\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid622081\charrsid6306134 )}{\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14812666\charrsid6306134 upon which he executed the decree against the }{ \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid1518359\charrsid6306134 complainant}{\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14812666\charrsid6306134 and got the money}{\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid622081\charrsid6306134 out of }{ \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13182565\charrsid6306134 him}{\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14812666\charrsid6306134 . \par \par In }{\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9664766\charrsid6306134 cross-examination}{\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14812666\charrsid6306134 , }{\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid622081\charrsid6306134 the complainant}{ \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14812666\charrsid6306134 stated that the}{\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9664766\charrsid6306134 accident occurred at around 9.00 am and he was with the }{ \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid145493\charrsid6306134 respondent}{\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9664766\charrsid6306134 person the whole day (}{\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid145493\charrsid6306134 i.e. on the }{ \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9664766\charrsid6306134 11/05/2009). That there was an agreement for him to repair the }{\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid145493\charrsid6306134 respondent}{ \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9664766\charrsid6306134 \rquote s m/vehicle and the }{\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid145493\charrsid6306134 respondent}{\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9664766\charrsid6306134 chose to take the m/vehicle to a garage of his choice. According to the complainant the vehicle was repaired the following day so the }{\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid145493\charrsid6306134 respondent}{ \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9664766\charrsid6306134 did not spend any money for subsequent days. There was a written agreement that had the terms of the understanding to repair the car but it was not admitted in evidence.}{ \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid223499\charrsid6306134 This evidence of the complainant was not challenged by }{\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14945292\charrsid6306134 counsel for }{ \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid223499\charrsid6306134 the }{\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid145493\charrsid6306134 respondent}{\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid223499\charrsid6306134 save that }{ \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14945292\charrsid6306134 it was contradicted by }{\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid223499\charrsid6306134 PW2}{\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14945292\charrsid6306134 \rquote s testimony}{ \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid223499\charrsid6306134 .}{\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14812666\charrsid6306134 }{\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14304878\charrsid6306134 }{ \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid6700173\charrsid6306134 \par \par }{\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid223499\charrsid6306134 Dirisa Walugembe (}{\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9664766\charrsid6306134 PW2}{\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid223499\charrsid6306134 )}{ \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9664766\charrsid6306134 was the owner and driver of the m/vehicle that was hired by the }{\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid145493\charrsid6306134 respondent}{ \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9664766\charrsid6306134 . He testified that }{\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid223499\charrsid6306134 at }{\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9664766\charrsid6306134 about 3.00 p.m}{ \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid223499\charrsid6306134 .}{\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9664766\charrsid6306134 on the fateful day, the }{\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid145493\charrsid6306134 respondent}{ \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9664766\charrsid6306134 requested him for his services. Further that he did not remember when he started working for the }{\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid145493\charrsid6306134 respondent}{ \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9664766\charrsid6306134 but he worked for 15 days till }{\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid223499\charrsid6306134 the }{\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid145493\charrsid6306134 respondent}{ \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid223499\charrsid6306134 stopped}{\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9664766\charrsid6306134 him. That the }{\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid145493\charrsid6306134 respondent}{ \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9664766\charrsid6306134 paid him shs 1,960,000/=}{\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid223499\charrsid6306134 for his services for which }{\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid145493\charrsid6306134 he }{ \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid223499\charrsid6306134 authorized one }{\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid145493\charrsid6306134 Mukasa }{\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid223499\charrsid6306134 to issue him with a receipt because PW2 did not have receipts to issue. }{\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9664766\charrsid6306134 \par }{\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid402027\charrsid6306134 \par From the evidence above, it appears that the }{\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid145493\charrsid6306134 respondent}{\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid402027\charrsid6306134 received services from PW2 for a period of }{ \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid11931912\charrsid6306134 2 or }{\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14945292\charrsid6306134 15 days}{\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid145493\charrsid6306134 ; }{ \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14945292\charrsid6306134 certainly not }{\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid402027\charrsid6306134 23 days as alleged in Exh P2. Exh P2 was obtained by the }{ \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid145493\charrsid6306134 respondent}{\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid402027\charrsid6306134 most probably for purposes of recouping the loss that he had sustained following the accident. It was not truthful about the number of days that the }{\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid145493\charrsid6306134 respondent}{ \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid402027\charrsid6306134 had to use alternative transport.}{\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8661515\charrsid6306134 }{\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid11931912\charrsid6306134 \par }{\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8661515\charrsid6306134 \par }{\b\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid11931912\charrsid6306134 Baigumamu v. Uganda }{\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid11931912\charrsid6306134 (supra) which was cited by counsel for the }{ \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid145493\charrsid6306134 respondent}{\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid11931912\charrsid6306134 can be distinguished from the instant case.}{\b\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid11931912\charrsid6306134 }{ \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid11931912\charrsid6306134 In that case,}{\b\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid11931912\charrsid6306134 }{\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid11931912\charrsid6306134 the appellant received shs 30/= from a litigant being court fees for a copy of proceedings and judgment in a civil suit instead of shs 15/= which was th e proper fee to charge. He issued him with a receipt for that amount but later filled the amount as shs 15/= in the duplicate receipt. He kept the balance of shs 15/= for himself. Court found that the appellant was not guilty of forgery because the litiga nt had indeed paid shs 30/= and received a receipt for that amount. He was therefore not defrauded. It was held that the falsity in a forgery must be of the purport of the document, not its contents; the document must tell a lie about itself.}{ \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5795434\charrsid6306134 \par }{\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid7027558\charrsid6306134 \par Did Exh P2 tell a lie about itself? Exh P2 represented that PW2 had offered services to the }{\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid145493\charrsid6306134 respondent}{\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid7027558\charrsid6306134 for 23 days when he had not. It purported to prove that the }{\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid145493\charrsid6306134 respondent}{\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid7027558\charrsid6306134 had hired PW2 to drive him and his children for 23 days when he had done so for less. }{\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8661515\charrsid6306134 The docum ent was dated 11/05/2005, the date on which the accident occurred. The fact that 23 days were paid for on the same day casts doubt on the genuineness of the document. There is no doubt that the }{ \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid145493\charrsid6306134 respondent}{\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8661515\charrsid6306134 \rquote s car was to undergo repairs from the 11/05/2005 onwards. However, it is difficult to believe that the }{ \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid145493\charrsid6306134 respondent}{\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8661515\charrsid6306134 would have known on that day that the repairs would go on for a period of 23 days, and with so much certainty that he would have paid PW2 shs 1,960,000/= in advance for his services. \par \par }{\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid7027558\charrsid6306134 The }{\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid145493\charrsid6306134 respondent}{\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid7027558\charrsid6306134 }{ \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8661515\charrsid6306134 went further and}{\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid7027558\charrsid6306134 used }{\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8661515\charrsid6306134 the document}{ \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid7027558\charrsid6306134 to extort shs 1,960,000/= out of the complainant who should have paid less to him because he was not responsible for the }{\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid145493\charrsid6306134 respondent}{\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid7027558\charrsid6306134 \rquote s use of PW2\rquote s services for the 1}{\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8661515\charrsid6306134 3}{\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid7027558\charrsid6306134 or 21 extra days that were charged in excess. Contrary to Mr. Okalang\rquote s submission that it did not matter that the shs 1,960,000/= was alleged to have been received by PW2, it mattered a lot. The complainant was defrauded of the difference}{ \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid15405276\charrsid6306134 of the cost}{\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid7027558\charrsid6306134 between the actual times that PW2 worked for the }{\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid145493\charrsid6306134 respondent}{\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid7027558\charrsid6306134 and that for which he recovered damages in the civil suit. \par \par }{\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5795434\charrsid6306134 In }{\b\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5795434\charrsid6306134 Uganda v. Seezi Cheeye}{\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid11931912\charrsid6306134 }{ \b\insrsid10189702\charrsid6306134 Criminal Case No. 1254 of 2008 }{\insrsid10189702\charrsid6306134 Katutsi J. defined deceit and fraud as follows:}{\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid11931912\charrsid6306134 \par }{\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10189702\charrsid6306134 \par }\pard \qj \li720\ri720\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid6306134 {\insrsid10189702\charrsid6306134 \'93To defraud is to deceive by deceit and to deceive is to induce a man or woman to believe that a thing is true which is false. Shortly put, to deceive is by falsehood to induce a state of mind; to defraud is by deceit to induce a course of action (R.}{\insrsid7027558\charrsid6306134 }{\insrsid10189702\charrsid6306134 v. Wines [1953] 2 All E. R. 1497).\'94}{\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10189702\charrsid6306134 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6306134 {\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid11931912\charrsid6306134 \par }{\insrsid7027558\charrsid6306134 There is no doubt that the statement in Exh P2 that the PW2 worked for the }{\insrsid145493\charrsid6306134 respondent}{\insrsid7027558\charrsid6306134 for 23 days was a falsehood. It was an attempt to make any person who read Exh P2 believe that the }{\insrsid145493\charrsid6306134 respondent}{\insrsid7027558\charrsid6306134 spent shs 1,960,000/= on transport when he had not. The document had the ability to defraud}{\insrsid145493\charrsid6306134 ; }{\insrsid5340162\charrsid6306134 it looked genuine enough to fool people.}{\insrsid7027558\charrsid6306134 It in fact induced a state of mind in the Magistrate in Civil Suit No. 46 of 2006 against the complainant that the complainant was liable to compensate the }{\insrsid145493\charrsid6306134 respondent}{\insrsid7027558\charrsid6306134 in the sum of shs 1,960,000/= whereas he was not. }{\insrsid4420888\charrsid6306134 \par }{\insrsid5340162\charrsid6306134 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6306134 {\insrsid5340162\charrsid6306134 Turning to the }{\insrsid14945292\charrsid6306134 third}{\insrsid5340162\charrsid6306134 element of the offence, i.e. the legal efficacy of the document, the document was a receipt. It was a formal acknowledgement which falls under relevant facts provided for by s. 30 (b) of the Evidence Act. Where PW2 could not be found or where he co uld not attend court, court was bound by s. 30(b)}{\insrsid928978\charrsid6306134 of the Evidence Act}{\insrsid5340162\charrsid6306134 to accept the receipt issued by Dirisa Transport Service}{\insrsid14945292\charrsid6306134 s as evidence of the transaction}{\insrsid928978\charrsid6306134 }{\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid928978\charrsid6306134 because it was a statement made by PW2 in the ordinary course of }{ \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14945292\charrsid6306134 his }{\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid928978\charrsid6306134 business, and, in particular an entry or memorandum made by him in books kept in the ordinary course of his business.

\par }{\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14945292\charrsid6306134 \par The final ingredient is the intent to defraud. It is clear that the }{\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid145493\charrsid6306134 respondent}{\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14945292\charrsid6306134 did not make Exh P2}{ \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid6380558\charrsid6306134 but he }{\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid674610\charrsid6306134 participated}{\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid6380558\charrsid6306134 in procuring it}{ \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid15405276\charrsid6306134 for his expenses}{\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14945292\charrsid6306134 . PW2 testified }{\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14964932\charrsid6306134 as follows:}{ \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14945292\charrsid6306134 \par }{\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14964932\charrsid6306134 \par }\pard \qj \li720\ri720\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid6306134 {\i\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14964932\charrsid6306134 \'93The }{\i\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8650950\charrsid6306134 accused}{ \i\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14964932\charrsid6306134 got a problem because I have no company so I told him to get someone who witnessed him give me money to make (for) him a receipt which he required. \par \'85 \par This is the receipt. It does not bear my signature it bears signatures of the other person one Mukasa and that of the }{\i\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8650950\charrsid6306134 accused}{ \i\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14964932\charrsid6306134 . I call my business Dirisa Transport Services. I did not author the receipt. The }{\i\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8650950\charrsid6306134 accused}{ \i\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14964932\charrsid6306134 \rquote s signature is probably there. \par \'85 \par I am the one who gave the }{\i\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8650950\charrsid6306134 accused}{\i\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14964932\charrsid6306134 the invoice he filled it himself. After filing he r etains a copy I do not remember the day I started working. I worked till he stopped me it took me about 15 days. \par \par I authorized Mukasa to deal with the }{\i\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8650950\charrsid6306134 accused}{\i\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14964932\charrsid6306134 and I signed the authorization. I understood what I was signing I read through the document it wa s briefly that I have authorized Mr. Mukasa to work with Okiror to make a receipt to cover his expenses (show). He gave me 1,960,000/- Mukasa wrote the authorization.\'94}{\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14964932\charrsid6306134 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6306134 {\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid674610\charrsid6306134 The specific state of mind for forgery does not require an intention to steal, only an i ntent to fool people. The person must have intended that other people regard something false as genuine. A forgery is complete upon having created such a document with this requisite intent. No use need ever be made of the document nor does it ever need t o be tried out or circulated by the offender ("Possession is }{\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8650950\charrsid6306134 9/10}{\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid674610\charrsid6306134 of the law"). The test is whether anyone might have been defrauded. \par }{\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14369366\charrsid6306134 There is no doubt that when the }{\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid145493\charrsid6306134 respondent}{\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14369366\charrsid6306134 had ExhP2 made he had the intention of using it. He would not have gone to the lengths that he did to procure it if he did not}{\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid196910\charrsid6306134 intend to use it}{ \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14369366\charrsid6306134 . Because he knew that }{\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid196910\charrsid6306134 document was}{\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14369366\charrsid6306134 false (}{ \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16400132\charrsid6306134 i.e. h}{\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14369366\charrsid6306134 e did not pay PW2 shs 1,960,000/= on 11/05/2005 for the }{ \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16400132\charrsid6306134 alleged}{\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14369366\charrsid6306134 journeys) the intention to defraud was constituted. \par }{\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid196910\charrsid6306134 With regard to the offence of uttering, s. 2 (cc) of the Penal Code}{\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid7360655\charrsid6306134 Act}{ \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid196910\charrsid6306134 defines \'93utter\'94 as meaning and including using or dealing with and attempting to use or deal with and attempting to induce any person to use, deal with or act upon the thing in question. The offence is constituted by 3 elements: passing or making use, intent to defraud and knowledge of forgery}{\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid1651666\charrsid6306134 .}{\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12784778\charrsid6306134 Passing and making use is constituted by putting into circulation a writing or document that involves forgery. Any form of material gain may be the motive, but generally fi nancial gain is the motive. The second element is the same intent to defraud under forgery. Knowledge of forgery is held to exist when the person uses a forged document with knowledge that it is forged. \par I have already ruled that the forgery was constituted when the }{\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid145493\charrsid6306134 respondent}{\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12784778\charrsid6306134 had Exh P2 made when he knew that it did not represent what happened between him and the complainant. Though PW2 admitted that he authorized the making of the document, the }{\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid145493\charrsid6306134 respondent}{ \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12784778\charrsid6306134 knew that it was meant to fool the court or any per son who read it. The offence of uttering was thus constituted when he attached it to his plaint in the suit, and when he produced it in court in evidence. \par In the end result, grounds 1, 3, and 4 of the appeal succeed. Ground 4 fails because there is no doubt from the testimony of PW2 that Mukasa made the document with the participation of the }{\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid145493\charrsid6306134 respondent}{\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12784778\charrsid6306134 . This appeal therefore partially succeeds. The acquittal is set aside and the }{\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid145493\charrsid6306134 respondent}{ \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12784778\charrsid6306134 should}{\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8650950\charrsid6306134 }{\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid7360655\charrsid6306134 return}{ \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8650950\charrsid6306134 to the trial court to}{\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12784778\charrsid6306134 be put on his defence.}{\b\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12784778\charrsid6306134 }{ \b\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid196910\charrsid6306134 \par }{\b\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12784778\charrsid6306134 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6306134 {\b\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12784778\charrsid6306134 Irene Mulyagonja Kakooza}{ \b\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid7360655\charrsid6306134 \par }{\b\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid6426807\charrsid6306134 JUDGE}{\b\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12784778\charrsid6306134 \par 12/11/2009 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6306134 {\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12784778\charrsid6306134 \par }{\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid196910\charrsid6306134 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6306134 {\insrsid5340162\charrsid6306134 \par }}