Uganda v Yusuf Gowon & Ors (High Court Criminal Session Case No. 70 of 2002) [2003] UGHC 70 (20 August 2003)

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}}{\*\pnseclvl1\pnucrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl2\pnucltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl3\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl4\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta )}} {\*\pnseclvl5\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl6\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl7\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl8 \pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl9\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \s17\qc \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6754875 \b\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid6754875\charrsid6754875 THE REPUBLIC OF UGANDA \par }\pard\plain \s1\qc \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6754875 \b\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid6754875\charrsid6754875 IN THE HIGH COURT OF UGANDA AT KAMPALA \par }\pard\plain \qc \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6754875 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\insrsid6754875\charrsid6754875 CASE NO. HCT-00-CR-SC-0070-2002. \par UGANDA::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::PROSECUTOR \par }\pard\plain \s1\qc \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6754875 \b\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid6754875\charrsid6754875 VERSUS \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6754875 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\insrsid6754875\charrsid6754875 MAJOR GENERAL YUSUFU GOWON\} ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::ACCUSED. \par }\pard\plain \s2\ql \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6754875 \b\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid6754875\charrsid6754875 AND OTHERS. \} \par }{\ul\insrsid6754875\charrsid6754875 BEFORE: HONOURABLE MR. JUSTICE MOSES MUKIIBI: \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6754875 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\ul\insrsid6754875\charrsid6754875 \par RULING: \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6754875 {\insrsid6754875\charrsid6754875 \par AISU VICTOR (PW8) was giving his evidence in chief as the eighth prosecution witness in the main trial. He identified a statement wri tten in Lugbara language which was attributed to Nasuru Gille (A2). The learned Counsel for the state Mr. Byakama Mugenyi applied to have the Lugbara statement tendered in evidence as an exhibit. Mr. Nyakaana, learned Counsel on State Brief for Nasuru Gi l le (A2) objected. He submitted that the Lugbara statement was not voluntarily made by Nasuru Gille (A2). He submitted that it had been obtained after exerting force and threats to Nasuru Gille (A2). He submitted that the accused had signed a Pre-prepar ed text. This Court decided to hold a trial \endash within a trial to determine the voluntariness and admissibility of the said statement. \par \par For the trial within a Trial the prosecution called four witnesses, namely}{\b\insrsid6754875\charrsid6754875 : \par }{\insrsid6754875\charrsid6754875 No. 28059 D/CPL. Waigo Williams (PW1); \par }\pard\plain \s2\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6754875 \b\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b0\insrsid6754875\charrsid6754875 D/SP AI SU Victor (PW2); D/IP Draku Awuziya Kazimillo (PW3) and \par Dr. Nsereko \endash Mukasa, a police Surgeon (PW4). On the other hand Nasuru Gille (A2) gave affirmed evidence. \par \par I have considered the provisions of Section 24 of the Evidence Act. I have also perused an English Translation of the Lugbara statement which was admitted in evidence in the main trial as Exhibit P2. I did so because it is necessary for purposes of the provisions of S. 24 of the Evidence Act to determine whether or not the inquiry and caution statement in question amounts to a confession. \par }\pard\plain \qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6754875 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid6754875\charrsid6754875 \par A confession connotes an un equivocal admission of having committed an act which in law amounts to crime, and must either admit in terms the offence or at any rate substantially all the facts which constitute the offence. \par \par See: Uganda V. Yosamu Mutahauzo (1988-90) HCB 44. \par \par The true test is whether the statement is such that in the absence of any explanation or qualification, and in the Particular circumstances, it points clearly to the guilt of the maker. \par \par See: ALLI V. R (1971) E. A 75 (CA) at P.76 \'93H\'94 \endash \'93I\'94. \par \par The accused is indicted jointly with two others for: \par {\listtext\pard\plain\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\langfenp1033\charrsid6754875 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (i)\tab}}\pard \qj \fi-720\li1080\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar \jclisttab\tx1080\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin1080\itap0\pararsid6754875 {\insrsid6754875\charrsid6754875 Murder contrary to section 183 of the Penal Code Act; and \par }\pard \qj \li1080\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1080\itap0\pararsid6754875 {\insrsid6754875\charrsid6754875 Alternatively, \par Kidnapping with intent to murder contrary to Section 235 (1) (a) of the Penal Code Act. \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6754875 {\insrsid6754875\charrsid6754875 A perusal of Exhibit P.2 \endash the English Translation, showed that the statement covers facts which are essential for proving elements of the offences for which the accused was indicted. \par \par In my view the statement passes the test for a confession. Consequently, the provisions of Sections 24 and 25 of the Evidence Act apply to it. \par \par In my view it is not in doubt that the Lugbara statement was made whilst Nasuru Gille (A2) was in the custody of a police officer. Nor is it in dispute that Draku Awuziya K azimillo (PW3) was an Inspector of police and therefore qualified under S.24 of the Evidence Act to handle a confession statement. \par \par I now turn to consider the Provisions of Section 25 of the Evidence Act. \par \par The issue in every case where the admissibility of a statement or confession is in question, whether taken by a magistrate, or by a police officer, is whether the statement was voluntary in the sense that it has not been obtained by force or threats or hope of advantage exercised or held out by a person in authority. \par \par See: Nayinda s/o Batungwa V. R (1959) E. A 688 (CA) at P.692 \'93F\'94. \par \par No statement by an accused is admissible in evidence against him unless it is shown by the prosecution to have been a voluntary statement. \par \par See: R. V. VOISIN (1918) I. K. B. 531 At P.537 (Court of Criminal Appeal). \par \par The onus is always on the prosecution to prove the admissibility of any statement by an accused person. Such onus never shifts to the accused. The prosecution has to prove the admissibility of the accused\rquote s statements beyond reasonable doubt.

\par \par See: RASHID AND ANOR. V. R (1969) E. A 138 (CA). \par \par In the instant case NASURU GILLE (A2) gave affirmed evidence to this effect:- \par He was arrested on 21.4.2001, a Saturday, at 9.00am. He was arrested by CPL. Waigo and Alfred Olijabo. \par When he was being arrested he was told the reason for his arrest. He was detained in police cells at Arua Police Station. Nothing happened to him. From Arua police station to the Airfield he was placed under a seat on the pickup. Police sat on the sea t while he was made to lie underneath. While he was waiting for the plane Olijabo told him to speak the truth. Olijabo threatened him that if he did not he would be killed. He was feeling very hungry. At Entebbe he asked D/CPL. Waigo to allow him to eas e himself. Waigo told him to wait for Olijabo. He was made to ease himself with the handcuffs on. \par \par They were picked by Muhumuza\rquote s vehicle. He was brought to CID Headquarters on Sunday, 22/4/2001. CPL. Waigo took him to Aisu\rquote s office. In the office there was Alfred Olijabo, Muhumuza and Aisu. Aisu started talking to him. Olijabo urgued him to speak the truth. Aisu ordered that he should be detained. He was taken to Jinja Road Police Station. He was detained in police cells. He was still very hungry . \par \par On 23/4/2001 he was brought back to CID Headquarters. D/CPL. Waigo took him to Aisu\rquote s office. There was Muhumuza, Olijabo and Aisu. Aisu ordered him to sit on the floor. Aisu asked him about the allegations. He did not respond. Olijabo told him to sp eak the truth. He said that it was not him (Nasuru Gille) whom they wanted; it was GOWON. He (Nasuru Gille) went to Draku Awuziya\rquote s office with Alfred Olijabo and CPL. Waigo. Draku Awuziya asked the other people to leave the office. Three people remained : Nasur Gille, Olijabo and Draku Awuziya. Draku Awuziya pulled out a file and he started reading what was in the file. Draku Awuziya read in English. Olijabo translated into Lugbara. Draku Awuziya gave him papers to sign. Olijabo said that he (Nasur u Gille) should not take the matter lightly; that the person who had died was related to the President. Olijabo threatened that if he did not sign he would die. He pulled out a pistol. Nasuru Gille was still hand cuffed. One hand was freed for him to si gn. \par \par In response to Cross-examination Nasuru Gille (A2) testified as follows: \par \par He knew Olijabo. Olijabo was working in State Research. He was coming from Terego. He (Nasuru Gille) came to know Olijabo in 1971. Olijabo told him that he should admit. Dra ku Awuziya never talked to him (Nasuru Gille) about the statement. He just gave him a statement to sign. He signed Nine times. \par \par Both Counsels invited me to look at the English Translation \endash Exhibit P.2. They referred to a date appearing there in towards the end of the statement. I now quote the sentence: \par \'93From that day, it was only on 23/4/2001 at the CID headquarters when I was told that I had been accused of murder and made me to make this statement\'94. \par In my view the above statement would appear to agree with the testimony of the accused that he was taken to CID Headquarters on 23/4/2001. The accused said that they left Arua on 22/4/2001. \par I believe the accused on this point. \par This would in consequence make D/CPL. Waigo a liar: about the date when he w ent to ARUA and when he brought Nasuru Gille to Kampala. D/CPL. Waigo lied about Mr. Aisu offering the suspect (Nasuru Gille) a chair. Aisu (PW2) told court that the suspect was seated on the floor. D/CPL Waigo told court that he left Aisu alone with the

suspect. Aisu (PW2) told court that he was in the company of D/CPL. Waigo when he talked to Nasuru Gille. Nasuru Gille (A2) testified that he found in the office (of Aisu) Muhumuza, Olijabo and Aisu. He said that later Waigo was summoned to come and tak e them to Draku Awuziya\rquote s office. This would imply that D/CPL. Waigo had not been present when Aisu was interviewing the accused. Why then, should Aisu have said that he was in the company of D/CPL. Waigo? \par On the other hand why would the accused say that D/CPL. Waigo was summoned if he had been in attendance all the time? \par \par In my view, Aisu was not alone in his office. He would have easily said so. The accused and D/CPL. Waigo have said that the latter was not present. This leaves a mystery as to who was with Aisu. \par \par D/CPL. Waigo lied when he said that after Draku Awuziya (PW3) had finished writing the statement he called him on intercom. Draku Awuziya told court that after the statement he escorted the suspect to the office of D/CPL. Waigo, and that he hande d over the suspect and the police file. The accused also said something to this affect. It was not until D/CPL. Waigo was Cross-examined that he disclosed that he had traveled with Olijabo to Arua. However, he said that he did not go with Olijabo to tr a ce Nasur Gille, the suspect. The accused told court that he came to know Olijabo in 1971. By 2001 the accused had known Olijabo for 30 years. I do not think that he could have mistaken Brian Atibu for Olijabo. D/CPL. Waigo told court that he came back from Arua on the plane with Olijabo. Aisu Victor told court that police sources such as Olijabo were not employees of Uganda Police. \par The question which remains unanswered by the prosecution is this: \par If Olijabo was not required to trace and arrest Nasuru Gille why did D/CPL Waigo have to go with him to ARUA? \par Who met the bills for Olijabo\rquote s travel? \par The accused told court that when he asked D/CPL. Waigo to allow him to go and ease himself he (Waigo) told him to wait for Olijabo. In my view Alfred Olijabo was p owerful during the Police investigations and he played a role which the prosecution witnesses were not willing to disclose \par \par D/CPL. Waigo told court that from Entebbe they travelled in the complainant\rquote s vehicle up to CID Headquarters. The accused testified to the same effect. The question is: \par Where did Olijabo and Muhumuza go when they reached the CID Headquarters? \par The accused said that they went to Aisu\rquote s office. D/CPL. Waigo and Aisu contradicted each other on who was in Aisu\rquote s office. I prefer the accused\rquote s evidence on this point. \par \par The accused told court that Olijabo told him to speak the truth; that it was not him (Nasuru Gille) whom they wanted but GOWON. Learned Counsel for the state Mr. Byabakama Mugenyi had this to say during his submissions: \par \'93If it was true that the accused was told that the police only wanted to get Gowon through him, and if it was believable, it would amount to inducement\'94. Counsel invited court to look at the body of the statement. He posed the questions: \par \'93Is it credible that the accused is being used to get to Gowon? Is it thinkable that he could put himself in the thick of things? Would the accused implicate himself if he was not involved?\'94 \par At this stage the court is not required to asses whether or not the confession is true. That stage comes much later. \par The court has to consider if the inducements to which the suspect/accused was subjected were made in such circumstances and were of such a nature as to be likely to cause an untrue admission of guilt to be made. \par \par The accused told court that he went to Draku Awuziya\rquote s office with Alfred Olijabo and Waigo. He said that Draku Awuziya asked other people to leave the office and only three people remained: \par The suspect (accused), Olijabo and Draku Awuziya. I should point out that it did not come out from the prosecution witnesses: Aisu Victor (PW2) or Draku Awuziya (PW3) that it was the accused\rquote s idea and offer to confess. Aisu told court that he spoke to Nasuru Gille for about one hour. Nasuru Gille was seated on the floor. A isu said that it was a sign of police authority. It was Aisu who instructed D/CPL. Waigo to take the suspect to Draku Awuziya (PW3) to record a charge and caution statement. On the other hand Draku Awuziya did not record anywhere on the statement the prel iminary steps which he took to satisfy himself that the suspect did not have anything working on his mind. \par \par Draku Awuziya (PW3) told court that D/CPL. Waigo handed over to him a police file. In response to cross-examination the witness said: \par \'93D/CPL. Waigo told me that Gille was one of the suspects in the case of Anyule. I recorded Anyule\rquote s statement. I knew what Anyule had told me. I knew that Anyule had mentioned Gille in his statement. I knew what Anyule had said about Gille\'94 . \par \par In his evidence \endash chief Draku Awuziya (PW3) told court that the suspect signed below the inquiry and caution. Then he said: \par \'93After that Gille told me the full story of what happened. He told me all what he knew about the death of Laki. I listened to what he told me first, and th ereafter I recorded a statement of what he had told me. I heard the full story. Thereafter, we sat down together and started writing\'94. \par \par Commenting on this evidence Mr. Byabakama Mugenyi said: \par \'93He did it in a very Un Orthodox way. He heard the story firs t. Then they went back and he started recording the statement. ---------- The proper way is that Draku Awuziya should have recorded the story sentence by sentence as the suspect narrated it to him\'94. Then learned Counsel posed the question: \'93 Does the statement contain Draku Awuziya\rquote s words or the accused\rquote s words?\'94 \par \par Learned Counsel for the State then submitted as follows: \par }\pard\plain \s18\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6754875 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid6754875\charrsid6754875 \'93 If Draku Awuziya is to be believed he said that he recorded what the accused told him. Later he read the statement back to the suspect.\'94 \par }\pard\plain \qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6754875 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid6754875\charrsid6754875 Draku Awuziya (PW3) testified as follows: \par \'93I read back to him in Lugbara what I had recorded. I asked him whether he understood what I had read back to him----------------------\'94. \par The English translation (Exhibit P.2) has the following statements: \par \'93I have read this statement and it is correct as stated. \par I have recorded this statement myself and the person who has made this statement has read it and signed here under\'94. \par \par In my view the two positions are inconsistent and I consider the inconsistency to be major. \par Learned Counsel for the State posed the question: \'93Was the accused made aware of the contents of the statement before he signed?\'94 \par The accused testified as follows:- \par \'93Draku Awuziya brought before me some papers to sign. He did not tell me what was in those papers. He told me not to worry; that he was a Lugbara like me; he could not make me sign something bad\'94. \par I now pose the question:- \par In what way was the accused made aware of the contents of the statement before he signed it? The answer to this q uestion is found in the contradiction between what Draku Awuziya testified in court and what he wrote in the statement itself. I find it very difficult to believe Draku Awuziya in those circumstances. \par \par The prosecution has to prove the admissibility of the accused\rquote s statement beyond reasonable doubt. Such onus never shifts to the accused. \par \par In this case I am of the view that the Lugbara statement in question was not properly recorded. Learned Counsel for the State referred to the manner in which it was rec orded as Un Orthodox. I find it difficult to say with certainty that these are the accused\rquote s words but these are Draku Awuziya\rquote s words. In my view the statement was rendered open to inclusion of foreign matter at the instance of Draku Awuziya (PW3). On this ground alone I should reject the statement. I also find that Alfred Olijabo played a clandestine but important role in the police investigations, and particularly in the arrest and bringing of the accused to Kampala. Since the prosecution witnesses did not on their own come out clean to disclose Olijabo\rquote s exact role a lot is left as to conjecture. \par \par A lot of doubts are left as to his role in bringing the accused to record the Lugbara statement. I cannot determine with certainty what Olijabo did not do. The prosecution witnesses have not assisted in clearing the doubts raised by the accused\rquote s evidence. I hold that the prosecution has failed to discharge the onus of proving that the Lugbara statement was voluntary. I uphold the objection by learned Counsel Mr. Nyakaana. In the result I reject the Lugbara statement and order that it should be excluded. \par \par \par MOSES MUKIIBI \par }\pard\plain \s2\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6754875 \b\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid6754875\charrsid6754875 JUDGE \par }\pard\plain \qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6754875 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid6754875\charrsid6754875 20/8/2003. \par \par 20/8/2003 at 4.30 pm. \par Mr. Byakama Mugenyi for State. \par Mr. Nyakaana- on SB for A2 and also holding brief for Mr. Alaka for AI. \par Mr. Katongole on SB for A3. \par AI, A2 and A3 are in Court. \par Both Assessors are in Court. \par Swahili and Lugubara Interpreters are in Court. \par }\pard\plain \s18\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6754875 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid6754875\charrsid6754875 Ngobi: Court Clerk/Interpreter. \par }\pard\plain \qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6754875 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\ul\insrsid6754875\charrsid6754875 Court}{\insrsid6754875\charrsid6754875 : The Ruling is delivered in Open Court. \par \par \par MOSES MUKIIBI \par }{\b\insrsid6754875\charrsid6754875 JUDGE \par }{\insrsid6754875\charrsid6754875 20/8/2003. \par \par \par \par }\pard\plain \s2\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6754875 \b\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b0\insrsid6754875\charrsid6754875 }{\insrsid6754875\charrsid6754875 \par }\pard\plain \qc \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6754875 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\insrsid6754875\charrsid6754875 \par }}