Psychological Association of Manitoba By-law No. 2 — Membership Regulation

Psychological Association of Manitoba By-law No. 2 — Membership Regulation, M.R. 32/2006 The Psychologists Registration Act , C.C.S.M. c. P190 Regulation 32/2006 Registered February 8, 2006 bilingual version (HTML) Table of Contents Section 1 Definitions REGISTERS 2 Registers INITIAL REGISTRATION 3 Eligibility for registration as a psychologist 4 Eligibility for registration as a psychological associate 5 Eligibility for registration as a psychological candidate 5.1 Eligibility for inactive register 5.2 Practice of psychology prohibited 6 Application for initial registration 7 Registration by endorsement 8 Proof of qualification 8.1 Application for temporary practice EXAMINATION 9 Examinations PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE 10 Experience required for registration as a psychologist 11 Experience required for registration as a psychological associate to practise under supervision 12 Experience required by psychological associate to practise independently APPROVAL OR NON-APPROVAL OF APPLICATION 13 Entry in the registry 14 Certificate of registration 15 Notice of decision CANCELLATION OF REGISTRATION 16 Registration may be cancelled if fraud or conviction RENEWAL 17 Periodic renewal CONVERSION 17.1 Conversion from active to inactive registration 17.2 Conversion from inactive to active registration CONDITIONS 18 Variation or removal of conditions FEES 19 Fees TRANSITIONAL, REGULATION REVIEW AND REPEAL 20 Transitional 21 Review of regulation 22 Repeal Schedule A Training Requirements for Psychology Definitions 1 The following definitions apply in this by-law. "Act" means The Psychologists Registration Act . («  Loi  ») "endorsement" , with respect to registration, means the process of granting registration in Manitoba to an applicant who is registered in another jurisdiction. (« reconnaissance ») "examination" means any examination approved by the council. (« examen ») "practice of psychology" means the assessment of behavioural, mental, neuropsychological and personality characteristics, functions and conditions; the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of behavioural, mental, neuropsychological and personality disorders; and the maintenance and enhancement of physical, intellectual, emotional, social, vocational and interpersonal functioning. (« exercice de la psychologie ») "psychological associate" means a person whose name is entered on the register of psychological associates under the Act. (« psychologue associé ») "psychological candidate" means a person whose name is entered in the register of psychological candidates under the Act. (« candidat psychologue ») "psychologist" means a person whose name is entered on the register of psychologists under the Act. (« psychologue ») "register" means a register established under the Act. (« registre ») "registrar" means the registrar of the association. (« registraire ») "regulations" means the regulations made under the Act. (« règlements ») REGISTERS Registers 2(1) In addition to the registers of psychologists and psychological associates referred to in section 5.1 of the Act, the registrar must maintain (a) a register of psychological candidates; (b) an inactive register; and (c) a temporary practice register. M.R. 71/2011 Information on registers 2(2) Each register must contain, for each member, (a) the member's name, business address and business telephone number; (b) the conditions imposed on the member's certificate of registration; (c) a notation of every cancellation and suspension of the certificate of registration; (d) the result of every disciplinary proceeding in which a committee of the association has made a finding in respect of the member; (e) the member's registration number; (f) the date and type of registration; and (g) the date of any reinstatement of registration. Access to information 2(3) During normal business hours, a person may obtain the following information contained in a register: (a) the information described in clauses (2)⁠(a), (b), (c), (e), (f) and (g); (b) the information described in clause (2)⁠(d) relating to a suspension that is in effect; (c) the results of every disciplinary proceeding completed within six years before the register was prepared or last updated (i) in which a member's certificate of registration was cancelled or suspended or had conditions imposed on it, or (ii) in which a member was required to pay a fine or attend to be censured. Incorrect entries 2(4) An entry in a register proved to the satisfaction of the council to have been incorrectly or erroneously made may be amended or deleted from the register by order of the council. INITIAL REGISTRATION Eligibility for registration as a psychologist 3 The requirements for initial registration as a psychologist are as follows: (a) the applicant must have received a doctoral degree based upon a program of studies in psychology approved by the council from an educational institution approved by the council; (b) the applicant must have passed any examination the council may require pursuant to section 9; (c) the applicant must meet the requirement for professional experience prescribed under section 10; (d) the applicant must not (i) suffer from a condition, disorder or addiction, or (ii) possess a record of conviction under the Criminal Code (Canada), the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act (Canada), the Food and Drugs Act (Canada) or any criminal or penal statute of a jurisdiction outside Canada that makes it desirable in the public interest that he or she not practise psychology; (e) upon the registrar's request, the applicant must provide personal references satisfactory to the council; (f) if required in accordance with the policies established by the council, the applicant must provide additional evidence that he or she is fit and competent to practise as a psychologist. Eligibility for registration as a psychological associate 4 The requirements for initial registration as a psychological associate are as follows: (a) the applicant must have received a graduate degree based upon a program of studies in psychology approved by council from an educational institution approved by the council; (b) the applicant must have passed any examination the council may require pursuant to section 9; (c) the applicant must meet the requirement for professional experience prescribed under section 11; (d) the applicant must not (i) suffer from a condition, disorder or addiction, or (ii) possess a record of conviction under the Criminal Code (Canada), the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act (Canada), the Food and Drugs Act (Canada) or any criminal or penal statute of a jurisdiction outside Canada that makes it desirable in the public interest that he or she not practise psychology; (e) upon the registrar's request, the applicant must provide personal references satisfactory to the council; (f) if required in accordance with policies established by the council, the applicant must provide additional evidence that he or she is competent to practise as a psychological associate. Eligibility for registration as a psychological candidate 5 The requirements for initial registration as a psychological candidate are as follows: (a) the applicant must be enrolled in a post-graduate program of studies in psychology at an educational institution approved by the council or be engaged in post-graduate supervised work experience as approved by the council; (b) the applicant must not (i) suffer from a condition, disorder or addiction, or (ii) possess a record of conviction under the Criminal Code (Canada), the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act (Canada), the Food and Drugs Act (Canada) or any criminal or penal statute of a jurisdiction outside Canada, that makes it desirable in the public interest that he or she not practise psychology; (c) upon the registrar's request, the applicant must provide personal references satisfactory to the council. Eligibility for inactive register 5.1(1) The requirements for registration on the inactive register are as follows: (a) the applicant is a psychologist or psychological associate; (b) the applicant does not intend to practise psychology in Manitoba or another jurisdiction for at least six months but no more than two years following the date of the application. M.R. 71/2011 5.1(2) Despite clause (1)⁠(b), a person on the inactive register may apply for an extension of his or her registration on the inactive register if he or she submits, before the two-year period expires, an application to the registrar that sets out the reasons for the extension request. M.R. 71/2011 5.1(3) An extension is subject to any terms and conditions that may be imposed by the council. M.R. 71/2011 Practice of psychology prohibited 5.2(1) A member who is registered on the inactive register is not authorized to carry out the practice of psychology. M.R. 71/2011 5.2(2) A member on the inactive register must promptly notify the association if he or she resumes or intends to resume the practice of psychology. M.R. 71/2011 Application for initial registration 6(1) An applicant for initial registration as a psychologist, psychological associate or psychological candidate must submit the following to the registrar: (a) a completed application form; (b) evidence that he or she meets the eligibility requirements set out in section 3, 4 or 5; (c) a completed criminal record review authorization form; (d) the application fee set by the council. Disclosure 6(2) An applicant for registration as a psychologist, psychological associate or psychological candidate or registration on the temporary practice register must disclose the following information about himself or herself and his or her practice of psychology or of any other profession, whether in Manitoba or elsewhere: (a) a finding by any professional regulatory body of professional misconduct, conduct unbecoming, incompetence, an incapacity or lack of fitness to practise, or any similar finding; (b) a current proceeding by a professional regulatory body in relation to professional misconduct, conduct unbecoming, incompetence, an incapacity or lack of fitness to practise, or any similar current proceeding; (c) a denial of registration by a professional regulatory body; (d) a conviction for an offence under (i) the Criminal Code (Canada), the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act (Canada), or the Food and Drugs Act (Canada), or (ii) a criminal or penal statute of a jurisdiction outside Canada that is, or may be, relevant to his or her suitability to practise. M.R. 71/2011 Registration as a psychologist by endorsement 7(1) Despite sections 3 and 10, an applicant for registration as a psychologist may be registered by endorsement if the council is satisfied that the applicant has met the requirements of clauses 3(a), (d), (e) and (f) and the applicant is currently registered and practising as a psychologist in (a) another Canadian province or territory; or (b) another jurisdiction approved by the council. Registration as a psychological associate by endorsement 7(2) Despite sections 4 and 11, an applicant for registration as a psychological associate may be registered by endorsement if the council is satisfied that the applicant has met the requirements of clauses 4(a), (d), (e) and (f) and the applicant is currently registered and practising as a psychological associate or psychologist in (a) another Canadian province or territory; or (b) another jurisdiction approved by the council. Proof of qualification 8 The council may accept a certificate of professional qualification in psychology issued by any credential-granting organization approved by the council as evidence that an applicant has met the requirements of clauses 3(a), (b) and (c) or 4(a), (b) and (c), as the case may be. Application for temporary practice 8.1(1) An applicant who is authorized to practise psychology in another jurisdiction as a psychologist or psychological associate and who wishes to practise psychology in Manitoba for a specific purpose and for a limited time period may apply for registration on the temporary practice register by (a) submitting a written application to the registrar stating the specific purpose and the proposed length of time that he or she wishes to practise; (b) providing evidence satisfactory to the registrar that he or she is qualified to practise psychology in the other jurisdiction and has a level of competence appropriate to the specific purpose; and (c) providing any additional information that the council may require in the form and within the time set by the council. M.R. 71/2011 8.1(2) If the council is satisfied that it is in the public interest to allow the applicant to practise on a temporary basis, the registrar may enter the applicant's name on the temporary practice register. M.R. 71/2011 EXAMINATION Examinations 9(1) To meet the requirements referred to in clauses 3(b), 4(b), 17.2(d) or 18(1)⁠(d), an applicant for registration or a member may be required to complete an examination and attain a minimum score for the examination set by the council. M.R. 71/2011 Interpretation 9(2) In subsections (3) to (9), " applicant " includes a member seeking to have conditions or restrictions on his or her registration varied or removed. Determination of examination 9(3) The council must determine the form of examination to be administered to an applicant that will provide the most representative picture of the applicant's performance in the area of psychology in which he or she has (a) received training; (b) been supervised; and (c) claimed competence. Form of examination 9(4) The form of examination to be administered to an applicant may include one or more of the following: (a) a written examination; (b) a work sample to be provided by the applicant; (c) an oral examination. Work samples 9(5) An applicant who is required to provide a work sample or samples of his or her professional practice of psychology may submit the sample on any type of audio or audiovisual medium, if there is also submitted sufficient written supporting data to give an appropriate context for the sample provided. The work sample or samples must be provided at least 10 working days prior to the date set for the applicant's oral examination, if any. If possible, and upon the applicant's request, (a) council may make facilities available for the recording of a work sample; and (b) direct observation of the applicant in his or her work setting by the examination subcommittee may be substituted for the work sample, so long as the applicant's administrative supervisor has furnished, prior to the date of the visit, written permission for the observation to take place. Oral examination 9(6) The oral examination must be conducted and evaluated by the applicant's examination subcommittee and must focus on the following: (a) the applicant's level of professional competence within the area or areas of psychology in which he or she claims competence; (b) the applicant's knowledge and awareness of the relevant research and theory in his or her professional practice; (c) the applicant's knowledge of the ethical standards of the association, together with his or her ability to appreciate the implications of those standards as applied to his or her professional practice. Locations and times of examinations 9(7) Examinations must be at the places and times determined by the council. Notice of examination 9(8) An applicant must be notified at least three weeks in advance of the sitting date of the examination as to the specific time and place of the examination. Appeal 9(9) An applicant who is denied membership in the association on the grounds that he or she failed to achieve a satisfactory level of performance in an examination, apart from any right of appeal given by the Act, may appeal the decision as follows: (a) an initial appeal may be made to the examination committee within 30 days of the applicant receiving notification of the results of the examination; the appeal must be in writing, must state the reason for the appeal and must provide substantiating material; the examination committee may: (i) deny the appeal, (ii) uphold the appeal and find that the applicant achieved a satisfactory level of performance on the examination, or (iii) if the applicant failed to achieve a satisfactory level of performance in the oral examination or work sample, appoint a new examination sub-committee; (b) an applicant whose appeal to the examination committee is denied may appeal to the council within 30 days of the applicant receiving notification of the decision of the examination committee; the appeal must be in writing, must state the reason for the appeal and must provide substantiating material; the council may: (i) deny the appeal, (ii) uphold the appeal and find that the applicant achieved a satisfactory level of performance on the examination, or (iii) if the applicant failed to achieve a satisfactory level of performance in the oral examination or work sample, appoint a new examination sub-committee; but in no case may a member of the examination committee or the council who directly participated in the decision being appealed take part in the final decision on the appeal. PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE Experience required for registration as a psychologist 10(1) Subject to section 7, to qualify for registration as a psychologist an applicant must have at least two years of full time supervised professional experience in the practice of psychology, during which period he or she was engaged in the provision of services in the area or areas in which he or she claims competence. Pre-doctoral experience 10(2) Subject to subsection (3), one of the two years' supervised professional experience referred to in subsection (1) may have occurred at the pre-doctoral stage in the applicant's career. Council to determine acceptability of pre-doctoral experience 10(3) The council must, in its discretion, determine whether the applicant's pre-doctoral experience is acceptable for the purposes of registration. Supervision 10(4) The supervision referred to in this section must have been direct and continual supervision and must have been conducted (a) in accordance with the rules, regulations and guidelines of the association pertaining to the supervision of psychological associates, psychological candidates and non-registered persons; and (b) by a person who was, at the time of supervision, registered as a psychologist by the association or registered to practise psychology independently in another jurisdiction. Employment in private practice 10(5) Employment in private practice with a psychologist in that psychologist's private practice must not be considered acceptable experience for the purposes of this section unless (a) the applicant was supervised during the employment by a person who was, at the time of the supervision, registered as a psychologist by the association or registered to practise psychology independently in another jurisdiction; and (b) the prior written approval of the council to such supervision has been obtained. Approval of the supervision is within the sole discretion of the council. Experience required for registration as a psychological associate to practise under supervision 11(1) Subject to section 7, to qualify for registration as a psychological associate, an applicant must have at least two years of full-time supervised professional experience providing psychological services. Experience must be after graduate degree 11(2) Subject to subsection (3), the experience referred to in subsection (1) must have occurred after the applicant received his or her graduate degree. Experience before graduate degree 11(3) Council may, in its discretion, determine that experience which occurred before the applicant received his or her graduate degree is acceptable for the purposes of registration. Supervision 11(4) The supervision referred to in this section must have been direct and continual supervision and must have been conducted (a) in accordance with the rules, regulations and guidelines of the association pertaining to the supervision of psychological associates, psychological candidates and non-registered persons; and (b) by a person who was, at the time of supervision, registered as a psychologist by the association or registered to practise psychology independently in another jurisdiction. Experience required by psychological associate to practise independently 12(1) Subject to subsection (6), to be entitled to practise psychology without supervision a psychological associate must have at least four years of full time supervised professional experience in the practice of psychology, during which period he or she was engaged in the provision of services in the area or areas in which he or she claims competence. Experience must be after graduate degree 12(2) Subject to subsection (3), the experience required under subsection (1) must have occurred after the applicant received his or her graduate degree. Experience before graduate degree 12(3) The council may, in its discretion, determine that experience obtained by the applicant before he or she received his or her graduate degree is acceptable for the purposes of this section. Supervision 12(4) The supervision referred to in this section must have been direct and continual supervision and must have been conducted (a) in accordance with the rules, regulations and guidelines of the association pertaining to the supervision of psychological associates, psychological candidates and non-registered persons; and (b) by a person who was, at the time of supervision, registered as a psychologist by the association or registered to practise psychology independently in another jurisdiction. Employment in private practice 12(5) Employment in private practice with a psychologist in that psychologist's private practice must not be considered acceptable experience for the purposes of this section unless (a) the applicant was supervised during the employment by a person who was, at the time of the supervision, registered as a psychologist by the association or registered to practise psychology independently in another jurisdiction; and (b) the prior written approval of the council to such supervision has been obtained. Approval of the supervision is within the sole discretion of the council. Psychological associate registered by endorsement 12(6) Despite subsection (1), a psychological associate registered by endorsement under subsection 7(2) may be entitled to practise psychology without supervision if the psychological associate is, or was when he or she became registered under the Act, entitled to practise psychology without supervision in the other province, territory or jurisdiction in which he or she is or was registered and practising. APPROVAL OR NON-APPROVAL OF APPLICATION Entry in the register 13 The registrar must enter in the appropriate register the name of a person whose application for registration is approved by the council. Certificate of registration 14 On entering the name of a person in a register, the registrar must issue a certificate of registration to the person. The certificate must state the type of registration and the date on which it expires, and must refer to any conditions or limitations imposed. Notice of decision 15 If the council does not approve an application for registration or approves an application subject to conditions, it must give notice to the applicant in writing of its decision, with reasons for its decision. CANCELLATION OF REGISTRATION Registration may be cancelled if fraud 16(1) If the registrar is satisfied on reasonable grounds that a person's registration has been obtained by means of a false or fraudulent representation or declaration, the registrar must report the matter to the council, and the council may direct the registrar to cancel the person's certificate of registration. The registrar must then cancel the certificate of registration and give the person and his or her employer, if any, written notice of that fact. Registration may be cancelled if conviction 16(2) The council may direct the registrar to cancel the certificate of registration of a member who has been convicted of an offence that is relevant to his or her suitability to practise, but it must first notify the member that it intends to do so and give the member an opportunity to make representations. The registrar must give the member and his or her employer, if any, written notice of any cancellation. RENEWAL Periodic renewal 17(1) Each member must periodically renew registration with the association at such time or times as required by the association. Renewal of registration 17(2) A member is entitled to have his or her registration renewed by (a) providing any information that the association may require in the form and within the time set by the association; (b) paying the fee set by the council; and (c) providing evidence of the successful completion of the continuing education requirement for registration renewal. M.R. 71/2011 17(3) Subject to subsections (4) and (5), to satisfy the requirement of continuing education for registration renewal, a member must complete 20 hours of continuing education through participation in an activity or activities approved by the council. M.R. 71/2011 17(4) The content of an activity approved by the council must relate to psychology or the practice of psychology and be for the purpose of maintaining the competence of those who practice psychology or enhancing the practice of psychology. M.R. 71/2011 17(5) The 20 hours of continuing education must be completed in the registration year immediately before the registration year for which renewal is sought. M.R. 71/2011 CONVERSION Conversion from active to inactive registration 17.1 A member may have his or her registration converted from the register of psychologists or psychological associates, as the case may be, to the inactive register if each of the following requirements is met: (a) he or she provides the information that the council may require in the form and within the time set by the council; (b) he or she pays the fee set by the council; (c) he or she meets the criteria set out in subsection 5.1(1). M.R. 71/2011 Conversion from inactive to active registration 17.2 A member may have his or her registration converted from the inactive register to the register of psychologists or psychological associates, as the case may be, if each of the following requirements are met: (a) he or she provides the information that the council may require in the form and within the time set by the council; (b) he or she pays the fee set by the council; (c) he or she meets the criteria in section 3 or 4, as the case may be; (d) if the member was on the inactive register for more than two years, he or she provides additional evidence, in accordance with the policies established by the council, that he or she is fit and competent to practise as a psychologist or psychological associate, as the case may be, including passing any examinations that the council may require. M.R. 71/2011 CONDITIONS Variation or removal of conditions 18(1) A member who wishes to have conditions or restrictions that have been placed on his or her registration varied or removed must (a) provide any information that the council may require in the form and within the time set by the council; (b) pay the fee set by the council; (c) provide evidence in accordance with the policies established by the council that he or she is fit and competent to practise psychology with the restriction or condition varied or removed as requested by the applicant; (d) pass any examination the council may require; and (e) if the member is a psychological associate seeking entitlement to practise without supervision, meet the professional experience requirements prescribed under section 12. Examinations — variation or removal of conditions 18(2) If the council requires a member to take an examination under clause (1)⁠(d), subsections 9(2) to (9) apply, with the necessary changes. FEES Assessment year 19(1) The assessment year begins on April 1 of each year and ends on March 31 of the next year. Membership dues and assessments 19(2) The council may from time to time establish membership dues and other assessments payable by members and applicants for registration. Fees, etc. to be prescribed by February 1 19(3) The application fee, membership dues and any other assessments applicable in any given year are those prescribed by the council before February 1 in the previous assessment year. Annual membership dues to be paid by April 1 19(4) Subject to subsection (5), members must be assessed and required to pay annual membership dues on or before April 1 in every year. Dues to be prorated 19(5) Persons who become members at any time during an assessment year must pay dues prorated from the date of registration for that year. Default in payment 19(6) Subject to subsection (8), when a member is in default in the payment of his or her renewal fee for a period of at least 14 days, the registrar must send a letter by ordinary mail addressed to the member at his or her address on the records of the association notifying the member of his or her default. If the default continues for a further 30 days from the date of the letter, the registration of that member is automatically cancelled. Notice of cancellation 19(7) When a person's registration is cancelled under subsection (6), the registrar must notify the person by registered mail addressed to the member at his or her address on the records of the association. Extension of time for payment 19(8) Council may, at its discretion, before or after the expiry of the time prescribed by subsection (6), extend the time for payment of dues or other assessments payable by a member. Reinstatement 19(9) A person whose membership is cancelled under subsection (6) may be reinstated upon payment of (a) the annual dues or other assessments that have accrued during the period of lapse; and (b) a late payment sum in the amount assessed by council. Waiver or reduction of fee, etc. 19(10) Council may at its discretion waive or reduce any fee or assessment payable by a member and, with the member's consent, may impose conditions on the member's entitlement to practise psychology. TRANSITIONAL Current psychological associates 20(1) An individual who is an associate member of the association on the day this regulation comes into force is deemed to be registered as a psychological associate. Practice must be supervised 20(2) The registration of an individual who is an associate member of the association or a psychological associate on the day this regulation comes into force is deemed to be subject to the condition that the individual must not practise psychology except under the supervision of a psychologist in accordance with the applicable rules, regulations and guidelines of the association. Application to have conditions varied or removed 20(3) Despite subsection (2), a member may apply to council under section 18 to have the conditions on his or her registration varied or removed and the council must consider such application in accordance with the provisions of that section. REGULATION REVIEW Review of regulation 21 Not later than five years following the day this regulation comes into force, the association must (a) review the effectiveness of the operation of this regulation, and in so doing, consult with such persons affected by the regulation as the association considers appropriate; and (b) if it considers it advisable, amend or repeal this regulation. REPEAL Repeal 22 The Psychological Association of Manitoba By-Law No. 2 , Manitoba Regulation 426/88, is repealed. SCHEDULE A TRAINING REQUIREMENTS FOR PSYCHOLOGY The following general national guidelines and criteria are recommended for evaluating basic professional training in psychology. These guidelines define the academic core of study that must have been completed by each applicant for registration who presents a doctoral degree in psychology as the educational basis of such registration. 1 Programs that are accredited by the Canadian Psychological Association are recognized as meeting the definition of a professional psychology program. 2 Training in professional psychology is graduate training offered in a regionally accredited institution of higher education. 3 The program, wherever it may be administratively housed, must be clearly identified and labelled as a psychology program. Such a program must specify in pertinent institutional catalogues and brochures its intent to educate and train professional psychologists. 4 The psychology program must stand as a recognized, coherent, organizational entity within the institution. 5 There must be a clear authority and primary responsibility for the core and specialty areas, whether or not the program cuts across administrative lines. 6 The program must be an organized sequence of study planned by those responsible for the training program to provide an integrated educational experience appropriate to the professional practice of psychology. 7 There must be an identifiable psychology faculty and a psychologist responsible for the program. 8 The program must have an identifiable body of students who are matriculated in that program for a degree. Since the quality of any educational program is partially dependent on the quality of students, careful attention must be given that students meet appropriate standards of educational preparation and ability for admission. 9 The program must include practicum, internship, field or laboratory training appropriate to the practice of psychology. 10 The curriculum must encompass a minimum of three academic years of full time graduate study. The doctoral program must involve at least one continuous academic year of full time residency at the university at which the degree is granted. In addition to instruction in scientific and professional ETHICS and STANDARDS; HISTORY and SYSTEMS; RESEARCH DESIGN and METHODOLOGY; STATISTICS and PSYCHOMETRICS; the core program must require each student to demonstrate competence in each of the following substantive content areas. This typically will be met by including a minimum of six or more graduate semester hours (nine or more graduate quarter hours) in each of these four substantive content areas: (a) Biological Bases of Behaviour: e.g. physiological psychology, comparative psychology, neuropsychology, sensation and perception, psychopharmacology; (b) Cognitive-Affective Bases of Behaviour: e.g. learning, thinking, motivation, emotion; (c) Social Bases of Behaviour: e.g. social psychology, group processes, organizational and systems theory; (d) Individual Difference: e.g. personality theory, human development, abnormal psychology. The above curriculum requirements represent the necessary core but not the sufficient number of graduate hours for a degree in professional psychology, the latter being determined by the institution offering the professional training.