Bills of Exchange Act 1961 (ACT 55)
This section defines when an instrument counts as a bill of exchange and says certain defects do not make it invalid.
AI-assisted research synopsis — verify against the official legal text below.
- Jurisdiction
- Ghana
- Instrument
- Act or statute
- Citation
- Act 1961
- Version
- Undated source snapshot
- Language
- en
- Official source
- View official record ↗
Citation provenance: source:gh:parliament-acts · schema StatuteEnrichmentPublicV1.
Publicly available, excluded from search-engine indexing
This page remains available for direct access and API use, but this release emits
noindex,follow for the following reason:
- The record does not meet this release's canonical indexing criteria.
(market-indexing-disabled)
Statute overview
About this statute
This section defines when an instrument counts as a bill of exchange and says certain defects do not make it invalid. This section defines what counts as an inland bill and a foreign bill, and lets the holder treat a bill as inland unless the bill shows otherwise on its face. If the drawer and drawee are the same person, or the drawee is fictitious or lacks capacity, the holder may choose to treat the instrument as either a bill of exchange or a promissory note. The drawee must be named or otherwise identified in a bill with reasonable certainty. If a bill is not payable to bearer, the payee must be identified with reasonable certainty.
Search within this statute
Search all stored provisions in this version.
Legal text
Provisions of Bills of Exchange Act 1961 (ACT 55)
Showing 99 of 99
- 1 Verify source ↗
Bill of Exchange Defined
AI-assisted research summary: This section defines when an instrument counts as a bill of exchange and says certain defects do not make it invalid.
Section 1—Bill of Exchange Defined. (1) A bill of exchange is an unconditional order in writing, addressed by one person to another, signed by the person giving it, requiring the person to whom it is addressed to pay on demand or at a fixed or determinable future time a sum certain in money to or to the order of a specified person, or to bearer. (2) An instrument which does not comply with these conditions, or which orders any act to be done in addition to the payment of money, is not a bill of exchange. (3) An order to pay out of a particular fund is not unconditional within the meaning of this section; but an unqualified order to pay, coupled with (a) an indication of a particular fund out of which the drawee is to reimburse himself, or a particular account to be debited with the amount, or (b) a statement of the transaction which gives rise to the bill, is unconditional. (4) A bill is not invalid by reason— (a) that it is not dated; 7 (b) that it does not specify the value given, or that any value has been given therefor; (c) that it does not specify the place where it is drawn or the place where it is payable. - 2 Verify source ↗
Inland and Foreign Bills
AI-assisted research summary: This section defines what counts as an inland bill and a foreign bill, and lets the holder treat a bill as inland unless the bill shows otherwise on its face.
Section 2—Inland and Foreign Bills. (1) An inland bill is a bill which is or on the face of it purports to be (a) both drawn and payable within Ghana, or (b) drawn within Ghana upon some person resident therein. Any other bill is a foreign bill. (2) Unless the contrary appear on the face of the bill the holder may treat it as an inland bill. - 3 Verify source ↗
Effect where Different Parties to Bill are the Same Person
AI-assisted research summary: If the drawer and drawee are the same person, or the drawee is fictitious or lacks capacity, the holder may choose to treat the instrument as either a bill of exchange or a promissory note.
Section 3—Effect where Different Parties to a Bill are the Same Person. (1) A bill may be drawn payable to, or to the order of, the drawer, or it may be drawn payable to, or to the order of, the drawee. (2) Where in a bill the drawer and the drawee are the same person, or where the drawee is a fictitious person or a person not having capacity to contract, the holder may treat the instrument, at his option, either as a bill of exchange or as a promissory note. - 4 Verify source ↗
Address to Drawee
AI-assisted research summary: The drawee must be named or otherwise identified in a bill with reasonable certainty.
Section 4—Address to Drawee. (1) The drawee must be named or otherwise indicated in a bill with reasonable certainty. (2) A bill may be addressed to two or more drawees, whether they are partners or not, but an order addressed to two drawees in the alternative, or to two or more drawees in succession, is not a bill of exchange. - 5 Verify source ↗
Certainty Required as to Payee
AI-assisted research summary: If a bill is not payable to bearer, the payee must be identified with reasonable certainty.
Section 5—Certainty Required as to Payee. (1) Where a bill is not payable to bearer the payee must be named or otherwise indicated therein with reasonable certainty. (2) A bill may be made payable to two or more payees jointly, or it may be made payable in the alternative to one of two, or one or some of several payees. A bill may also be made payable to the holder of an office for the time being. (3) Where the payee is a fictitious or non-existing person the bill may be treated as payable to bearer. - 6 Verify source ↗
What Bills are Negotiable
AI-assisted research summary: A bill is not negotiable if it forbids transfer or shows an intent not to be transferable; otherwise, negotiable bills may be payable to order or to bearer.
Section 6—What Bills are Negotiable. (1) When a bill contains words prohibiting transfer or indicating an intention that it should not be transferable, it is valid as between the parties thereto, but is not negotiable. (2) A negotiable bill may be payable either to order or to bearer. (3) A bill is payable to bearer which is expressed to be so payable or on which the only or last endorsement is an endorsement in blank. (4) A bill is payable to order which is expressed to be so payable or which is expressed to be payable to a particular person, and does not contain words prohibiting transfer or indicating an intention that it should not be transferable. 8 (5) Where a bill either originally or by endorsement is expressed to be payable to the order of a specified person, and not to him or his order, it is nevertheless payable to him or his order at his option. - 7 Verify source ↗
Sum Payable
AI-assisted research summary: This section says when a bill’s payable amount counts as a “sum certain,” how to resolve conflicts between words and figures, and when interest starts running.
Section 7—Sum Payable. (1) The sum payable by a bill is a sum certain within the meaning of this Act, although it is required to be paid— (a) with interest; (b) by stated instalments; (c) by stated instalments, with a provision, that upon default in payment of any instalment the whole shall become due; (d) according to an indicated rate of exchange or according to a rate of exchange to be ascertained as directed by the bill. (2) Where the sum payable is expressed in words and also in figures, and there is a discrepancy between the two, the sum denoted by the words is the amount payable. (3) Where a bill is expressed to be payable with interest, unless the instrument otherwise provides, interest runs from the date of the bill, and if the bill is undated from the issue thereof. - 8 Verify source ↗
Bill Payable on Demand
AI-assisted research summary: A bill is payable on demand if it says so, is payable at sight or on presentation, or has no time for payment stated.
Section 8—Bill Payable on Demand. (1) A bill is payable on demand— (a) which is expressed to be payable on demand or at sight or on presentation; or (b) in which no time for payment is expressed. (2) Where a bill is accepted or endorsed when it is overdue it shall, as regards the acceptor who so accepts or any endorser who so endorses it, be deemed a bill payable on demand. - 9 Verify source ↗
Bill Payable at a Future Time
AI-assisted research summary: A bill counts as payable at a determinable future time if it is payable after a fixed period or after a certain event that will happen; a contingent instrument is not a bill.
Section 9—Bill Payable at a Future Time. (1) A bill is payable at a determinable future time within the meaning of this Act which is expressed to be payable— (a) at a fixed period after date or sight; (b) on or at a fixed period after the occurrence of a specified event which is certain to happen, though the time of happening may be uncertain. (2) An instrument expressed to be payable on a contingency is not a bill, and the happening of the event does not cure the defect. - 10 Verify source ↗
Omission of Date in bill Payable After Date
AI-assisted research summary: If an undated bill is payable after date or after sight, the holder may insert the true date, and the bill is then payable accordingly.
Section 10—Omission of Date in Bill Payable After Date. Where a bill expressed to be payable at a fixed period after date is issued undated, or where the acceptance of a bill payable at a fixed period after sight is undated, any holder may insert therein the true date of issue or acceptance, and the bill shall be payable accordingly: Provided that— (a) where the holder in good faith and by mistake inserts a wrong date, and 9 (b) in every case where a wrong date is inserted, if the bill subsequently comes into the hands of a holder in due course, the bill shall not be avoided thereby, but shall operate and be payable as if the date so inserted had been the true date. - 11 Verify source ↗
Ante-dating and Post-dating
AI-assisted research summary: This section says a dated bill, acceptance, or endorsement is presumed to bear the true date unless the contrary is proved, and a bill is not invalid just because it is ante-dated, post-dated, or dated on a Sunday.
Section 11—Ante-dating and Post-dating. (1) Where a bill or an acceptance or any endorsement on a bill is dated the date shall, unless the contrary be proved, be deemed to be the true date of the drawing, acceptance, or endorsement, as the case may be. (2) A bill is not invalid by reason only that it is ante-dated or post-dated, or that it bears date on a Sunday. - 12 Verify source ↗
Computation of Time of Payment
AI-assisted research summary: This section explains how to calculate when a bill is due and payable, including days of grace and how weekends or non-business days affect payment dates.
Section 12—Computation of Time of Payment. Where a bill is not payable on demand, the day on which it falls due is determined as follows— (a) Three days called days of grace are, in every case where the bill itself does not otherwise provide, added to the time of payment as fixed by the bill, and the bill is due and payable on the last day of grace: Provided that— (i) when the last day of grace falls on Sunday, Christmas Day, or Good Friday, the bill is, except in the case hereinafter provided for, due and payable on the preceding business day; (ii) when the last day of grace falls on any other non-business day, or when the last day of grace is a Sunday and the second day of grace is also a non-business day, the bill is due and payable on the succeeding business day. (b) Where a bill is payable at a fixed period after date, after sight, or after the happening of a specified event;, the time of payment is determined by excluding the day from which the time is to begin to run and by including the day of payment. (c) Where a bill is payable at a fixed period after sight the time begins to run from the date of the acceptance if the bill be accepted and from the date of noting or protest if the bill be noted or protested for non-acceptance or for non-delivery. (d) The term "month" in a bill means calendar month. - 13 Verify source ↗
Case of Need
AI-assisted research summary: The drawer or an endorser may name a person the holder can turn to if the bill is dishonoured, and the holder may choose whether to use that person.
Section 13—Case of Need. The drawer of a bill and any endorser may insert therein the name of a person to whom the holder may resort in case of need, that is to say, in case the bill is dishonoured by non- acceptance or non-payment. Such person is called the referee in case of need. It is in the option of the holder to resort to the referee in case of need or not as he may think fit. - 14 Verify source ↗
Optional Stipulations by Drawer or Indorser
AI-assisted research summary: The drawer of a bill or any endorser may add an express stipulation to limit or remove their liability to the holder, or to waive some or all of the holder’s duties toward them.
Section 14—Optional Stipulations by Drawer or Endorser. The drawer of a bill and any endorser may insert therein an express stipulation— (a) negativing or limiting own liability to the holder; (b) waiving as regards himself some or all of the holder's duties. 10 - 15 Verify source ↗
Definition and Requisites of Acceptance
AI-assisted research summary: A bill is accepted by the drawee assenting to the drawer’s order, and the acceptance is valid only if it is written on the bill, signed by the drawee, and does not promise performance by any means other than payment of money.
Section 15—Definition and Requisites of Acceptance. (1) The acceptance of a bill is the signification by the drawee of his assent to the order of the drawer. (2) An acceptance is invalid unless it complies with the following conditions, namely (a) It must be written on the bill and be signed by the drawee. The mere signature of the drawee without additional words is sufficient. (b) It must not express that the drawee will perform his promise by any other means than the payment of money. - 16 Verify source ↗
Time for Acceptance
AI-assisted research summary: A holder may be entitled to have a bill treated as accepted from the date it was first presented for acceptance, if the bill was dishonoured by non-acceptance and later accepted, unless there is a different agreement.
Section 16—Time for Acceptance. (1) A bill may be accepted— (a) before it has been signed by the drawer or while otherwise incomplete; (b) when it is overdue or after it has been dishonoured by a previous refusal to accept or by non-payment. (2) When a bill payable after sight is dishonoured by non-acceptance and the drawee subsequently accepts it the holder in the absence of any different agreement is entitled to have the bill accepted as of the date of first presentment to the drawee for acceptance. - 17 Verify source ↗
General and Qualified Acceptances
AI-assisted research summary: This section says an acceptance is either general or qualified.
Section 17—General and Qualified Acceptance. (1) An acceptance is either (a) general or (b) qualified. (2) A general acceptance assents without qualification to the order of the drawer. A qualified acceptance in express terms varies the effect of the bill as drawn. In particular an acceptance is qualified which is— (a) conditional, that is to say, which makes payment by the acceptor dependent on the fulfilment of a condition therein stated; (b) partial, that is to say, an acceptance to pay part only of the amount for which the bill is drawn; (c) local, that is to say, an acceptance to pay only at a particular specified place: an acceptance to pay at a particular place is a general acceptance unless it expressly states that the bill is to be paid there only and not elsewhere; (d) qualified as to time; (e) the acceptance of some one or more of the drawees, but not of all. - 18 Verify source ↗
Inchoate Instruments
AI-assisted research summary: A signed blank stamped paper can be completed as a bill, and a person in possession of an incomplete bill may fill in missing details.
Section 18—Inchoate Instrument. (1) Where a simple signature on a blank stamped paper is delivered by the signer in order that it may be converted into a bill, it operates as a prima facie authority to fill it up as a complete bill for any amount the stamp will cover, using the signature for that of the drawer, or the acceptor, or an endorser; and, in like manner, when a bill is wanting in any material particular, the person in possession of it has a prima facie authority to fill up the omission in any way he thinks fit. 11 (2) In order that any such instrument when completed may be enforceable against any person who became a party thereto prior to its completion, it must be filled up within a reasonable time, and strictly in accordance with the authority given. Reasonable time for this purpose is a question of fact: Provided that if any such instrument after completion is negotiated to a holder in due course it shall be valid and effectual for all purposes in his hands, and he may enforce it as if it had been filled up within a reasonable time and strictly in accordance with the authority given. - 19 Verify source ↗
Delivery. Capacity and Authority of Parties
AI-assisted research summary: A bill’s delivery is only effective if made by or under the authority of the drawer, acceptor, or endorser; delivery may also be shown to have been conditional or for a special purpose.
Section 19—Delivery. (1) Every contract on a bill, whether it be the drawer's, the acceptor's, or an endorser's, is incomplete and revocable, until delivery of the instrument in order to give effect thereto: Provided that where an acceptance is written on a bill, and the drawee gives notice to or according to the directions of the person entitled to the bill that he has accepted it, the acceptance then becomes complete and irrevocable. (2) As between immediate parties, and as regards a remote party other than a holder in due course, the delivery— (a) in order to be effectual must be made either by or under the authority of the party drawing, accepting, or endorsing, as the case may be; (b) may be shown to have been conditional or for a special purpose only, and not for the purpose of transferring the property in the bill. But if the bill be in the hands of a holder in due course a valid delivery of the bill by all parties prior to him so as to make them liable to him is conclusively presumed. (3) Where a bill is no longer in the possession of a party who has signed it as drawer, acceptor, or endorser, a valid and unconditional delivery by him is presumed until the contrary is proved. Capacity and Authority of Parties - 20 Verify source ↗
Capacity of Parties
AI-assisted research summary: Capacity to be liable on a bill matches capacity to contract, with a special limit for corporations. If an infant or an incapable corporation draws or endorses a bill, the holder can receive payment and enforce the bill against other parties.
Section 20—Capacity of Parties. (1) Capacity to incur liability as a party to a bill is co-extensive with capacity to contract: Provided that nothing in this section shall enable a corporation to make itself liable as a drawer, acceptor, or endorser of a bill unless it is competent to it so to do under the law for the time being in force relating to corporations. (2) Where a bill is drawn or endorsed by an infant, or corporation having no capacity or power to incur liability on a bill, the drawing or endorsement entitles the holder to receive payment of the bill, and to enforce it against any other party thereto. - 21 Verify source ↗
Signature Essential to Liability
AI-assisted research summary: A person is not liable as drawer, endorser, or acceptor of a bill unless the bill is signed as such.
Section 21—Signature Essential to Liability. No person is liable as drawer, endorser, or acceptor of a bill who has not signed it as such: Provided that— (a) where a person signs a bill in a trade or assumed name, he is liable thereon as if he had signed it in his own name; 12 (b) the signature of the name of a firm is equivalent to the signature by the person so signing of the names of all persons liable as partners in that firm. - 22 Verify source ↗
Forged or Unauthorised Signature. 2
AI-assisted research summary: A forged or unauthorised signature on a bill has no legal effect, and rights to keep, discharge, or enforce payment through it cannot be acquired, except where the other party is barred from relying on the forgery or lack of authority.
Section 22—Forged or Unauthorised Signature. Subject to the provisions of this Act, where a signature on a bill is forged or placed thereon without the authority of the person whose signature it purports to be, the forged or unauthorised signature is wholly inoperative, and no right to retain the bill or to give a discharge therefor or to enforce payment thereof against any party thereto can be acquired through or under that signature, unless the party against whom it is sought to retain or enforce payment of the bill is precluded from setting up the forgery or want of authority: Provided that nothing in this section shall affect the ratification of an unauthorised signature not amounting to a forgery. - 23 Verify source ↗
Procuration Signatures
AI-assisted research summary: A signature by procuration signals that the agent has limited authority to sign.
Section 23—Procuration Signatures. A signature by procuration operates as notice that the agent has but a limited authority to sign, and the principal is only bound by such signature if the agent in so signing was acting within the actual limits of his authority. - 24 Verify source ↗
Person Signing as Agent or in Representative Capacity. The Consideration for a Bill
AI-assisted research summary: A person who signs a bill as drawer, endorser, or acceptor may avoid personal liability if the signature clearly shows they are signing for a principal or in a representative capacity.
Section 24—Person Signing as Agent or in Representative Capacity. (1) Where a person signs a bill as drawer, endorser, or acceptor, and adds words to his signature, indicating that he signs for or on behalf of a principal, or in a representative character, he is not personally liable thereon; but the mere addition to his signature of words describing him as an agent, or as filling a representative character, does not exempt him from personal liability. (2) In determining whether a signature on a bill is that of the principal or that of the agent by whose hands it is written, the construction most favourable to the validity of the instrument shall be adopted. The Consideration for a Bill - 25 Verify source ↗
Value and Holder for Value
AI-assisted research summary: This section says what can count as value for a bill and when a holder is treated as a holder for value.
Section 25—Value and Holder for Value. (1) Valuable consideration for a bill may be constituted by— (a) any consideration sufficient to support a simple contract; (b) an antecedent debt or liability. Such a debt or liability is deemed valuable consideration whether the bill is payable on demand or at a future time. (2) Where value has at any time been given for a bill the holder is deemed to be a holder for value as regards the acceptor and all parties to the bill who become parties prior to such time. (3) Where the holder of a bill has a lien on it arising either from contract or by implication of law, he is deemed to be a holder for value to the extent of the sum for which he has a lien. - 26 Verify source ↗
Accommodation Bill or Party
AI-assisted research summary: A person who signs a bill as drawer, acceptor, or endorser without value, to lend their name to another person, is an accommodation party and is liable on the bill to a holder for value.
Section 26—Accommodation Bill or Party. (1) An accommodation party to a bill is a person who has signed a bill as drawer, acceptor, or endorser, without receiving value therefor, and for the purpose of lending his name to some other person. 13 (2) An accommodation party is liable on the bill to a holder for value; and it is immaterial whether, when such holder took the bill, he knew such party to be an accommodation party or not. - 27 Verify source ↗
Holder in Due Course
AI-assisted research summary: A holder becomes a holder in due course only if the bill is complete and regular, taken before it is overdue, without notice of dishonour, in good faith, and for value.
Section 27—Holder in Due Course. (1) A holder in due course is a holder who has taken a bill, complete and regular on the face of it, under the following conditions, namely— (a) that he became the holder of it before it was overdue, and without notice that it had been previously dishonoured, if such was the fact; [As amended by Bills of Exchange (Amendment) Decree, 1966 (NLCD 120)]. (b) that he took the bill in good faith and for value, and that at the time the bill was negotiated to him he had no notice of any defect in the title of the person who negotiated it. (2) In particular the title of a person who negotiates a bill is defective within the meaning of this Act when he obtains the bill, or the acceptance thereof, by fraud, duress, or force and fear, or other unlawful means, or for an illegal consideration, or when he negotiates it in breach of faith, or under such circumstances as amount to a fraud. (3) A holder (whether for value or not), who derives his title to a bill through a holder in due course, and who is not himself a party to any fraud or illegality affecting it, has all the rights of that holder in due course as regards the acceptor and all parties to the bill prior to that holder.Referenced legislation
- Bills of Exchange (Amendment) Decree, 1966 (NLCD 120)]. (unresolved)
- 28 Verify source ↗
Presumption of Value and Good Faith. Negotiation of Bills
AI-assisted research summary: A signed bill is presumed to have been taken for value, and a holder is presumed to be a holder in due course unless fraud, duress, force, fear, or illegality is shown.
Section 28—Presumption of Value and Good Faith. (1) Every party whose signature appears on a bill is prima facie deemed to have become a party thereto for value. (2) Every holder of a bill is prima facie deemed to be a holder in due course; but if in an action on a bill it is admitted or proved that the acceptance, issue, or subsequent negotiation of the bill is affected with fraud, duress, or force and fear, or illegality, the burden of proof is shifted unless and until the holder proves that, subsequent to the alleged fraud or illegality, value has in good faith been given for the bill. Negotiation of Bills - 29 Verify source ↗
Negotiation of Bill
AI-assisted research summary: This section explains when a bill is negotiated and how different kinds of bills are transferred.
Section 29—Negotiation of Bill. (1) A bill is negotiated when it is transferred from one person to another in such a manner as to constitute the transferee the holder of the bill. (2) A bill payable to bearer is negotiated by delivery. (3) A bill payable to order is negotiated by the endorsement of the holder completed by delivery. (4) Where the holder of a bill payable to his order transfers it for value without endorsing it, the transfer gives the transferee such title as the transferor had in the bill, and the transferee in addition acquires the right to have the endorsement of the transferor. (5) Where any person is under obligation to endorse a bill in a representative capacity, he may endorse the bill in such terms as to negative personal liability. 14 - 30 Verify source ↗
Requisites of a Valid Indorsement
AI-assisted research summary: An endorsement is only effective for negotiation if it is written and signed as required, covers the whole bill, and follows the rules for multiple payees and special cases.
Section 30—Requisites of a Valid Endorsement. An endorsement in order to operate as a negotiation must comply with the following conditions, namely— (a) It must be written on the bill itself and be signed by the endorser. The simple signature of the endorser on the bill, without additional words, is sufficient. An endorsement written on an allonge, or on a "copy" of a bill issued or negotiated in a country where "copies" are recognised, is deemed to be written on the bill itself. (b) It must be an endorsement of the entire bill. A partial endorsement, that is to say, an endorsement which purports to transfer to the endorsee a part only of the amount payable, or which purports to transfer the bill to two or more endorsees severally does not operate as a negotiation of the bill. (c) Where a bill is payable to the order of two or more payees or endorsees who are not partners, all must endorse, unless the one endorsing has authority to endorse for the others. (d) Where, in a bill payable to order, the payee or endorsee is wrongly designated or his name is mis-spelt, he may endorse the bill as therein described, adding, if he thinks fit, his proper signature. (e) Where there are two or more endorsements on a bill each endorsement is deemed to have been made in the order in which it appears on the bill, until the contrary is proved. (f) An endorsement may be made in blank or special. It may also contain terms making it restrictive. - 31 Verify source ↗
Conditional Indorsement
AI-assisted research summary: If a bill is conditionally endorsed, the payer may ignore the condition and payment to the endorsee remains valid even if the condition was not met.
Section 31—Conditional Endorsement. Where a bill purports to be endorsed conditionally the condition may be disregarded by the payer, and payment to the endorsee is valid whether the condition has been fulfilled or not. - 32 Verify source ↗
Indorsement in Blank and Special Indorsement
AI-assisted research summary: This section explains blank and special endorsements, and allows a holder to turn a blank endorsement into a special endorsement.
Section 32—Endorsement in Blank and Special Endorsement. (1) An endorsement in blank specifies no endorsee, and a bill so endorsed becomes payable to bearer. (2) A special endorsement specifies the person to whom, or to whose order, the bill is to be payable. (3) The provisions of this Act relating to a payee apply with the necessary modifications to an endorsee under a special endorsement. (4) When a bill has been endorsed in blank, any holder may convert the blank endorsement into a special endorsement by writing above the endorser's signature a direction to pay the bill to or to the order of himself or some other person. - 33 Verify source ↗
Restrictive Indorsement
AI-assisted research summary: A restrictive endorsement limits how a bill can be negotiated and gives the endorsee payment and lawsuit rights, but usually not the power to transfer those rights unless expressly allowed.
Section 33—Restrictive Endorsement. (1) An endorsement is restrictive which prohibits the further negotiation of the bill or which expresses that it is a mere authority to deal with the bill as thereby directed, and not a transfer of the ownership thereof, as, for example, if a bill be endorsed "Pay D. only," or Pay D. for the account of X.," or "Pay D. or order for collection." 15 (2) A restrictive endorsement gives the endorsee the right to receive payment of the bill and to sue any party thereto that his endorser could have sued, but gives him no power to transfer his rights as endorsee unless it expressly authorises him to do so. (3) Where a restrictive endorsement authorises further transfer, all subsequent endorsees take the bill with the same rights and subject to the same liabilities as the first endorsee under the restrictive endorsement. - 34 Verify source ↗
Negotiation of Overdue or Dishonoured Bill
AI-assisted research summary: This section explains when a bill remains negotiable, when an overdue or dishonoured bill affects title, and that a holder in due course is preserved in one case.
Section 34—Negotiation of Overdue or Dishonoured Bill. (1) Where a bill is negotiable in its origin it continues to be negotiable until it has been (a) restrictively endorsed, or (b) discharged by payment or otherwise. (2) Where an overdue bill is negotiated, it can only be negotiated subject to any defect of title affecting it at its maturity, and thenceforward no person who takes it can acquire or give a better title than that which the person from whom he took it had. (3) A bill payable on demand is deemed to be overdue within the meaning and for the purposes of this section when it appears on the face of it to have been in circulation for an unreasonable length of time. What is an unreasonable length of time for this purpose is a question of fact. (4) Except where an endorsement bears date after the maturity of the bill, every negotiation is prima facie deemed to have been effected before the bill was overdue. (5) Where a bill which is not overdue has been dishonoured any person who takes it with notice of the dishonour takes it subject to any defect of title attaching thereto at the time of dishonour, but nothing in this subsection shall affect the rights of a holder in due course. - 35 Verify source ↗
Negotiation of Bill to Party Already Liable Thereon
AI-assisted research summary: If a bill is negotiated back to the drawer, a prior endorser, or the acceptor, that party may re-issue or further negotiate it, but cannot enforce payment against an intervening party previously liable to them.
Section 35—Negotiation of Bill to Party Already Liable Thereon. Where a bill is negotiated back to the drawer, or to a prior endorser, or to the acceptor, such party may, subject to the provisions of this Act, re-issue and further negotiate the bill, but he is not entitled to enforce payment of the bill against any intervening party to whom he was previously liable. - 36 Verify source ↗
Rights of the Holder. General Duties of the Holder
AI-assisted research summary: A holder of a bill may sue in his own name, and a holder in due course may enforce payment and is protected from certain title defects and personal defences.
Section 36—Rights of the Holder. The rights and powers of the holder of a bill are as follows— (a) He may sue on the bill in his own name. (b) Where he is a holder in due course, he holds the bill free from any defect of title of prior parties, as well as from mere personal defences available to prior parties among themselves, and may enforce payment against all parties liable on the bill. (c) Where his title is defective (i) if he negotiates the bill to a holder in due course, that holder obtains a good and complete title to the bill, and (ii) if he obtains payment of the bill the person who pays him in due course gets a valid discharge for the bill. General Duties of the Holder - 37 Verify source ↗
When Presentment for Acceptance is Necessary
AI-assisted research summary: Some bills must be presented for acceptance before payment, and presentment for acceptance is necessary in certain cases to fix maturity or protect liability.
Section 37—When Presentments Acceptance is Necessary (1) Where a bill is payable after sight, presentment for acceptance is necessary in order to fix the maturity of the instrument. 16 (2) Where a bill expressly stipulates that it shall be presented for acceptance, or where a bill is drawn payable elsewhere than at the residence or place of business of the drawee, it must be presented for acceptance before it can be presented for payment. (3) In no other case is presentment for acceptance necessary in order to render liable any party to the bill. (4) Where the holder of a bill, drawn payable elsewhere than at the place of business or residence of the drawee, has not time, with the exercise of reasonable diligence, to present the bill for acceptance before presenting it for payment on the day that it falls due, the delay caused by presenting the bill for acceptance before presenting it for payment is excused, and does not discharge the drawer and the endorsers. - 38 Verify source ↗
Time for Presenting Bill Payable After Sight
AI-assisted research summary: When a bill payable after sight is negotiated, the holder must present it for acceptance or negotiate it within a reasonable time.
Section 38—Time for Presenting Bill Payable After Sight. (1) Subject to the provisions of this Act, when a bill payable after sight is negotiated, the holder must either present it for acceptance or negotiate it within a reasonable time. (2) If he does not do so, the drawer and all endorsers prior to the holder are discharged. (3) In determining what is a reasonable time within the meaning of this section, regard shall be had to the nature of the bill, the usage of trade with respect to similar bills, and the facts of the particular case. - 39 Verify source ↗
Rules as to Presentment for Acceptance, and Excuses for Non-presentment
AI-assisted research summary: A holder must present a bill for acceptance to the drawee, or an authorised person, at a reasonable hour on a business day and before it is overdue.
Section 39—Rules as to Presentment for Acceptance, and Excuses for Non-presentment. (1) A bill is duly presented for acceptance which is presented in accordance with the following rules— (a) the presentment must be made by or on behalf of the holder to the drawee or to some person authorised to accept or refuse acceptance on his behalf at a reasonable hour on a business day and before the bill is overdue; (b) where a bill is addressed to two or more drawees, who are not partners, presentment must be made to them all, unless one has authority to accept for all, then presentment may be made to him only; (c) where the drawee is dead presentment may be made to his personal representative; (d) where the drawee is insolvent presentment may be made to him or to his trustee; (e) where authorised by agreement or usage, a presentment through the post office is sufficient. (2) Presentment in accordance with these rules is excused, and a bill may be treated as dishonoured by non-acceptance— (a) where the drawee is dead, or insolvent, or is a fictitious person, or a person not having capacity to contract by bill; (b) where, after the exercise of reasonable diligence, such presentment cannot be effected; (c) where, although the presentment has been irregular, acceptance has been refused on some other grounds. (3) The fact that the holder has reason to believe that the bill on presentment will be dishonoured does not excuse presentment. 17 - 40 Verify source ↗
Non-acceptance
AI-assisted research summary: If a bill is properly presented for acceptance and is not accepted in the customary time, the presenter must treat it as dishonoured by non-acceptance.
Section 40—Non-acceptance. When a bill is duly presented for acceptance and is not accepted within the customary time, the person presenting it must treat it as dishonoured by non-acceptance. If he does not the holder shall lose his right of recourse against the drawer and endorsers. - 41 Verify source ↗
Dishonour by Non-acceptance and its Consequences
AI-assisted research summary: A bill is dishonoured by non-acceptance if acceptance is refused or cannot be obtained after proper presentment, or if presentment is excused and the bill is not accepted.
Section 41—Dishonour by Non-acceptance and Its Consequence. (1) A bill is dishonoured by non-acceptance— (a) when it is duly presented for acceptance, and such an acceptance as is prescribed by this Act is refused or cannot be obtained; or (b) when presentment for acceptance is excused and the bill is not accepted. (2) Subject to the provisions of this Act, when a bill is dishonoured by non-acceptance, an immediate right of recourse against the drawer and endorsers accrues to the holder, and no presentment for payment is necessary. - 42 Verify source ↗
Duties as to Qualified Acceptances
AI-assisted research summary: The holder of a bill may refuse a qualified acceptance and may treat the bill as dishonoured if an unqualified acceptance is not obtained.
Section 42—Duties as to Qualified Acceptances. (1) The holder of a bill may refuse to take a qualified acceptance, and if he does not obtain an unqualified acceptance may treat the bill as dishonoured by non-acceptance. (2) Where a qualified acceptance is taken, and the drawer or an endorser has not expressly or impliedly authorised the holder to take a qualified acceptance, or does not subsequently assent thereto, such drawer or endorser is discharged from his liability on the bill. The provisions of this subsection do not apply to a partial acceptance, whereof due notice has been given. Where a foreign bill has been accepted as to part, it must be protested as to the balance. (3) When the drawer or endorser of a bill receives notice of a qualified acceptance, and does not within a reasonable time express his dissent to the holder he shall be deemed to have assented thereto. - 43 Verify source ↗
Rules as to Presentment for Payment
AI-assisted research summary: A bill must be properly presented for payment, and the section sets the time, place, and person who must make presentment.
Section 43—Rules as to Presentment for Payment. (1) Subject to the provisions of this Act, a bill must be duly presented for payment. If it be not so presented the drawer and the endorsers shall be discharged. (2) A bill is duly presented for payment which is presented in accordance with the following rules (a) Where the bill is not payable on demand, presentment must be made on the day it falls due. (b) Where the bill is payable on demand, then, subject to the provisions of this Act, presentment must be made within a reasonable time after its issue in order to render the drawer liable, and within a reasonable time after its endorsement, in order to render the endorser liable. In determining what is a reasonable time, regard shall be had to the nature of the bill, the usage of trade with regard to similar bills, and the facts of the particular case. (c) Presentment must be made by the holder or by some person authorised to receive payment on his behalf at a reasonable hour on a business day, at the proper place as hereinafter defined, either to the person designated by the bill as payer, or to some person authorised to pay or 18 refuse payment on his behalf if with the exercise of reasonable diligence such person can there be found. (d) A bill is presented at the proper place - (i) Where a place of payment is specified in the bill and the bill is there presented. (ii) Where no place of payment is specified, but the address of drawee or acceptor is given in the bill, and the bill is there presented. (iii) Where no place of payment is specified and no address given, and the bill is presented at the drawee's or acceptor's place of business if known, and, if not, at his ordinary residence if known. (iv) In any other case if presented to the drawee or acceptor wherever he can be found, or if presented at his last known place of business or residence. (e) Where a bill is presented at the proper place, and after the exercise of reasonable diligence no person authorised to pay or refuse payment can be found there, no further presentment to the drawee or acceptor is required. (f) Where a bill is drawn upon, or accepted by two or more persons who are not partners, and no place of payment is specified, presentment must be made to them all. (g) Where the drawee or acceptor of a bill is dead, and no place of payment is specified, presentment must be made to a personal representative, if such there be, and with the exercise of reasonable diligence he can be found. (h) Where authorised by agreement or usage a presentment through the post office is sufficient. - 44 Verify source ↗
Excuses for Delay or Non-presentment for Payment
AI-assisted research summary: The holder may be excused for delayed presentment for payment in limited cases, but must present the bill with reasonable diligence once the delay ends.
Section 44—Excuses for Delay or Non-presentment for Payment. (1) Delay in making presentment for payment is excused when the delay is caused by circumstances beyond the control of the holder, and not imputable to his default, misconduct, or negligence. When the cause of delay ceases to operate presentment must be made with reasonable diligence. (2) Presentment for payment is dispensed with— (a) Where after the exercise of reasonable diligence presentment, as required by this Act, cannot be effected. The fact that the holder has reason to believe that the bill will, on presentment, be dishonoured, does not dispense with the necessity for presentment. (b) Where the drawee is a fictitious person. (c) As regards the drawer where the drawee or acceptor is not bound, as between himself and the drawer, to accept or pay the bill, and the drawer has no reason to believe that the bill would be paid if presented. (d) As regards an endorser, where the bill was accepted or made for the accommodation of that endorser, and he has no reason to expect that the bill would be paid if presented. (e) By waiver of presentment, express or implied. - 45 Verify source ↗
Dishonour by Non-payment
AI-assisted research summary: A bill is treated as dishonoured for non-payment if payment is refused or cannot be obtained on proper presentment, or if presentment is excused and the bill is overdue and unpaid.
Section 45—Dishonour by Non-payment. 19 (1) A bill is dishonoured by non-payment (a) when it is duly presented for payment and payment is refused or cannot be obtained, or (b) when presentment is excused and the bill is overdue and unpaid. (2) Subject to the provisions of this Act, when a bill is dishonoured by non-payment, an immediate right or recourse against the drawer and endorsers accrues to the holder. - 46 Verify source ↗
Notice of Dishonour and Effect of Non-notice
AI-assisted research summary: If a bill is dishonoured by non-acceptance or non-payment, notice must be given to the drawer and each endorser.
Section 46—Notice of Dishonour and Effect of Non-notice. Subject to the provisions of this Act, when a bill has been dishonoured by non-acceptance or by non-payment, notice of dishonour must be given to the drawer and each endorser, and any drawer or endorser to whom such notice is not given is discharged: Provided that— (a) Where a bill is dishonoured by non-acceptance, and notice of dishonour is not given, the rights of a holder in due course subsequent to the omission, shall not be prejudiced by the omission. (b) Where a bill is dishonoured by non-acceptance, and due notice of dishonour is given, it shall not be necessary to give notice of a subsequent dishonour by non-payment unless the bill shall in the meantime have been accepted. - 47 Verify source ↗
Rules as to Notice of Dishonour
AI-assisted research summary: Notice of dishonour must be given according to specific rules about who may give it, who must receive it, and when it must be sent.
Section 47—Rules as to Notice of Dishonour. Notice of dishonour in order to be valid and effectual must be given in accordance with the following rules— (a) The notice must be given by or on behalf of the holder, or by or on behalf of an endorser who, at the time of giving it, is himself liable on the bill. (b) Notice of dishonour may be given by an agent either in his own name or in the name of any party entitled to give notice whether that party be his principal or not. (c) Where the notice is given by or on behalf of the holder, it enures for the benefit of all subsequent holders and all prior endorsers who have a right of recourse against the party to whom it is given. (d) Where notice is given by or on behalf of an endorser entitled to give notice as hereinbefore provided, it enures for the benefit of the holder and all endorsers subsequent to the party to whom notice is given. (e) The notice may be given in writing or by personal communication, and may be given in any terms which sufficiently identify the bill, and intimate that the bill has been dishonoured by non-acceptance or non-payment. (f) The return of a dishonoured bill to the drawer or an endorser is, in point of form, deemed a sufficient notice of dishonour. (g) A written notice need not be signed, and an insufficient written notice may be supplemented and validated by verbal communication. A mis-description of the bill shall not vitiate the notice unless the party to whom the notice is given is in fact misled thereby. (h) Where notice of dishonour is required to be given to any person, it may be given either to the party himself, or to his agent in that behalf. 20 (i) Where the drawer or endorser is dead, and the party giving notice knows it, the notice must be given to a personal representative if such there be, and with the exercise of reasonable diligence he can be found. (j) Where the drawer or endorser is insolvent, notice may be given either to the party himself or to the trustee. (k) Where there are two or more drawers or endorsers who are not partners, notice must be given to each of them, unless one of them has authority to receive such notice for the others. (l) The notice may be given as soon as the bill is dishonoured and must be given within a reasonable time thereafter. In the absence of special circumstances notice is not deemed to have been given within a reasonable time unless— (i) Where the person giving and the person to receive notice reside in the same place, the notice is given or sent off in time to reach the latter on the day after the dishonour of the bill. (ii) Where the person giving and the person to receive notice reside in different places, the notice is sent off on the day after the dishonour of the bill, if there be a post at a convenient hour on the day, and if there be no such post on that day then by the next post thereafter. (m) Where a bill when dishonoured is in the hands of an agent, he may either himself give notice to the parties liable on the bill, or he may give notice to his principal. If he gives notice to his principal, he must do so within the same time as if he were the holder, and the principal upon receipt of such notice has himself the same time for giving notice as if the agent had been an independent holder. (n) Where a party to a bill receives due notice of dishonour, he has after the receipt of such notice the same period of time for giving notice to antecedent parties that the holder has after the dishonour. (o) Where a notice of dishonour is duly addressed and posted, the sender is deemed to have given due notice of dishonour, notwithstanding any miscarriage by the post office. - 48 Verify source ↗
Excuses for Non-notice and Delay
AI-assisted research summary: This section excuses late or omitted notice of dishonour in specified cases, and requires notice to be given with reasonable diligence once the delay ends.
Section 48—Excuses for Non-notice and Delay. (1) Delay in giving notice of dishonour is excused where the delay is caused by circumstances beyond the control of the party giving notice, and not imputable to his default, misconduct, or negligence. When the cause of delay ceases to operate the notice must be given with reasonable diligence. (2) Notice of dishonour is dispensed with— (a) when, after the exercise of reasonable diligence, notice as required by this Act cannot be given to or does not reach the drawer or endorser sought to be charged; (b) by waiver express or implied. Notice of dishonour may be waived before the time of giving notice has arrived, or after the omission to give due notice; (c) as regards the drawer in the following cases, namely (i) where drawer and drawee are the same person; 21 (ii) where the drawee is a fictitious person or a person not having capacity to contract; (iii) where the drawer is the person to whom the bill is presented for payment; (iv) where the drawee or acceptor is as between himself and the drawer under no obligation to accept or pay the bill; (v) where the drawer has countermanded payment; (d) as regards the endorser in the following cases, namely— (i) where the drawee is a fictitious person or a person not having the capacity to contract and the endorser was aware of the fact at the time he endorsed the bill; (ii) where the endorser is the person to whom the bill is presented for payment; (iii) where the bill was accepted or made for his accommodation. - 49 Verify source ↗
Noting or Protest of Bill
AI-assisted research summary: This section says when bills of exchange may or must be noted or protested after dishonour, and where and when protest must be done.
Section 49—Noting or Protest of Bill. (1) Where an inland bill has been dishonoured it may, if the holder thinks fit, be noted for non- acceptance or non-payment, as the case may be; but it shall not be necessary to note or protest any such bill in order to preserve the recourse against the drawer or endorser. (2) Where a foreign bill, appearing on the face of it to be such, has been dishonoured by non- acceptance it must be duly protested for non-acceptance, and where such a bill, which has not been previously dishonoured by non-acceptance, is dishonoured by non-payment it must be duly protested for non-payment. If it be not so protested the drawer and endorsers are discharged. Where a bill does not appear on the face of it to be a foreign bill, protest thereof in case of dishonour is unnecessary. (3) A bill which has been protested for non-acceptance may be subsequently protested for non- payment. (4) Subject to the provisions of this Act, when a bill is noted or protested, it may be noted on the day of its dishonour and must be noted not later than the next succeeding business day. When a bill has been duly noted, the protest may be subsequently extended as of the date of the noting. (5) Where the acceptor of a bill becomes insolvent or suspends payment before it matures, the holder may cause the bill to be protested for better security against the drawer and endorsers. (6) A bill must be protested at the place where it is dishonoured: Provided that— (a) when a bill is presented through the post office, and returned by post dishonoured, it may be protested at the place to which it is returned and on the day of its return if received during business hours, and if not received during business hours, then not later than the next business day; (b) when a bill drawn payable at the place of business or residence of some person other than the drawee, has been dishonoured by non-acceptance it must be protested for non-payment at the place where it is expressed to be payable, and no further presentments for payment to, or demand on, the drawee is necessary. 22 (7) A protest must contain a copy of the bill, and must be signed by the notary making it, and must specify— (a) the person at whose request the bill is protested; (b) the place and date of protest, the cause or reason for protesting the bill, the demand made, and the answer given, if any, or the fact that the drawee or acceptor could not be found. (8) Where a bill is lost or destroyed, or is wrongly detained from the person entitled to hold it, protest may be made on a copy or written particulars thereof. (9) Protest is dispensed with by any circumstances which would dispense with notice of dishonour. Delay in noting or protesting is excused when the delay is caused by circumstances beyond the control of the holder, and not imputable to his default, misconduct, or negligence. When the cause of delay ceases to operate the bill must be noted or protested with reasonable diligence. - 50 Verify source ↗
Duties of Holder as Regards Drawee or Acceptor. 3 Liabilities of Parties
AI-assisted research summary: A bill holder who presents a bill for payment must show the bill to the person demanding payment, and must hand it over to the payer once it is paid.
Section 50—Duties of Holder as Regards Acceptor. (1) When a bill is accepted generally presentment for payment is not necessary in order to render the acceptor liable. (2) When by the terms of a qualified acceptance presentment for payment is required, the acceptor, in the absence of an express stipulation to that effect, is not discharged by the omission to present the bill for payment on the day it matures. (3) In order to render the acceptor of a bill liable it is not necessary to protest it, or that notice of dishonour should be given to him. (4) Where the holder of a bill presents it for payment, he shall exhibit the bill to the person from whom he demands payment, and when a bill is paid the holder shall forthwith deliver it up to the party paying it. Liabilities of Parties - 51 Verify source ↗
Funds in Hands of Drawee
AI-assisted research summary: A bill by itself does not assign funds held by the drawee, and a drawee who does not accept as required is not liable on the bill.
Section 51—Funds in Hands of Drawee. A bill, of itself, does not operate as an assignment of funds in the hands of the drawee available for the payment thereof, and the drawee of a bill who does not accept as required by this Act is not liable on the instrument. - 52 Verify source ↗
Liability of Acceptor
AI-assisted research summary: An acceptor of a bill must pay it as accepted and cannot deny certain facts about the drawer or endorsement to a holder in due course.
Section 52—Liability of Acceptor. The acceptor of a bill by accepting it— (a) engages that he will pay it according to the tenor of his acceptance; (b) is precluded from denying to a holder in due course— (i) the existence of the drawer, the genuineness of his signature, and his capacity and authority to draw the bill; (ii) in the case of a bill payable to drawer's order the then capacity of the drawer to endorse, but not the genuineness or validity of his endorsement; 23 (iii) in the case of a bill payable to the order of a third person, the existence of the payee and his then capacity to endorse, but not the genuineness or validity of his endorsement. - 53 Verify source ↗
Liability of Drawer or Indorser
AI-assisted research summary: A drawer or endorser of a bill may have to pay compensation if the bill is dishonoured, and they cannot deny certain facts to protected holders.
Section 53—Liability of Drawer or Endorser. (1) The drawer of a bill by drawing it— (a) engages that on due presentment it shall be accepted and paid according to its tenor, and that if it be dishonoured he will compensate the holder or any endorser who is compelled to pay it, provided that the requisite proceedings on dishonour be duly taken; (b) is precluded from denying to a holder in due course the existence of the payee and his then capacity to endorse. (2) The endorser of a bill by endorsing it— (a) engages that on due presentment it shall be accepted and paid according to its tenor, and that if it be dishonoured he will compensate the holder or a subsequent endorser who is compelled to pay it, provided that the requisite proceedings on dishonour be duly taken; (b) is precluded from denying to a holder in due course the genuineness and regularity in all respects of the drawer's signature and all previous endorsements; (c) is precluded from denying to his immediate or a subsequent endorsee that the bill was at the time of his endorsement a valid and subsisting bill, and that he had then a good title thereto. - 54 Verify source ↗
Stranger Signing Bill Liable as Indorser
AI-assisted research summary: A person who signs a bill as neither drawer nor acceptor is liable as an endorser to a holder in due course.
Section 54—Stranger Signing Bill Liable as Endorser. Where a person signs a bill otherwise than as drawer or acceptor, he thereby incurs the liabilities of an endorser to a holder in due course. - 55 Verify source ↗
Measure of Damages Against Parties to Dishonoured Bill
AI-assisted research summary: If a bill is dishonoured, the holder or a paying drawer/endorser may recover specified damages, including the bill amount, interest, and certain expenses; dishonoured abroad bills use a re-exchange rule.
Section 55—Measure of Damages Against Parties to Dishonoured Bill. Where a bill is dishonoured, the measure of damages, which shall be deemed to be liquidated damages, shall be as follows— (a) The holder may recover from any party liable on the bill, and the drawer who has been compelled to pay the bill may recover from the acceptor, and an endorser who has been compelled to pay the bill may recover from the acceptor or from the drawer, or from a prior endorser— (i) the amount of the bill; (ii) interest thereon from the time of presentment for payment if the bill is payable on demand, and from the maturity of the bill in any other case; (iii) the expenses of noting, or, when protest is necessary, and the protest has been extended, the expenses of protest. (b) In the case of a bill which has been dishonoured abroad, in lieu of the above damages, the holder may recover from the drawer or an endorser, and the drawer or an endorser who has been compelled to pay the bill may recover from any party liable to him the amount of the re- exchange with interest thereon until the time of payment. 24 (c) Where by this Act interest may be recovered as damages, such interest may, if justice require it, be withheld wholly or in part, and where a bill is expressed to be payable with interest at a given rate, interest as damages may or may not be given at the same rate as interest proper. - 56 Verify source ↗
Transferor by Delivery and Transferee. Discharge of Bill
AI-assisted research summary: A bearer bill transferred by delivery without endorsement makes the transferor a “transferor by delivery”; that transferor is not liable on the instrument and gives warranties to the immediate transferee for value.
Section 56—Transferor by Delivery and Transferee. (1) Where the holder of a bill payable to bearer negotiates it by delivery without endorsing it, he is called a "transferor by delivery". (2) A transferor by delivery is not liable on the instrument. (3) A transferor by delivery who negotiates a bill thereby warrants to his immediate transferee being a holder for value that the bill is what it purports to be, that he has a right to transfer it, and that at the time of transfer he is not aware of any fact which renders it valueless. Discharge of Bill - 57 Verify source ↗
Payment in Due Course
AI-assisted research summary: A bill is discharged if paid in due course by the drawee, acceptor, or party accommodated; other payers get limited follow-on rights.
Section 57—Payment in Due Course. (1) A bill is discharged by payment in due course by or on behalf of the drawee or acceptor. "Payment in due course" means payment made at or after the maturity of the bill to the holder thereof in good faith and without notice that his title to the bill is defective. (2) Subject to the provisions hereinafter contained, when a bill is paid by the drawer or an endorser it is not discharged; but— (a) where a bill payable to, or to the order of, a third party is paid by the drawer, the drawer may enforce payment thereof against the acceptor, but may not re-issue the bill; (b) where a bill is paid by an endorser, or where a bill payable to drawer's order is paid by the drawer, the party paying it is remitted to his former rights as regards the acceptor or antecedent parties, and he may, if he thinks fit, strike out his own and subsequent endorsements, and again negotiate the bill. (3) Where an accommodation bill is paid in due course by the party accommodated the bill is discharged. - 58 Verify source ↗
Banker Paying Demand Draft Whereon Indorsement is Forged
AI-assisted research summary: A banker paying a demand bill in good faith and in the ordinary course of business does not have to prove the endorsements were authorized, even if an endorsement was forged.
Section 58—Banker Paying Demand Draft Whereon Endorsement is Forged. When a bill payable to order on demand is drawn on a banker, and the banker on whom it is drawn pays the bill in good faith and in the ordinary course of business, it is not incumbent on the banker to show that the endorsement of the payee or any subsequent endorsement was made by or under the authority of the person whose endorsement it purports to be, and the banker is deemed to have paid the bill in due course, although such endorsement has been forged or made without authority. - 59 Verify source ↗
Sufficient Authority to pay Draft on Bankers without Proof of Indorsement
AI-assisted research summary: A banker may pay a presented draft or order to the bearer if it appears endorsed by the payee, and the banker does not have to prove the endorsement was authorized.
Section 59—Sufficient Authority to Pay Draft on Bankers Without Proof of Indorsement. Any draft or order drawn whether in or out of Ghana upon a banker whether in or out of Ghana for a sum of money payable to order on demand or at some other time which shall, when presented for payment, purport to be endorsed by the person to whom the same shall be drawn payable, shall be a sufficient authority to such banker to pay the amount of such draft or order to the bearer thereof; and it shall not be incumbent on such banker to prove that such endorsement, or any subsequent endorsement, was made by or under the direction or authority 25 of the person to whom the said draft or order was or is made payable either by the drawer or any endorser thereof. - 60 Verify source ↗
Acceptor the Dolder at Maturity
AI-assisted research summary: If the acceptor of a bill becomes the holder of the bill at or after maturity in his own right, the bill is discharged.
Section 60—Acceptor the Holder at Maturity. When the acceptor of a bill is or becomes the holder of it at or after its maturity, in his own right, the bill is discharged. - 61 Verify source ↗
Express Waiver
AI-assisted research summary: A holder can renounce rights or liabilities on a bill, and an absolute, unconditional renunciation can discharge the bill; the renunciation must be in writing unless the bill is handed to the acceptor.
Section 61—Express Waiver. (1) When the holder of a bill at or after its maturity absolutely and unconditionally renounces his rights against the acceptor, the bill is discharged. The renunciation must be in writing, unless the bill is delivered up to the acceptor. (2) The liabilities of any party to a bill may in like manner be renounced by the holder before, at, or after its maturity, but nothing in this section shall affect the rights of a holder in due course without notice of the renunciation. - 62 Verify source ↗
Cancellation
AI-assisted research summary: A bill is discharged if the holder or the holder’s agent intentionally cancels it and the cancellation is apparent.
Section 62—Cancellation. (1) Where a bill is intentionally cancelled by the holder or his agent, and the cancellation is apparent thereon, the bill is discharged. (2) In like manner any party liable on a bill may be discharged by the intentional cancellation of his signature by the holder or his agent. In such case any endorser who would have had a right of recourse against the party whose signature is cancelled, is also discharged. (3) A cancellation made unintentionally, or under a mistake, or without the authority of the holder is inoperative; but where a bill or any signature thereon appears to have been cancelled, the burden of proof lies on the party who alleges that the cancellation was made unintentionally, or under a mistake, or without authority. - 63 Verify source ↗
Alteration of Bill. Acceptance and Payment for Honour
AI-assisted research summary: A materially altered bill is generally avoided unless all liable parties assented; a holder in due course can still rely on an unapparently altered bill.
Section 63—Alteration of Bill. (1) Where a bill or acceptance is materially altered without the assent of all parties liable on the bill, the bill is avoided except as against a party who has himself made, authorised, or assented to the alteration, and subsequent endorsers: Provided that where a bill has been materially altered, but the alteration is not apparent, and the bill is in the hands of a holder in due course, such holder may avail himself of the bill as if it had not been altered, and may enforce payment of it according to its original tenor. (2) In particular the following alterations are material, namely, any alteration of the date, the sum payable, the time of payment, the place of payment, and, where a bill has been accepted generally, the addition of a place of payment without the acceptor's assent. Acceptance and Payment for Honour - 64 Verify source ↗
Acceptance for Honour Supra Protest
AI-assisted research summary: A person who is not already liable on a protested bill may, with the holder’s consent and if the bill is not overdue, accept it supra protest for honour. That acceptance is valid only if written on the bill, states that it is an acceptance for honour, and is signed by the acceptor for honour.
Section 64—Acceptance for Honour Supra Protest. (1) Where a bill of exchange has been protested for dishonour by non-acceptance, or protested for better security, and is not overdue, any person, not being a party already liable thereon, may, with the consent of the holder, intervene and accept the bill supra protest, for the honour of any party liable thereon, or for the honour of the person for whose account the bill is drawn. 26 (2) A bill may be accepted for honour for part only of the sum for which it is drawn. (3) An acceptance for honour supra protest in order to be valid must— (a) be written on the bill, and indicate that it is an acceptance for honour; (b) be signed by the acceptor for honour. (4) Where an acceptance for honour does not expressly state for whose honour it is made, it is deemed to be an acceptance for the honour of the drawer. (5) Where a bill payable after sight is accepted for honour, its maturity is calculated from the date of the noting for non-acceptance, and not from the date of the acceptance for honour. - 65 Verify source ↗
Liability of Acceptor for Honour
AI-assisted research summary: An acceptor for honour must pay the bill on due presentment if the drawee does not pay, provided the bill was duly presented, protested for non-payment, and notice was received.
Section 65—Liability of Acceptor for Honour. (1) The acceptor for honour of a bill by accepting it engages that he will, on due presentment, pay the bill according to the tenor of his acceptance, if it is not paid by the drawee, provided it has been duly presented for payment, and protested for non-payment, and that he receives notice of these facts. (2) The acceptor for honour is liable to the holder and to all parties to the bill subsequent to the party for whose honour he has accepted. - 66 Verify source ↗
Presentment to Acceptor for Honour
AI-assisted research summary: A dishonoured bill must be protested before it is presented to the acceptor for honour, and presentment must be made or forwarded by the day after maturity.
Section 66—Presentment to Acceptor for Honour. (1) Where a dishonoured bill has been accepted for honour supra protest, or contains a reference in case of need, it must be protested for non-payment before it is presented for payment to the acceptor for honour, or referee in case of need. (2) Where the address of the acceptor for honour is in the same place where the bill is protested for non-payment, the bill must be presented to him not later than the day following its maturity, and where the address of the acceptor for honour is in some place other than the place where it was protested for non-payment, the bill must be forwarded not later than the day following its maturity for presentment to him. (3) Delay in presentment or non-presentment is excused by any circumstance which would excuse delay in presentment for payment or non-presentment for payment. (4) When a bill of exchange is dishonoured by the acceptor for honour it must be protested for non-payment by him. - 67 Verify source ↗
Payment for Honour Supra Protest. Lost Instruments
AI-assisted research summary: A person may pay a protested bill for another party’s honour, and the payer can later get the bill and protest if they pay the amount and related notarial expenses.
Section 67—Payment for Honour Supra Protest. (1) Where a bill has been protested for non-payment any person may intervene and pay it supra protest for the honour of any party liable thereon, or for the honour of the person for whose account the bill is drawn. (2) Where two or more persons offer to pay a bill for the honour of different parties, the person whose payment will discharge most parties to the bill shall have the preference. (3) Payment for honour supra protest, in order to operate as such and not as a mere voluntary payment, must be attested by a notarial act of honour which may be appended to the protest or form an extension of it. 27 (4) The notarial act of honour must be founded on a declaration made by the payer for honour, or his agent in that behalf, declaring his intention to pay the bill for honour, and for whose honour he pays. (5) Where a bill has been paid for honour, all parties subsequent to the party for whose honour it is paid are discharged, but the payer for honour is subrogated for, and succeeds to both the rights and duties of, the holder as regards the party for whose honour he pays and all parties liable to that party. (6) The payer for honour on paying to the holder the amount of the bill and the notarial expenses incidental to its dishonour is entitled to receive both the bill itself and the protest. If the holder does not on demand deliver them up he shall be liable to the payer for honour in damages. (7) Where the holder of a bill refuses to receive payment supra protest he shall lose his right of recourse against any party who would have been discharged by such payment. Lost Instruments - 68 Verify source ↗
Holder's Right to Duplicate of Lost Bill
AI-assisted research summary: If a bill is lost before it is overdue, the former holder may ask the drawer for a duplicate, and may need to give security if required.
Section 68—Holder's Right to Duplicate of Lost Bill. (1) Where a bill has been lost before it is overdue, the person who was the holder of it may apply for the drawer to give him another bill of the same tenor, giving security to the drawer if required to indemnify him against all persons whatever in case the bill alleged to have been lost shall be found again. (2) If the drawer on request as aforesaid refuses to give such duplicate bill he may be compelled to do so. - 69 Verify source ↗
Action on Lost Bill. Bill in a Set
AI-assisted research summary: In an action or proceeding on a bill, the court may order that the loss of the instrument cannot be raised as an issue if indemnity is given to the court’s satisfaction.
Section 69—Action on Lost Bill. In any action or proceeding upon a bill, the Court may order that the loss of the instrument shall not be set up, provided that an indemnity be given to the satisfaction of the Court against the claims of any other person upon the instrument in question. Bill in a Set - 70 Verify source ↗
Rules as to Sets. Conflict of Laws
AI-assisted research summary: Rules for bills drawn in a set: the parts count as one bill, acceptance must be on one part only, and certain parties may be liable if different parts are endorsed, negotiated, accepted, or paid in conflicting ways.
Section 70—Rules as to Sets. (1) Where a bill is drawn in a set, each part of the set being numbered, and containing a reference to the other parts, the whole of the parts constitutes one bill. (2) Where the holder of a set endorses two or more parts to different persons, he is liable on every such part, and every endorser subsequent to him is liable on the part he has himself endorsed as if the parts were separate bills. (3) Where two or more parts of a set are negotiated to different holders in due course, the holder whose title first accrues is as between such holders deemed the true owner of the bill; but nothing in this subsection shall affect the rights of a person who in due course accepts or pays the part first presented to him. (4) The acceptance may be written on any part, and it must be written on one part only. If the drawee accepts more than one part, and such accepted parts get into the hands of different holders in due course, he is liable on every such part as if it were a separate bill. 28 (5) When the acceptor of a bill drawn in a set pays it without requiring the part bearing his acceptance to be delivered up to him, and that part at maturity is outstanding in the hands of a holder in due course, he is liable to the holder thereof. (6) Subject to the preceding rules, where any one part of a bill drawn in a set is discharged by payment or otherwise, the whole bill is discharged. Conflict of Laws - 71 Verify source ↗
Rules Where Laws Conflict. PART II—CHEQUES AND SIMILAR INSTRUMENTS Cheques on a Banker
AI-assisted research summary: This section says which country’s law controls different issues for bills drawn in one country and used in another.
Section 71—Rules where Laws Conflict. Where a bill drawn in one country is negotiated, accepted, or payable in another, the rights, duties, and liabilities of the parties thereto are determined as follows— (a) The validity of a bill as regards requisites in form is determined by the law of the place of issue, and the validity as regards requisites in form of the supervening contracts, such as acceptance, or endorsement, or acceptance supra protest, is determined by the law of the place where such contract was made: Provided that— (i) where a bill is issued out of Ghana it is not invalid by reason only that it is not stamped in accordance with the law of the place of issue; (ii) where a bill issued out of Ghana conforms, as regards requisites in form, to the law of Ghana, it may for the purpose of enforcing payment there, be treated as valid as between all persons who negotiate, hold, or become parties to it in Ghana. (b) Subject to the provisions of this Act, the interpretation of the drawing, endorsement, acceptance, or acceptance supra protest of a bill, is determined by the law of the place where such contract is made: Provided that where an inland bill is endorsed in a foreign country the endorsement shall as regards the payer be interpreted according to the law of Ghana. (c) The duties of the holder with respect to presentment for acceptance or payment and the necessity for or sufficiency of a protest or notice of dishonour, or otherwise, are determined by the law of the place where the act is done or the bill is dishonoured. (d) Where a bill is drawn out of but payable in Ghana and the sum payable is not expressed in the currency of Ghana, the amount shall, in the absence of some expressed stipulation, be calculated according to the rate of exchange for sight drafts at the place of payment on the day the bill is payable. (e) Where a bill is drawn in one country and is payable in another, the due date thereof is determined according to the law of the place where it is payable. PART II—CHEQUES AND SIMILAR INSTRUMENTS Cheques on a Banker - 72 Verify source ↗
Cheque Defined
AI-assisted research summary: A cheque is defined as a bill of exchange drawn on a banker and payable on demand.
Section 72—Cheque Defined. 29 A cheque is a bill of exchange drawn on a banker payable on demand. Except as otherwise provided in this Part, the provisions of this Act applicable to a bill of exchange payable on demand apply to a cheque. - 73 Verify source ↗
Presentment of Cheque for Payment. 4
AI-assisted research summary: A cheque should be presented within a reasonable time; delay can discharge the drawer/person to the extent of actual damage, and the cheque holder can recover that amount from the banker.
Section 73—Presentment of Cheque for Payment. Subject to the provisions of this Act— (a) Where a cheque is not presented for payment within a reasonable time of its issue, and the drawer or the person on whose account it is drawn had the right at the time of such presentment as between him and the banker to have the cheque paid and suffers actual damage through the delay, he is discharged to the extent of such damage, that is to say, to the extent to which such drawer or person is a creditor of such banker to a larger amount than he would have been had such cheque been paid. (b) In determining what is a reasonable time regard shall be had to the nature of the instrument, the usage of trade and of bankers, and the facts of the particular case. (c) The holder of such cheque as to which such drawer or person is discharged shall be a creditor, in lieu of such drawer or person, of such banker to the extent of such discharge, and entitled to recover the amount from him. - 74 Verify source ↗
Revocation of Banker's Authority. Crossed Cheques
AI-assisted research summary: A banker’s duty and authority to pay a customer’s cheque depend on countermand of payment or notice of the customer’s death.
Section 74—Revocation of Banker's Authority. The duty and authority of a banker to pay a cheque drawn on him by his customer are determined by— (a) countermand of payment; (b) notice of the customer's death. Crossed Cheques - 75 Verify source ↗
General and Special Crossings Defined
AI-assisted research summary: This section defines when a cheque is crossed generally or specially.
Section 75—General and Special Crossing Defined (1) Where a cheque bears across its face an addition of— (a) the words "and company" or any abbreviation thereof between two parallel transverse lines, either with or without the words "not negotiable"; or (b) two parallel transverse lines simply, either with or without the words "not negotiable," that addition constitutes a crossing, and the cheque is crossed generally. (2) Where a cheque bears across its face an addition of the name of a banker, either with or without the words "not negotiable," that addition constitutes a crossing, and the cheque is crossed specially, and to that banker. - 76 Verify source ↗
Crossing by Drawer or After Issue
AI-assisted research summary: The drawer, holder, or banker may add or change a cheque crossing in the ways listed here.
Section 76—Crossing by Drawer or After Issue. (1) A cheque may be crossed generally or specially by the drawer. (2) Where a cheque is uncrossed, the holder may cross it generally or specially. (3) Where a cheque is crossed generally the holder may cross it specially. 30 (4) Where a cheque is crossed generally or specially, the holder may add the words "not negotiable." (5) Where a cheque is crossed specially the banker to whom it is crossed may again cross it specially to another banker for collection. (6) Where an uncrossed cheque, or a cheque crossed generally, is sent to a banker for collection, he may cross it specially to himself. - 77 Verify source ↗
Crossing a Material Part of Cheque
AI-assisted research summary: A crossing authorised by the Act is a material part of a cheque, and no one may obliterate it or change it except as authorised by the Act.
Section 77—Crossing a Material Part of Cheque. A crossing authorised by this Act is a material part of the cheque; it shall not be lawful for any person to obliterate or, except as authorised by this Act, to add to or alter the crossing. - 78 Verify source ↗
Duties of Banker as to Crossed Cheques
AI-assisted research summary: A banker must refuse payment of certain specially crossed cheques, and may be liable if it pays them wrongly; good-faith payment without negligence is protected in some cases.
Section 78—Duties of Banker as to Crossed Cheques. (1) Where a cheque is crossed specially to more than one banker, except when crossed to an agent for collection being a banker, the banker on whom it is drawn shall refuse payment thereof. (2) Where the banker on whom a cheque is drawn which is so crossed nevertheless pays the same, or pays a cheque crossed generally otherwise than to a banker, or if crossed specially otherwise than to the banker to whom it is crossed, or his agent for collection being a banker, he is liable to the true owner of the cheque for any loss he may sustain owing to the cheque having been so paid: Provided that where a cheque is presented for payment which does not at the time of presentment appear to be crossed, or to have had a crossing which has been obliterated, or to have been added to or altered otherwise than as authorised by this Act, the banker paying the cheque in good faith and without negligence shall not be responsible or incur any liability, nor shall the payment be questioned by reason of the cheque having been crossed, or of the crossing having been obliterated, or having been added to or altered otherwise than as authorised by this Act, and of payment having been made otherwise than to a banker or to the banker to whom the cheque is or was crossed, or to his agent for collection being a banker, as the case may be. - 79 Verify source ↗
Protection to Banker and Drawer Where Cheque is Crossed
AI-assisted research summary: A banker who pays a crossed cheque in good faith and without negligence gets the same protection as if payment had been made to the true owner; the drawer gets the same protection if the cheque has reached the payee.
Section 79—Protection to Banker and Dawer Where Cheque is Crossed. Where the banker on whom a crossed cheque is drawn in good faith and without negligence pays it, if crossed generally, to a banker and if crossed specially, to the banker to whom it is crossed, or his agent for collection being a banker, the banker paying the cheque, and, if the cheque has come into the hands of the payee, the drawer, shall respectively be entitled to the same rights and be placed in the same position as if payment of the cheque had been made to the true owner thereof. - 80 Verify source ↗
Effect of Crossing on Holder
AI-assisted research summary: A person who takes a crossed cheque marked “not negotiable” cannot give a better title to it than the person who transferred it had.
Section 80—Effect of Crossing on Holder. Where a person takes a crossed cheque which bears on it the words "not negotiable," he shall not have and shall not be capable of giving a better title to the cheque than that which the person from whom he took it had. Protection to Collecting Banker - 81 Verify source ↗
Protection to Collecting Banker. Other Instruments
AI-assisted research summary: A banker acting in good faith and without negligence is protected from liability to the true owner when paying or receiving payment of a cheque for a customer with no title or a defective title.
Section 81—Protection to Collecting Banker. 31 Where a banker in good faith and without negligence— (a) receives payment for a customer of a cheque, whether crossed or uncrossed; or (b) having credited a customer's account with the amount of such a cheque, receives payment thereof for himself; and the customer has no title or a defective title, to the cheque, the banker does not incur any liability to the true owner of the cheque by reason only of having received payment thereof. Other Instruments - 82 Verify source ↗
Application of Sections 75 to 81 to Other Instruments. PART III—PROMISSORY NOTES
AI-assisted research summary: Sections 75 to 81 apply, so far as applicable, to certain other instruments treated like cheques.
Section 82—Application of ss.75 to 81 to Other Instruments. The provisions of sections 75 to 81 of this Act shall, so far as applicable, have effect in relation to— (a) any document issued by a customer of a banker which, though not a cheque, is intended to enable a person to obtain payment from that banker of the sum mentioned in the document; (b) any draft payable on demand drawn by a banker upon himself, whether payable at the head office or some other office of his bank; (c) warrants for the payment of dividends; as they have effect in relation to cheques. PART III—PROMISSORY NOTES - 83 Verify source ↗
Promissory Note Defined
AI-assisted research summary: This section defines what counts as a promissory note, inland note, and foreign note.
Section 83—Promissory Note Defined. (1) A promissory note is an unconditional promise in writing made by one person to another signed by the maker, engaging to pay, on demand or at a fixed or determinable future time, a sum certain in money, to, or to the order of, a specified person or to bearer. (2) An instrument in the form of a note payable to maker's order is not a note within the meaning of this section unless and until it is endorsed by the maker. (3) A note is not invalid by reason only that it contains also a pledge of collateral security with authority to sell or dispose thereof. (4) A note which is, or on the face of it purports to be, both made and payable within Ghana is an inland note. Any other note is a foreign note. - 84 Verify source ↗
Delivery Necessary
AI-assisted research summary: A promissory note is not complete until it has been delivered to the payee or bearer.
Section 84—Delivery Necessary. A promissory note is inchoate and incomplete until delivery thereof to the payee or bearer. - 85 Verify source ↗
Joint and Several Notes
AI-assisted research summary: A promissory note may be made by two or more makers, and they may be liable jointly or jointly and severally depending on the note’s wording.
Section 85—Joint and Several Note. (1) A promissory note may be made by two or more makers, and they may be liable thereon jointly, or jointly and severally, according to its tenor. (2) Where a note runs "I promise to pay" and is signed by two or more persons it is deemed to be their joint and several note. - 86 Verify source ↗
Note Payable on Demand
AI-assisted research summary: An endorsed note payable on demand must be presented for payment within a reasonable time after endorsement.
Section 86—Note Payable on Demand. 32 (1) Where a note payable on demand has been endorsed, it must be presented for payment within a reasonable time of the endorsement. If it be not so presented the endorser is discharged. (2) In determining what is a reasonable time, regard shall be had to the nature of the instrument, the usage of trade, and the facts of the particular case. (3) Where a note payable on demand is negotiated, it is not deemed to be overdue, for the purpose of affecting the holder with defects of title of which he had no notice, by reason that it appears that a reasonable time for presenting it for payment has elapsed since its issue. - 87 Verify source ↗
Presentment of Note for Payment
AI-assisted research summary: A promissory note payable at a particular place must be presented there for the maker to be liable; for an endorser, presentment for payment is required, with special rules for the place of presentment.
Section 87—Presentment of Note for Payment. (1) Where a promissory note is in the body of it made payable at a particular place, it must be presented for payment at that place in order to render the maker liable. In any other case, presentment for payment is not necessary in order to render the maker liable. (2) Presentment for payment is necessary in order to render the endorser of a note liable. (3) Where a note is in the body of it made payable at a particular place, presentment at that place is necessary in order to render an endorser liable; but when a place of payment is indicated by way of memorandum only, presentment at that place is sufficient to render the endorser liable, but a presentment to the maker elsewhere, if sufficient in other respects, shall also suffice. - 88 Verify source ↗
Liability of Maker
AI-assisted research summary: The maker of a promissory note must pay it according to its tenor and cannot deny the payee’s existence or capacity to endorse to a holder in due course.
Section 88—Liability of Maker. The Maker of a Promissory note by Making it— (a) engages that he will pay it according to its tenor; (b) is precluded from denying to a holder in due course the existence of the payee, and his then capacity to endorse. - 89 Verify source ↗
Application of Part I to Notes. PART IV—SUPPLEMENTARY
AI-assisted research summary: This section says the rules for bills of exchange generally apply to promissory notes, with necessary modifications, but some bill provisions do not apply.
Section 89—Application of Part I to Notes. (1) Subject to the provisions in this Part, and except as by this section provided, the provisions of this Act relating to bills of exchange apply, with necessary modifications, to promissory notes. (2) In applying those provisions the maker of a note shall be deemed to correspond with the acceptor of a bill, and the endorser of a note shall be deemed to correspond with the drawer of an accepted bill payable to drawer's order. (3) The following provisions as to bills do not apply to notes, namely, provisions relating to— (a) presentment for acceptance; (b) acceptance; (c) acceptance supra protest; (d) bills in a set. (4) Where a foreign note is dishonoured, protest thereof is unnecessary. PART IV—SUPPLEMENTARY 33 - 90 Verify source ↗
Good Faith
AI-assisted research summary: A thing counts as done in good faith if it is actually done honestly, even if it was negligent.
Section 90—Good Faith. A thing is deemed to be done in good faith, within the meaning of this Act, where it is in fact done honestly, whether it is done negligently or not. - 91 Verify source ↗
Signature
AI-assisted research summary: A required signature can be satisfied by another person signing under authority, and a corporation may satisfy a signing requirement by using its corporate seal.
Section 91—Signature. (1) Where, by this Act, any instrument or writing is required to be signed by any person, it is not necessary that he should sign it with his own hand, but it is sufficient if his signature is written thereon by some other person by or under his authority. (2) In the case of a corporation, where by this Act, any instrument or writing is required to be signed, it is sufficient if the instrument or writing be sealed with the corporate seal, but nothing in this section shall be construed as requiring the bill or note of a corporation to be under seal. - 92 Verify source ↗
Computation of Time
AI-assisted research summary: If the Act gives less than three days to do something, non-business days are not counted.
Section 92—Computation of Time. Where by this Act the time limited for doing any act or thing is less than three days, in reckoning time non-business days are excluded. - 93 Verify source ↗
Business and non-business Days
AI-assisted research summary: This section says which days count as non-business days and gives the President power to prescribe additional non-business days by legislative instrument.
Section 93—Business and Non-business Days. (1) For the purposes of this Act, Sundays, Good Friday, Christmas Day, public holidays and days prescribed under subsection (2) are non-business days. Any other day is a business day. (2) The President may by legislative instrument prescribe that a particular day shall be a non- business day. - 94 Verify source ↗
When Noting Equivalent to Protest
AI-assisted research summary: A bill or note can be noted for protest in time, and that noting is sufficient where a protest is required.
Section 94—When noting Equivalent to Protest. For the purposes of this Act, where a bill or note is required to be protested within a specified time or before some further proceeding is taken, it is sufficient that the bill has been noted for protest before the expiration of the specified time or the taking of the proceeding; and the formal protest may be extended at any time thereafter as of the date of noting. - 95 Verify source ↗
Protest When Notary not Accessible
AI-assisted research summary: If a bill or note must be protested but no notary is available where it was dishonoured, certain local persons may sign a certificate attesting the dishonour.
Section 95—Protest when Notary not Accessible. Where a dishonoured bill or note is authorised or required to be protested, and the services of a notary cannot be obtained at the place where the bill is dishonoured, any householder, substantial resident, merchant, or mercantile agent of the place may, in the presence of two witnesses, give a certificate, signed by them, attesting the dishonour of the bill, and the certificate shall in all respects operate as if it were formal protest of the bill. The form given in the First Schedule to this Act may be used with necessary modification, and if used shall be sifficient. - 96 Verify source ↗
Savings
AI-assisted research summary: Common law, including the law merchant, continues to apply to bills of exchange, promissory notes, and cheques unless inconsistent with this Act.
Section 96—Savings. (1) The rules of common law, including the law merchant, save in so far as they are inconsistent with the express provisions of this Act, shall continue to apply to bills of exchange, promissory notes, and cheques. (2) Nothing in this Act shall affect— (a) any enactment relating to the revenue; 34 (b) the validity of any usage relating to dividend warrants, or the endorsements thereof. - 97 Verify source ↗
Interpretation
AI-assisted research summary: This section defines key terms used in the Act, such as acceptance, bill, delivery, holder, issue, note, and value.
Section 97—Interpretation. In this Act, unless the context otherwise requires— "acceptance" means an acceptance completed by delivery or notification; "action" includes counter-claim and set off; "banker" includes a body of persons, whether incorporated or not, who carry on the business of banking; "bearer" means the person in possession of a bill or note which is payable to bearer; "bill" means bill of exchange; "delivery" means transfer of possession, actual or constructive, from one person to another; "endorsement" means an endorsement completed by delivery; "holder" means the payee or endorsee of a bill or note who is in possession of it, or the bearer thereof; "insolvent" includes any person whose estate is vested in a trustee under the law for the time being in force relating to insolvency; "issue" means the first delivery of a bill or note, complete in form to a person who takes it as a holder; "note" means promissory note; "value" means valuable consideration. - 98 Verify source ↗
Statutes Ceasing to Apply
AI-assisted research summary: Statutes and statutory provisions listed in the Second Schedule stop applying in Ghana, to the extent they apply there.
Section 98—Statutes Ceasing to Apply. The statutes, and provisions of statutes, mentioned in the Second Schedule to this Act shall, insofar as they apply in Ghana, cease to apply. - 99 Verify source ↗
Section 99
AI-assisted research summary: This section repeals the Bills of Exchange Ordinance (Cap. 195).
Section 99—Repeal. The Bills of Exchange Ordinance (Cap. 195) is repealed. FIRST SCHEDULE Section 95 Form of protest when notary not accessible. FORM OF PROTEST WHICH MAY BE USED WHEN THE SERVICES OF NOTARY CANNOT BE OBTAINED KNOW ALL MEN that I, A. B. (householder, of ) at the request of C. D., there being no notary public available, did on the day of 19, at , demand payment (or acceptance) of the bill of exchange hereunder written, from E. F., to which demand he made answer (state answer, if any), wherefore I now, in the presence of G. H. and J. K., do protest the said bill of exchange. (Signed) A.B. G. H.) ) Witnesses. J. K.) 35 N.B.—The bill itself should be annexed or a copy of the bill and all that is written thereon should be underwritten. SECOND SCHEDULE Section 98 STATUTES CEASING TO APPLY Session and Chapter Subject-matter 9 Will. 3, c.17 (1697) Bills of Exchange. 3 and 4 Ann., c.8 (sometimes Bills of Exchange. known as c.9) (1704) 17 Geo. 3, c.30 (1776) Bills of Exchange. 39 and 40. Geo. 3, c.42 (1799) Bills of Exchange. 48 Geo. 3, c.88 (1808) Bills of Exchange. 1 and 2 Geo. 4, c.78 (1820) Bills of Exchange. ACT 55 Sch.2 7 and 8 Geo. 4, c.15 (1826) Bills of Exchange. 2 and 3 Will. 4, c.98 (1832) Bills of Exchange. 6 and 7 Will. 4, c.58 (1836) Bills of Exchange. 18 and 19 Vict., c.67 (1854) Bills of Exchange. 19 and 20 Vict., c.25 (1856) Drafts on Bankers. Sections 6 and 7 of 19 and 20 Mercantile Law Amendment Vict., c.97 (1856). 34 and 35 Vict., c.74 (1871) Bills of Exchange.Referenced legislation
- Bills of Exchange Ordinance (Cap. 195) (unresolved)
Provision text is displayed from LexChat’s stored statute record. Use the official source links to verify amendments, commencement, and current legal force.
Ask AI about this statute
Bills of Exchange Act 1961 (ACT 55)
Sign in to ask AI about this statute
Sign in to start authenticated, citation-grounded statute research.
Sign in