Witness Protection Act, 2018 (Act 975)
This section establishes the Witness Protection Agency as a body corporate and gives it property and contracting powers.
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- Act 975
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About this statute
This section establishes the Witness Protection Agency as a body corporate and gives it property and contracting powers. The Agency may acquire, store, use, maintain, and control firearms, ammunition, and other necessary equipment for special protection purposes. The Agency must establish and maintain a Witness Protection Programme and may make related decisions and provide advice. The Agency is given powers to run its work, manage funds and staff, work with others, handle witness-protection information, and compel appearances or documents. Subject to the Act, the Agency is not under the direction or control of any person or authority.
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Legal text
Provisions of Witness Protection Act, 2018 (Act 975)
Showing 60 of 60
- 1 Verify source ↗
Establishment of Witness Protection Agency
AI-assisted research summary: This section establishes the Witness Protection Agency as a body corporate and gives it property and contracting powers.
Section 1—Establishment of Witness Protection Agency (1) There is established by this Act a body corporate to be known as the Witness Protection Agency. (2) For the performance of its functions, the Agency may acquire and hold movable and immovable property, dispose of property and enter into a contract or any other transaction. (3) Where there is a hindrance to the acquisition of immovable property, the property may be acquired for the Agency under the State Lands Act, 1962 (Act 125) and the cost shall be borne by the Agency. - 2 Verify source ↗
Object of the Agency
AI-assisted research summary: The Agency may acquire, store, use, maintain, and control firearms, ammunition, and other necessary equipment for special protection purposes.
Section 2—Object of the Agency (1) The object of the Agency is to provide the framework and procedures for giving special protection, on behalf ,of the State, to persons who possess important information and face potential risk or intimidation due to their cooperation with the law enforcement agencies with respect to investigation and prosecution. (2) The special protection referred to in subsection (1) entails the power of the Agency to acquire, store, use, maintain and control (a) firearms and ammunition, and 5 (b) electronic or other relevant necessary equipment, despite the provisions of any other enactment. - 3 Verify source ↗
Functions of the Agency
AI-assisted research summary: The Agency must establish and maintain a Witness Protection Programme and may make related decisions and provide advice.
Section 3—Functions of the Agency To achieve its object, the Agency shall (a) establish and maintain a Witness Protection Programme; (b) in consultation with the Attorney-General determine the criteria for admission to and removal from the Witness Protection Programme; (c) determine the type of protection measures to be applied; (d) advise any public institution or other person on the adoption of strategies and measures on witness protection; and (e) perform any other function conferred on it by this Act or that is ancillary to the object of the Agency. - 4 Verify source ↗
Powers of the Agency
AI-assisted research summary: The Agency is given powers to run its work, manage funds and staff, work with others, handle witness-protection information, and compel appearances or documents.
Section 4—Powers of the Agency The Agency shall exercise powers that are necessary to enable it to effectively perform its functions and may, in particular, (a) control and supervise its staff in a manner and for purposes that are necessary for the promotion of the object for which the Agency is established; (b) administer the funds and assets of the Agency; (c) receive any grants, gifts, donations or endowments and make legitimate disbursement; (d) collaborate with other persons, bodies, or organisations within or outside the country that it may consider desirable or appropriate in furtherance of its object; (e) enter into confidentiality agreements with relevant foreign authorities. international criminal courts or tribunals and other regional or international entities relating to the relocation of protected persons and other witness protection measures; (f) open bank accounts for the funds of the Agency; (g) collate, analyse, store and disseminate information related to witness protection; (h) give to a protected person, instructions that the Agency may consider necessary; (i) search the protected person and the property of that person and seize items regarded by the Agency to be a threat to the protected person or another person or the integrity of the programme; (j) summon a public officer or other person to appear before it or to produce a document, thing or information which may be considered relevant to the functions of the Agency within a specified period of time and in a manner that it may specify; and (k) invest the funds of the Agency not currently required for its purposes. - 5 Verify source ↗
Independence of the Agency
AI-assisted research summary: Subject to the Act, the Agency is not under the direction or control of any person or authority.
Section 5—Independence of the Agency 6 Subject to this Act, the Agency is not subject to the direction or control of any person or authority, - 6 Verify source ↗
Governing body of the Agency
AI-assisted research summary: The Agency’s governing body is a Board made up of specified members, and the President appoints the Board members.
Section 6—Governing body of the Agency (1) The governing body of the Agency is a Board consisting of (a) a chairperson who has previously held the post of a Justice of the Superior Court of Judicature or has held a post analogous to that of a Justice of the Superior Court of Judicature; (b) the Executive Director who shall be the Secretary to the Board; (c) two persons nominated by the President at least one of whom is a woman, (d) one representative from (i) the office of Attorney-General and Ministry of Justice, not below the rank of a Principal State Attorney; (ii) the Police Service, not below the rank of an Assistant Commissioner of Police; (iii) the Economic and Organised Crime Office, not below the rank of a Chief Staff Officer; (iv) the Commission on Human Rights and Administrative Justice, not below the rank of a Deputy Commissioner; (v) the Ministry responsible for the Interior, not below the rank of a Director; (vi) the Prisons Service, not below the rank of a Director of Prisons; (vii) the Immigration Service, not below the rank of a Director of Immigration; and (viii) the National Security Council, not below the rank of a Chief Analyst; and (2) The members of the Board shall be appointed by the President in accordance with article 70 of the Constitution. (3) The President shall in appointing a member of the Board have regard to the integrity, knowledge, expertise and experience of that member in matters relevant to the objects and functions of the Agency. - 7 Verify source ↗
Functions of the Board
AI-assisted research summary: The Board must formulate policy, oversee management of the Agency’s resources, and ensure the Agency performs its functions properly and effectively.
Section 7—Functions of the Board The Board shall (a) formulate policy for the effective implementation of the objects of the Agency; (b) oversee the sound and proper management of the resources of the Agency; and (c) ensure the proper and effective performance of the functions of the Agency. - 8 Verify source ↗
Tenure of office of members of the Board
AI-assisted research summary: Board members serve for up to four years, may resign in writing, can be removed by the President, and vacancies are handled by the Minister and President.
Section 8—Tenure of office of members of the Board (1) A member of the Board, shall hold office for a period of not more than four years and is eligible for re-appointment but a member shall not be appointed for more than two terms. (2) Subsection (1) does not apply to the Executive Director. 7 (3) A member of the Board may at any time resign from office in writing addressed to the President through the Minister. (4) A member of the Board, other than the Executive Director, who is absent from three consecutive meetings of the Board without sufficient cause ceases to be a member of the Board. (5) The President may by letter addressed to a member revoke the appointment of that member. (6) Where a member of the Board is, for a sufficient reason, unable to act as a member, the Minister shall determine whether the inability would result in the declaration of a vacancy. (7) Where there is a vacancy (a) under subsection (3) or (4) or subsection (2) of section 10, (b) as a result of a declaration under subsection (6), or (c) by reason of the death of a member the Minister shall notify the President of the vacancy and the President shall appoint a person to fill the vacancy. - 9 Verify source ↗
Meetings of the Board
AI-assisted research summary: The Board must meet at least every three months, and the chairperson must call an extraordinary meeting within seven days if at least one-third of the Board asks in writing.
Section 9—Meetings of the Board (1) The Board shall meet at least once every three months for the despatch of business at the times and in the places determined by the chairperson. (2) The chairperson shall at the request in writing of not less than one-third of the membership of the Board, convene an extraordinary meeting of the Board within seven days of the request. (3) The quorum at the meeting of the Board is seven members. (4) The chairperson shall preside at meetings of the Board, and in the absence of the chairperson, a member of the Board elected by the members present from among their number shall preside. (5) Matters before the Board shall be decided by a majority of the members present and voting and in the event of an equality of votes, the person presiding shall have a casting vote. (6) The Board may co-opt a person to attend a meeting of the Board but that person shall not vote on a matter for decision by the Board. - 10 Verify source ↗
Disclosure of interest
AI-assisted research summary: A Board member with an interest in a matter must disclose the interest and must not take part in the Board’s deliberations on that matter.
Section 10—Disclosure of interest (1) A member of the Board who has an interest in a matter for consideration (a) shall disclose the nature of the interest and the disclosure shall form part of the record of the consideration of the matter; and (b) shall not be present or participate in the deliberations of the Board in respect of that matter. (2) A member ceases to be a member of the Board, if that member has an interest in a matter before the Board and (a) fails to disclose that interest; or (b) is present or participates in the deliberations of the Board in respect of that matter. - 11 Verify source ↗
Establishment of committees
AI-assisted research summary: The Board may set up committees, including ones made up of members, non-members, or both; a committee made entirely of non-members may only advise the Board.
Section 11—Establishment of committees 8 (1) The Board may establish committees consisting of members of the Board or non-members or both to perform stated functions. (2) A committee composed entirely of non-members may only advise the Board. (3) Section 10 applies to members of a committee of the Board. (4) A committee of the Board may be chaired by a member of the Board. (5) A committee of the Board consisting of members and non-members may be chaired by a member of the Board. - 12 Verify source ↗
Allowances Administrative and Financial Matters
AI-assisted research summary: Board members and committee members are to be paid allowances approved by the Minister, after consultation with the Minister responsible for Finance.
Section 12—Allowances Members of the Board and members of a committee of the Board shall be paid the allowances approved by the Minister in consultation with the Minister responsible for Finance. Administrative and Financial Matters - 13 Verify source ↗
Appointment of Executive Director
AI-assisted research summary: The President must appoint an Executive Director for the Agency, and the Executive Director must serve on the terms set out in the appointment letter.
Section 13—Appointment of Executive Director (1) The President shall, in accordance with article 195 of the Constitution, appoint an Executive Director for the Agency. (2) The Executive Director shall hold office on the terms and conditions specified in the letter of appointment. - 14 Verify source ↗
Functions of the Executive Director
AI-assisted research summary: The Executive Director runs the Agency’s day-to-day administration, answers to the Board, and may delegate functions to Agency officers while keeping ultimate responsibility.
Section 14—Functions of the Executive Director (1) The Executive Director is responsible for the day to day administration of the Agency and is answerable to the Board in the performance of the functions under this Act. (2) The Executive Director may delegate a function to an officer of the Agency but the Executive Director shall not be relieved of the ultimate responsibility for the performance of the delegated function. - 15 Verify source ↗
Appointment of Deputy Executive Director
AI-assisted research summary: The President must appoint a Deputy Executive Director for the Agency. The Deputy Executive Director must carry out tasks assigned by the Executive Director and act for the Executive Director when the Executive Director is absent.
Section 15—Appointment of Deputy Executive Director (1) The President shall, in accordance with article 195 of the Constitution, appoint a Deputy Executive Director for the Agency. (2) The Deputy Executive Director shall perform functions assigned by the Executive Director and in the absence of the Executive Director, perform the functions of the Executive Director. - 16 Verify source ↗
Appointment of other staff
AI-assisted research summary: The President must appoint necessary Agency staff, other public officers may assist the Agency, and the Agency may hire consultants on the Board’s recommendation.
Section 16—Appointment of other staff (1) The President shall in accordance with article 195 of the Constitution, appoint other staff of the Agency that are necessary for the proper and effective performance of the functions of the Agency. (2) Other public officers may be transferred or seconded to the Agency or may otherwise give assistance to the Agency. (3) The Agency may engage the services of consultants on the recommendation of the Board. - 17 Verify source ↗
Funds of the Agency
AI-assisted research summary: The Agency’s funds consist of money approved by Parliament, donations, and grants.
Section 17—Funds of the Agency 9 The funds of the Agency mc1ude (a) moneys approved by Parliament; and (b) donations and grants. - 18 Verify source ↗
Accounts and audit
AI-assisted research summary: The Board must keep proper accounting records, submit the Agency’s accounts to the Auditor-General within three months after the financial year ends, and the Auditor-General must audit them and send a copy of the report back to the Board.
Section 18—Accounts and audit (1) The Board shall keep books of account and proper records-in the form approved by the Auditor-General. (2) The Board shall, within three months after the end of the financial year, submit the accounts of the Agency to the Auditor-General for audit. (3) The Auditor-General shall, not later than three months, after the receipt of the accounts, audit the accounts and forward a copy of the audit report to the Board. (4) The Internal Audit Agency Act, 2003 (Act 658) applies to this Act. (5) The financial year of the Agency is the same as the financial year of the Government. - 19 Verify source ↗
Annual report and other reports The Victims Compensation Fund
AI-assisted research summary: The Board must send an annual report to the Minister within one month after the audit report is received, and the Minister must then table it in Parliament within 30 days.
Section 19—Annual report and other reports (1) The Board shall, within one month after the receipt of the audit report, submit to the Minister an annual report covering the activities and operations of the Agency for the year to which the report relates. (2) The annual report shall include the report of the Auditor-General. (3) The Minister shall, within thirty days after the receipt of the annual report, submit the report to Parliament with a statement that the Minister considers necessary. (4) The Board shall also submit to the Minister any other report which the Minister may require in writing. The Witnesses and Victims Compensation Fund - 20 Verify source ↗
Establishment of Victims Compensation Fund
AI-assisted research summary: This section creates the Witnesses and Victims Compensation Fund and vests it in the Agency.
Section 20—Establishment of Witnesses and Victims Compensation Fund There is established by this Act a fund to be known as the Witnesses and Victims Compensation Fund which shall vest in the Agency. - 21 Verify source ↗
Object of the Fund
AI-assisted research summary: The Fund’s purpose is to provide money to the Agency so it can protect victims, witnesses, and related persons at risk because they cooperated with law enforcement in a criminal investigation or prosecution.
Section 21—Object of the Fund The object of the Fund is to provide financial resources to the Agency for the purpose of providing protection to victims, witnesses and related persons who are at risk of harm, intimidation, threat or retaliation as a result of their co-operation with a law enforcement agency in the course of a criminal investigation or prosecution. - 22 Verify source ↗
Sources of money for the Fund
AI-assisted research summary: This section lists the ways money can come into the Fund.
Section 22—Sources of money for the Fund The sources of money for the Fund are (a) moneys approved by Parliament; (b) subject to any other enactment, proceeds from the sale of property forfeited to the Republic in connection with a crime, which otherwise would have been paid into the Consolidated Fund; 10 (c) grants, gifts, donations or bequests made to the Fund and received by the Agency with the approval of the Minister where the receipt does not occasion a conflict of interest in the performance of the functions of the Agency under this Act; (d) moneys earned or arising from any investment of the funds of the Agency; and (e) other additional moneys which may become lawfully payable to, or vested in the Fund. - 23 Verify source ↗
Bank account of the Fund
AI-assisted research summary: Fund money must be paid into a bank account opened for that purpose, following the Board’s directions and with the Controller and Accountant-General’s approval.
Section 23—Bank account of the Fund Moneys for the Fund shall, on the directions of the Board, be paid into a bank account opened for that purpose with the approval of the Controller and Accountant-General. - 24 Verify source ↗
Management of the Fund 2
AI-assisted research summary: The Board manages the Fund and must allocate, account for, and help generate its money, while the Agency must retain money it earns from its functions and keep records approved by the Auditor-General.
Section 24—Management of the Fund (1) The Fund shall be managed and administered by the Board. (2) For the purpose of subsection (1), the Board shall (a) allocate and disburse moneys from the Fund in order to achieve the object of the Fund; (b) ensure that the disbursements from the Fund are accounted for by establishing guidelines and procedures for their management and disbursement; (c) initiate activities to generate money for the Fund; and (d) perform other functions incidental to the achievement of the object of the Fund. (3) Despite the Ministries, Departments and Agencies (Retention of Funds) Act, 2007 (Act 735), the Agency shall retain all moneys realised in the performance of its functions. (4) The Board shall keep books of account and proper records in a form approved by the Auditor-General. (5) The books of account for the Fund and records shall form part of the accounts of the Agency submitted under section 18(2). - 25 Verify source ↗
Disbursement of the Fund Powers of Officers of the Agency
AI-assisted research summary: The Board controls disbursements from the Fund, and the Agency must pay certain victim-related compensation and expenses while protection is being provided.
Section 25—Disbursement of the Fund (1) The disbursement of moneys from the Fund shall be determined by the Board. (2) The Board may approve (a) a payment of compensation from the Fund, (b) a reimbursement of the expenses incurred by a victim in connection with assistance provided by the victim in the course of investigations carried out by a law enforcement agency on behalf of the State, or (c) a payment of other relevant expenses that the Board may determine as necessary in accordance with this Act within twenty days, if the Board receives an application for a payment out of the Fund. (3) The Agency shall, during the period when a person is provided protection under this Act, pay 11 (a) compensation to a victim of the crime in respect of which protection is provided or to the family of a victim of that crime, for the restitution of the victim; (b) compensation for the death of a victim of a crime in respect of which protection is provided, to the family of that victim; and (c) any moneys required to meet expenses relating to any other matter incidental to or connected with the matters stated in paragraphs (a) and (b). Powers of Officers of the Agency - 26 Verify source ↗
Authorised Officers to exercise powers of the Police
AI-assisted research summary: The Executive Director, Deputy Executive Director, and officers authorised by the Executive Director may exercise police-officer powers and have police-officer immunities.
Section 26—Authorised officers to exercise powers of the Police The Executive Director, Deputy Executive Director and officers of the Agency authorised by the Executive Director shall exercise the powers and have the immunities conferred on a police officer in the Criminal and Other Offences (Procedure) Act, 1960 (Act 30), the Police Service Act, 1970 (Act 350) and any other law related to a police officer. - 27 Verify source ↗
Obstruction of an officer of the Agency
AI-assisted research summary: It is an offence to willfully obstruct an authorised officer of the Agency from carrying out a function under the Act.
Section 27—Obstruction of an officer of the Agency A person who willfully obstructs an authorised officer from performing a function under this Act commits an offence and is liable on summary conviction, (a) in the case of an individual, to a fine of not less than two hundred and fifty penalty units and not more than one thousand penalty units or to a term of imprisonment of not less than two years and not more than four years; or (b) in the case of an entity, to a fine of not less than five hundred penalty units and not more than one thousand five hundred penalty units. Witness Protection Programme - 28 Verify source ↗
Protective action
AI-assisted research summary: The Attorney-General must take reasonable steps to protect a witness, and may issue Gazette directives for child victims and child witnesses.
Section 28—Protective action (1) The Attorney-General, through the Witness Protection Programme established by the Agency, shall take necessary and reasonable steps to protect the safety and welfare of a witness. (2) The action may include (a) making arrangements necessary (i) to allow the witness to establish a new identity; or (ii) otherwise to protect the witness; (b) relocating the witness; (c) providing accommodation for the witness; (d) providing transport for the property of the witness; (e) providing reasonable financial assistance to the witness; (f) providing to the witness, services in the nature of counselling and vocational training services; and 12 (g) doing any other thing which the Attorney-General considers necessary to ensure the safety and welfare of the witness. (3) The Attorney-General shall, by notice published in the Gazette, issue the necessary directives that accord with the United Nations Guide-lines in matters involving child victims and child witnesses of crime to ensure the comprehensive protection of the child. (4) A person satisfies the criteria for admission to or removal from the Programme if that person requires protection. (a) by virtue of being related to a witness; (b) on account of a testimony given by a witness; or (c) for any other reason which the Executive Director in consultation with the Attorney-General considers sufficient. - 29 Verify source ↗
Inclusion in Witness Protection Programme
AI-assisted research summary: The Attorney-General decides whether a witness may join the Programme, and must reply in writing to inclusion requests within 7 days.
Section 29— Inclusion in Witness Protection Programme (1) The Attorney-General is responsible for deciding whether to admit a witness to the Programme, even in cases where a legal representative of the witness, a member of the Police Service or another law enforcement agency has requested that a witness be admitted to the Programme. (2) A witness may be admitted onto the Programme only if (a) the Attorney-General has decided that the witness satisfies the matters specified under section 30(1) and the criteria for admission determined in accordance with section 3(b); (b) the witness agrees to be admitted; and (c) a Memorandum of Understanding in accordance with section 31 is signed by (i) the witness; (ii) a parent or guardian of the witness, if the witness is under the age of eighteen years; or (iii) a guardian or other person who is usually responsible for the care and control of the witness, if the witness otherwise lacks legal capacity to sign it. (3) Where a witness has not been offered protection under the Programme, a written request for the inclusion of the witness in the Programme may be made to the Attorney-General by (a) the witness; or (b) any law enforcement agency, (4) The Attorney-General shall, in writing, respond to a request under subsection (3) within seven days upon receipt of the request. (5) Where (a) a parent or guardian of a witness signs a Memorandum of Understanding because the witness was under the age of eighteen years; and 13 (b) the Memorandum of Understanding is still operating after the witness turns eighteen years, the Attorney-General may require the witness to sign another Memorandum of Understanding. (6) A person who has been refused protection by the Attorney-General after a written request, may apply to the High Court for a protection order. - 30 Verify source ↗
Assessing witness for inclusion in the Programme
AI-assisted research summary: The Attorney-General must consider listed factors before deciding whether to include a witness in the Programme, and must not include the witness if there is not enough information to assess the required matters and admission criteria.
Section 30—Assessing witness for inclusion in the Programme (1) In deciding whether to include a witness in the Programme, the Attorney-General shall have regard to (a) the seriousness of the offence to which any relevant evidence or statement relates; (b) the nature and importance of any relevant evidence or statement; (c) the nature of the perceived danger to the witness; (d) the nature of the relationship of the witness with respect to other witnesses being assessed for inclusion in the Programme; (e) any psychological or psychiatric examination or evaluation of the witness that has been conducted, to determine the suitability of the witness for inclusion in the Programme; (f) whether there are viable alternative methods of protecting the witness; (g) whether the witness has a criminal record, particularly a record of crimes of violence, and whether that record indicates a risk to the public if the witness is included in the Programme; and (h) other matters that the Attorney-General considers relevant. (2) The Attorney-General shall not include a witness in the Programme if the Attorney-General does not have enough information to assess the matters referred to in this section and the criteria for admission under paragraph (b) of section 3. - 31 Verify source ↗
Memorandum of Understanding
AI-assisted research summary: This section requires a Memorandum of Understanding to spell out programme participation, protection and assistance, include a breach-termination term, and inform the participant of a right to complain to the Attorney-General.
Section 31—Memorandum of Understanding (1) A Memorandum of Understanding shall (a) set out the basis on which a participant is included in the Programme and details of the protection and assistance which are to be provided; and (b) ensure that the details contain a provision to the effect that protection and assistance under the Programme may be terminated if the participant deliberately breaches a term of the Memorandum of Understanding or a requirement or an undertaking relating to the Programme. (2) A Memorandum of Understanding in relation to a participant may also contain provisions relating to (a) outstanding legal obligations of the participant and how they are to be dealt with; (b) legal obligations which the participant may or may not enter into; (c) the surrender and issue of passports and other identification documents; (d) the taking, provision and retention of photographs of the participant; 14 (e) the issue of any documents relating to the new identity of the participant; (f) the prohibition of the participant from engaging in specified activities; (g) any other obligations of the participant; (h) consequences of the failure of a participant to comply with the provisions of the Memorandum of Understanding; or (i) any other matter for which it may be necessary to provide for in the circumstances of the case. (3) A Memorandum of Understanding shall contain a statement advising the participant of the right of that participant to complain to the Attorney-General about the conduct of any officer in relation to the matters dealt with in the Memorandum. (4) For purposes of this section, a Memorandum of Understanding shall be signed by or on behalf of the witness in the presence of the Attorney-General or an officer designated by the Attorney-General. (5) A witness is admitted to the Programme when the Attorney-General or an officer designated by the. Attorney-General signs the Memorandum of Understanding. (6) The Attorney-General shall, within seven days after a Memorandum of Understanding is duly signed, notify the relevant participant that it has been signed. - 32 Verify source ↗
Variation of the Memorandum of Understanding
AI-assisted research summary: A Memorandum of Understanding may be varied if the participant and the Attorney-General consent.
Section 32—Variation of the Memorandum of Understanding A Memorandum of Understanding may be varied with the consent of the participant and the Attorney-General. - 33 Verify source ↗
Temporary protection pending full assessment
AI-assisted research summary: The Attorney-General may temporarily include a witness in the Programme if the witness is judged to be in urgent need of protection, and may require an interim MOU to be signed.
Section 33—Temporary protection pending full assessment (1) The Attorney-General may include in the Programme on a temporary basis a witness who, in the opinion of the Attorney-General, is in urgent need of protection. (2) The Attorney-General may require an interim Memorandum of Understanding to be signed by or on behalf of that witness. (3) Sections 29 and 30 shall not be construed as preventing the exercise of any power or performance of any function under this section but, in so far as the requirements of those sections have not been complied with before the witness is included in the Programme, they shall be complied with as soon as practicable after the inclusion of the witness. - 34 Verify source ↗
Cessation of protection and assistance
AI-assisted research summary: The Attorney-General must end Programme protection and assistance if the participant asks in writing and the request is accepted; the Attorney-General may also end it in other listed situations.
Section 34—Cessation of protection and assistance (1) Protection and assistance provided under the Programme to a participant shall be terminated by the Attorney-General if the participant requests in writing that it be terminated and the Attorney-General is satisfied with the request. (2) Protection and assistance provided under the Programme may be terminated by the Attorney-General if (a) the participant deliberately breaches a term of the Memorandum of Understanding or a requirement or undertaking relating to the Programme; 15 (b) anything done or intended to be done by the participant is, in the opinion of the Attorney- General, likely to threaten the security or compromise the integrity of the Programme; or (c) the circumstances which gave rise to the need for protection and assistance for the participant have ceased to exist, and the Attorney-General is of the opinion that, in the circumstances of the case, the protection and assistance should be terminated. - 35 Verify source ↗
Suspension of protection and assistance
AI-assisted research summary: The Attorney-General may suspend a participant’s protection and assistance under the Programme for a reasonable period.
Section 35—Suspension of protection and assistance Protection and assistance provided under the Programme to a participant may be suspended by the Attorney-General for a reasonable period determined by the Attorney-General if the Attorney-General is satisfied that the participant has done something or intends to do something which limits the ability of the Attorney-General to provide adequate protection to the participant. - 36 Verify source ↗
Notice of involuntary termination or suspension
AI-assisted research summary: If protection and assistance for a participant are terminated or suspended under sections 34 or 35, the Attorney-General must notify the relevant law enforcement agency.
Section 36—Notice of involuntary termination or suspension Where protection and assistance provided under the Programme to a participant are terminated or suspended under section 34 or 35, the Attorney-General shall notify the law enforcement agency concerned of the decision. - 37 Verify source ↗
Coaching or coercion of witness
AI-assisted research summary: A person must not coach or coerce a protected witness into giving false evidence.
Section 37—Coaching or coercion of witness A person who coaches or coerces a protected witness to give evidence which is false commits an offence and is liable on summary conviction to a fine of not less than two thousand penalty units and not more than ten thousand penalty units or to a term of imprisonment of not less than five years and not more than ten years or to both the fine and the term of imprisonment. - 38 Verify source ↗
Causing harm to witness Protecting Witnesses from Identification
AI-assisted research summary: It is an offence to threaten, assault, intimidate, or otherwise harm a protected witness or witness.
Section 38—Causing harm to witness A person who threatens, assaults or intimidates a protected witness or who in any other manner causes harm to a witness commits an offence and is liable on summary conviction to a fine of not less than two thousand penalty units and not more than ten thousand penalty units or to a term of imprisonment of not less than five years and not more than ten years or to both the fine and the term of imprisonment. Protecting Witnesses from Identification - 39 Verify source ↗
Identifying documents
AI-assisted research summary: The Attorney-General may apply for a document needed to help a witness establish a new identity, protect a witness, or restore a former participant’s original identity.
Section 39—Identifying documents Without limiting the powers of the Attorney-General under section 28, the Attorney-General may apply for a document necessary (a) to allow a witness to establish a new identity; (b) to protect the witness; or (c) to restore the original identity of a former participant. - 40 Verify source ↗
Application for court order
AI-assisted research summary: The Attorney-General may apply to the High Court for an order, and must provide any evidence the Court requires.
Section 40—Application for court order The Attorney-General may, in a manner to be prescribed by the Rules of Court, apply to the High Court for an order authorising a specified person, or a person of a specified class or description to 16 (a) make a new entry in a register of births or a register of marriages in respect of a witness; (b) make a new entry in a register of deaths in respect of witness or a relative of a witness; or (c) issue a document of a kind previously issued to the witness in the new identity of the witness. (2) The Attorney-General shall provide the evidence that the High Court may require to satisfy itself as to the matters specified in section 42. - 41 Verify source ↗
Court proceedings under this Act to be closed to public
AI-assisted research summary: High Court proceedings under this Act must be conducted in camera, meaning not in public.
Section 41—Court proceedings under this Act to be closed to public Business of the High Court under this Act shall be conducted in camera - 42 Verify source ↗
Power of High Court to make order
AI-assisted research summary: The High Court may make a witness protection order if the stated conditions are met.
Section 42—Power of High Court to make order The High Court may make a witness protection order if it is satisfied that (a) the person named in the application as a witness (i) was a witness to or has knowledge of an offence and is or has been a witness in criminal proceeding relating to that offence; or (ii) is a person who, because of a relationship to or association with a person to whom subparagraph (i) applies, may require protection or other assistance under this Act; (b) the life or safety of the person may be endangered as a result of being a witness; (c) a Memorandum of Understanding has been entered into by the witness in accordance with section 31; and (d) the person is likely to comply with the Memorandum Understanding. - 43 Verify source ↗
Effect of witness protection order
AI-assisted research summary: If an order under section 42(a) or (b) is made, an authorised person may enter the needed details in the births, deaths, or marriages register, the registrar must give access and help, and the Attorney-General must keep records of the actual birth, death, or marriage details.
Section 43—Effect of witness protection order On the making of an order of the kind referred to in section 42 (a) or (b) (a) a person authorised to do so by the order may make the entries in a register of births, deaths or marriages that are necessary to give effect to the order; (b) the appropriate registrar having charge of the register of births, deaths or marriages shall afford the person so authorised full access to the relevant register and give the person the required assistance; and (c) the Attorney-General shall maintain details of actual records of the birth, death or marriage of each person in respect of whom an entry is made under paragraph (a). - 44 Verify source ↗
Effect of entries made under this Act
AI-assisted research summary: Entries made under this Act in births, deaths, or marriages registers count as valid entries, and they can only be cancelled in the stated court-ordered process.
Section 44—Effect of entries made under this Act (1) An entry made under this Act in a register of births, deaths or marriages has effect as if it were a valid entry made in accordance with the law governing the register. (2) An entry made under this Act in a register of births, deaths or marriages can only be cancelled by the Registrar-General or an appropriate registrar, if the High Court, after being satisfied that the witness is no longer included in the relevant Programme, has made an order on the application of the Attorney-General directing that the entry be cancelled. 17 - 45 Verify source ↗
Offences in relation to documents
AI-assisted research summary: A person named in a birth, death, or marriage register entry must not use or obtain a registrar-issued document for a fraudulent or dishonest purpose while that entry remains in force.
Section 45—Offences in relation to documents While an entry made under this Act in a register of births, deaths or marriages continues in force, a person in respect of whom the entry is made who uses or obtains a document issued by a registrar of births, deaths or marriages for a fraudulent or dishonest purpose commits an offence and is liable on summary conviction to a fine of not less than two hundred and fifty penalty units and not more than one thousand penalty units or to a term of imprisonment of not less than two years and not more than four years or to both the fine and the term of imprisonment. - 46 Verify source ↗
Information not to be disclosed
AI-assisted research summary: A person must not record, disclose, or communicate information about an entry in a births, deaths, or marriages register, unless needed for an investigation or to comply with a High Court order.
Section 46—Information not to be disclosed (1) Except where it is necessary (a) for the purposes of an investigation by the Attorney-General, the Police Service or another law enforcement agency; or (b) to comply with an order of the High Court, a person who, either directly or indirectly, makes a record of, discloses or communicates to another person, any information relating to an entry made in a register of births, deaths or marriages for the purposes of this Act commits an offence. (2) A person who commits an offence under subsection (1) is liable on summary conviction to a fine of not less than two thousand penalty units and not more than ten thousand penalty units or to a term of imprisonment of not less than five years and not more than ten years or to both the fine and the term of imprisonment. (3) Despite subsection (1), the Attorney-General may disclose the former identity of a participant for the purpose of obtaining documents relating to the new identity of the participant. - 47 Verify source ↗
Non-disclosure of the former identity of a participant
AI-assisted research summary: People with a new identity under the Programme generally do not have to reveal their former identity, and some people connected to the Programme must not disclose protected Programme information unless the Attorney-General authorises it.
Section 47—Non-disclosure of the former identity of a participant (1) Where (a) a participant who has been provided with a new identity under the programme would, apart from this section, be required by or under a law of this country to disclose the former identity of the participant for a particular purpose, and (b) the Attorney-General has given the participant permission, in the form prescribed by the Regulations not to disclose the former identity of the participant for that purpose, the participant is not required to disclose the former identity to any person for that purpose. (2) Where a participant has been given permission under subsection (1) not to disclose the former identity of the participant for a particular purpose, that participant may, in any proceedings or for any purpose, under or in relation to the relevant law of this country, claim that the new identity is the only identity of that participant. (3) A person who (a) is associated with the Programme; or 18 (b) has been associated with the administration of the Programme, and who has obtained access to information or a document relevant to the Programme, shall not disclose that information or publish that document except as authorised by the Attorney-General. (4) In this section, "participant" includes a person who (a) was provided with a new identity under the Programme; and (b) is no longer a participant but retains that identity. - 48 Verify source ↗
Identity of participant not to be disclosed in legal proceedings
AI-assisted research summary: Courts and commissions of inquiry may or must limit disclosure of a participant’s identity by hearing part of the case in camera and restricting publication, questions, answers, evidence, and statements.
Section 48—Identity of participant not to be disclosed in legal proceedings (1) Where, in any proceedings in a court, or commission of inquiry, the identity of a participant is in issue or may be disclosed, the court, or commission of inquiry shall, unless it considers that the interests of justice require otherwise, (a) hold that, that part of the proceedings which relates to the identity of the participant be conducted in camera; and (b) make an order relating to the suppression of publication of evidence given before the court, tribunal or commission of inquiry as, in its opinion, will ensure that the identity of the participant is not disclosed. (2) Where in any proceedings in a court, or commission of inquiry, a participant or former participant who has been provided with a new identity under the Programme is giving evidence, the court, or commission of inquiry may hold that part of the proceedings in camera. (3) The court, or commission before which any proceedings referred to in subsection (1) or (2) are conducted may by order direct (a) that a question shall not be asked in the proceedings which might lead to the disclosure of a protected identity of a participant or of the place of abode of the participant; (b) that a witness in the proceedings, including a participant, cannot be required to answer a question, give evidence, or provide any information, which may lead to the disclosure of a protected identity of the participant or former participant or of the place of abode of that participant; and (c) that a person involved in the proceedings shall not, in the proceedings, make a statement which discloses or could disclose a protected identity of a participant or the place of abode of that participant. (4) In subsection (3), "protected identity" means an identity of a participant that is different from the identity under which the participant is known or in connection with the proceedings concerned. - 49 Verify source ↗
Documentation restrictions
AI-assisted research summary: The Attorney-General must not obtain documentation that falsely represents a participant’s qualifications or entitlement to a benefit.
Section 49—Documentation restrictions The Attorney-General shall not obtain documentation for a participant which represents that the participant (a) has a qualification which that participant does not have; or (b) is entitled to a benefit to which that participant is not entitled. 19 - 50 Verify source ↗
Special commercial arrangements by the Attorney-General
AI-assisted research summary: The Attorney-General may make commercial arrangements that let a participant receive a benefit under a contract or arrangement without revealing the participant’s former identity.
Section 50—Special commercial arrangements by the Attorney-General The Attorney-General may make commercial arrangements with a person under which a participant is able to obtain a benefit under a contract or arrangement without revealing the former identity of the participant. - 51 Verify source ↗
Dealing with the rights and obligations of a participant
AI-assisted research summary: If a participant has outstanding rights, obligations, or restrictions, the Attorney-General must take reasonably practicable steps to deal with them according to law or ensure compliance.
Section 51—Dealing with the rights and obligations of a participant (1) If a participant has any outstanding rights or obligations or is subject to any restrictions, the Attorney-General shall take steps that are reasonably practicable to ensure that (a) those rights or obligations are dealt with according to law; or (b) the person complies with those restrictions. (2) The action may include (a) providing protection for the participant while the participant is attending court; or (b) notifying a party or possible party to legal proceedings that the Attorney-General will, on behalf of the participant, accept process issued by a court, a tribunal or a commission of inquiry and nominating an office for the purpose. - 52 Verify source ↗
Avoidance of obligations by a participant 3
AI-assisted research summary: If the Attorney-General thinks a participant is using a new identity to dodge earlier obligations or restrictions, the Attorney-General must issue a written caution notice.
Section 52—Avoidance of obligations by a participant (1) Where the Attorney-General is satisfied that a participant who has been provided with a new identity under the Programme is using the new identity (a) to avoid obligations which were incurred before the new identity was established, or (b) to avoid complying with restrictions which were imposed on the person before the new identity was established, the Attorney-General shall give a notice of caution in writing to the participant. (2) The notice shall also state that, unless the participant satisfies the Attorney-General that the obligations will be dealt with according to law or the restrictions will be complied with, the Attorney-General will take the necessary action to ensure that they are dealt with according to law or complied with. (3) The action may include providing to a person who is seeking to enforce rights against the participant, information on the details of any property, whether real or personal, owned by the participant under the former identity of that participant. - 53 Verify source ↗
Payments under Witness Protection Programme Miscellaneous
AI-assisted research summary: The Attorney-General may certify in writing that money held by a participant is payment under the Witness Protection Programme, and certified amounts cannot be confiscated, restrained, or used to pay pecuniary penalties.
Section 53—Payments under Witness Protection Programme (1) The Attorney-General may certify in writing that the whole or part of an amount held by a participant represents payments made to that participant under the Programme. (2) An amount certified under subsection (1) shall not (a) be confiscated or restrained; and (b) be applied in payment of pecuniary penalties. Miscellaneous 20 - 54 Verify source ↗
Disclosures concerning participants
AI-assisted research summary: A person must not, without lawful excuse, disclose a protected witness or participant’s identity or location, or any information that compromises that person’s security.
Section 54—Disclosures concerning participants A person who, without lawful excuse, discloses information (a) about the identity or location of a person who is or has been a protected witness or participant, or (b) which compromises the security of the person, commits an offence and is liable on summary conviction to a term of imprisonment of not less than two years and not more than ten years. - 55 Verify source ↗
Disclosure by participants and others
AI-assisted research summary: Certain participants or witnesses must not disclose protected programme-related information, unless the Attorney-General authorises it or it is needed for an investigation or a High Court order.
Section 55—Disclosure by participants and others (1) A person who is or was a participant or a witness considered for inclusion in the Programme and who directly or indirectly discloses or communicates to another person (a) the fact that the person or a member of the family of that person has entered a Memorandum of Understanding under section 31, (b) details of the Memorandum of Understanding, (c) information relating to anything done by the Attorney-General or an officer under this Act, or (d) information about an officer obtained by the person as a result of anything done under this Act, commits an offence and is liable on summary conviction to a term of imprisonment of not less than two years and not more than ten years. (2) This section does not apply to a disclosure or communication which (a) has been authorised by the Attorney-General; (b) is necessary for the purposes of an investigation by the Attorney-General, the Police Service or another law enforcement agency; or (c) is necessary to comply with an order of the High Court. (3) For purposes of subsection (1), a person is a witness considered for inclusion in the Programme if (a) the person is a witness who is the subject of consideration under section 29 for inclusion in the Programme; or (b) the person is a witness included in the Programme temporarily under section 33. - 56 Verify source ↗
Certain persons not to be required to disclose information
AI-assisted research summary: Certain listed officials and service providers are generally not compellable to disclose protected information, unless a High Court order provides otherwise.
Section 56—Certain persons not to be required to disclose information Except as otherwise provided by order of the High Court, a person who is or has been (a) the Attorney-General or an officer under the Attorney-General, (b) the Inspector-General of Police, a member of the Police Service or a person employed in its administration, (c) the registrar having charge of a register of births, deaths or marriages, (d) a person employed in the administration of the Births and Deaths Registration Act or any law under which marriages are registered or recorded, or 21 (e) a person or body or an employee of a person or body providing services to or for a participant on request made by or on behalf of the Attorney-General, is not compellable in any proceedings in a court, tribunal or commission of inquiry to produce any document or to divulge or communicate any matter or thing relating to the exercise of functions under this Act or the protection of witnesses included in the Programme. - 57 Verify source ↗
Protection of witnesses
AI-assisted research summary: The section protects witnesses from being sued or disciplined for helping or giving information to a court or law enforcement agency, and limits attempts to identify them.
Section 57—Protection of witnesses (1) An action or proceeding, including a disciplinary action, shall not be instituted or maintained against a witness in respect of (a) any assistance given by that witness to the court or to a law enforcement agency; (b) a disclosure of information made by that witness to the court or to a law enforcement agency. (2) Subsection (1) does not apply to a witness who knowingly makes a false statement. (3) A person shall not be required to identify, or provide information that might lead to the identification of a witness who assisted or disclosed information to the court or law enforcement agency. (4) In any proceedings before a court, the court shall ensure that information that identifies or might lead to the identification of a person who assisted or disclosed information to the court or law enforcement agency is removed or concealed from any documents to be produced or inspected in connection with the proceeding. (5) Subsections (3) and (4) do not apply to the extent determined by the court to be necessary to ensure that justice is fully done. - 58 Verify source ↗
Immunity from legal proceedings
AI-assisted research summary: A person is immune from criminal or civil liability for things done or omitted in good faith while performing, or purporting to perform, a function under the Act.
Section 58—Immunity from legal proceedings A person is not liable to any action, claim, suit or demand whether criminal or civil in respect of any thing done or omitted to be done by that person in good faith in the performance or purported performance of a function conferred by or under this Act. - 59 Verify source ↗
Regulations
AI-assisted research summary: The Minister may make regulations by legislative instrument to implement this Act and cover listed witness-protection matters.
Section 59—Regulations The Minister may, by legislative instrument, make Regulations generally for the efficient and effective implementation of this Act, and in particular, for (a) prescribing the rights and obligations of persons who are granted protection under the Witness Protection Programme; (b) prescribing the procedure for applying for the payment of compensation from the Fund; (c) the protection of children; (d) the regulation of access to places where protected persons are kept; (e) terms and conditions' of agreements and arrangements entered into for the purposes of this Act; (f) relocation agreements; and 22 (g) the procedure for the relocation or change of identity of a witness. - 60 Verify source ↗
Interpretation
AI-assisted research summary: This section defines key terms used in the Act, including the Agency, Board, Executive Director, Fund, Minister, participant, Programme, protected person, and several registry and witness-related terms.
Section 60—Interpretation In this Act, unless the context otherwise requires, "Agency" means the Witness Protection Agency established by section 1; "Board" means the governing body of the Agency established under section 6; "Executive Director" means the Executive Director of the Agency appointed under section 13; "Fund" means the Witness and Victims Compensation Fund established under section 20; "law enforcement agency" includes the Ghana Police Service, the Bureau of National Investigation, the Econimc[sic] and Organised Crime Office, the Office of the Special Prosecutor and the Financial Intelligence Centre; "Minister" means the Attorney-General and Minister for Justice; "participant" means a witness or a person who is included in the Programme; "Programme" means the Witness Protection Programme to be established and maintained as a function of the Agency under section 3; "protected person" means a person who has been placed under protection in accordance with this Act; "register of births" means a register of births maintained under the Births and Deaths Registration Act, 1965 (Act 301); "register of deaths" means a register of deaths maintained under the Births and Deaths Registration Act, 1965 (Act 301); "register of marriages" means (a) a register maintained under any Act in which marriages are registered or recorded; or (b) an index, maintained under any Act, of certified copies of the registers; "victim" means a person who by virtue of the relation of that person to the witness has suffered a loss, damage or injury as a consequence of the commission of a crime; and "witness" means a person who needs protection from a threat or risk which exists on account of being a crucial witness who (a) has given or agreed to give, evidence on behalf of the State in (i) proceedings for an offence; or (ii) hearings or proceedings before an. authority which is declared by the Minister by Order published in the Gazette to be an authority to which this paragraph applies; (b) has given or agreed to give evidence, otherwise than as mentioned in paragraph (a), in relation to the commission or possible commission of an offence against a law of this country; (c) has made a statement to 23 (i) the Inspector-General of Police or a member of the Police Service; or (ii) a law enforcement agency, in relation to an offence against a law of this country; or (d) is required to give evidence in a prosecution or inquiry held before a court, commission or tribunal outside this country; (i) for the purposes of any treaty or agreement to which this country is a party; or (ii) in circumstances prescribed by Regulations made under this Act. Date of Gazette Notification: 30th August, 2018
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Witness Protection Act, 2018 (Act 975)
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