Air Navigation (Operations) Order, 1986.

S.I. No. 62 of 1986. ARRANGEMENT OF ARTICLES. PART 1. 1. Citation and Commencement. 2. Definitions. 3. Revocation. 4. Application of Order and exemption from Order. 5. Application to unregistered aircraft. 6. Detention of Aircraft. 7. Directions. PART II. 8. Operator's responsibility for his employees' knowledge of laws and regulations. 9. Responsibility of the operator. 10. Pilot-in-command's duties in certain emergencies. 11. Carriage of explosives and dangerous goods. 13. Carriage of passengers on test flights prohibited. 14. Smoking in aircraft. 15. Keeping of log-books and records. 16. Keeping of entries. 17. Alteration of entries or making false entries. 18. Documents to be carried on aircraft. 19. Production of documents. PART III. FLIGHT OPERATIONS. 20. Operating facilities. 21. Report on inadequacy of facilities. 22. Operator's duties regarding supervision of flight operations. 23. Operations manual. 24. Minimum flight altitudes. 25. Establishment of minimum flight altitudes and approval by Minister. 26. Determination of aerodrome operating minima. 27. Fuel and oil records. 28. Crew members and passengers. 29. Flight preparation. 30. Loading of aircraft. 31. Operational flight plan. 32. Weather conditions. 33. Fuel and oil supply — all aircraft. 34. Fuel and oil supply — public transport aircraft. 35. Fuel and oil supply — other than public transport aircraft. 36. Fuel and oil supply — contingency factors — all aircraft. 37. Fuel and oil supply — amendment of operational flight plan. 38. Oxygen supply — public transport aircraft. 39. Safeguarding of cabin attendants and passengers in the event of loss of pressurisation. 40. Use of oxygen — all aircraft. 41. Oxygen supply — other than public transport aircraft. 42. Inflight procedures — aerodrome operating minima-all aircraft. 43. Inflight procedures — aerodrome operating minima — public transport aircraft. 44. Observations and reports in flight. 45. Fitness of flight crew members. 46. Flight crew members at duty stations. 47. Notification of flight plan change. 48. Duties of pilot-in-command. 49. Authority of the pilot-in-command. 50. Duties of a flight operations officer. PART IV. AIRCRAFT OPERATING LIMITATIONS. 51. Conditions of operation. PART V. AIRCRAFT INSTRUMENTS, EQUIPMENT AND SAFETY DEVICES. 52. Carriage of instruments, equipment and safety devices. 53. Exits and internal doors. PART VI. 55. Approval of equipment. PART VII. AIRCRAFT CREW. 56. Composition and training of the aircraft flight crew. 57. Flight crew member training programme. 58. Qualifications. 59. Cabin attendants, required numbers and training. 60. Flight crew members, emergency and survival training. PART VIII. AIRCRAFT MAINTENANCE. 61. General. 62. Responsibilities of owners and lessees. 63. Keeping and preservation of log-books. FIRST SCHEDULE. INSTRUMENTS, EQUIPMENT AND SAFETY DEVICES FOR AIRCRAFT. SECOND SCHEDULE. MANUALS, LOGS AND RECORDS. S.I. No. 62 of 1986. I, JIM MITCHELL, Minister for Communications, in exercise of the powers conferred on me by sections 5,9,11 and 16 of the (No. 23 of 1946) (as amended by section 9 of the (No. 4 of 1950)), and the Ministers and Secretaries (Amendment) Act, 1983 (No. 40 of 1983) , hereby order as follows: PART I. PRELIMINARY. 1 Citation and Commencement. 1. (2) This Order shall come into operation on the 1st day of August, 1986. 2 Definitions. 2. In this Order— "aerial work aircraft" means an aircraft, not being a public transport aircraft, which is being flown for payment required to be made, or promised, to the operator of the aircraft in respect of the flight or of the purpose for which the flight is made; "aerodrome" means a defined area on land or water (including any buildings, installations and equipment) intended to be used either wholly or in part for the arrival, departure and movement of aircraft; "aerodrome operating minima" means the limits of usability of an aerodrome either for take-off or landing usually expressed in terms of visibility or runway visual range, decision/altitude height or minimum descent altitude/height and cloud conditions; "aeroplane" means a power-driven heavier-than-air aircraft deriving its lift in flight chiefly from aerodynamic reactions on surfaces which remain fixed under given conditions of flight; "aircraft" means any machine that can derive support in the atmosphere from the reactions of the air other than the reaction of the air against the earth's surface; "air transport undertaking" means an undertaking the business of which includes the carriage by air for hire or reward of passengers or cargo; "alternate aerodrome" means an aerodrome (including the aerodrome of departure) specified in a flight plan to which an aircraft in flight may proceed when it becomes inadvisable to land at the aerodrome of intended landing; "appropriate authority" means, in relation to the State, the Minister, and, in relation to any other state, the relevant authority of the state having sovereignty over the territory being overflown, and in the case of flight over the high seas, the relevant authority of the state in which the aircraft concerned is registered; "appropriate person" means a member of the Garda Síochána or a person authorised by the Minister for the purposes of this Order; "cargo" includes mail and animals; S.I. No. 141 of 1964 S.I. No. 88 of 1963 "Chicago Convention" has the meaning assigned to it by section 2 of the (No. 23 of 1946) and includes any Annex to the Chicago Convention which relates to international standards and recommended practices and which has been adopted in accordance with the Chicago Convention and any amendment of any such Annex which has been made in accordance with the Chicago Convention; "controlled flight" means any flight which is provided with air traffic control services; "controlled VFR flight" means a controlled flight conducted in accordance with the visual flight rules; "crew member" means a person assigned by an operator to duty on an aircraft during flight time; "cruising level" means a level maintained during a significant portion of a flight; "decision altitude/height" means a specified altitude or height in the precision approach at which a missed approach must be initiated if the required visual reference to continue the approach has not been established; "flight check system" has the meaning assigned to it by Article 23 (e) of this Order; "flight crew member" means— S.I. No. 165 of 1966 ), and charged with duties essential to the operation of the aircraft during flight time; or ) In relation to an aircraft registered in any other state, a crew member appropriately licensed under the law of that state and charged with duties essential to the operation of the aircraft during flight time; "flight duty period" means the total time from the moment a flight crew member commences duty, immediately subsequent to a rest period and prior to making a flight or series of flights, to the moment he is relieved of all duties having completed such flight or series of flights; "flight manual" means a manual which is associated with a certificate of airworthiness and contains limitations within which the aircraft is to be considered airworthy, and instructions and information necessary to the flight crew members for the safe operation of the aircraft; "flight plan" means specified information provided to air traffic services units relative to an intended flight or portion of a flight of an aircraft; "flight preparation form" has the meaning assigned to it by Article 29 (2) of this Order; "flight time" means, save where the contrary intention appears, the total time from the moment an aircraft first moves under its own power from the loading point for the purpose of taking off until the moment it comes to rest at the unloading point at the end of the flight; S.I. No. 22 of 1973 "instrument meteorological conditions (IMC)" means meteorological conditions expressed in terms of visibility, distance from cloud and ceiling less than the minima for visual meteorological conditions; "load sheet" has the meaning assigned to it by Article 30 (4) (iii) of this Order; "maximum total weight authorised" means the maximum total weight of the aircraft and its contents at which the aircraft may take off anywhere in the world in the most favourable circumstances in accordance with the certificate of airworthiness in force in respect of the aircraft; "minimum descent altitude/height" means a specified altitude or height in a non-precision approach or circling approach below which descent may not be made without visual reference; "the Minister" means the Minister for Communications; "night" means the hours between the end of evening civil twilight and the beginning of morning civil twilight, or such other period between sunset and sunrise as may be specified by the appropriate authority; "obstacle clearance limit" means the height above the elevation of an aerodrome below which the minimum required vertical clearance cannot be maintained on approach or in the event of a missed approach; "Operations Manual" has the meaning assigned to it by Article 23 of this Order; "operational control" means the exercise of authority over the initiation, continuation, diversion or termination of a flight in the interest of the safety of the aircraft and the regularity and efficiency of a flight; "operational flight plan" means the operator's plan for the safe conduct of the flight based on considerations of aircraft performance, other operating limitations and relevant expected conditions on the route to be followed and at the aerodromes concerned; "operator" means a person, organisation, or enterprise engaged in or offering to engage in an aircraft operation; and who or which, in relation to any particular aircraft, has at the relevant time the management of that aircraft; "pilot-in-command" means the pilot responsible for the operation and safety of the aircraft during flight time; "prescribed" means prescribed by direction given by the Minister under this Order and the expression "prescribe" shall be construed accordingly; "pressure altitude" means an atmospheric pressure expressed in terms of altitude which corresponds to that pressure in the Standard Atmosphere as defined in Annex 8 to the Chicago Convention; "private aircraft" means an aircraft which is neither a public transport aircraft nor an aerial work aircraft; "public transport aircraft" means an aircraft used or intended to be used by the operator for the purpose of carrying passengers or cargo for which purpose payment is required to be made, or promised, to the operator or, in a case where the carriage is effected by an air transport undertaking, whether for payment or not; "rest period" means any period of time on the ground duringwhich a flight crew member is relieved of all duties by the operator; "runway visual range" means the range over which the pilot of an aircraft on the centre line of a runway can see the runway surface markings or the lights delineating the runway or identifying its centre line; "synthetic flight trainer" means any one of the following types of apparatus in which flight conditions are simulated on the ground:— ) a flight simulator which provides accurate representation of the flight-deck of a particular aircraft type to the extent that the mechanical, electrical, electronic and other aircraft systems control functions, the normal environment of flight-crew members, and the performance and flight characteristics of the type of aircraft are realistically simulated, ) a flight procedures simulator which provides a realistic flight-deck environment and which simulates instrument responses, simple control functions of mechanical, electrical, electronic and other aircraft systems, and the performance and flight characteristics of aircraft of a particular class, or ) a basic instrument flight trainer which is equipped with appropriate instruments and which simulates the flight deck environment of an aircraft in flight in instrument flight conditions; "total cosmic radiation" means the total of ionising and neutron radiation of galactic and solar origin; 3 Revocation. 3. S.I. No. 140 of 1964 ) is hereby revoked. S.I. No. 140 of 1964 ), every direction given under that Order and in force at the commencement of this Order shall continue in force and shall be deemed for all purposes to have been given under this Order. 4 Application of Order and exemption from Order. 4. (1) Subject to paragraphs (2) and (3) of this Article, this Order shall, unless the contrary intention appears, apply to all aircraft registered in the State wherever such aircraft may be and, with respect to Article 6 (1) and Article 6 (2), Article 11, Article 18 (1) and clauses (iv) and (v) of sub-paragraph (a) of Article 18 (3), Article 19 (1), Article 26 (4), Article 54 (1) and Article 56 (3) ( ) shall also apply to aircraft registered in any other state when such aircraft are in or over the State. (2) The Minister may direct that such provisions of this Order as may be specified in the Direction shall apply to such aircraft, not being aircraft registered in the State, which are for the time being under the management of a person who is qualified to hold a legal or beneficial interest by way of ownership of an aircraft registered in the State, as may be so specified. (3) Aircraft being used solely for— ) the purpose of training any person or persons carried therein (other than the crew members thereof) to perform duties in an aircraft, or ) the carriage of persons for the purpose of undergoing instruction in flying, shall not be public transport aircraft for the purposes of this Order but the requirements of paragraphs (1), (2) and (3) of Article 30 and paragraphs (3) and (4) of Article 61 of this Order shall apply to such aircraft. (4) The Minister may exempt any classes of persons or aircraft from any of the provisions of this Order. 5 Application to unregistered aircraft. 5. 6 Detention of Aircraft. 6. (1) Whenever it appears, either to the Minister or to an authorised person within the meaning of section 64 of the (No. 40 of 1936), that an aircraft is intended or likely to be flown from any place within the State in such circumstances that the flight would be in contravention of any provision of this Order or any direction made thereunder, the Minister, or that authorised person, may give to the operator of the aircraft or pilot-in-command thereof such instructions and take such steps by way of detention of the aircraft or otherwise as appear to him to be necessary in order to prevent the flight and the person so instructed shall comply with such instructions. (2) For the purposes of paragraph (1) of this Article, the Minister or the authorised person concerned may enter and inspect the aircraft concerned. 7 Directions. 7. (1) The Minister may give such directions in respect of such matters and things as may be specified in this Order for carrying out the purposes of this Order and the Schedules thereto as may be necessary and appropriate. (2) Directions under this Order may be given in the form of Notices to Airmen (otherwise known as "NOTAMS"), Notices to Aircraft Operators, Notices to Aircraft Owners and Aircraft Engineers, or Aeronautical Information Circulars, or by notice sent by registered post to the person affected. PART II. GENERAL. 8 Operator's responsibility for his employees' knowledge of laws and regulations. 8. (1) This Article shall apply in relation to public transport aircraft only. (2) The operator shall ensure that— ) all his employees concerned with aircraft operation including all crew members are aware that, when in or over the territory of an other state, they are obliged to comply with the laws, regulations and procedures in force in that state; ) each pilot is familiar with the regulations and procedures in force pertinent to the performance of his duties in respect of— (i) the areas to be traversed, and ) other flight crew members are familiar with such of the regulations and procedures referred to in sub-paragraph (b) of this paragraph as are pertinent to the performance of their respective duties in the operation of the aircraft. 9 Responsibility of operator. 9. (1) This Article shall apply to public transport aircraft only. (2) The operator, or a person designated by him to be his representative, shall be responsible for the operational control of aircraft operated by him. (3) The operator shall ensure, by all means in his power, the safety of all persons who board an aircraft operated by him with the intention of making a flight therein. 10 Pilot-in-command's duties in certain emergencies. 10. (1) Where an emergency occurs which endangers the safety of the aircraft or of any person and necessitates the taking of action involving a violation by any crew member of regulations or procedures in force in the airspace in which the aircraft is flying, the pilot-in-command shall notify the appropriate authority, without delay, of the violation, and shall submit a written report on the violation and the reason therefor to the Minister in all cases and also to the appropriate authority of the state in or over which the violation occurs, if that state requires such report. (2) A copy of a report referred to in paragraph (1) of this Article shall be submitted to the Minister by the pilot-in-command concerned as soon after the occurrence of the emergency as may be reasonably practicable and where possible within ten days of such occurrence. (3) ( ) Subject to sub-paragraph ( ) Where, in the case of an aircraft having more than two engines, any engine loses power or has to be shut down, the pilot-in-command of that aircraft— (i) may, instead of landing at the earliest safe opportunity, decide to land at a suitable convenient aerodrome, and (ii) shall report, as soon as practicable after the occurrence, to the appropriate air traffic control unit the loss of power and his decision to land at a suitable aerodrome and shall thereafter keep air traffic control fully informed of the progress of the flight. ) The pilot-in-command of an aircraft shall not decide to land at a suitable convenient aerodrome instead of landing at the earliest safe opportunity unless he is satisfied that the course adopted is as safe as landing at the earliest safe opportunity and he has taken into account factors which may affect the safety of the aircraft including— (i) the nature of the malfunction of the engine which caused the loss of power, (ii) any possible mechanical difficulties which may result from the continuation of the flight, (iii) the height and weight of the aircraft, (iv) the amount of fuel remaining in the aircraft, (v) the weather conditions en route and at any suitable convenient aerodrome, (vi) the density of the air traffic in and about any suitable convenient aerodrome, (vii) the nature of the terrain to be overflown, and (viii) his familiarity with conditions in and about any suitable convenient aerodrome. ) Whenever a pilot-in-command of an aircraft lands that aircraft at a suitable convenient aerodrome instead of at the earliest safe opportunity, he shall, as soon as is reasonably practicable, furnish the operator, or if there is no operator, the Minister, with a report in writing stating the reasons for his decision to land at the selected aerodrome rather than at the earliest safe opportunity. ) Whenever the operator is furnished with a report pursuant to sub-paragraph ( ) of this Article, the operator shall, within fourteen days of the receipt of the report, furnish the Minister with a copy of the report together with any observations the operator may wish to make on the report. 11 Carriage of explosives and dangerous goods. 11. S.I. No. 224 of 1973 ). 12. (2) In the case of public transport aircraft, the operator shall ensure that such information is made available to the pilot-in-command, either in the Operations Manual, or by such other means as the Minister considers appropriate. 13 Carriage of passengers on test flights prohibited. 13. (1) The operator shall ensure that a person (other than a flight crew member or a person authorised by the Minister) is not carried in an aircraft engaged on a test flight unless the carriage of that person is necessary or desirable for the purpose of, or in connection with, the test flight and is authorised by the operator and the pilot-in-command. (2) In this Article "test flight" means a flight for the purpose of proving the airworthiness of an aircraft or of its equipment. 14 Smoking in aircraft. 14. (1) The operator shall take reasonable steps to ensure that smoking is prohibited in every aircraft operated by him— ) if and in so far as smoking is prohibited by the certificate of airworthiness or the flight manual of such aircraft, ) in any circumstances when smoking might endanger the safety of the aircraft. (2) The operator shall take reasonable steps to ensure that instructions indicating when smoking is prohibited in any compartment of an aircraft operated by him are conveyed to all persons in that compartment. (3) A person shall not smoke in any compartment of an aircraft when smoking is prohibited in that compartment by instruction to that effect given by or on behalf of the pilot-in-command. 15 Keeping of log-books and records. 15. (1) The operator shall ensure that a log book, in this Order referred to as a journey log-book, (or such other record as the Minister may from time to time accept in lieu thereof), which shall contain the particulars set out in paragraph 1 of the Second Schedule to this Order shall be kept in respect of every public transport aircraft operated by him and shall be preserved for a period of not less than six months beginning on the date of the last entry. (2) The operator of a public transport aircraft shall, in respect of any flight by that aircraft during which it may fly to an altitude of more than 49,000 feet, maintain records so that the total cosmic radiation dose received by each crew member over a period of twelve consecutive months can be determined. 16 Keeping of entries. 16. Entries in every journey log-book or any other record required to be kept under this Order shall be indelible and shall be kept up to date. 17 Alteration of entries or making false entries. 17. A person shall not— ) mutilate, alter or render illegible any journey log-book, or other record, required to be kept under this Order or any entry made in any such log-book or record, or destroy any such log-book or record during the period for which it is required under this Order to be preserved; ) wilfuly make, or procure to be made, or assist in the making of any false entry in, or material omission from, any journey log-book or any other record kept, or required to be kept, under this Order. 18 Documents to be carried on aircraft. 18. (1) An aircraft shall not fly unless it has on board the documents which it is required under the law of the state in which it is registered to have on board. (2) An aircraft shall, when in flight, have on board documents in accordance with paragraph (3) of this Article; provided that, if the flight is intended to begin and end at the same aerodrome without passing over the territory of any other state, the documents specified in sub-paragraph ( ) of the said paragraph (3) may be kept at that aerodrome. (3) Subject to the proviso in paragraph (2) of this Article, it shall be necessary to have on board— ) all aircraft when in flight the following documents, that is to say— (i) the certificate of registration and of airworthiness in force in respect of the aircraft, (iii) the flight manual for the aircraft, or other documents acceptable to the Minister as equivalent to the flight manual, (iv) when cargo is carried, the cargo manifest or such other documents as may be prescribed from time to time as acceptable in lieu thereof, (v) in the case of an aeroplane to which requirements for noise certification by the appropriate authority of a state are applicable, a document attesting compliance with such requirements, (vi) a document specifying the procedures prescribed in Annex 2 to the Chicago Convention for pilots-in-command of intercepted aircraft, and (vii) a radio station licence; ) all public transport aircraft when in flight the following documents, that is to say— (i) the documents specified in sub-paragraph (a) of this paragraph, (ii) a copy of the Operations Manual (including all amendments thereto) for the aircraft, (iii) a copy of each maintenance release in force in respect of the aircraft, (iv) a copy of the load sheet required by Article 30 of this Order in respect of the flight, (vi) the journey log-book or other record required by Article 15 of this Order. (viii) the operational flight plan; ) all aerial work aircraft when in flight the following documents, that is to say— (i) the documents specified in sub-paragraph (a) and in clauses (iii) and (v) of sub-paragraph (b) of this paragraph, (ii) such other documents as the Minister may require to be carried on a particular flight or flights. 19 Production of documents. 19. (1) The pilot-in-command of an aircraft shall, within a reasonable time after being required to do so by the appropriate person, produce or cause to be produced to that person such of the documents required by Article 18 of this Order to be on board the aircraft in flight as that person requests to be produced. (2) The operator of an aircraft registered in the State shall, within a reasonable time after being required to do so by the appropriate person, produce or cause to be produced to that person for inspection by that person such of the following documents as that person requests to be produced— ) any other documents and information in the possession or under the control of the operator which the appropriate person may require for the purpose of determining whether the log-books or records referred to in sub-paragraph ( ) of this paragraph are complete and accurate. PART III. FLIGHT OPERATIONS. 20 Operating facilities. 20. (1) The operator of an aircraft shall ensure that a flight shall not be commenced unless he has previously ascertained by the use of every reasonable means at his disposal that the ground facilities and water facilities available and directly required on the flight for the safe operation of the aircraft and the protection of the passengers, are adequate and are adequately operated for the type of operation to be conducted. (2) In this Article— "reasonable means" means information available at the point of departure to the operator, either through official information published by the aeronautical information service of the state or states concerned or readily obtainable by him from other sources; 21 Report on inadequacy of facilities. 21. Whenever in the course of operations undertaken by him, an operator observes ground facilities or water facilities which he considers to be inadequate, he shall report the inadequacy to the person or authority immediately responsible for those facilities. 22 Operator's duties regarding supervision of flight operations. 22. An operator of public transport aircraft shall— ) establish and maintain a method (which shall be subject to the approval from time to time of the Minister) of supervision of flight operations, and ) ensure that any person employed by him as a flight operations officer in accordance with paragraph (a) of this Article shall have attained a standard of technical competence acceptable to the Minister and shall— (i) prior to such employment, demonstrate satisfactorily to the operator his knowledge of and ability to perform the duties assigned to him, (ii) during the period of his employment as a flight operations officer, maintain complete familiarisation with all operational matters pertaining to his duties, and (iii) if he is absent from such duties for more than twelve consecutive months, demonstrate his knowledge and ability as aforesaid prior to his again being employed on the duties of a flight operations officer. 23 Operations manual. 23. An operator of public transport aircraft shall— ) (i) provide for the use and guidance of the flight crew members and operations personnel concerned a document which shall be known, and in this Order is referred to, as the Operations Manual which may comprise one, or more than one, volume and shall contain the particulars set out in paragraph 2 of the Second Schedule to this Order; (ii) provide the Minister with a copy of the Operations Manual together with all the amendments and revisions which may be made to it from time to time; ) ensure that the Operations Manual is revised as may be necessary— (i) by reason of any change affecting the operation of the aircraft or its equipment, (ii) in order to ensure that the information therein is the most recent information available, or (iii) if required by the Minister; ) ensure that all revisions made in the Operations Manual pursuant to paragraph ( ) of this Article are supplied to each holder of the Operations Manual; ) (i) ensure that all operations personnel are fully instructed as to their respective duties and responsibilities and as to the relationship to the operation as a whole of their respective duties and responsibilities, (ii) ensure and so instruct his flight crews and operations personnel, that when passengers are being carried emergency situations affecting the flight characteristics of the aircraft shall not be simulated; ) establish a check-system (which shall be known, and in this Order is referred to, as a flight check system) which shall be used by the flight crew during all phases of operations, and in the case of emergency, for the purpose of ensuring that the operating procedures specified in the Operations Manual and in the flight manual or other documents acceptable to the Minister as equivalent to the flight manual are followed. 24 Minimum flight altitudes. 24. (1) An Operator of public transport aircraft shall— ) in respect of scheduled airline flights and routes in frequent use in Operations other than scheduled airline flights, establish and specify in the operations Manual altitudes in this Order referred to as minimum flight altitudes for each route flown; and ) in respect of routes not in frequent use in operations other than scheduled airline flights, establish and specify in the Operations Manual a method by which minimum flight altitudes for each route to be flown shall be determined. (2) A minimum flight altitude established or determined in accordance with this Article— ) shall not be lower than any corresponding minimum flight altitude established by the appropriate authority save when the appropriate authority specifically approves, (3) The pilot-in-command of an aircraft shall observe the minimum flight altitudes, if any, established by the appropriate authority of the state over which the aircraft is flying. 25 Establishment of minimum flight altitudes and approval by Minister. 25. (1) When establishing minimum flight altitudes or the method by which minimum flight altitudes shall be determined, the operator of a public transport aircraft shall take into consideration all relevant factors affecting the safety of the operation concerned, including— ) the accuracy with which the position of the aircraft can be determined, ) the probable inaccuracies in the indications given by the altimeters used, ) the characteristics of the terrain along the route, with particular reference to any abrupt changes in elevations, ) the probability of encountering unfavourable meteorological conditions and the likelihood of severe turbulence and descending air currents, and ) possible inaccuracies in aeronautical charts. (2) Minimum flight altitudes or the method by which minimum flight altitudes are determined as the case may be, shall, in the case of flights by public transport aircraft in or over the State, be approved of by the Minister. 26 Determination of aerodrome operating minima. 26. (1) An operator of public transport aircraft registered in the State shall— ) in respect of scheduled airline flights, determine and specify in the Operations Manual minimum conditions, in this Order referred to as aerodrome operating minima, ) in respect of operations other than scheduled airline flights, establish and specify in the Operations Manual a method by which aerodrome operating minima shall be determined, for each aerodrome on the routes to be flown which will be, or is likely to be, used in his operations as an aerodrome of intended landing or as an alternate aerodrome or which, being suitable, may require to be used in an emergency, provided that as regards sub-paragraph (b) of this paragraph— (i) if a route is in frequent use, the aerodrome operating minima for each such aerodrome on that route shall be determined by the operator and specified in the Operations Manual; and (ii) the method by which it is proposed to determine the aerodrome operating minima shall be submitted to the Minister for his approval and shall not be specified in the Operations Manual unless approved of by him. (2) When determining values of aerodrome operating minima to apply in any particular circumstances or establishing a method by which aerodrome operating minima shall be determined, the operator shall take into consideration all relevant factors, including— ) the type, performance and handling characteristics of the aircraft concerned, ) the composition of the flight crew, their competence and experience, ) the dimensions and characteristics of runways used, ) the adequacy and performance of the available visual and non-visual ground aids, ) the obstacles in the approach, missed approach, and take-off areas and the obstacle clearance limit for the instrument approach procedure, ) the means used to measure and report meteorological conditions, ) the obstacles in the climb out area and necessary clearance margins. (3) The aerodrome operating minima determined for any aerodrome in accordance with this Article shall not be lower than the aerodrome operating minima (if any) established for that aerodrome by the appropriate authority unless the aerodrome operating minima so determined have been expressly approved by that appropriate authority. (4) An operator of public transport aircraft not registered in the State shall not operate aircraft within the State unless such operator shall have provided to the Minister any information which he may from time to time require relating to aerodrome operating minima within the State; and if the Minister requires any changes in those minima such an operator shall not operate such aircraft until those changes have been effected. 27 Fuel and oil records. 27. In the case of public transport aircraft— ) the operator shall maintain such records of fuel and oil as shall satisfy the Minister that for each flight the requirements of Articles 33 to 37 of this Order have been complied with, ) records under this paragraph shall be preserved by the operator for a period of three months beginning on the date of the flight to which they relate. 28 Crew members and passengers. 28. (1) This Article shall apply in relation to public transport aircraft only. (2) The operator shall— ) for each flight designate one pilot to act as pilot-in-command, ) maintain and submit to the Minister on request current records of the flight time, flight duty periods and rest periods of each flight crew member and these records shall be preserved by the operator for a period of not less than twelve months beginning on the completion of the flight time, flight duty period or rest period to which the record relates, ) subject to the approval of the Minister, formulate and include in the Operations Manual rules limiting the flight time and flight duty periods of flight crew members, providing for adequate rest periods and ensuring that fatigue occurring, either in a flight or successive flights or accumulated over a period of time by reason of the tasks connected (either directly or indirectly) with such flight or flights, shall not be such as to endanger the safety of a flight, ) ensure that, except as may be otherwise prescribed by the Minister, seat belts or harnesses shall be made available for each crew member. (3) The operator shall take steps to the satisfaction of the Minister to ensure that:— ) (i) all passengers are made familiar with the position and method of use of safety belts or safety harnesses, emergency exits, life jackets, passenger oxygen equipment and other emergency equipment provided on board an aircraft for individual use, (ii) all passengers are informed of the location and general manner of use of the principal emergency equipment carried for collective use, (iii) the method of use of life jackets is demonstrated to the passengers— (I) In the case of aircraft designed to manoeuvre on water, before take-off, or (II) in the case of land planes which will be flown over water beyond a point which is 30 minutes flying-time from land suitable for an emergency landing, before reaching this point, (iv) the method of use of the emergency passenger oxygen equipment is demonstrated to passengers before the aircraft reaches an altitude of 25,000 feet; ) in any emergency during flight, all passengers are instructed in the emergency action which they should take as appropriate to the circumstances; ) prior to and during each take-off and each landing and whenever, by reason of turbulent air conditions or any emergency during flight the precaution is considered necessary, all passengers on board an aircraft are secured in their seats by means of the seat belts or harnesses provided. (4) In this Article "harness" includes a seat belt which may be used independently and includes shoulder straps. 29 Flight preparation. 29. (1) An aircraft shall not commence a flight unless and until the pilot-in-command has satisfied himself that— ) the flight can be safely made, taking into consideration the latest information available as to route and aerodromes to be used, the weather reports and forecasts available, and any alternative course of action which can be adopted in case the flight cannot be completed as planned; ) the aircraft is airworthy, and any necessary maintenance work has been performed in accordance with Part VIII of this Order; ) the weight of the aircraft is such that the flight can be conducted safely, taking into account the flight conditions expected; ) the load carried is properly distributed and safely secured; ) Part IV of this Order is complied with in respect of the flight to be undertaken; ) the view of the pilot is not interfered with by any obstruction not forming part of the structure of the aircraft and is not obscured by any discolouration of, damage to, or deposit on any of the windows, windscreens or side screens of the aircraft; provided that nothing in this sub-paragraph shall preclude the use of coloured screens in aircraft used in training for instrument flying; ) sufficient fuel and oil are carried for the proposed flight; ) the supply of electricity is adequate for the operation of such of the electrical equipment installed in the aircraft as will be used on the flight; ) any ice, frost or snow adhering to the wings, tail and control surfaces, propellor, power plant installations, and the airspeed, altimeter rate of climb or flight attitude instrument systems has been totally removed (2) A public transport aircraft shall not commence a flight unless and until documents which shall be known, and in this Order are referred to, as flight preparation forms have been completed certifying that the pilot-in-command has satisfied himself— ) with regard to the matters specified in paragraph (1) of this Article; ) that the quantities of fuel and oil have been computed in accordance with Articles 33 to 37 of this Order; ) that Article 31 of this Order has been complied with. (3) The flight preparation forms required under paragraph (2) of this Article shall be— ) in such form as the Minister may require or approve, ) certified by the pilot-in-command before the commencement of the flight to which they relate, ) preserved by the operator for a period of three months after the completion of the flight to which they relate. 30 Loading of aircraft. 30. (1) The operator of a public transport aircraft shall not cause or permit it to be loaded for a flight, or shall not cause or permit any load to be suspended from such aircraft, except under the supervision of a suitably trained person whom he has caused to be furnished with written instructions as to the distribution and securing of the load so as to ensure that— ) the load may safely be carried on the flight, and ) any conditions subject to which the certificate of airworthiness in force in respect of the aircraft was issued or rendered valid (being conditions relating to the loading of the aircraft) are complied with. (2) The instructions referred to in paragraph (1) of this Article shall indicate— ) any additional items included in the weight of the aircraft prepared for service; and ) the position of the centre of gravity of the aircraft at that weight. (3) The operator of a public transport aircraft shall not cause or permit it to be loaded in contravention of the instructions referred to in paragraph (1) of this Article. (4) A public transport aircraft, other than a public transport aircraft— ) of which the maximum total weight authorised does not exceed 1,140 kilograms, or ) of which the maximum total weight authorised does not exceed 2,720 kilograms on flights not intended to be over sixty minutes in duration and intended either solely for training crew members in theirduties or to begin and end at the same aerodrome without intermediate landing, shall not fly or attempt to fly unless and until— (i) the operator has obtained the approval of the Minister of the written instructions, referred to in paragraph (1) of this Article, in respect of the aircraft; (ii) the loading of the aircraft for the proposed flight has been completed in accordance with such instructions; (iii) the person superintending the loading of the aircraft for the proposed flight has prepared, certified and dated a document in duplicate which shall be known, and in this Order is referred to, as a load sheet containing the particulars specified in paragraph (5) of this Article; and (iv) the load sheet has been submitted to the pilot-in-command of the aircraft and has been examined by him for the purpose of complying with sub-paragraphs (d) and (e) of paragraph (1) of Article 29 of this Order. (5) The load sheet prepared in accordance with this Article shall contain— ) the nationality and registration marks of the aircraft; ) sufficient information to enable the particular flight to be readily identified; ) particulars of the several weights from which the total weight of the aircraft as loaded has been computed; ) a certificate by the person superintending the loading of the aircraft that the load has been distributed in accordance with the instructions referred to in clause (i) of paragraph (4) of this Article and approved by the Minister in respect of the aircraft. (6) The particulars referred to in paragraph (5) ( ) of this Article shall be computed in a manner acceptable to the Minister. (7) One copy of the load sheet and of the instructions referred to in paragraph (1) of this Article shall be preserved by the operator for a period of six months beginning on the completion of the flight to which the load sheet relates. (8) In this Article "the person superintending the loading of the aircraft" means the person who collates all weight information for the preparation of the load sheet and determines the weight of the aircraft and the distribution of the load for the purpose of compliance with subparagraphs ( ) and ( ) of paragraph (1) of Article 29 of this Order. 31 Operational flight plan. 31. (1) A document, which shall be known and in this Order is referred to as an operational flight plan, shall be completed in respect of every intended flight by a public transport aircraft for the purpose of indicating that the flight can be conducted with safety and that Articles 32 to 37 of this Order have been complied with. (2) The operational flight plan shall be approved and certified by the pilot-in-command and also certified where applicable by the flight operations officer and a copy of it shall be deposited with the operator, his agent or the aerodrome authority or, where this is not possible, shall be deposited in such a place at the point of departure as to be readily available if required. (3) ( ) Unless specified in the Operations Manual or in other suitable documents carried on the flight, the operational flight plan of public transport aircraft engaged in an operation other than scheduled airline flights shall include, in addition to the matter specified in sub-paragraph ( ) of this paragraph— (i) the minimum flight altitudes for the route to be flown; and (ii) the aerodrome operating minima for the aerodrome to be used and for any alternate aerodrome designated in the operational flight plan. 32 Weather conditions. 32. (1) An aircraft shall not commence a flight, except one of purely local character in visual meteorological conditions, which is to be conducted in accordance with visual flight rules unless the meteorological information, including meteorological reports or a combination of current reports and forecasts most recently available from the appropriate meteorological office, indicates that the meteorological conditions along the route or that part of the route to be flown under the visual flight rules, will, at the appropriate time, be such as to make it possible for the flight to be conducted in accordance with the visual flight rules. (2) A flight to be conducted in accordance with instrument flight rules shall not be commenced unless the available information indicates that conditions at the aerodrome of intended landing, or at least one alternate aerodrome, will, at the expected time of arrival, be at or above the aerodrome operating minima. (3) An aircraft shall not commence a flight which would be operated in known or expected icing conditions unless the aircraft is equipped to cope with those conditions. 33 Fuel and oil supply — all aircraft. 33. The pilot-in-command shall ensure that— ) a flight shall not be commenced unless, taking into account the meteorological conditions and any delays that may reasonably be expected in flight, the aircraft has on board sufficient fuel and oil to ensure that it can complete the flight in safety; and ) in addition to the fuel and oil required under paragraph (a) of this Article a reserve supply of fuel and oil shall be carried in order to provide for contingencies and, when an alternate aerodrome is included in the operational flight plan in accordance with Article 31 of this Order, to enable the aircraft to reach the alternate aerodrome. 34 Fuel and oil supply — public transport aircraft. 34. (1) In the case of public transport aircraft, the fuel and oil required to be carried pursuant to Article 33 shall be at least the quantity computed in accordance with the instructions specified in the Operations Manual. (2) In case the aircraft is powered by piston-type engines or by propellor turbine engines the fuel and oil to be carried pursuant to Article 33 shall be at least the quantity sufficient to enable the aircraft— ) if an alternate aerodrome is not required under paragraph (3) of Article 31 of this Order, to fly to the aerodrome of intended landing, and thereafter for a period of forty-five minutes;

) if an alternate aerodrome is required under paragraph (3) of Article 31 of this Order, either— (i) to fly to the aerodrome of intended landing, thence to the most critical (in terms of fuel consumption) alternate aerodrome specified in the operational flight plan and thereafter for a period of forty-five minutes, or (ii) to fly to the alternate aerodrome by way of any predetermined point and thereafter for forty-five minutes: provided that this quantity shall not be less than the quantity required to fly to the aerodrome of intended landing and thereafter for either forty-five minutes and fifteen per cent of the flight time planned to be spent at the cruising levels or two hours, whichever is the shorter; ) where the aerodrome of intended landing is so situated that no suitable alternate aerodrome is available, to fly to the aerodrome of intended landing and thereafter for whichever of the following periods is the shorter— (i) forty-five minutes and fifteen per cent of the flight time planned to be spent at the cruising levels, or (ii) two hours. (3) In case the aircraft is powered by turbo-jet engines the fuel and oil to be carried pursuant to Article 33 shall be at least the quantity sufficient to enable the aircraft— ) if an alternate aerodrome is not required under paragraph (3) of Article 31 of this Order, to fly to and land at the aerodrome of intended landing and additionally— (i) to fly for thirty minutes at holding speed at 450 metres (1500 feet) above the destination aerodrome under standard temperature conditions, and (ii) to have an additional quantity of fuel sufficient to provide for the increased consumption on the occurrence of any of the potential contingencies specified by the operator to the satisfaction of the Minister; ) if an alternate aerodrome is required under paragraph (3) of Article 31 of this Order, either— (i) to fly to and execute an approach, and a missed approach, at the aerodrome of intended landing, and thereafter, to fly to the alternate aerodrome specified in the flight plan and then to fly for thirty minutes at holding speed at 450 metres (1500 feet) above the alternate aerodrome under standard temperature conditions, and approach and land, and to have an additional quantity of fuel sufficient to provide for the increased consumption on the occurrence of any of the potential contingencies specified by the operator to the satisfaction of the Minister; or (ii) to fly to the alternate aerodrome by way of any predetermined point and thereafter for thirty minutes at 450 metres (1500 feet) above the alternate aerodrome, due provision having been made for an additional quantity of fuel sufficient to provide for the increased consumption on the occurrence of any of the potential contingencies specified by the operator to the satisfaction of the Minister, provided that fuel shall not be less than the quantity of fuel required to fly to the aerodrome of intended landing and thereafter for two hours at normal cruise consumption; ) where the aerodrome of intended landing is so situated that no suitable alternate aerodrome is available, to fly to the aerodrome of intended landing and thereafter for a period of two hours at normal cruise consumption. 35 Fuel and oil supply — other than public transport aircraft. 35. In the case of aircraft which are not public transport aircraft, such aircraft shall not commence a flight to be conducted in accordance with the Instrument Flight Rules (IFR), unless the quantity of fuel and oil carried on board is sufficient to enable the aircraft to fly to the aerodrome to which the flight is planned, and thence to an alternate aerodrome and thereafter for a period of forty-five minutes, or when an alternate aerodrome is not required to fly to the aerodrome to which the flight is planned and thereafter for a period of forty-five minutes. 36 Fuel and oil supply — contingency factors — all aircraft. 36. In computing the fuel and oil required in order to comply with Article 33 of this Order, at least the following contingency factors shall be taken into consideration. ) the meteorological conditions forecast, ) expected air traffic control routing and traffic delays, ) making one instrument approach, including a missed approach, at the destination aerodrome, ) the procedures included in the Operations Manual, where applicable, in the case of the loss of pressurisation or the failure of one or more power units en route, and ) any other conditions that may delay the landing of the aircraft or increase the fuel and oil consumption. 37 Fuel and oil supply — amendment of operational flight plan. 37. Nothing in Articles 33 to 36 of this Order shall preclude an amendment of an operational flight plan while the aircraft is in flight in order to re-plan the flight to another aerodrome, provided, that from the point at which the flight is re-planned, the provisions of Articles 33 to 36 of this Order are complied with. 38 Oxygen supply — public transport aircraft. 38. In the case of public transport aircraft:— ) a flight shall not be commenced which is to be operated at altitudes at which the atmospheric pressure in personnel compartments will be lower than 700 hectopascals unless the requirements of Paragraph 4(8) of the First Schedule to this Order are complied with; ) a flight to be operated with a pressurised aircraft shall not be commenced unless a sufficient quantity of stored breathing oxygen is carried to supply all the crew members and such a proportion of the passengers as is appropriate, in accordance with the requirements of Paragraph 4(9) of the First Schedule to this Order to the circumstances of the said flight. 39 Safeguarding of cabin attendants and passengers in the event of loss of pressurisation. 39. The operator will ensure that in the case of pressurised public transport aeroplanes:- ) crew members assigned to duty in a passenger compartment are safeguarded so that there is a reasonable probability of their retaining consciousness during any emergency descent which may be necessary in the event of loss of pressurisation; ) cabin attendants have such means of protection as may enable them to administer first aid to passengers during stabilised flight following an emergency; ) passengers are safeguarded by such devices or operational procedures as will ensure reasonable probability of their surviving the effects of hypoxia in the event of loss of pressurisation. 40 Use of oxygen — all aircraft 40. (1) All flight crew members when engaged in performing duties essential to the safe operation of the aircraft in flight shall use continuously the breathing oxygen supplied for their use whenever:— ) in the case of unpressurised aircraft, the circumstances specified in sub-paragraph (8) of paragraph 4 of the First Schedule to this Order prevail for which an oxygen supply is required to be provided for their use, ) in the case of pressurised aircraft, the pressure in any compartments occupied by them is less than 700 hectopascals. (2) At all times, when an aircraft is flying above a flight altitude of 25,000 feet, all flight crew members on duty shall unless their duties compel them to be in a position other than the seats normally provided for them, use oxygen masks connected to appropriate supply points in such a manner that they can be brought into effect with the least possible delay. (3) All crew members shall use the oxygen system in accordance with procedures approved by the Minister as appropriate to the aircraft flown and set forth in the flight manual for that aircraft. (4) An aircraft may not be flown above the altitude limits specified in the flight manual. 41 Oxygen supply — other than public transport aircraft. 41. In the case of aircraft other than public transport aircraft, the pilot-in-command shall ensure that breathing oxygen is available to crew members and passengers in sufficient quantities for all flights at such altitudes where a lack of oxygen might result in impairment of the faculties of crew members or harmfully affect passengers. 42 Inflight procedures — aerodrome operating minima — all aircraft. 42. (1) The pilot-in-command of the aircraft shall not operate to or from an aerodrome using aerodrome operating minima lower than those which may be established for that aerodrome by the appropriate authority of the state in which the aerodrome is located, except with the express approval of that authority. (2) Except in the case of emergency, an aircraft shall not continue its approach to land at an aerodrome beyond a point at which the limits of the aerodrome operating minima established for that aerodrome, and applicable to the approach, would be infringed. 43 Inflight procedures — aerodrome operating minima — public transport aircraft. 43. (1) In the case of public transport aircraft, a flight shall not be continued towards the aerodrome of intended landing unless the latest available information indicates that conditions at that aerodrome, or at least one alternate aerodrome, will, at the expected time of arrival, be such that a landing can be made in compliance with the aerodrome operating minima established in accordance with Article 26 of this Order. (2) In the case of flights by public transport aircraft on scheduled airline flights, the aerodrome operating minima used shall be those which are specified in the Operations Manual in accordance with Article 26 (1) ( ) of this Order. (3) In the case of flights by public transport aircraft on other than scheduled airline flights, aerodrome operating minima used shall be those determined by the method specified in the Operations Manual in accordance with Article 26 (1) ( ) of this Order. 44 Observations and reports in flight. 44. (1) All aircraft shall report to the appropriate aeronautical communications station, as soon as possible, any hazardous flight conditions encountered during a flight. (2) A report under paragraph (1) of this Article shall include such details as may be pertinent to the safety of other aircraft. 45 Fitness of flight crew members. 45. The pilot-in-command shall be responsible for ensuring that a flight:— ) will not be commenced if, in his judgment, any flight crew member is rendered incapable of performing his duties by injury, sickness, fatigue, the effects of alcohol or drugs or any other cause; ) will not be continued beyond an aerodrome at which there is the earliest safe opportunity to land when a flight crew member's capacity to perform his functions is significantly impaired by fatigue, sickness, lack of oxygen or any other cause. 46 Flight crew members at duty stations. 46. (1) During take-off and landing, each flight crew member required to be on duty on the flight deck of an aeroplane shall be at his station. (2) Whilst en route each flight crew member required to be on duty on the flight deck of an aeroplane shall remain at his station except when his absence is necessary for the performance of duties in connection with the operation of the aeroplane or for physiological needs. (3) Each flight crew member shall wear and fasten his seat belt when at his station. During take-off and landing (and whenever required by the pilot-in-command) each flight crew member at his station shall wear and fasten his safety harness or seat belt, whichever is required by Article 52, except that each flight crew member other than the pilot-in-command and co-pilot may wear and fasten his belt only, if the harness straps interfere with the performance of his duties. (4) In aircraft being used for flight instruction or acrobatic flight the occupants of seats for which safety harness or shoulder straps are provided shall wear and fasten such safety harness or shoulder straps at all times during such flights. 47 Notification of flight plan change. 47. (1) An operational instruction which involves a change in a flight plan shall, when practicable, be notified to, and made in agreement with, the appropriate air traffic services unit before transmission to the aircraft. Operational instructions received shall not relieve a pilot-in-command of the responsibility for obtaining an appropriate air traffic control clearance, if applicable, before making a change in flight plan. 48 Duties of pilot-in-command. 48. (1) The pilot-in-command of a public transport aircraft shall, in addition to the requirements specified in Article 45 of this Order, be responsible for the following: ) the operation, disposition and safety of the aircraft and the safety of all persons on board the aircraft during flight-time; ) in an emergency during flight, taking all reasonable steps to ensure that all persons on board are instructed in such emergency action as may be appropriate to the circumstances; ) ensuring that the flight check system specified in Article 23 (e) is complied with in detail; S.I. No. 19 of 1957 ) the maintenance of the journey log-book or other equivalent record required under Article 15 of this Order; ) reporting to the appropriate authority, without delay, any act of unlawful interference. (2) The pilot-in-command of every aircraft, other than public transport aircraft, shall be responsible for the matters specified in sub-paragraphs ( ), ( ) and ( ) of paragraph (1) of this Article. (3) For the purpose of this Article, "flight time" means the time from when the pilot-in-command boards the aircraft with the intention of making a flight until the time thereafter when all persons who have boarded the aircraft for the purpose of undertaking the flight, including the pilot-in-command, have left the aircraft, whether the intended flight has taken place or not. 49 Authority of the pilot-in-command. 49. (1) The pilot-in-command of every aircraft shall have all authority necessary to enable him to discharge the responsibilities placed on him by Article 48 of this Order. 50 Duties of a flight operations officer. 50. (1) A flight operations officer when employed by an operator of public transport aircraft in conjunction with a method of flight supervision in accordance with Article 22 of this Order shall, ) assist the pilot-in-command in flight preparation and provide the relevant information required for this purpose; ) assist the pilot-in-command in preparing the operational flight plan, and in filing the flight plan with the appropriate air traffic services unit; ) furnish the pilot-in-command while in flight, by appropriate means of communication, information which may be necessary for the safe conduct of the flight; ) in the event of an emergency, initiate such procedures as may be outlined in the Operations Manual. (2) In performing his duties, a flight operations officer shall avoid taking any action which would conflict with the procedures established by the air traffic services, the meteorological services, and the communications services. PART IV. AIRCRAFT OPERATING LIMITATIONS. 51 Conditions of operation. 51. (1) Every aircraft shall be operated— ) in compliance with the terms of its certificate of airworthiness, and ) within the operating limitations specified in the aircraft's flight manual or in other documents acceptable to the Minister as equivalent to the flight manual. Placards, lists, instrument markings or combinations thereof containing operating limitations prescribed by the Minister for visual presentation shall be displayed in the aircraft, and (2) ( ) Every public transport aircraft shall be operated in accordance with the appropriate operating requirements relating to weight and performance as prescribed by the Minister or, subject to the agreement of the Minister, with all of the appropriate requirements for the time being in force relating to weight and performance of— (i) the Federal Aviation Administration in the United States of America, or (ii) the Civil Aviation Authority in the United Kingdom, or (iii) the state which issued the original certificate of airworthiness for the type of aircraft concerned. ) Every aircraft, other than a public transport aircraft, shall be operated in accordance with such appropriate operating requirements relating to weight and performance as may be prescribed. PART V. AIRCRAFT INSTRUMENTS, EQUIPMENT AND SAFETY DEVICES. 52 Carriage of instruments, equipment and safety devices. 52. (1) Aircraft shall be equipped with instruments which will enable flight crew members to control the flight path of the aircraft, effect any required procedural manoeuvre, and observe the operating limitations of the aircraft in the expected operating conditions. (2) ( ) The instruments, equipment and safety devices to be carried and maintained in a condition fit for flight and available for immediate use, and the devices to be used and the precautionary measures to be taken, for the purpose of securing the safety of the aircraft and of persons therein, shall include those specified in the First Schedule to this Order or prescribed as provided therein and shall also include any additional instruments, equipment and safety devices which the Minister may require to be carried in a particular case or on particular flights; ) the instruments and equipment referred to in this paragraph shall, unless included amongst those specified in sub-paragraph ( ) of this paragraph, be of approved types and shall be installed or stowed in the aircraft in a manner which shall be approved, which ensures satisfactory functioning and which ensures that they can be used effectively by the person by whom they are intended to be used, as appropriate to the aircraft concerned and to the circumstances under which the flight is to be conducted; ) the following instruments and equipment, which may be of any type suitable for the purpose, shall be securely installed or stowed in a manner which will not prevent their most effective use when required and will ensure that they cannot be displaced during flight in such a way as to interfere with the safe operation of the aircraft— (ii) maps, charts, timepieces and chart tables; (iii) sea anchors; (iv) torches; (v) whistles; and (vi) mooring devices, or anchoring devices; ) the fire extinguishers required by the First Schedule to this Order shall be of an approved size and shall not be of a type which would cause dangerous contamination of the air in crew compartments or passenger compartments; ) the first-aid kit referred to in sub-paragraph (1) of paragraph 4 of the First Schedule to this Order shall be related in quantity to the total number of persons for whom seats are provided in the aircraft, shall include the items set out in clause ( ) of the said sub-paragraph (1) and shall be carried in a sealed container in such a manner that the seals can be readily inspected by a person designated by the operator; ) the flight recorders referred to in paragraph 4 (1) ( ) of the First Schedule to this Order shall be— (i) so constructed and located as to afford maximum practicable protection in order that the recorded data may be preserved, recovered and transcribed; (ii) maintained in operation during flight time; (iii) de-activated, if practicable, after an accident or serious incident involving the aircraft in which they are installed and shall not be re-activated prior to removal of these recorded data; ) (i) a flight data recorder shall be capable of retaining the information recorded during at least the last twenty-five hours of its operation; (ii) a cockpit voice recorder shall be capable of retaining the information recorded during at least the last thirty minutes of its operation. (3) ( ) If any instrument, indicator or gauge required by the First Schedule to this Order to be provided and fitted in an aircraft is not, to the satisfaction of the Minister, conveniently visible for the performance of his duties to any crew member from his normal place of duty, a further such instrument, indicator or gauge, so placed as to be conveniently visible to that crew member, shall be provided and installed in the aircraft; ) independently-operating systems shall be provided when duplicate instruments are required, the said independently-operating systems being such that no one fault, which might impair the operation of one such instrument, can impair the operation of both such instruments; ) those instruments that are used by any one pilot shall be so arranged as to permit that pilot to see them readily from his station with the minimum practicable deviation from the position and line of vision which he normally assumes when looking forward along the flight path; ) where equipment additional to that required in pursuance of paragraph (1) of this Article is installed it shall be demonstrated to the satisfaction of the Minister that the said additional equipment as installed is neither a source of danger nor prejudicial to the proper functioning of the essential services in the aircraft, and does not in any way reduce the airworthiness of the aircraft; Marking of break-in areas. ) (i) every aircraft being an aircraft of which the maximum total weight authorised exceeds 3,600 kgs, shall be marked upon the exterior surface of its fuselage with markings to show the areas (in this paragraph referred to as "break-in-areas") which can, for purposes of rescue in an emergency, be most readily and effectively broken into by persons outside the aircraft: (ii) the break-in-areas shall be rectangular in shape and shall be marked by right-angled corner markings, each arm of which shall be 9 centimetres in length along its outer edge and 3 centimetres in width and the colour of the markings shall be red or yellow and where, in any case in which the colour of the adjacent background is such as to render red markings not readily visible, be outlined in white or some other contrasting colour in such a manner as to render them visible; (iii) the words "Cut Here in Emergency" shall be marked across the centre of each break-in area in capital letters; ) if the corner markings are more than two metres apart intermediate markings consisting of rectangles nine centimetres long by three centimetres wide shall be inserted so that there is not more than two metres between adjacent markings. List if emergency and survival equipment (4) The operator shall at all times have available for immediate communication to rescue co-ordination centres lists containing information regarding the emergency and survival equipment carried on board each of the operator's aircraft engaged on a flight which includes passage over the territory of any state other than the State. (5) The information required pursuant to paragraph (4) of this Article shall include such of the following information as is appropriate in each case, that is to say, the number, colour and type of life-rafts and pyrotechnics, details of emergency medical supplies, water supplies and the type and frequencies of the emergency portable radio equipment. (6) In this Article "approved" means approved of by the Minister. 53 Exits and Internal Doors. 53. (1) This Article shall apply to public transport aircraft only. (2) The Operator shall demonstrate to the satisfaction of the Minister that for each flight the number of exits from the aircraft available for use in an emergency is sufficient for all persons on board on that flight to vacate the aircraft within such period of time as may be prescribed. (3) Whenever an aircraft is used for the carriage of passengers, all exits and internal doors shall be in working order, and shall, during take-off or landing or any emergency, be free from obstruction and not fastened in any way which would prevent, hinder or delay their use by passengers; provided that:— ) if such an exit is not required for use by passengers, it may, in accordance with arrangements approved by the Minister, be obstructed by cargo; ) any door between the flight crew compartment and any adjacent compartment accessible to passengers may, if the pilot-in-command so determines, be fastened so as to prevent access to the flight crew compartment by passengers; ) nothing in this paragraph shall apply to any internal door which, if it is not in working order would not prevent, hinder, or delay the exit of passengers from the aircraft in an emergency. 4. If one exit from an aircraft becomes inoperative when the aircraft is at a place where repair or replacement is not reasonably practicable, nothing in this Article shall prevent the aircraft from carrying passengers until it next lands at a place where the exit can be repaired or replaced: Provided that the number of passengers and the position of the seats occupied by them are in accordance with arrangements approved by the Minister, and that such arrangements include those for the fastening of the exit and the marking of it to indicate that it is inoperative. 54. (3) An aircraft to be operated— ) in accordance with Instrument Flight Rules, ) as a controlled VFR flight, ) at night, when so prescribed, ) on a flight in the course of which it may be at a distance over water more than fifty nautical miles from land suitable for an emergency landing, or ) over undeveloped land areas, shall be provided with radio communications equipment capable of— (i) conducting two-way communication for aerodrome control purposes; (ii) receiving meteorological information at any time during flight; (iii) conducting two-way communication at any time during the flight with such aeronautical stations, and on such radio frequencies, as may be directed by the Minister. ) the appropriate flight plan, which in the case of public transport aircraft shall be the operational flight plan referred to in Article 31; ) the requirements of the air traffic services. (5) An aircraft registered in the State shall not fly in airspace which has been classified as MNPS airspace unless:— ) the equipment is operated in accordance with the approved procedures while the aircraft is flying in MNPS airspace. (6) On flights in which it is intended to approach to land instrument meteorological conditions (IMC) an aircraft shall be provided with radio equipment capable of receiving signals providing guidance to a point from which a visual landing can be effected. The said equipment shall be capable of providing such guidance at each aerodrome at which it is intended to land in instrument meteorological conditions, and at any designated alternate aerodromes. (9) When compliance with paragraph (2) of this Article requires that more than one unit of communications equipment be provided, each such unit shall be independent from the other or others to the extent that a failure in any one unit will not result in the failure of any other. (10) The requirements of this Article shall be deemed to be fulfilled— ) if the ability to conduct the communications specified therein is established during radio propagation conditions which are normal for the route concerned, and 55 Approval of equipment. 55. Aircraft radio equipment shall be of a type approved of by the Minister in relation to the purpose for which it is to be used and shall be installed in a manner approved of by the Minister. PART VII. AIRCRAFT CREW. 56 Aircraft Crew Standards. 56. (1) An operator of public transport aircraft shall, for each type of aircraft operated by him, assign to each crew member the duties appropriate to his functions in both normal and emergency operations. (2) An operator of public transport aircraft shall not assign or continue to assign for duty, as an aircraft crew member, any person who fails to reach standards stated by that operator, and acceptable to the Minister, in relation to competency in the performance of normal duties and of the functions assigned in an emergency. Composition and training of the aircraft flight crew. (3) ( ) An aircraft shall not fly or attempt to fly unless its flight crew is of the number and description required by the law of the state in which the aircraft is registered. ) In the case of a public transport aircraft the number and description of the flight crew shall be specified in the Operations Manual and, in the case of such aircraft registered in the State, shall be approved of by the Minister. ) The operator, or in the case of an aircraft which is not a public transport aircraft, the pilot-in-command, shall ensure that the licences of each flight crew member have been issued or rendered valid by the state in which the aircraft is registered, and are properly rated and of current validity, and the operator or pilot-in-command, as the case may be, shall be satisfied that the flight crew members have maintained their competency. (4) The flight crew carried in an aircraft shall not be less than that specified in the certificate of airworthiness of the aircraft, the Flight Manual of the aircraft or other documents acceptable to the Minister as equivalent to the Flight Manual. (5)Whenever the carriage of flight crew members in addition to the minimum number referred to in paragraph (4) of this Article is necessitated by considerations related to the type of aircraft used, the type of operation involved and the duration of the flight between points at which flight crews are changed, the flight crew carried in an aircraft shall include such additional flight crew members. (6) An operator may not operate a public transport aircraft without a second pilot if that aircraft has a passenger seating configuration, excluding any pilot seat, of 10 seats or more. (9) ( ) unless otherwise permitted by the Minister a flight navigator, if carried in compliance with sub-paragraph (a) of this paragraph, shall be a person additional to the flight crew members otherwise normally required to be carried. 57 Flight Crew Member training programme. 57. An operator of public transport aircraft shall, to the satisfaction of the Minister— ) establish and maintain a programme of ground and flight training to ensure that each flight crew member is adequately trained to perform his assigned duties and, for this purpose, shall provide ground and flight training facilities and properly qualified instructors; ) ensure that the training programme consists of ground and flight training in the type or types of aircraft in which the flight crew member serves, and that the training programme includes proper flight crew co-ordination and training in all types of emergency or abnormal situations or procedures such as may be caused by power-plant, air frame or systems malfunctions, fire, unlawful interference or other abnormal occurrences. The training programme shall also include training in the transport of dangerous goods; ) ensure that the training of each flight crew member includes knowledge of the functions for which he is responsible and the relationship of these functions to the functions of other flight crew members, in particular those functions relating to abnormal or emergency procedures; ) arrange that the training programme is given on a recurrent basis, and includes an examination of the flight crew members to ensure that the required level of competence is maintained: provided that the recurrent flight training in a particular type of aircraft may be considered to be fulfilled by— (i) the use to the extent acceptable to the Minister of synthetic flight trainers; or (ii) the completion within the appropriate period of the proficiency check required by Article 58(9) of this Order in the said type of aeroplane; 58 Qualifications. 58. (1) This Article shall apply to public transport aircraft only. Recent Handling. (2) A flight crew member, before he is assigned to flight duties in a capacity or in a type of aircraft, after a period during which he has not acted in that capacity or in that type of aircraft, shall be required to re-establish his competency in a manner acceptable to the Minister. The said period shall be, in the case of a pilot or co-pilot, a period greater than 30 days and in the case of any other flight crew members a period greater than 60 days. Route Familiarisation. (3) The operator shall not permit a pilot to act as pilot-in-command of an aircraft on a route or portion of a route for which he has not been previously qualified until that pilot has demonstrated to the operator in such manner as the Minister may require— ) that he has an adequate knowledge of the route to be flown and of the aerodromes which are to be used, including knowledge of the following matters associated with that route— (i) the terrain and the minimum safe altitudes; (ii) the seasonal meteorological conditions; (iii) the meteorological, communications and air traffic facilities, services and procedures; ) that he has adequate knowledge of— (i) procedures applicable to flight paths over heavily populated areas, and areas of high air traffic density; (ii) obstruction; (iii) physical layout, lighting, approach aids, and arrival, departure, holding and instrument approach procedures and applicable aerodrome operating minima relative to the aerodromes to be used. (4) That portion of the demonstration required pursuant to paragraph (3) of this Article relating to arrival, departure, holding and instrument approach procedures may be accomplished in a synthetic flight trainer which has been approved by the Minister as adequate for the purpose. (5) A pilot-in-command shall have made an actual approach into each aerodrome of landing on the route, either accompanied by a pilot who has qualified for the said aerodrome, or as a member of the flight crew, or as an observer on the flight deck, unless:— ) the approach to the aerodrome is not over difficult terrain and the instrument approach procedures and aids available to the pilot are similar to those with which he is familiar, and a margin approved by the Minister has been added to the normal aerodrome operating minima, or there is reasonable certainty that the approach and landing can be made in visual meteorological conditions (VMC); or ) the descent from the initial approach altitude can be made by day in visual meteorological conditions (VMC); or ) the operator has ensured that the pilot-in-command is qualified to land at the aerodrome concerned by means of a pictorial presentation; or ) the aerodrome concerned is adjacent to another aerodrome at which the pilot-in-command is qualified to land. (6) In the case of scheduled airline flights, the operator shall ensure that the pilot-in-command has made an actual flight over the route as a member of the flight crew, or as an observer on the flight deck, in the case of any route or portion of a route which must be navigated solely by visual reference to the ground or other landmarks and, on which, flight is made below the level of any terrain which is within twenty-five nautical miles horizontally of the centre line of the said route or portion of a route. (7) The operator shall keep in a form and manner approved of by the Minister, records of the qualifications of pilots-in-command under this Article and of the manner in which the qualification has been achieved. (8) ( ) The operator shall not continue to utilise a pilot as pilot-in-command on a route unless within the preceding twelve months the said pilot has made at least one trip between the terminal points of that route as a pilot member of the flight crew or as a check pilot, or an observer on the flight deck. ) In the event that more than a period of 12 months elapses during which a pilot has not made a flight on a route in close proximity and over similar terrain prior to again serving as pilot-in-command on that route, he shall comply with the provisions of paragraphs (3) and (5) of this Article, and, in the case of scheduled airline flights, he shall also comply with paragraph (6) of this Article. (9) ( ) The operator shall ensure that the competency of his pilots in piloting technique and ability to execute emergency procedures is demonstrated by proficiency checks. Where operations may be conducted under instrument flight rules, the operator shall ensure that the competency of his pilots to comply with such rules is demonstrated either to a check pilot employed by the operator or to a representative of the Minister. ) Proficiency checks pursuant to sub-paragraph (a) of this paragraph shall be performed twice within any period of one year. Any two such checks which are similar and which occur within a period of four consecutive months shall not alone satisfy this requirement. ) Synthetic flight trainers if of a type approved of by the Minister, may be used for such parts of the proficiency checks as have been expressly approved therefor by the Minister. 59 Cabin attendants — required numbers and training. 59. In the case of public transport aircraft carrying passengers the operator shall, to the satisfaction of the Minister ) ensure that the crew members include the minimum number of cabin attendants required for each type of aircraft based on the minimum number of cabin attendants used in demonstrating the emergency evacuation of the said type of aircraft and on the seating capacity, or the number of passengers carried, in order to carry out a safe and expeditious evacuation of the aircraft and the necessary functions to be performed in an emergency or in a situation requiring emergency evacuation; ) ensure that the number of cabin attendants carried shall be at least one for every fifty (or part of fifty) passengers carried; provided that if less than twenty passengers are carried such an attendant need not be carried unless the operator is otherwise directed by the Minister; ) ensure that cabin attendants shall not be members of the flight crew and shall be provided with seats in the passenger compartment; ) ensure that each cabin attendant is instructed that he shall be seated with safety harnesses fastened during take-off or landing and whenever the pilot-in-command so directs; ) establish and maintain a training programme for cabin attendants which shall be completed annually by each cabin attendant who is assigned emergency functions in compliance with paragraph ( ) of this Article, which will ensure by examination that each such cabin attendant— (i) is competent to execute those duties and functions which may be assigned to him or her in accordance with paragraph ( ) of this Article; (ii) is drilled and capable in the use of emergency and life-saving equipment required to be carried, including life jackets, life rafts, evacuation slides, emergency exits, portable fire extinguishers, oxygen equipment and first aid kits; (iii) when serving in aircraft operating above 10,000 feet, has a knowledge of the effect of lack of oxygen, and, in the case of pressurised aeroplanes, of the physiological phenomena accompanying a loss of pressurisation; (iv) is given adequate training in the treatment of the effects of decompression and in the recognition and treatment of the effect of lack of oxygen and is examined at least once every year on his knowledge of the information imparted during such training; (v) is given instruction on survival at sea, in undeveloped territory and in extreme climatic conditions; (vi) is made aware of other crew members assignments and functions in the event of an emergency insofar as it is necessary for the fulfilment of his own individual duties. 60 Flight crew members, emergency and survival training. 60. The operator of public transport aircraft shall arrange that periodic training and examination on an annual basis in accomplishing the functions required by Article 56 (1) in relation to emergencies is a part of the training programme and includes— ) instruction in the use of all emergency and life-saving equipment required to be carried; ) drills in the emergency evacuation of the aircraft, and ) instruction on survival at sea in undeveloped territory, and in extreme climatic conditions. PART VIII. AIRCRAFT MAINTENANCE. 61 General. 61. (1) In this part of this Order a reference to any aircraft shall be deemed to include a reference to components, power units, propellors, instruments, equipment, accessories and materials relating to that aircraft. (2) The operator of public transport aircraft shall ensure that an organisation (which shall include adequately trained staff, adequately stocked workshops and other facilities and equipment) that is sufficient to maintain the aircraft in an airworthy condition when in use is provided. (4) ( ) Subject to Article 4 (3) of this Order, this paragraph shall apply in relation to public transport aircraft only. ) The operator shall provide for the use and guidance of persons concerned in the maintenance of aircraft, a book which shall be known, and in this Order is referred to, as a Maintenance Manual and shall contain the particulars specified in paragraph 4 of the Second Schedule to this Order in respect of the aircraft used. ) The operator shall ensure that the Maintenance Manual is revised or amended, as may be necessary, by reason of any change in any of the matters specified in paragraph 4 of the Second Schedule to this Order, or as may otherwise be necessary, in order to ensure that the information in the Maintenance Manual is the most recent available information or as may be required by the Minister, and that any revisions or amendments made in the Maintenance Manual under this paragraph are supplied to all persons to whom the Maintenance Manual has been issued. ) A copy of the Maintenance Manual for the time being in use shall be furnished to the Minister. (5) An operator of public transport aircraft shall ensure that all persons concerned in the maintenance of such aircraft are adequately instructed in the maintenance methods to be employed in particular when a new or unfamiliar aircraft is introduced into service. 62 Responsibilities of Owners and Lessees. 62. (1) In the case of an aircraft which is not a public transport aircraft, the owner, or in the case where the aircraft is leased, the lessee, shall be responsible for its maintenance in an airworthy condition while it is in use. (2) In the case of an aircraft which is neither a private aircraft nor a public transport aircraft, the owner or, in the case where the aircraft is leased, the lessee, shall be responsible for ensuring that:— ) maintenance personnel make appropriate entries in the aircraft maintenance records certifying that the aircraft is airworthy. 63 Keeping and Preservation of log-books. 63. Article 52 FIRST SCHEDULE. INSTRUMENTS, EQUIPMENT AND SAFETY DEVICES FOR AIRCRAFT. 1. Paragraphs 2, 3 and 4 of this Schedule shall not apply to gliders or balloons. 2. All aircraft for all flights— ) an altimeter; ) an airspeed indicator; ) a magnetic compass or its equivalent. (2) Power plant instruments and equipment — reciprocating engines — for each engine— ) fuel content indicator(s); ) oil content indicator(s); there must be a stick gauge or equivalent means to indicate the quantity of oil in each tank. If an oil transfer or reserve oil supply system is installed, there must be a means to indicate to the flight crew, in flight, the quantity of oil in each tank; ) oil pressure indicator; ) oil temperature indicator, unless it can be proved that the operational limitations of the engine do not make the indicator essential; ) manifold pressure indicator, where this indicator is necessary for the proper control of the engine; ) ignition switches; ) coolant outlet temperature indicator for liquid cooled engines; ) for aircraft equipped with three or more engines an instrument or device for indicating the loss of power where such loss of power is not readily determinable by the pilot from the natural response of the aircraft; ) other instruments or equipment as prescribed. (3) Power plant instruments and equipment — turbine engines — for each engine— ) an exhaust gas temperature indicator; ) fuel quantity indicators; ) oil pressure indicator, if an oil pressure system is used; ) oil quantity indicator; there must be a stick gauge or equivalent means to indicate the quantity of oil in each tank. If an oil transfer or reserve oil supply system is installed, there must be a means to indicate to the flight crew, in flight, the quantity of oil in each tank; ) oil temperature indicator; ) an instrument or device for indicating the loss of power where such loss of power is not readily determinable by the pilot from the natural response of the aircraft; ) other instruments or equipment as prescribed. (4) Miscellaneous instruments, equipment or safety devices— ) fire extinguisher readily available to the pilot; ) a seat for every occupant over 3 years of age, other than any occupant carried in a berth or on a stretcher, and a safety belt or safety harness for every seat, berth and stretcher; ) when a signal pistol is carried, a mounting that will enable the pistol to be loaded, fired and unloaded whilst in its mounting; ) such other instruments, equipment or safety devices as prescribed. (5) Current maps and charts to cover the whole of the route which it is proposed to fly, together with current maps and charts of any route to which the pilot-in-command of the aircraft may reasonably expect to be diverted. (8) Spare electrical fuses for all electrical circuits essential to safety contained in the aircraft the fuses of which can be replaced in flight. The number of fuses to be carried shall be 25% of the number required for each rating or three of each rating whichever number is the greater. (9) In aircraft designed to manoeuvre on the water, equipment for making from the surface of the water efficient sound signals at intervals of not more than a minute. (10) A list of visual signals for use by intercepting and intercepted aircraft as specified in Annex 2 to the Chicago Convention. 3. In addition to the requirements of paragraph 2— (1) In all aircraft for flight by night— ) adequate illumination for all instruments and equipment that are essential for the safe operation of the aircraft; ) the instruments and equipment specified in subparagraphs (3) ( ), (3) ( ), (3) ( ) and (3) ( ) of this paragraph; ) an accurate time-piece indicating the time in hours, minutes and seconds. (2) ( ) In aircraft used for flight instruction after the first day of January, 1985, a safety harness or shoulder strap in conjunction with the seat belt for every pilot's seat and for any seat situated alongside a pilot's seat. ) In aircraft used for acrobatic flight manoeuvres — a safety harness for every seat in use. (3) For all aircraft when operated in accordance with instrument flight rules, or when the aircraft cannot be maintained in a desired attitude without reference to one or more flight instruments— ) a gyroscopic rate of turn indicator combined with an integral slip-skid indicator except that only a slip-skid indicator is required when a third attitude instrument system useable through flight attitudes of 360° of pitch and roll is installed in accordance with paragraph 4 (1) ( ) of this Schedule; ) a gyroscopic bank and pitch indicator; ) a gyroscopic direction indicator; ) means of indicating whether the power supply to the gyroscopic instruments is working satisfactorily; ) two sensitive pressure altimeters, one of which may be the altimeter required for the issue of a certificate of airworthiness; ) an accurate time-piece indicating the time in hours, minutes and seconds; ) a rate of climb and descent indicator; ) appropriate approach charts for each aerodrome specified in the flight plan; ) a means of indicating the outside air temperature; ) one airspeed indicating system with means of preventing malfunctioning due to either condensation or icing; ) in aircraft the maximum total authorised weight of which exceeds 5,700 kgs., two airspeed indicating systems each equipped with a means of preventing malfunctioning due to either condensation or icing.

(4) For controlled VFR flights (including special VFR flights)— ) a turn and slip indicator or gyroscopic bank and pitch indicator and gyroscopic direction indicator together with a means of indicating whether the power supply to the gyroscopic instruments is working satisfactorily; ) a sensitive altimeter adjustable for changes in barometric pressure; ) an accurate time-piece indicating the time in hours, minutes and seconds. 4. Public transport aircraft— (1) for all flights— ) safety harness for every flight crew member and for every forward or rearward facing seat used by a crew member and the harness for flight crew members shall contain a device to restrain the occupant in the event of rapid deceleration; ) a sensitive altimeter adjustable for changes in barometric pressure; ) an accurate time-piece indicating the time in hours, minutes and seconds; ) a turn and slip indicator or gyroscopic bank and pitch indicator and a gyroscopic direction indicator, together with means of indicating whether the power supply to the gyroscopic instruments is working satisfactorily; ) for aircraft of a maximum total authorised weight exceeding 5,700 kgs., having an electrical main power supply for the instruments, a standby attitude indicator which operates continuously and is provided with an independent power source, which shall operate automatically on failure of the main electrical power supply, provide illumination to the standby attitude indicator and continue in operation for at least thirty minutes. A clear indication shall be given on the instrument panel that the standby attitude indicator is being operated by emergency power; ) means of indicating to the passengers when safety belts or safety harness should be fastened except where the pilot and passenger compartments are not separately enclosed; ) at least one portable fire extinguisher readily available to the pilot and at least one portable fire extinguisher for each enclosed passenger compartment that is separate from the pilot's compartment, provided that the total number of fire extinguishers shall be in relation to the total compartment capacity, as decided by the Minister, and except that any fire extinguishers which are carried in compliance with the issue of a certificate of airworthiness shall count against those required by this sub-paragraph; ) means of ensuring that information and instructions are conveyed to passengers with regard to the location and method of opening of the emergency exits; ) fire warning indicators; ) (i) for all flights, an accessible and adequate first-aid kit, including materials for treating minor injuries including burns, artificial plastic airways, splints which may be inflatable, scissors, analgesics, ammonia inhaler, handbook on first-aid; ) a flight recorder or recorders in such aircraft and recording such information as may be prescribed; ) means of protecting the flight crew compartment from unauthorised access and the flight crew from hostile action; ) such emergency equipment as may be prescribed, which may include axes, magaphones, means of emergency evacuation, interior marking and lighting of emergency exits, emergency exit operating handles, emergency exit access, exterior exit and escape route markings and lighting, floor level exits and additional exits; ) for passenger carrying aircraft powered by turbo-jet engines and of a maximum total authorised weight greater than 15,000 kilograms or authorised to carry more than 30 passengers and for such other aircraft as may be prescribed: a ground proximity warning system; ) an electric torch for each crew member station. (2) For flights which involve manoeuvres on the water:— ) one life jacket, or equivalent individual flotation device for each person on board, stowed in a position easily accessible from the person's seat or berth. Each life jacket and equivalent flotation device shall be equipped with a whistle and a water proof torch or other equally suitable means of electric illumination for the purpose of facilitating the location of persons; ) leaflets for distribution to each passenger stating the precise location and method of use of the life jackets; ) equipment of a marine type for making from the surface of the water the pyrotechnical signals of distress specified in the Collision Regulations (Ships and Water Craft on the Water) Order, 1984; ) equipment for mooring or for anchoring appropriate to the maximum total weight authorised of the aircraft. Note—a life belt is not considered an equivalent individual flotation device for the purpose of this Order. (3) For flights which involve manoeuvres on the water by aircraft the maximum total authorised weight of which exceeds 2,270 kgs.— ) the equipment specified in sub-paragraph (2) of this paragraph; ) one sea anchor; ) such apparatus as is required to facilitate the manoeuvering of the aircraft on the water under its engine power and as is appropriate to its weight, size and handling characteristics and, where such apparatus is not controlled by the pilot, a communication system enabling him to instruct the operator thereof. (4) For flights over water beyond gliding distance from any coast or shore, or where so prescribed, and for flights taking off, or landing, over a substantial body of water:— ) the equipment and leaflets specified in sub-paragraphs (2) ( ) and (2) ( ) of this paragraph; (5) For flights over water in the course of which the aircraft may at any time be at a distance greater than the following away from land suitable for emergency landing— a distance corresponding to 30 minutes at cruising speed or 100 nautical miles whichever is the lesser — in the case of aircraft of such performance and weight that, with the critical engine inoperative and the remaining engine or engines operating within maximum continuous power limitations, it is unable to maintain a positive rate of climb at an altitude of 5,000 feet in the Standard Atmosphere; and a distance corresponding to 90 minutes at cruising speed or 400 nautical miles whichever is the lesser — (in the case of all other aircraft) — the following equipment— ) suitably equipped life-saving rafts in sufficient numbers to accommodate all occupants of the aircraft. Each life-saving raft shall be equipped with— (i) means for maintaining buoyancy; (ii) sea anchor; (iii) life lines and means of attaching one life raft to another; (iv) paddles or other means of propulsion; (v) weather protection equipment; (vi) waterproof torch; (vii) means of making sea water drinkable; (ix) first-aid equipment; (x) such supplies of food and water as would be reasonably required to meet an emergency. (1) Routine maintenance and inspection of life-saving rafts and their equipment shall be carried out to ensure that they are maintained in a serviceable condition. (2) The location, method of stowage and method of launching of life-saving rafts shall be such as to ensure the most expeditious and efficient use of them in the event of a forced landing of the aircraft on water. (3) Equipment specified in items (vi) to (x) of sub-paragraph ( ) shall be contained in a pack and one such pack shall be stowed with each life-saving raft so that it is immediately available when the life-saving raft is launched. ) Portable radio equipment for use as survival beacons, in type, numbers and locations approved by the Minister. (6) For flights over undeveloped land areas, portable radio equipment for use as survival beacons shall be carried in type, numbers and locations as approved by the Minister. (7) For flights by night— ) two landing lamps or, if approved by the Minister, a single landing lamp with two separately energised filaments; ) cabin lights in all passenger compartments; ) in the case of such aircraft as may be prescribed an emergency lighting system independent of the main lighting system to provide illumination in the passenger compartment sufficient to facilitate the evacuation of the aircraft notwithstanding the failure of the main lighting system; ) the equipment specified in sub-paragraph (3) of paragraph 3 of this Schedule in the case of aircraft the maximum total weight authorised of which exceeds 1,140 kgs.; ) illumination for all instruments and equipment essential for the safe operation of the aircraft and used by the flight crew. (8) For flights by unpressurised aircraft— ) at altitudes above 10,000 feet but not above 13,000 feet—a supply of oxygen for continuous use by all crew members and by 10% of the passengers for the whole time in excess of 30 minutes during which the aircraft is required to fly at an altitude above 10,000 feet but not above 13,000 feet; ) at altitudes above 13,000 feet—a supply of oxygen for continuous use by all crew members and by all passengers for the whole time during which the aircraft is required to fly above an altitude of 13,000 feet; (9) For flights by pressurised aircraft— ) for all crew members— a supply of oxygen accessible to each crew member from his station for continuous use for 30 minutes and also for the whole time in excess of 30 minutes following failure of the pressurisation system, during which the pressure in any compartment occupied by them would be below 700 hectopascals; ) for passengers— (i) for flights at altitudes above 10,000 feet but not above 30,000 feet— a supply of oxygen for continuous use by 10% of the passengers for a period of 30 minutes, and also for the whole time (if any) in excess of 30 minutes following failure of the pressurisation system, during which the pressure in any compartment occupied by them would be below 700 hectopascals and, in addition, if the aircraft is not capable at all points along the route to be flown without exceeding operational limitations or infringing terrain clearance requirements, of descending from its cruising altitude to below an altitude of 15,000 feet within 6 minutes and of remaining below that altitude thereafter, a supply of oxygen for continuous use by all the passengers for the whole time during which the pressure in any compartment occupied by them would be below 570 hectopascals. (ii) for flights at altitudes above 30,000 feet but not above 35,000 feet— a supply of oxygen for continuous use by 15% of the passengers for a period of 30 minutes, and also for the whole time (if any) in excess of 30 minutes, following failure of the pressurisation system, during which the pressure in any compartment occupied by them would be below 700 hectopascals and. in addition, if the aircraft is not capable at all points along the route to be flown, without exceeding operational limitations or infringing terrain clearance requirements, of descending from its cruising altitude to below an altitude of 15,000 feet within 4 minutes and of remaining below that altitude thereafter, a supply of oxygen for continuous use by all the passengers for the whole time during which the pressure in any compartment occupied by them would be below 570 hectopascals; (iii) for flights at altitudes above 35,000 feet— a supply of oxygen for continuous use by 15% of the passengers for a period of 30 minutes and also for the whole time (if any) in excess of 30 minutes, following failure of the pressurisation system, during which the pressure in any compartment occupied by them would be below 700 hectopascals and, in addition, a supply of oxygen for continuous use by all the passengers for the whole time during which the pressure in any compartment occupied by them would be below 570 hectopascals also a supply of oxygen in a portable container sufficient for the simultaneous first-aid treatment of two passengers. (1) For the purpose of the calculation of the amount of oxygen to be provided for use following failure of the pressurisation system, it is to be assumed that the failure will take place at that altitude and stage of the flight which would impose the most exacting requirement for oxygen, and that, after failure, the aircraft will descend immediately and in accordance with the emergency procedure specified in the aircraft's flight manual, to a safe altitude, and thereafter fly at an appropriate altitude to enable it to reach its declared destination or the nearest point at which a safe landing may be made. Following such a failure the pressure in the crew and passenger compartments is to be considered to be the same as that obtaining at the relevant flight altitude. Calculation of the oxygen requirements is to take into account the time necessary for the descent and recovery phases of the emergency and the time spent at any altitude requiring the use of oxygen on the final stage of the flight prior to landing. (2) For the purposes of this paragraph and of Article 40 of this Order, the expression "failure of the pressurisation system" means inability through any cause to maintain an atmospheric pressure of at least 700 hectopascals in any occupied compartment. (3) Approximate altitudes in the Standard Atmosphere corresponding to the values of absolute pressure used in this Order are as follows: Absolute Pressure 700 hectopascals 570 hectopascals 376 hectopascals (10) For all flights for which the carriage of stored oxygen is required by this Order— ) suitable means of storing, supplying and dispensing oxygen; ) suitable means of indicating to the passengers in each compartment the appropriate times at which oxygen should be used and the method of use. (11) For flights on which pressurised aircraft are intended to be operated at altitudes at which the atmospheric pressure is less than 376 hectopascals—a device to provide warning of any dangerous loss of pressurisation. (12) For flights on which a licensed flight navigator is required to be carried in the aircraft— ) adequate facilities for the taking of astronomical observations, including observations for checking the magnetic compass; ) chart tables; (13) For flights when the weather reports or forecasts available at the aerodrome, at the time of departure, indicate that conditions favouring ice formation are likely to be met — means or equipment to prevent any impairment through ice formation of the functioning of the controls, means of propulsion, lifting surfaces, windows or equipment of the aircraft which would endanger the safety of the aircraft. (14) For pressurised aircraft— whenever such aircraft are being operated in areas where thunderstorms or other potentially hazardous weather conditions, regarded as detectable by air-borne weather radar equipment, may be expected to exist along the route to be flown, either at night or in instrument meteorological conditions — operative weather radar. (15) For all aircraft intended to be operated above an altitude of 49,000 feet— equipment to measure and indicate continuously the dose rate of total cosmic radiation being received and the cumulative dose on each flight. The display unit of the equipment shall be readily visible to a crew member from his station. (16) All turbine jet engines with speed limitations expressed in terms of mach number shall be equipped with a mach number indicator. 5. Gliders. (1) For all flights— ) such instruments, equipment and devices as the Minister may, at his discretion, require to be carried in the particular glider; ) safety harness for every seat in use. (2) For flights by night— ) adequate electrical illumination, supplied from the main source of supply in the glider for the instruments and equipment (including maps) required to be carried the illumination of which is necessary to enable use to be made of them during the flight. (3) Public transport and aerial work gliders—such additional instruments, equipment and devices as the Minister may prescribe. 6. Free and Captive Balloons. For all flights—such instruments, equipment and devices as the Minister may, at his discretion, require to be carried in the particular type of aircraft. SECOND SCHEDULE MANUALS, LOGS AND RECORDS. Articles 15, 23, 52, 61 1. Journey Log Book. The journey log book or other equivalent record required by Article 15 shall contain the following items and corresponding Roman numerals: I. aircraft nationality and registration; II. date; III. names of crew members; IV. duty assignments of crew members; V. place of departure; VI. place of arrival; VII. time of departure; VIII. time of arrival; IX. hours of flight; X. nature of flight; (private, aerial work, non-scheduled public transport, scheduled public transport); XI. incidents and observations if any; XII. signature of person in charge. 2. Operations Manual. An Operations Manual to be provided in accordance with Article 23 of this Order shall contain:— ) In the case of scheduled and non-scheduled flights the following:— (i) instructions outlining the responsibilities of operations personnel concerning the conduct of flight operations; (ii) the maximum flight time and flight duty periods of flight crew members in accordance with Article 28(2)(c) of this Order; (iii) emergency flight procedures and emergency duties assigned to each crew member; (iv) the circumstances in which a radio listening watch is to be maintained; (vi) specific instructions for the computation of the quantities of fuel and oil to be carried on each route, having regard to all circumstances of the operation including the possibility of the failure or one or more power-plants while en route; (vii) the conditions under which oxygen shall be used; (viii) procedures for pilots-in-command on observing an accident as contained in Annex 12 to the Chicago Convention; (ix) a list of the minimum equipment necessary for the safe operation of the aircraft; (x) a copy of the ground-air visual signal code for survivors as contained in Annex 12 to the Chicago Convention; (xi) procedures, as prescribed in Annex 2 to the Chicago Convention for pilots-in-command of intercepted aircraft; (xii) a list of visual signals for use by intercepting and intercepted aircraft as specified in Annex 2 to the Chicago Convention; (xiii) a check list of emergency and safety equipment and instructions for its use. ) In the case of scheduled flights the following— (i) the flight crew for each stage of all routes to be flown including the designation of the succession of command; (ii) the minimum flight altitudes for each route to be flown; (iii) aerodrome operating minima for each of the aerodromes on the routes to be flown which— (A) are likely to be used as regular or alternate aerodromes; and (B) being suitable, may have to be used in an emergency; The route guide may be one of several volumes comprising the Operations Manual. ) In the case of non-scheduled flights the following— (i) the flight crew for each type of operation to be conducted including the designation of the succession of command; (ii) the method of determining minimum flight altitudes and, in the case of routes in frequent use, the minimum flight altitudes for each route flown; (iii) (A) the method of determining aerodrome operating minima, and (B) for routes in frequent use, the aerodrome operating minima for each aerodrome likely to be used as a regular or alternate aerodrome; 3. Records of Emergency and Survival equipment carried. The lists of emergency and survival equipment required by Article 52(4) of this Order shall include information as applicable concerning— ) the number, colour and type of life rafts; ) the colour and type of pyrotechnics; ) totals of emergency material supplies; ) water supplies; ) the type and frequencies of emergency portable radio communication equipment. 4. Maintenance Manual. The Maintenance Manual referred to in Article 61 (4) ( ) of this Order shall contain the following particulars relating to the aircraft concerned— ) procedures for the servicing and maintenance of the aircraft; ) the frequency of each check, overhaul and inspection; ) the responsibilities of the various classes of persons engaged in the maintenance of the aircraft; ) the procedure for preparing a maintenance release, the circumstances under which it is to be issued and the person or persons required to sign it. GIVEN under my Official Seal, this 9th day of March, 1986. JIM MITCHELL, Minister for Communications. EXPLANATORY NOTE. S.I. No. 140 of 1964 ). The principal modifications are as follows:— ) new definitions are added; ) the responsibilities of the Operator have been elaborated on (Article 9); ) clarification of the action to be taken by the pilot-in-command in the event of inflight emergencies (Article 10); S.I. No. 224 of 1973 ) (Article 11); ) keeping of records relating to exposure of aircraft and flight-crew to cosmic radiation (Article 15); ) documents to be carried on board an aircraft include a noise certificate showing compliance with noise requirements, where these are applicable, and also security procedures (Article 18); ) additiional requirements relating to flight operations officers, their duties and training have been included (Articles 22 and 50); ) the provisions relating to fuel and oil supply have been revised and expanded (Articles 33 to 37); ) safeguards have been introduced to guard against the effects of loss of pressurisation (Article 39); ) the pilot-in-command has responsibility for the fitness of flight-crew members (Article 45); ) wearing of seat belts by members of flight-crew (Article 46); ) clarification of the responsibility of the pilot-in-command for the safety of the persons on board the aircraft during the post-flight phase (Article 48); ) provisions regarding the number and working order of exits and internal doors have been included (Article 53); ) the provisions relating to communications equipment have been revised (Article 54); ) the requirements for carrying a second pilot have been revised (Article 56); ) the flight-crew member training programme has been expanded to include training in the transport of dangerous goods (Article 57); ) the qualifications for flight crew members have been revised (Article 58); ) the term "cabin attendants" is introduced and the role and training of cabin attendants is defined (Article 59); ) additional measures for increased security are introduced as follows:— (i) check-list of procedures to be followed in the event of suspected sabotage (Article 18), (ii) the pilot-in-command must report without delay any act of unlawful interference (Article 48), (iii) comprehensive requirements for flight-crew training now include action in the event of unlawful interference (Article 57), (iv) means of protecting the flight-crew compartment from unlawful access and the flight-crew from hostile action (First Schedule); ) changes affecting the general aviation sector are as follows:— (i) provisions re fuel and oil supply have been introduced (Article 35), (ii) provisions re oxygen supply have been introduced (Article 41), and (iii) provisions regulating maintenance have been introduced (Article 62); ) additional requirements regarding equipment to be carried include equipment for the new category of controlled VFR flight (First Schedule); ) the manuals, logs and records to be kept are now listed in a Second Schedule to the Order.