The UNITED PROVINCES PANCHAYAT RAJ ACT, 1947

1 la;qDr ikz ar ipa k;r jkt vf/kfu;e] 1947 ¿la;qDr izkarh; vf/kfu;e la0 26] 1947À THE UNITED PROVINCES PANCHAYAT RAJ ACT, 1947 [U. P. ACT No. XXVI OF 1947] 2 l;a qDr ikz ar ipa k;r jkt vf/kfu;e] 19471 ¿la;qDr izkarh; vf/kfu;e la0 26] 1947À m0iz0vf/kfu;e la[;k 10] 1950 m0iz0vf/kfu;e la[;k 6] 1952 m0iz0vf/kfu;e la[;k 18] 1952 m0iz0vf/kfu;e la[;k 6] 1954 m0iz0vf/kfu;e la[;k 2] 1955 m0iz0vf/kfu;e la[;k 19] 1957 m0iz0vf/kfu;e la[;k 15] 1960 m0iz0vf/kfu;e la[;k 3] 1961 m0iz0vf/kfu;e la[;k 33] 1961 m0iz0vf/kfu;e la[;k 9] 1962 m0iz0vf/kfu;e la[;k 20] 1963 m0iz0vf/kfu;e la[;k 10] 1965 m0iz0vf/kfu;e la[;k 20] 1966 jk"Vªifr vf/kfu;e la[;k 38] 1968 m0iz0vf/kfu;e la[;k 14] 1968 m0iz0vf/kfu;e la[;k 6] 1969 m0iz0vf/kfu;e la[;k 19] 1970 m0iz0vf/kfu;e la[;k 18] 1971 m0iz0vf/kfu;e la[;k 31] 1972 m0iz0vf/kfu;e la[;k 3] 1973 m0iz0vf/kfu;e la[;k 37] 1978 }kjk la”kksf/kr ¿;w0ih0 fo/kkulHkk us 5 twu] 1947 dks rFkk ;w0 ih0 fo/kku ifj’k~n us 16 flrEcj] 1947 dks ikfjr fd;k A xouZeaVs vkQ bafM;k ,sDV] 1935 dh /kkjk 76 ds v/khu Mksehfu;u vkQ bafM;k ds xoZuj tujy dh Lohdf`r 7 fnlEcj] 1947 dks izkIr gqbZ rFkk ;w0ih0 xouZesVa xtV ea s fnukad 27 fnlEcj] 1947 dks izdkf”kr fd;k x;kAÀ la;qDr izkar ds xzkE; {ks=kas ea s LFkkuh; Lok;Rr “kklu LFkkfir djus vkSj fodflr djus d s fy;s] vf/kfu;e ;g b’Vdj gS fd la;qDr izkar ds xzkE; {ks=ks a e as LFkkuh; Lok;Rr “kklu LFkkfir Hkwfedk djus vkSj fodflr fd;k tk; s rFkk xzkE; iz”kklu vkSj fodkl ds fy;s vf/kd vPNh O;oLFkk dh tk;s] vr% ,rn}kjk fuEufyf[kr vf/kfu;e cuk;k tkrk gS %&& 1- mnns”;ks a vkSj dkj.kks a ds fooj.k fnukad 8 vxLr] 1946 dk ljdkjh xtV ns[ka s A 3 ¿la;qDr izkar iapk;r jkt vf/kfu;e] 1947À ¿/kkjk 1&2À v/;k; 1 izkjfEHkd 1&&¼1½ ;g la;qDr izkUr iapk;r jkt vf/kfu;e] 1947 dgyk;sxkA laf{kIr uke ¼2½ ;g] foLrkj mRrj izns”k es a gksxk] flok; ml {ks= ds ¿mRrj izns”k uxj la0izka0 vf/kfu;e la0 2] egkikfydk vf/kfu;e] 1959 ds mica/kks a ds v/khu uxj vFkokÀ5 tks la;qDr izkUr 1916 E;wfulhiSfyVh ,sDV] 1916 ds mica/kka s ds v/khu E;wfulhiSfyVh ¿;kÀ1 uksfVQkbM ,fj;k vFkok ,sDV la0 2] 1924 dSUVksuesUVl ,sDV] 1924 ds mica/kks a ds v/khu dSUVksuesUVl vFkok la;qDr izkar Vkmu la0izka0 vf/kfu;e la0 2] ,fj;kt ,sDV] 1914 ds mica/kks ds v/khu Vkmu ,fj;k ds :Ik eas ?kksf’kr fd;k tk pqdk gks 1914 ;k mlea s lfEefyr gS ;k ,rni”pkr~ ?kksf’kr ;k lfEefyr fd;k tk;As ¿***À6 ¼3½ ;g rqjUr izo`Rr gksxkA 2&&tc rd fo’k; ;k izlax ea s dksbZ ckr fo:) u gks] bl vf/kfu;e e sa && ifjHkk’kk,a ¼d½ ^^U;k; iapk;r** dk rkRi;Z /kkjk 42 ds v/khu LFkkfir U;k; iapk;r ls gS vkSj blds vUrxZr bldh U;k;ihB ls gS ( ¼[k½ ^^o;Ld** dk rkRi;Z ml O;fDr ls gS] ftlus ¿bDdhl o’kZ dh vk; q iw.kZ dj yh gksÀ2 ( ¿¼[k [k½ fiNM+ s oxksaZ dk rkRi;Z mÙkj izns”k yksd lsok ¼vuqlwfpr tkfr;ks]a vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ks a vkSj vU; fiNM+ s oxksZa ds fy, vkj{k.k½ vf/kfu;e] 1994 dh vuqlwph ,d ea s fofufnZ’V ukxfjdks a ds fiNM+ s oxksaZ ls gS(À+9 ¼x½ ¿^^vkijkf/kd okn**À3 dk rkRi;Z U;k; iapk;r }kjk fopkj.kh; fdlh vijk/k ds laca/k ea s nkafMd dk;oZ kgh ls gS ¿vkSj blds vUrxZr /kkjk 53 ds vUrxZr dksbZ dk;oZ kgh Hkh gSÀ7 ( ¼?k½ ^^lfdZy** dk rkRi;Z ml lfdZy ls gS ftlds Hkhrj dksbZ U;k; iapk;r /kkjk 42 ds v/khu vf/kdkfjrk dk iz;ksx djrh gks ( ¼³½ fdlh ¿xzke lHkkÀ8 ds vfHkns”k eas ^^dyDs Vj** vFkok ^^ftyk eftLVªsV** ;k ^^lc&fMohtuy eftLVªsV** dk rkRi;Z ;FkkfLFkfr ml fty s ds ;k ml lc fMohtu eftLVªsV** ls gS] ftles a ,slh ¿xzke lHkkÀ8 la?kfVr gks ¿vkSj mlds vUrxZr dze”k% vfrfjDr dyDs Vj] vfrfjDr ftyk eftLVªsV] vfrfjDr lc fMohtuy eftLVªsV Hkh gksxs a (À4 ¿¼p½ ^^ftyk iapk;r** dk ogh rkRi;Z gksxk] tks mRrj izns”k {ks= iapk;r RkFkk ftyk iapk;r vf/kfu;e] 1961 dh /kkjk 2 ds [k.M ¼ii½ ds v/khu blds fy;s fn;k x;k gks ( 1- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la0 2] 1955 dh /kkjk 2 ds [k.M 1 }kjk izfrLFkkfir A 2- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 3 ¼1½ }kjk izfrLFkkfir A 3- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 3 ¼2½ }kjk izfrLFkkfir A 4- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la0 19] 1957 dh /kkjk 2 ¼1½ }kjk c<+k;k x;k vkSj lnSo ls c<+k;k x;k le>k tk;A 5- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la0 37] 1978 dh /kkjk 2 ¼d½ }kjk vUrfoZ’V A 6- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 2 ¼[k½ }kjk fudkyk x;k A 7- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 3 ¼d½ }kjk vUrfoZ’V A 8- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la0 9 o’kZ 1994 dh /kkjk 2 }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 9- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 3¼d½ }kjk c<k;k x;kA 4 ¿la;qDr izkUr iapk;r jkt vf/kfu;e] 1947À ¿/kkjk 2À ¼N½ ^^xzke lHkk** dk rkRi;Z fdlh xzke iapk;r ds {ks= ds Hkhrj lekfo’V fdlh xzke dh fuokZpd ukekoyh ea s jftLVªhdr` O;fDr;ks a ls xfBr vkSj /kkjk 3 ds v/khu LFkkfir fdlh fudk; ls gS ( ¼t½ ^^xzke iapk;r** dk rkRi;Z /kkjk 12 ds v/khu ¿la?kfVrÀ9 xzke iapk;r ls gS (À6 ¿¼tt½ foÙk vk;kxs dk rkRi;Z lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn 348&> ds v/khu la?kfVr foÙk vk;ksx ls gS( ¼ttt½ {ks= iapa k;r* dk ogh rkRi;Z gksxk] tks mÙkj izns”k {ks= iapk;r rFkk ftyk iapk;r vf/kfu;e] 1961 dh /kkjk 2 ds [k.M ¼6½ ds v/khu blds fy, fn;k x;k gS(À7 ¿¼>½ ^^fuokZpd jftLVªhdj.k vf/kdkjh** dk rkRi;Z /kkjk 9 dh mi/kkjk ¼1½ ds v/khu bl :Ik ea s uke&fufnZ’V ;k inkfHkfgr vf/kdkjh ls gS(À3 ¼´½ ¿* * *À1 ¿¼V½ fdlh U;k; iapk;r ds funs”Z k ea]s ^^eqfUlQ** vkSj ^^U;kf;d eftLVsªV** dk rkRi;Z ;FkkfLFkfr ml eqfUlQ ;k eftLVsªV ls gS ftldh ,sls U;k; iapk;r ds lfdZy ea s dze”k% flfoy ;k vkijkf/kd oknks a ds laca/k ea s LFkkuh; vf/kdkfjrk gks(À4 ¿¼VV½ ^^jkT; fuokZpu vk;kxs ** dk rkRi;Z lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn 243&V ea s fufnZ’V jkT; fuokZpu vk;kxs ls gS( ¿¼VVV½ ^eq[; fuokZpu vf/kdkjh ¼iapk;r½* dk rkRi;Z jkT; ljdkj ds ,sls vf/kdkjh ls gS] ftls jkT; fuokZpu vk;ksx }kjk] jkT; ljdkj ds ijke”kZ ls] bl :Ik ea s inkfHkfgr ;k uke&fufnZ’V fd;k x;k gks(À10 ¼B½ ^^tula[;k dk rkRi;Z ,slh vfUre iwoZorhZ tux.kuk ea s vfHkfuf”pr dh xbZ tula[;k ls gS] ftlds lqlaxr vkadM+ s izdkf”kr gks x, gSa ( ¼BB½ ^iapk;r {ks=^ dk rkRi;Z /kkjk 11&p dh mi/kkjk ¼1½ ds v/khu bl :Ik ea s ?kksf’kr fdlh xzke iapk;r ds izknsf”kd {ks= ls gS(À8 ¼M½ ¿***À5 ¿¼MM½ ^^lkoZtfud lEifRr** vkSj ^^lkoZtfud Hkwfe** dk rkRi;Z fdlh ,sls m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la0 1] lkoZtfud Hkou ikd Z ;k m|ku ;k vU; LFkku ls ftles a pkgs Hkqxrku djds ;k 1951 vU;Fkk turk dh igq¡p rRle; gks vFkok igq¡pus dh vuqKk nh tkrh gks (À2 ¼<½ ^^yksd lHkk** dk rkRi;Z n.M lafgrk] 1860 dh /kkjk 21 ds v/khu 1860 dk ,sDV la0 45 ;FkkifjHkkf’kr yksd lsod l s gS ( 1- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la0 2] 1955 dh /kkjk 3 ds mi[k.M 3 }kjk fudkyk x;k A 2- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 3 dh mi/kkjk ¼5½ }kjk c<+k;k x;kA 3- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la0 37] 1978 dh /kkjk 3 ¼[k½ }kjk izfrLFkkfir A 4- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 3 ¼x½ }kjk izfrLFkkfir A 5- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 3 ¼?k½ }kjk fudkyk x;k A 6- m0iz0vf/kfu;e la0 9] 1994 dh /kkjk 3 ¼[k½ }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 7- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 3 ¼x½ }kjk c<k;k x;kA 8- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 3¼?k½ }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 9- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la0 29 o’kZ 1995 dh /kkjk 2 }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 10- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la0 21 o’kZ 1995 dh /kkjk 2 }kjk c<+k;k x;kA 5 ¿la;qDr izkUr iapk;r jkt vf/kfu;e] 1947À ¿/kkjk 2À ¼.k½ ^^lkoZtfud lM+d** dk rkRi;Z fdlh ekxZ] iqy xyh] pkSd] chfFkdk ;k iFk ls gS ftl ij turk dks vkus tkus dk vf/kdkj gks rFkk blds vUrxZr nksuka s vksj dh ukfy;ka ;k ukys rFkk mlls feyh gqbZ fdlh lEifRr dks fu;e lhek rd dh Hkwfe Hkh gS Hkys gh ,slh Hkwfe ij fdlh cjkens ;k vU; vf/kjpuk dk dksbZ iz{ksi gks ¿fdUrq blds vUrxZr dksbZ ,slk ekxZ iqy xyh] pkSd] chfFkdk ;k iFk ugha gS tks jkT; ljdkj ;k dsUnzh; ljdkj ;k fdlh vU; LFkkuh; izkf/kdkjh ds LokfeRo ea s gks ;k ftldk vuqj{k.k ;k ejEer muds }kjk fd;k tkrk gks (À1 ¼r½ ^^fu;r** dk rkRi;Z bl vf/kfu;e ;k blds v/khu cuk;s x;s fu;eka s }kjk fu;r ls gS ( ¿¼Fk½ ^^fu;r izkf/kdkjh** dk rkRi;Z fuEufyf[kr ls gS½ %&& ¼1½ ¿mRrj izns”k {ks= iapk;r RkFkk ftyk iapk;r vf/kfu;e] 1961À10 dh vuqlwph 3 ea s mfYyf[kr bl vf/kfu;e ds mica/kksa ds mica/kks a ds iz;kstuks a ds fy;s] ¿ftyk iapk;rÀ9 ;k ¿{ks= iapk;rÀ9 tlS k fd mDr vuqlwph ds LrEHk 3 ea s fofufnZ’V fd;k tk;s ( rFkk ¼2½ bl vf/kfu;e ds fdlh vU; mica/k ds laca/k eas] og izkf/kdkjh tks jkT; ljdkj }kjk pkgs lkekU;r;k ;k fdlh fo”ks’k iz;sktu ds fy;s bl :Ik ea s vf/klfwpr fd;k tk; s (À7 ¼n½ ¿ *** À2 ¼/k½ ¿flfoy oknÀ3 dk rkRi;Z U;k; iapk;r }kjk fopkjk.kh; flfoy okn ls gS ( ¿¼/k/k½ ^^lc fMohtuy** ds vUrxZr mi;qDr izkf/kdkjh }kjk ukeksfn’V ;k fu;qDr vfrfjDr lc fMfotuy vf/kdkjh Hkh gS(À6 ¼u½ ^^xkao** dk rkRi;Z fdlh ,sls LFkkuh; {ks= ls gS] tks ml fty s ds ftlea s og fLFkr gks] jktLo laca/kh vfHkys[kka s ea s xkao ds :Ik ea s vfHkfyf[kr gks ¿vkSj blds vUrxZr ,slk {ks= Hkh gS] ftls jkT; ljdkj bl vf/kfu;e ds iz;kstukasa ds fufeRr ;k fo”ks’k vkns”k }kjk xkao ?kksf’kr djsaÀs 4 ( ¼i½ ¿ * * * À5 ¼Q½ ¿ * * * À5 ¼c½ ¿ * * * À6 ¿¼Hk½ ^^Hkwfe izcU/kd lfefr** dk rkRi;Z ml Hkwfe izcU/kd lfefr ls gS] tks /kkjk 28&d ds v/khu LFkkfir dh xbZ gks ;k LFkkfir dh xbZ le>h tkrh gksAÀ8 1- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la0 2] 1955 dh /kkjk 3 dh mi/kkjk 6 }kjk c<+k;k x;k A 2- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 3 dh mi/kkjk 7 }kjk fudkyk x;k A 3- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 3 dh mi/kkjk 8 }kjk izfrLFkkfir A 4- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 3 dh mi/kkjk 9 }kjk c<+k;k x;kA 5- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 3 dh mi/kkjk 10 }kjk fudkyk x;kA 6- m0iz0vf/kfu;e la0 19] 1957 dh /kkjk 2 ¼2½ }kjk c<+k;k x;kA 7- m0iz0vf/kfu;e la0 33] 1961 dh vuqlwph 8 }kjk izfrLFkkfir A 8- mi;qZDr dh vuqlwph 8 ¼2½ }kjk izfrLFkkfir A 9- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la0 9 o’kZ 1994 dh /kkjk 2 }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 10- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 3¼³½ }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 6 ¿la;qDr izkUr iapk;r jkt vf/kfu;e] 1947À ¿/kkjk 3&5dÀ v/;k; 2 ¿Xkzke lHkkÀ1 dh LFkkiuk vkSj la?kVu ¿3&& ¼1½ jkT; ljdkj] ljdkjh xtV ea s vf/klpw uk }kjk] fdlh xzke ds fy, ;k xzke lHkk xzkeks a ds lewg ds fy, ,d xzke lHkk] ,sls uke ls] tSlk fofufnZ’V fd;k tk;] LFkkfir djsxh% izfrcU/k ;g gS fd tgka xzke lHkk xzkeks a ds lewg ds fy, LFkkfir dh tk; ogka lcls vf/kd tula[;k okys xzke dk u;k xzke lHkk ds uke ds :Ik ea s fofufnZ’V fd;k tk,xkAÀ2 4&& ¿***À3 5&& ¿***À3 ¿v/;k; 2&d xzke ipa k;r ds lnL;kas dh vugZrk vkSj fuokZpd ukekoyh bR;kfnÀ4 ¿5&d&& dksbZ O;fDr] fdlh xzke iapk;r dk lnL; pqus tkus ds fy, vkSj lnL; xzke iapk;r dh lnL;rk gksus d s fy, vugZ gksxk] ;fn && ds fy;s vugZrk ¼d½ og jkT; ljdkj fo/kku e.My ds fuokZpuks a ds iz;kstuks a ds fy, rRle; izo`Ùk fdlh fof/k }kjk ;k mlds v/khu vugZ gks % izfrcU/k ;g gS fd dksbZ O;fDr bl vk/kkj ij vugZ ugha gksxk fd og iPphl o’kZ ls de vk; s dk gS] ;fn mlus bDdhl o’kZ dh vk; q izkIr dj yh gks( ¼[k½ og xzke iapk;r ;k fdlh U;k; iapk;r dk oSrfud lsod gk(s ¼x½ og fdl jkT; ljdkj ;k dsUnzh; ljdkj ;k ¿xzke iapk;r ;k U;k; iapk;r ls fHkUu] fdlh LFkkuh; izkf/kdkjh ;k fdlh jkT; ljdkj ;k dsUnzh; ljdkj ds LokfeRok/khu ;k fu;a=.kk/khu fdlh cksMZ] fudk; ;k fuxeÀ5 ds v/khu ykHk dk dksbZ in /kkj.k djrk gks( ¼?k½ og fdlh jkT; ljdkj] dsUnzh; ljdkj ;k fdlh LFkkuh; izkf/kdkjh ;k fdlh U;k; iapk;r dh lsok ls nqjkpj.k ds dkj.k inP;qr dj fn;k x;k gks( ¼³½ ml ij ,slh vof/k ds fy,] tSlh fu;r dh tk;] xzke iapk;r] {ks= iapk;r ;k ftyk iapk;r dk dksbZ dj] Qhl] “kqYd ;k dksbZ vU; ns; cdk;k gks] ;k og xzke iapk;r] {ks= iapk;r ;k ftyk iapk;r ds v/khu dksbZ in /kkj.k djus ds dkj.k izkIr mlds fdlh vfHkys[k ;k lEifRr dks mls nsus ea]s mlds }kjk ,slk fd, tkus dh vis{kk fd;s tkus ij Hkh] foQy jgk gks( ¼p½ og vuqUekfspr fnokfy;k gks] ¼N½ og uSfrd v/kerk ds fdlh vijk/k ds fy, nks’kfl) Bgjk;k x;k gks( ¼t½ mls vko”;d oLrq vf/kfu;e] 1955 ds v/khu fn, x, fdlh vkns”k dk mYya?ku djus ds dkj.k rhu ekl ls vf/kd dh vof/k ds dkjkokl dk n.M fn;k x;k gks( 1- mÙkj izns”k vf/kfu;e la[;k 9 o’kZ 1994 dh /kkjk 2 }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 2- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 4 }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 3- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 5 }kjk fujflrA 4- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 6 }kjk v/;k; 2&d c<+k;k x;kA 5- mÙkj izns”k vf/kfu;e la[;k 21] 1998 dh /kkjk 2 }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 7 ¿la;qDr izkUr iapk;r jkt vf/kfu;e] 1947À ¿/kkjk 5[k&6dÀ ¼>½ mls ,lsaf”k;y lIykbt ¼VsEiksjsjh ikolZ½ ,sDV] 1946 vFkok ;w0ih0 daVªksy vkQ lIykbZt ¼VsEiksjsjh ikolZ½ ,sDV] 1947 ds v/khu fn;s x;s fdlh vkns”k dk mYya?ku djus ds dkj.k N% ekl ls vf/kd dh vof/k ds dkjkokl dk ;k fuokZlu dk n.M fn;k x;k gka]s ¼¥½ mls la;qDr izkUr vkcdkjh vf/kfu;e] 1910 ds v/khu rhu ekl ls vf/kd dh vof/k ds dkjkokl dk n.M fn;k x;k gks( ¼V½ mls Lokid vkS’kf/k vkSj eu% izHkkoh inkFkZ vf/kfu;e] 1985 ds v/khu fdlh vijk/k ds fy;s nks’kfl) Bgjk;k x;k gks] ¼B½ mls fuokZpu lEcU/kh fdlh vijk/k ds fy;s nks’kfl) Bgjk;k x;k gks] ¼M½ mls la;qDr izkar lkekftd fu;ksXZ ;rkvkas dk fujkdj.k vf/kfu;e] 1947 ;k flfoy vf/kdkj laj{k.k vf/kfu;e] 1955 d s v/khu nks’kfl) Bgjk;k x;k gks( ;k ¼<½ mls /kkjk 95 dh mi/kkjk ¼1½ ds [k.M ¼N½ ds mi[k.M ¼3½ ;k ¼4½ ds v/khu in ls gVk fn;k x;k gks] tc rd fd ,slh vof/k] tSlh fd mDr /kkjk ea s bl fufeÙk O;oLFkk dh xbZ gks ;k ,slh U;uw re vof/k] tSlh fd jkT; ljdkj us fdlh fo”ks’k ekey s ea s vkns”k fn;k gks] O;rhr u gks xbZ gks % izfrca/k ;g gS fd [k.M ¼?k½] ¼p½] ¼N½] ¼t½] ¼>½] ¼´½] ¼V½] ¼B½ ;k ¼M½ ds v/khu vugZrk dh vof/k ,sls fnukad ls] ftls fu;r fd;k tk;] ikpa o’kZ gksxh % vxzÙkj izfrcU/k ;g gS fd ;FkkfLFkfr cdk;kas dk Hkqxrku dj fn, tkus ;k vfHkys[k ;k laifÙk ns fn, tkus ij [k.M ¼³½ d s v/khu vugZrk u jg tk,xh % izfrcU/k ;g Hkh gS fd izFke izfrcU/kkRed [k.M ea s fufnZ’V fdUgha Hkh [k.Mks a ds v/khu vugZrk jkT; ljdkj }kjk fu;r jhfr ls gVkbZ tk ldrh gSAÀ5 5&[k&& ¿ *** À6 ¿6&& ¼1½ ¿xzke iapk;r dk dksbZ lnL;À7 mldk lnL; ugha jg tk;sxk ;fn ml lnL;rk dk u jg tkuk lnL; ls lacaf/kr izfof’V ¿xzke iapk;r ds izknsf”kd fuokZpu {ks= dh fuokZpd ukekoyhÀ8 ls fudky nh tk;s AÀ4 ¿¼2½ ;fn dksbZ O;fDr mi/kkjk ¼1½ ds v/khu ¿xzke iapk;rÀ9 dk lnL; ugha jg tk;]s rks og fdlh ,sls in ij Hkh ftl ij og ¿xzke iapk;rÀ9 dk lnL; gksus ds dkj.k fuokZfpr] uke&fufnZ’V vFkok fu;qDr fd;k x;k gks] cuk u jgsxkAÀ1 ¿6&d&& ;fn ,slk dksbZ iz”u mBs fd dksbZ O;fDr ¿/kkjk 5&,À3 ;k /kkjk 6 dh vugZrk laca/kh iz”u dk mi/kkjk ¼1½ es a mfYyf[kr fdlh vugZrk dk Hkkxh gks x;k gS ;k rks ,slk iz”u fu;r fu.kZ; izkf/kdkjh dks mlds fu.kZ; ds fy;s vfHkfnZ’V fd;k tk;xs k vkSj fdlh ,slh vihy] tks fu;r dh tk;]s ds ifj.kke ds v/khu jgrs gq;s] vfUre gksxk AÀ2 1- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la[;k 2 o’kZ 1955 dh /kkjk 7 }kjk izfrLFkkfir A 2- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 8 }kjk izfrLFkkfir A 3- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la0 19] 1957 dh /kkjk 3 ¼2½ }kjk c<+k;k x;k 4- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la0 38] 1968 dh /kkjk 3 }kjk izfrLFkfirA 5- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la0 9 o’kZ 1994 dh /kkjk 7 }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 6- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 8 }kjk fudkyk x;kA 7- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 9¼d½ ¼,d½ }kjk izfrLFkkfir A 8- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 9¼d½¼nks½ }kjk izfrLFkkfir A 9- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 9¼[k½ }kjk izfrLFkkfir A 8 ¿la;qDr izkUr iapk;r jkt vf/kfu;e] 1947À ¿/kkjk 7&8À 7&& ¿ * * * À1 ¿7&d&& ¼d½ tgk¡ 3 tqykbZ] 1989 dks fo|eku fdlh ¿xzke iapk;rÀ4 es a efgyk lnL;vks a dh la[;k] pkgs fuokZfpr ;k lg;ksftr gks] ¿xzke iapk;rÀ4 ds fy, fu;r lnL;ks a dh dqy la[;k ds rhl izfr”kr ls de gks] ogka ¿xzke lHkkÀ4 ds lnL;x.k vuqiwjd fuokZpu es]a tks ,sls fnukad ds Ik”pkr~ ;Fkk”kh?kz gksxk] viuh efgyk lnL;ks a es a ls mruh efgyk lnL;kvks a dks fuokZfpr djsxa s] ftruh ¿xzke iapk;rÀ4 ds fy, fu;r lnL;ks a dh dqy la[;k ds rhl izfr”kr ls de gks vkSj rnqijkUr ¿xzke iapk;rÀ4 ds la?kVu es a ml lhek rd ifjorZu gks tk;sxk % izfrcU/k ;g gS fd ,sls vuqiwjd fuokZpu es a vuqlwfpr tkfr;ks a dh efgykvks a ds fy, mrus LFkku vkjf{kr j[k s tk;asxs] ftrus vuqiwjd fuokZpu esa Hkjs tkus okys LFkkuks a dh dqy la[;k ls ;FkklEHko ogh vuqikr gksxk] tks ¿xzke lHkkÀ4 ds {ks= es a vuqlwfpr tkfr;ks a dh tula[;k dk ,sls {ks= dh dqy tula[;k ls gks % vxzÙkj izfrcU/k ;g gS fd tgka fdlh ¿xzke iapk;rÀ4 es a vuqlwfpr tkfr dh dksbZ efgyk lnL;] pkgs fuokZfpr ;k lg;ksftr gks] ugha gS] ogka iwoZorhZ izfrcU/kkRed [k.M ds v/khu vkj{k.k ,sls fd;k tk;xk] ftlls fd de ls de ,d LFkku vuqlwfpr tkfr dh efgyk ds fy, vkjf{kr gksA ¼[k½ ¿xzke iapk;rÀ4 ds fy, fu;r lnL;ks a dh dqy la[;k ds rhl izfr”kr ds cjkcj efgyk lnL;kvks a dh x.kuk djus ds iz;kstukFkZ] vk/ks ;k mlls de dh fdlh fHkUUk dks NksM+ fn;k tk;xk vkSj vk/ks l s vf/kd dh fHkUUk dks ,d fxuk tk;xk( ¼x½ yksd izfrfuf/kRo vf/kfu;e] 1950 ds v/khu rS;kj dh xbZ lHkk fuokZpu {ks= dh fuokZpd ukekoyh] tSlh og vuqiwjd fuokZpu ds fy, uke&funs”Z ku djus ds fy, vfUre fnukad dks izo`Ùk gks] tgka rd mldk lEcU/k fdlh ¿xkao lHkkÀ4 d s {ks= ls gS] ml ¿xkao lHkkÀ4 ds fy, fuokZpd ukekoyh le>h tk;xh vkSj /kkjk 9&d] 12&d] 12&[k[k] 12&[k x] 12&[k ?k] 12&x vkSj 12&¥ ds micU/k ,sls vuqiwjd fuokZpu ij ;Fkko”;d ifjorZu lfgr mlh izdkj ykxw gksxa s] ftl izdkj ¿xkoa iapk;rÀ4 ds lnL;ks a ds lk/kkj.k fuokZpu ij ykxw gksrs gSa( ¼?k½ ;fn bl mi/kkjk ds v/khu dksbZ vuqiwjd fuokZpu djus es a bl vf/kfu;e ;k rn~/khu cuk, x, fdlh fu;e ds fdlh micU/k ds fuokZpu es a ;k fdlh ,sls fo’k; d s lEcU/k es]a ftldh O;oLFkk bl vf/kfu;e ;k rn~/khu cuk, x, fu;eks a es a u dh xbZ gks] dksbZ dfBukbZ mRiUu gks rks jkT; ljdkj dfBukbZ dks nwj djus ds fy, ,sls vkns”k] tks bl vf/kfu;e ds micU/kks a ls vlaxr u gks a vkSj ftls og mfpr le>s] ns ldrh gSAÀ3 8&& ;fn fdlh ¿xzke iapk;rÀ4 dk lEiw.kZ {ks= fdlh ¿uxj] E;qfulhiSfyVhÀ2] tula[;k ea s ifjorZu uksfVQkbM ,fj;k vFkok dSUVksuesUVl ;k Vkmu ,fj;k ea s lfEefyr dj fy;k tk;]s rks ¿xzke vFkok ¿xzke iapk;rÀ4 ds iapk;rÀ4 u jg tk;xs h vkSj mldh ifjlEifRr rFkk nkf;Ro fu;r jhfr ls fuLrkfjr fd;s {ks= dh E;wfulhiSfyVht vkfn esa s lfEefyr gks tkus tk;xs sAa ;fn ,sls {ks= dk dksbZ Hkkx bl izdkj lfEefyr dj fy;k tk; s rks mruk Hkkx dk izHkko vf/kdkfjrk ea s ls de gks tk;sxkA 1- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la[;k 2 o’kZ 1955 dh /kkjk 9 }kjk fudkyk x;kA 2- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la0 37] 1978 dh /kkjk 5 }kjk izfrLFkfir 3- m0 iz0 vf/kfu;e la[;k 27 o’kZ 1989 ds v/;k;&rhu dh /kkjk 3 }kjk c<+k;k x;kA 4- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la0 9 o’kZ 1994 dh /kkjk 10 }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 9 ¿la;qDr izkUr iapk;r jkt vf/kfu;e] 1947À ¿/kkjk 9À 1¿9&& ¼1½ xzke iapk;r ds izR;sd izknsf”kd fuokZpu {ks= ds fy, ,d fuokZpd izknsf”kd fuokZpu {ks= ds ukekoyh] ¿bl vf/kfu;e ds micU/kks a vkSj mld s v/khu cuk, x, fu;eks a ds vuqlkj]À2 jkT; fy, fuokZpd ukekoyh fuokZpu vk;kxs ds v/kh{k.k] funs”ku vkSj fu;a=.k ds v/khu rS;kj dh tk,xhA ¿¼1&d½ jkT; fuokZpu vk;kxs ds v/kh{k.k] funs”ku vkSj fu;a=.k ds v/khu jgrs gq,] eq[; fuokZpu vf/kdkjh ¼iapk;r½ bl vf/kfu;e vkSj blds v/khu cuk, x, fu;eks a ds vuqlkj jkT; ea s fuokZpd ukekofy;ksa ds rS;kj fd, tkus] iqujh{k.k vkSj “kqf) dk Ik;Zos{k.k vkSj muls lacaf/kr leLr d`R;ks a dk lEiknu djsxkA ¼1&[k½ fuokZpd ukekofy;ks a dk rS;kj fd;k tkuk] iqujh{k.k vkSj “kqf) ,sls O;fDr;ks a }kjk vkSj ,slh jhfr ls dh tk;xs h] tSlh fu;r dh tk;AÀ3 ¼2½ mi/kkjk ¼1½ ea s fufnZ’V fuokZpd ukekoyh fu;r jhfr ls izdkf”kr dh tk,xh vkSj izdkf”kr dj fn, tkus ij og bl ¿bl vf/kfu;e vkSj blds v/khu cuk, x, fu;eks a ds vuqlkj]À4 fdlh ifjorZu] ifjo)Zu ;k ifj’dkj ds v/khu jgrs gq,] bl vf/kfu;e ds micU/kks a ds vuqlkj rS;kj dh xbZ ml izknsf”kd fuokZpu {ks= dh fuokZpd ukekoyh gksxhA ¼3½ mi/kkjk ¼4½] ¼5½] ¼6½ vkSj ¼7½ ds micU/kks a ds v/khu jgrs gq,] izR;sd O;fDr] ftlus ml o’kZ dh] ftlea s fuokZpd ukekoyh rS;kj ;k iqujhf{kr dh tk;] igyh tuojh dks 18 o’kZ dh vk;q iwjh dj yh gks vkSj tks xzke iapk;r ds fdlh izknsf”kd fuokZpu {ks= ea s ekewyh rkSj ls fuoklh gks] ml izknsf”kd fuokZpu {ks= dh fuokZpd ukekoyh ea s jftLVªhdj.k dk gdnkj gksxkA Li’Vhdj.k && ¼,d½ fdlh O;fDr ds laca/k ea s dsoy blh dkj.k fd fdlh izknsf”kd fuokZpu {ks= ea s mldk fdlh fuokl&x`g ij LokfeRo ;k dCtk gS] ;g u le> fy;k tk,xk fd og ml izknsf”kd fuokZpu {ks= ea s ekewyh rkSj ls fuoklh gAS ¼nks½ vius ekewyh fuokl LFkku ls vius vkidks vLFkk;h :Ik ls vuqifLFkr j[kus okys O;fDr ds lEcU/k ea s dsoy blh dkj.k ;g u le>k tk;xk fd og ogka ekewyh rkSj ls fuoklh ugha jgkA ¼rhu½ laln ;k jkT; ds fo/kku e.My dk lnL;] ,sls lnL; ds :Ik ea s vius drZO;ks a ds lEcU/k ea s fdlh izknsf”kd fuokZpu {ks= ls vuqifLFkr jgus ds dkj.k] viuh inkof/k ds nkSjku ml {ks= dk ekewyh rkSj ls fuoklh gksus ls ifjfojr ugha le>k tk,xkA ¼pkj½ ;g fofu”p; djus ds fy, fd fdu O;fDr;ks a dks fdlh lqlaxr le; ij fdlh fof”k’V {ks= dk ekewyh rkSj ls fuoklh le>k tk; ;k u le>k tk; fdUgha rF;ks a ij] ftUgas fu;r fd;k tk;] fopkj fd;k tk,xkA ¼ikap½ ;fn fdlh ekey s ea s ;g iz”u mBs fd fdlh lqlaxr le; ij dksbZ O;fDr ekewyh rkSj ls dgka dk fuoklh gS rks ml iz”u dk vo/kkj.k ekey s ds lHkh rF;ks a ds funs”Z k ea s fd;k tk,xkA 1- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la0 9 o’kZ 1994 dh /kkjk 11 }kjk izfrLFkkfir rFkk /kkjk 9&d c<+k;k x;kA 2- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la0 21 o’kZ 1995 dh /kkjk 4 ¼d½ }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 3- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 4 ¼[k½ }kjk c<+k;k x;kA 4- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 4 ¼x½ }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 10 ¿la;qDr izkUr iapk;r jkt vf/kfu;e] 1947À ¿/kkjk 9À ¼4½ dksbZ O;fDr fdlh fuokZpd ukekoyh eas jftLVªhdj.k ds fy, vugZ gksxk] ;fn og && ¼d½ Hkkjr dk ukxfjd u gks( ;k ¼[k½ fod`r fpÙk gks vkSj mlds ,slk gksus dh fdlh l{ke U;k;ky; dh ?kks’k.kk fo|eku gks] ;k ¼x½ fuokZpuks a lEcU/kh Hkz’V vkpj.k vkSj vU; vijk/kks a ls lEcfU/kr fdlh fof/k ds micU/kks a ds v/khu er nsus d s fy, rRle; vugZ gksA ¼5½ tks O;fDr jftLVªhdj.k ds Ik”pkr~ mi/kkjk ¼4½ ds v/khu vugZ gks tk;] mldk uke ml fuokZpd ukekoyh ls rRdky dkV fn;k tk;xk] ftlea s og ntZ gS % izfrcU/k ;g gS fd ,sls O;fDr ds uke dks] tks ,slh fdlh vugZrk ds dkj.k fuokZpd ukekoyh ls dkV fn;k x;k gks] ml ukekoyh ea s rRdky fQj ls j[k fn;k tk;xk ;fn ,slh vugZrk ml vof/k ds nkSjku] ftlea s ,slh ukekoyh izo`Ùk jgrh gS] fdlh ,slh fof/k ds v/khu gVk nh tkrh gS] tks ,slk gVkuk izkf/kdr` djrh gSA ¼6½ dksbZ O;fDr ,d ls vf/kd xkao lHkk dh fuokZpd ukekoyh ea s ;k ,d gh xkao lHkk dh fuokZpd ukekoyh ea s ,d ls vf/kd ckj jftLVªhdj.k dk gdnkj u gksxkA ¼7½ dksbZ O;fDr fdlh xkao lHkk dh fuokZpd ukekoyh ea s jftLVªhdj.k dkgdnkj ugha gksxk] ;fn mldk uke fdlh uxj] E;wfufliSfyVh ;k Nkouh ls lEcfU/kr fuokZpd ukekoyh ea s ntZ gks tc rd fd og ;g iznf”kZr u djs fd mldk uke ,slh fuokZpd ukekoyh ls dkV fn;k x;k gSA ¼8½ tgka jkT; fuokZpu vk;kxs dk] pkgs mldks fn, x, fdlh vkosnu&i= ij ;k Loizsj.kk ls ,slh tkap] ftls og mfpr le>s] djus ds Ik”pkr~ ;g lek/kku gks tk, fd fuokZpd ukekoyh dh dksbZ izfof’V lq/kkjh ;k fu’dkflr dh tkuh pkfg, ;k jftLVªhdj.k ds gdnkj fdlh O;fDr dk uke fuokZpd ukekoyh ea s ifjof)Zr fd;k tkuk pkfg,] ogka og bl vf/kfu;e vkSj blds vUrxZr cuk, x, fu;eks a vkSj vkns”kks a ds v/khu] fdlh izfof’V dk ;FkkfLFkfr lq/kkj] fu’dklu ;k ifjo)Zu djsxk && izfrcU/k ;g gS fd ,slk dksbZ lq/kkj] fu’dklu ;k ifjo)Zu xzke iapk;r ds fdlh fuokZpu ds fy, ukekadu nsus ds vafre fnukad ds Ik”pkr~ vkSj ml fuokZpu ds iw.kZ gksus ds iwoZ ugha fd;k tk;xk % vxzÙkj izfrcU/k ;g gS fd fdlh O;fDr ls lEcfU/kr izfof’V dk ,slk dksbZ lq/kkj ;k fu’dklu] tks mlds fgr ij izfrdwy izHkko Mkyus okyk gks] mls mlds fo:) izLrkfor dk;oz kgh ds lEcU/k ea s lquokbZ dk leqfpr volj fn, fcuk ugha fd;k tk,xkA ¼9½ jkT; fuokZpu vk;kxs ] ;fn og lkekU; ;k mi fuokZpu ds iz;kstu ds fy, ,slk djuk vko”;d le>s] fdlh xzke iapk;r ds fdlh izknsf”kd fuokZpu {ks= dh fuokZpd ukekoyh dk ,slh jhfr ls] ftls og mfpr le>s] fo”ks’k iqujh{k.k djus dk funs”k ns ldrk gS % izfrcU/k ;g gS fd bl vf/kfu;e ds vU; micU/kks a ds v/khu jgrs gq, izknsf”kd fuokZpu {ks= dh fuokZpd ukekoyh] tSlh fd og dksbZ ,slk funs”k fn, tkus ds le; izo`Ùk gks] izo`Ùk cuh jgsxh tc rd fd bl izdkj funsf”kr fo”ks’k iqujh{k.k iwjk u gks tk,A 11 ¿la;qDr izkUr iapk;r jkt vf/kfu;e] 1947À ¿/kkjk 9À ¼10½ ¿tgka rd fd bl vf/kfu;e ;k fu;eksa }kjk micU/k u fd;k x;k gks] jkT; fuokZpu vk;kxs ]À1 vkns”k }kjk fuokZpd ukekoyh ls lEcfU/kr fuEufyf[kr fo’k;ks a ds lEcU/k ea s micU/k cuk ldrk gS] vFkkZr~ %& ¼d½ bl vf/kfu;e ds v/khu rS;kj dh xbZ fuokZpd ukekoyh ds izo`Ùk gksus ds fnukad vkSj mlds izorZu dh vof/k( ¼[k½ fuokZpd ukekoyh ea s lEc) fuokZpd ds vkosnu&i= ij fdlh orZeku izfof’V dh “kqf)( ¼x½ fuokZpd ukekofy;ks a ea s fyfidh; ;k eqnz.k lEcU/kh =qfV;ks a dh “kqf)( ¼?k½ fuokZpd ukekoyh ea s fdlh ,sls O;fDr dk uke lfEEkfyr djuk& ¼,d½ ftldk uke izknsf”kd fuokZpu {ks= ls lEcfU/kr {ks= dh fo/kku lHkk fuokZpd ukekoyh ea s lfEefyr gks fdUrq izknsf”kd fuokZpu {ks= dh fuokZpd ukekoyh ea s lfEefyr u gks ;k ftldk uke fdlh vU; izknsf”kd fuokZpu {ks= dh fuokZpd ukekoyh eas xyrh ls lfEefyr fd;k x;k gks] ;k ¼nks½ ftldk uke bl izdkj dh fo/kku lHkk fuokZpd ukekoyh ea s lfEefyr u gks fdUrq tks izknsf”kd fuokZpu {ks= dh fuokZpd ukekoyh ea s jftLVªhdj.k ds fy, vU;Fkk vgZ gks( ¼³½ fuokZpd ukekofy;ks a dh vfHkj{kk vkSj mudk ifjj{k.k( ¼p½ uke lfEefyr djus ;k gVkus d s fy, vkosnu&i= ij ns; Qhl( ¼N½ fuokZpd ukekofy;ka rS;kj vkSj izdkf”kr djus ls lEcfU/kr lkekU;rk;k lHkh fo’k;A ¼11½ iwoZxkeh mi/kkjkvks a ea s nh xbZ fdlh ckr ds gksrs gq, Hkh] jkT; fuokZpu] vk;kxs fdlh izknsf”kd fuokZpu {ks= ds fy, fuokZpd ukekoyh rS;kj djus ds iz;kstuks a ds fy,] RkRle; izo`Ùk yksd izfrfuf/kRo vf/kfu;e] 1950 ds v/khu fo/kku lHkk fuokZpu {ks= ds fy, rS;kj dh xbZ fuokZpd ukekoyh dks viuk ldrk gS] tgk¡ rd mldk lEcU/k ml izknsf”kd fuokZpu {ks= ds {ks= ls gks% izfrcU/k ;g gS fd ,sls izknsf”kd fuokZpu {ks= ds fy, fuokZpd ukekoyh ea s ,sls fuokZpu {ks= ds fuokZpu ds uke&funZs”ku ds vfUre fnukad ds Ik”pkr~ vkSj ml fuokZpu ds iwjk gksus d s iwoZ] fdlh la”kks/ku] ifjorZu ;k “kqf) dks lfEefyr ugha fd;k tk,xkA ¼12½ fdlh flfoy U;k;ky; dks fuEufyf[kr dh vf/kdkfjrk u gksxh && ¼d½ bl iz”u dks xzg.k djuk ;k ml ij fu.kZ; nsuk fd dksbZ O;fDr fdlh izknsf”kd fuokZpu {ks= dh fuokZpd ukekoyh ea s jftLVªhdj.k ds fy, gdnkj gS ;k ugha( ;k ¼[k½ fuokZpd ukekoyh ds rS;kj djus vkSj izdk”ku ds lEcU/k ea s jkT; fuokZpu vk;kxs }kjk ;k mlds izkf/kdkj ds v/khu dh xbZ fdlh dk;Zokgh ¿;k bl fufeÙk fu;qDr fd, x, fdlh izkf/kdkjh ;k vf/kdkjh }kjk fd, x, fdlh fofu”p;À2 dh oS/krk ij vkifÙk djukA 1- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la0 21 o’kZ 1995 dh /kkjk 4 ¼?k½ }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 2- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 4 ¼³½ }kjk c<+k;k x;kA 12 ¿la;qDr izkUr iapk;r jkt vf/kfu;e] 1947À ¿/kkjk 9d&11À 9&d&& bl vf/kfu;e }kjk ;k mlds v/khu vU;Fkk micfU/kr ds flok; izR;sd er nsus bR;kfn dk O;fDr] ftldk uke fdlh ¿xzke iapk;r ds fdlhÀ6 izknsf”kd fuokZpu {ks=ks a dh fuokZpd vf/kdkj ukekoyh ea s rRle; lfEefyr gks] ¿ml xzke iapk;r ;k lacaf/kr U;k; iapk;rÀ7 ea s fdlh fuokZpu ea s er nsus dk gdnkj gksxk vkSj mlea s fdlh in ij fuokZpu] uke&funs”Z ku ;k fu;qfDr fd, tkus d s fy, ik= gksxk % izfrcU/k ;g gS fd dksbZ O;fDRk] ftlus bDdhl o’kZ dh vk; q iwjh u dj yh gks] fdlh xzke iapk;r ds lnL; ;k inkf/kdkjh ds :Ik ea s fuokZfpr gksus ds fy, vgZ ugha gksxkAÀ3 10&& ;fn dksbZ ¿xzke lHkkÀ2 LFkkfir djus ea s ;k fdlh ¿xzke iapk;rÀ2 ds ¿xzke lHkkÀ2 LFkkfir dk;dZ j.k es a bl vf/kfu;e ds fdlh mica/k ds ;k blds v/khu cuk;s fdlh fu;e ds djus vkSj ¿xzke iapk;eÀ2 ds dk;Zdj.k ea s mRiUu fuoZpu vFkok ,sls fuoZpu ls ;k mlds laca/k ea s mRiUu gksus okys fdlh fo’k; ds laca/k ea s gksus okyh dfBukbZ dk ftlds fy;s bl vf/kfu;e es a O;oLFkk u gks]a dksbZ fookn ;k dfBukbZ mRiUu gks rks mls nwj fd;k tkuk jkT; ljdkj dks vfHkfn”V fd;k tk;sxk] ftldk ml ij fn;k x;k fu.kZ; vfUre vkSj fu”pk;d gksxkA v/;k; 3 ¿xzke lHkkÀ2 & mldh cSBds a rFkk d`R; ¿11&& ¼1½ izR;sd ¿xzke lHkkÀ2 dh izfro’kZ nks lkekU; cSBda s gksxh] ,d cSBd ¿xzke lHkk dh cSBdas vkSj [kjhQ dh Qly dkVus ds rqjUr ckn ¼tks ,rn~Ik”pkr [kjhQ dh cSBd dgh tk;xs h½ vkSj d`R;À4 nwljh jch dh Qly dkVus ds rqjUr ckn ¿ftudh v/;{krk lEcfU/kr xzke iapk;r ds iz/kku }kjk dh tk,xhÀ5 % izfrca/k ;g gS fd fu;r izkf/kdkjh }kjk fyf[kr :Ik ls ekax fd;s tkus ij vFkok lnL;ks dh la[;k ds de ls de ,d cVk ikap dh ekax ij] ,slh ekax ds fnukad ls rhl fnu ds Hkhrj fdlh Hkh le; ,d vlk/kkj.k lkekU; cSBd cqyk ldrk gSA ¿xzke lHkkÀ2 dh leLr cSBd dk le; vkSj LFkku fu;r jhfr ls izdkf”kr fd;k tk;xs k % vxzsrj izfrca/k ;g gS fd iz/kku ;Fkk iwoksDZ r cSBd cqykus es a pwd djs rks fu;r izkf/kdkjh fu;r dh tkus okyh vof/k ds Hkhrj ,slh cSBds a cqyk ldrh gS A ¼2½ ¿xzke lHkkÀ2 dh fdlh cSBd ds fy;s x.kiwfrZ dh la[;k lnL;ksa dh la[;k dh ,d cVk ikap gksxh] fdUrq izfrca/k ;g gS fd x.kiwfrZ ds vHkko es a LFkfxr dh x;h fdlh cSBd ds fy;s x.kiwfrZ dh vko”;drk u gksxhAÀ1 ¿¼3½ xzke lHkk fuEufyf[kr ekeyksa ij fopkj djsxh vkSj xzke iapk;r dks flQkfj”k vkSj lq>ko ns ldrh gS %&& ¼d½ xzke iapk;r ds [kkrks a dk okf’kZd fooj.k] iwoZorhZ foÙkh; o’kZ dh iz”kklu dh fjiksVZ vkSj vfUre ys[kk ijh{kk fVIIk.kh vkSj ml ij fn, x,] mÙkj] ;fn dksbZ gks( ¼[k½ iwoZorhZ o’kZ ls lEcfU/kr xzke iapk;r ds fodkl dk;dZ zeks a vkSj pkyw foÙkh; o’kZ ds nkSjku fy, tkus d s fy, izLrkfor fodkl dk;Zdzeks a dh fjiksVZ( 1- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la0 21 o’kZ 1955 dh /kkjk 11 }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 2- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la0 9 o’kZ 1994 dh /kkjk 2 }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 3- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 11 }kjk izfrLFkkfir rFkk /kkjk 9&d c<+k;k x;kA 4- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 12 ¼d½ }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 5- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 12 ¼[k½ }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 6- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la0 21 o’kZ 1995 dh /kkjk 5 ¼d½ }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 7- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 5 ¼[k½ }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 13 ¿la;qDr izkUr iapk;r jkt vf/kfu;e] 1947À ¿/kkjk 11 dÀ ¼x½ xzke ea s lekt d s lHkh oxksaZ d s chp ,drk vkSj leUo; dh vfHko`f)( ¼?k½ xzke ds Hkhrj izkS<+ f”k{kk dk dk;dZ ze( ¼³½ ,sls vU; ekey]s tSls fu;r fd, tk,aA ¼4½ xzke iapk;r xzke lHkk dh flQkfj”kks a vkSj lq>koksa ij lE;d fopkj djsxhA ¼5½ xzke lHkk fuEufyf[kr d`R;kas dk lEiknu djsxh] vFkkZr~ %& ¼d½ lkeqnkf;r dY;k.k dk;dZ zeks a ds fy, LoSfPNd Je vkSj va”knku tqVkuk( ¼[k½ xzke ls lEcfU/kr fodkl ;kstukvks a ds dk;kUZ o;u ds fy, fgrkf/kdkjh dh igpku( ¼x½ xzke ls lEcfU/kr fodkl ;kstukvks a ds fdz;kUo;u ea s lgk;rk igqapkukAÀ1 ¿v/;k; 3&d xzke iapk;rÀ2 ¿11&d&& xzke iapk;r dk ,d iz/kku vkSj ,d miiz/kku gksxk] tks dze”k% mlds xzke iapk;r dk iz/kku v/;{k vkSj mik/;{k gksxa sA vkSj miiz/kku ¼2½ jkT; ljdkj] vkns”k }kjk] iz/kku ds inks a dks vuqlwfpr tkfr;ks]a vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ks a vkSj fiNM+ s oxksaZ d s fy, vkjf{kr djsxh % izfrcU/k ;g gS fd jkT; ea s vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa] vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ks a vkSj fiNM+ s oxksaZ ds fy, vkjf{kr iz/kkuks a ds inks a dh la[;k dk vuqikr iz/kkuks a dh dqy l[a ;k ls ;Fkk”kD; ogh gksxk] tks jkT; dh vuqlwfpr tkfr;ks a dh ;k jkT; dh vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ks a dh ;k jkT; ds fiNM+ s oxksaZ dh tula[;k dk vuqikr jkT; dh dqy tula[;k ls gS( vxzÙkj izfrcU/k ;g gS fd fiNM+ s oxksaZ ds fy, vkj{k.k iz/kkuks a ds inks a dh dqy la[;k ds ¿pkSngÀ5 izfr”kr ls vf/kd ugha gkxs k % ¿izfrcU/k ;g Hkh gS fd ;fn fiNM+ s oxksaZ dh tula[;k ds vk¡dMs a miyC/k u gks a rks fu;r jhfr ls los{Z k.k djds mudh tula[;k vo/kkfjr dh tk ldrh gSAÀ4 ¼3½ mi/kkjk ¼2½ ds v/khu vkjf{kr iz/kkuks a ds inks a dh dqy la[;k ds ¿vk/ks ls vU;uw À6 in ;FkkfLFkfr]] vuqlwfpr tkfr;ks]a vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ks a vkSj fiNM+ s oxksZa dh efgykvks a ds fy, vkjf{kr gksxa sA ¼4½ iz/kkuks a ds inks a dh dqy la[;k ds ¿vk/ks ls vU;wuÀ6 in] ftlea s mi/kkjk ¼3½ ds v/khu vkjf{kr iz/kkuks a ds inks a dh la[;k lfEefyr gS] efgykvks a ds fy, vkjf{kr gksxa sA ¼5½ bl /kkjk ds v/khu vkjf{kr iz/kkuks a ds in fHkUu&fHkUu xzke iapk;rks a ea s pdzkuqdze }kjk ,sls dez eas] tSlk fu;r gks] vkoafVr fd, tk;asxsA ¼6½ bl /kkjk ds v/khu vuqlwfpr tkfr;ks a vkSj vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ks a ds fy, iz/kkuks a ds inks a dk vkj{k.k lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn 334 eas fofufnZ’V vof/k dh lekfIr ij izHkkoh ugha jgsxkA Li’Vhdj.k&& ;g Li’V fd;k tkrk gS fd bl /kkjk ea s dksbZ ckr vuqlwfpr tkfr;ks]a vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ks]a fiNM+ s oxksaZ ds O;fDr;ks a vkSj efgykvks a dks vukjf{kr LFkkuks a ls fuokZpu yM+us ls ugha jksdsxhAÀ3 1- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la0 9 o’kZ 1994 dh /kkjk 12 ¼x½ }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 2- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 13 }kjk c<+k;k x;kA 3- mi;qZDRk dh /kkjk 14 }kjk izfrLFkkfirkA 4- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la0 21 o’kZ 1995 dh /kkjk 6 }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 5- mÙkjk[k.M vf/kfu;e la0 30 o’kZ 2005 dh /kkjk 2 }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 6- mÙkjk[k.M vf/kfu;e la0 07 o’kZ 2008 dh /kkjk 2 }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 14 ¿la;qDr izkUr iapk;r jkt vf/kfu;e] 1947À ¿/kkjk 11[k&11xÀ ¿11&[k&& ¼1½ xzke iz/kku dk iz/kku] fdlh iapk;r {ks= ds izknsf”kd fuokZpu {ks= iz/kku dk fuokZpu rFkk ds fy, fuokZpd fu;ekoyh ea s jftLVªhdr` O;fDr;ks a }kjk] vius ea s ls] fuokZfpr fd;k dk;Zdky tk,xkA ¼2½ ;fn fdlh xzke iapk;r ds lkekU; fuokZpu ea]s iz/kku dk fuokZpu ugha fd;k tkrk gS vkSj xzke iapk;r ds dqy lnL;ks a dh la[;k ds nks&frgkbZ ls de lnL; fuokZfpr fd, tkrs gSa rks jkT; ljdkj ;k blds }kjk rnFkZ izkf/kdr` dksbZ vf/kdkjh] vkns”k }kjk ;k rks && ¼,d½ iz”kklfud lfefr] ftlea s xzke iapk;r ds lnL;ks a ds :Ik ea s fuokZfpr fd, tkus ds fy,] ,slh la[;k ea]s tSlh og mfpr le>s] vgZ O;fDr gksxa s] ;k ¼nks½ iz”kkld fu;qDr dj ldrk gSA ¼3½ iz”kklfud lfefr ds lnL; ;k iz”kkld N% ekg ls vuf/kd ,slh vof/k ds fy,] tSlk fd jkT; ljdkj] mi/kkjk ¼2½ ea s fufnZ’V vkns”k ea s fofufnZ’V djs] in /kkj.k djsxkA ¼4½ mi/kkjk ¼2½ ds v/khu iz”kklfud lfefr ;k iz”kkld dh fu;qfDr ij ,slh fu;qfDr ds iwoZ xzke iapk;r ds iz/kku ;k lnL; ds :Ik ea s pqus ,x O;fDr] ;fn dksbZ gks] ,sls iz/kku ;k ;FkkfLFkfr lnL; ugha jg tk;asxs vkSj xzke iapk;r] blds iz/kku vkSj lfefr;ksa dh leLr “kfDr;ka] d`R; vkSj drZO; ,slh iz”kklfud lfefr ;k iz”kkld ea s fufgr gksxa s vkSj muds }kjk mudk iz;ksx] lEiknu vkSj fuoZgu fd;k tk;xkA ¼5½ bl vf/kfu;e ds iz;kstuksa ds fy, iz”kklfud lfefr dk iz”kkld lE;d :Ik ls la?kfVr xzke iapk;r le>h tk,xh % izfrca/k ;g gS fd mi/kkjk ¼2½ ds v/khu iz”kklfud lfefr ;k iz”kkld dh fu;qfDr ds Ik”pkr~ ;fn fdlh le; jkT; ljdkj dk ;g le/kku gks tk; fd xzke iapk;r ds lE;d :Ik ls la?kfVr fd, tkus ea s dksbZ dfBukbZ ugha gS] jkT; ljdkj bl ckr ds gksrs gq, Hkh fd ftl vof/k ds fy, iz”kklfud lfefr ;k iz”kkld fu;qDr fd;k x;k Fkk] lekIr ugha gqbZ gS] jkT; pquko vk;kxs dks xzke iapk;r la?kfVr djus ds fy, fuokZpu djkus dk funs”k ns ldrh gSA ¼6½ bl vf/kfu;e eas vU;Fkk micfU/kr ds flok;] iz/kku dh inkof/k xzke iapk;r ds dk;dZ ky ds lkFk lekIr gksxhAÀ2 ¿11&x&& ¼1½ miiz/kku ¿xzke iapk;rÀ1 ds lnL;kas }kjk vius lnL;kas esa s ls ,slh miiz/kku dk fuokZpu vksjS jhfr ls fuokZfpr fd;k tk;xs k tks fu;r dh tk; s ( mldk dk;Zdky izfrca/k ;g gS fd ¿xzke iapk;rÀ1 rnFkZ fu;eks a }kjk ;k muds v/khu fu;r le; ds Hkhrj miiz/kku dks bl izdkj fuokZfpr djus es a pwd djs rks fu;r izkf/kdkjh ¿xzke iapk;rÀ1 d s fdlh lnL; dks miiz/kku ukefufnZ’V dj ldrk gS] vkSj bl izdkj uke fufnZ’V O;fDr lE;d :Ik ls fuokZfpr fd;k x;k le>k tk;sxk A ¼2½ miiz/kku dk dk;dZ ky pkgs og mRrj izns”k xzkE; Lok;Rr “kklu fof/k ¼la”kks/ku½ vf/kfu;e] 1972 ds izkjEHk ds iwoZ vFkok Ik”pkr~ fuokZfpr ;k uke fufnZ’V gqvk gks] ;FkkfLFkfr mlds fuokZpu ;k uke funs”Z ku ds fnukad ls izkjEHk gksxk] vkSj tc rd og mls bl vf/kfu;e ds mica/kks a ds v/khu vU;Fkk lekIr u dj fn;k tk;]s ¿xzke iapa k;rÀ1 ds dk;dZ ky ds lkFk lekIr gksxk A ¼3½ ¿***À3 1- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la0 9 o’kZ 1994 dh /kkkjk 2 }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 2- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 15 }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 3- mÙkjk[k.M vf/kfu;e la0 13 o’kZ 2006 dh /kkjk 2 }kjk fudkyk x;kA 15 ¿la;qDr izkUr iapk;r jkt vf/kfu;e] 1947À ¿/kkjk 11?k&11pÀ ¿11&?k&& dksbZ O;fDr ,d lkFk gks && dfri; inks a dks ,d lkFk /kkj.k djus dk izfrcU/k ¼d½ xzke iapk;r dk iz/kku vkSj U;k; iapk;r dk iap u gksxk( ;k ¼[k½ ,d ls vf/kd izknsf”kd fuokZpu {ks=ks a ls xzke iapk;r dk lnL; u gksxk( ¼x½ xzke iapk;r dk lnL; vkSj U;k; iapk;r dk iap u gksxk( ;k ¼?k½ ,d ls vf/kd xzke iapk;rkas ;k U;k; iapk;rks a eas dksbZ in /kkj.k u djsxk( vkSj fdlh O;fDr }kjk] tks ,sls inkas dks Hkjus ds fy;s pquk x;k gks] ftUgs a og ,d lkFk /kkj.k u dj ldrk gks] ,d ds vfrfjDr lHkh inkas dks fjDr fd;s tkus dh O;oLFkk fu;ekas dh tk ldrh gS A 11&³ && ¼1½ dksbZ O;fDr xzke iapk;r dk iz/kku ;k lnL; ;k U;k; iapk;r dk ,d lkFk nks in /kkj.k iap fuokZfpr gksus ;k ,slk in /kkj.k djus d s fy;s vugZ gksxk] ;fn og&& djus ij vxzsrj jksd ¼d½ lla n dk ;k jkT; fo/kku eaMy dk lnL; gS] ;k ¿¼[k½ fdlh {ks= iapk;r dk lnL;] izeq[k ;k miizeq[k gS ( ;k ¼x½ fdlh ftyk iapk;r dk lnL;] v/;{k ;k mik/;{k gS( ;kÀ1 ¼?k½ fdlh lgdkjh lfefr dk v/;{k ;k mik/;{k gSA ¼2½ dksbZ O;fDr] ;fn ckn es a mi/kkjk ¼1½ ds [k.M ¼d½ ls ¼?k½ esa mfYyf[kr fdlh in ij fuokZfpr gksrk gS] rks og ,sls vuqorhZ fuokZpu ds fnukad ls] ;FkkfLFkfr xzke iapk;r ds iz/kku ;k lnL; ;k U;k; iapk;r ds iap ds in ij ugha jg tk;xs k vkSj rnqijkUr ;FkkfLFkfr] ,sls iz/kku] lnL; ;k iap ds in es a vkdfLed fjfDr gks tk;sxhA ¿¼3½ bl vf/kfu;e ea s fdlh ckr ds gksrs gq, Hkh] mÙkj izns”k iapk;r fof/k ¼la”kks/ku½ vf/kfu;e] 1994 ds izkjEHk ds Ik”pkr~~ xzke] [k.M vkSj ftyk Lrj dh iapk;rks a dks la?kfVr djus ds fy, gq, izFke fuokZpuks a ea s ;fn dksbZ O;fDr nks ;k vf/kd Lrjks a dh iapk;rks a dk lnL; pquk tkrk gS rks og fuokZpuks a ds ifj.kkeks a dh ?kks’k.kk ds fnukad ls lkB fnu ds Hkhrj ;k ;fn mDr nks ;k vf/kd Lrj dh iapk;rks a ds lEcU/k eas fuokZpuks a ds ifj.kkks a dh ?kks’k.kk fHkUu&fHkUu fnukadks a dks dh xbZ gS rks vfUre ?kks’k.kk ds fnukad ls lkB fnu ds Hkhrj ,d LFkku dks NksM+dj vU; lHkk LFkkuks a ls viuk R;kx&i= izLrqr djsxk vkSj bl rjg ls R;kx&i= izLrqr djus ea s foQy jgus dh fLFkfr ea]s ftu Lrjks a dh iapk;rks a ds fy, og fuokZfpr gqvk gS muea s ls loksZPp Lrj dh iapk;r ea s mlds LFkku dks nksM+dj vU; lHkh iapk;rks a ea s mldk LFkku fjDr le>k tk;xs kAÀ2 ¿11&p&& ¼1½ jkT; ljdkj bl vf/kfu;e ds iz;kstuksa ds fy,] vf/klpw uk }kjk ^iapk;r {ks=* dh ?kks’k.kk fdlh xzke ;k xzkeks a ds lewg] ftudh tula[;k jkT; ds ioZrh; {ks=ks a es a ;Fkklk/; 300 rFkk eSnkuh {ks=ks a es a ;Fkklk/; 1000 gks] ea s lekfo’V fdlh {ks= dks ,sls uke ls] tSlk fofufnZ’V fd;k tk;s] ^iapk;r {ks=* ?kksf’kr dj ldrh gS % izfrcU/k ;g gS fd jkT; ds ioZrh; {ks= es a vf/kdre tula[;k ;Fkklk/; 1000 rFkk eSnkjh {ks=ks a es a ;Fkklk/; 5000 ls vf/kd ugha gksxh % vxzsÙkj izfrcU/k ;g gS fd fdlh jktLo xzke ;k mlds fdlh etjs dks ^iapk;r {ks=* dh ?kks’k.kk ds iz;kstuks a ds fy, foHkkftr ugha fd;k tk;xk % 1- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la0 29 o’kZ 1995 dh /kkjk 3 ¼d½ }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 2- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 3 ¼[k½ }kjk c<+k;k x;kA 16 ¿la;qDr izkUr iapk;r jkt vf/kfu;e] 1947À ¿/kkjk 12À izfrcU/k ;g Hkh gS fd ;fn O;ogkfjd n`f’V ls mDr izfrcU/kks a dk ikyu fd;k tkuk lEHko u gks rks vifjdk;Z ,oa fof”k’V ifjfLFkfr;ksa es]a jkT; ljdkj vkns”k }kjk izfrcU/k f”kfFky dj ldrh gSA ¼2½ jkT; ljdkj] lacaf/kr xzke iapk;r ds vuqjks/k ij ;k vU;Fkk vkSj izLrko ds iwoZ izdk”ku ds Ik”Pkkr~ vf/klpw uk }kjk] fdlh Hkh le;&& ¼d½ fdlh iapk;r {ks= ea s fdlh xzke ;k xzkeks a ds lewg dks lfEefyr djds ;k mlls fudkydj] ifj’dkj dj ldrh gS( ¼[k½ iapk;r {ks= ds uke ea s ifjorZu dj ldrh gS( ;k ¼x½ ;g ?kks’k.kk dj ldrh gS fd dksbZ {ks= iapk;r {ks= ugha jg x;k gSAÀ5 ¿12&& ¼1½ ¼d½ izR;sd iapk;r {ks= ds fy, ml iapk;r {ks= ds uke ij ,d xzke xzke iapk;r iapk;r ¿la?kfVrÀ4 dh tk;xh( ¼[k½ izR;sd xzke iapk;r ,d fuxfer fudk; gksxh( ¿¼x½ fdlh xzke iapk;r eas ,d iz/kku vkSj fdlh iapk;r {ks= dh fLFkfr ea]s ftldh tula[;k&& ¼,d½ 500 rd] 5 lnL; gksxa s( ¼nks½ 501 ls 1000 rd] 7 lnL; gksxa s( ¼rhu½ 1001 ls 2000 rd] 9 lnL; gksxa s( ¼pkj½ 2001 ls 3000 rd] 11 lnL; gksxa s( ¼ikap½ 3001 ls 5000 rd] 13 lnL; gksxa s( ¼N%½ 5001 ls 2000 rd] 15 lnL; gksaxs(À6 ¼?k½ xzke iapk;r ds lnL;ks a ds fuokZpu ds iz;kstu ds fy,] izR;sd iapk;r {ks= dks ,slh jhfr ls izknsf”kd fuokZpu {ks=ks a eas foHkkftr fd;k tk;xk fd izR;sd fuokZpu {ks= dh tula[;k vkSj mldks vkoafVr LFkkuks a dh la[;k ds chp vuqikr leLr iapk;r {ks= ea s ;Fkklk/; ,d gh gks( ¼³½ xzke iapk;r ds izR;sd izknsf”kd fuokZpu {ks= dk izfrfuf/kRo xzke iapk;r ea s ,d lnL; }kjk fd;k tk;xk( ¿¼p½ fdlh xzke iapk;r ds izknsf”kd fuokZpu {ks=ksa dk ifjlheu fu;r jhfr ls fd;k tk ldrk gS vkSj ;fn vko”;d gks rks bl lEcU/k ea s fu;e Hkwry{kh izHkko ls] fdUrq mÙkj izns”k iapk;r fof/k ¼la”kks/ku½ vf/kfu;e] 1994 ds izkjEHk ds fnukad ds iwoZ ls ugha] cuk; s tk ldrs gSaAÀ2 ¼2½ ¿***À3 1- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la0 21 o’kZ 1995 dh /kkjk 8¼d½¼,d½ }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 2- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 8 ¼d½¼nks½ }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 3- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 8 ¼[k½ }kjk fudkyk x;kA 4- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la[;k 29 o’kZ 1995 dh /kkjk 4 }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 5- mÙkjk[k.M vf/kfu;e la[;k 08 o’kZ 2002 dh /kkjk 3 }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 6- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 4 }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 17 ¿la;qDr izkUr iapk;r jkt vf/kfu;e] 1947À ¿/kkjk 12À ¼3½ ¼d½ dksbZ xzke iapk;r] tc rd fd mls /kkjk 95 dh mi/kkjk ¼1½ ds [k.M ¼p½ ds v/khu igy s gh fo?kfVr u dj fn;k tk;] viuh izFke cSBd ds fy, fu;r fnukad ls ikap o’kZ rd] u fd mlls vf/kd] cuh jgsxh( ¼[k½ fdlh xzke iapk;r ds la?kVu ds fy;s fuokZpu && ¼,d½ [k.M ¼d½ ea s fofufnZ’V mlds dk;Zdky dh lekfIr ds iwoZ( ¼nks½ mlds fo?kVu ds fnukad ls N% ekl ds vof/k dh lekfIr ds iwoZ( iwjk djk;k tk;xk % izfrcU/k ;g gS fd tgka fo?kfVr xzke iapk;r dh “ks’k vof/k rc rd fd xzke iapk;r cuh jg ldrh Fkh] N% ekl ls de gks] ogka xzke iapk;r dk la?kVu djus ds fy;s bl mi/kkjk ds v/khu dksbZ fuokZpu djkuk vko”;d ugha gksxk( ¼x½ fdlh xzke iapk;r ds dk;dZ ky dh lekfIr ds iwoZ fo?kVu ij la?kfVr dh xbZ xzke iapk;r ml vof/k ds dsoy “ks’k Hkkx ds fy,] ftl vof/k rd fo?kfVr xzke iapk;r [k.M ¼d½ d s v/khu cuh jgrh] ;fn mls bl izdkj fo?kfVr u fd;k tkrk] cuh jgsxh( ¼?k½ xzke iapk;r dk la?kVu ,slh jhfr ls vf/klfwpr fd;k tk;xk] tks fu;r dh tk; vkSj rnqijkUr xzke iapk;r dks lE;d :Ik ls la?kfVr le>k tk;xk] Hkys gh mlea s dksbZ fjfDr gks % izfrcU/k ;g gS fd xzke iapk;r ds la?kVu dks rc rd bl izdkj vf/klfwpr ugha fd;k tk;sxk tc rd fd xzke iapk;r ds iz/kku vkSj de ls de nks frgkbZ lnL; fuokZfpr u gks tk;aA ¿¼3&d½ bl vf/kfu;e ds fdUgha vU; mica/kksa eas fdlh ckr ds gksrs gq, Hkh] tgka vifjgk;Z ifjfLFkfr;ks a ds dkj.k ;k yksdfgr eas fdlh dze”k% xzke iapk;r] {ks= iapk;r rFkk ftyk iapk;r dk la?kVu djus ds fy, mlds dk;Zdky ds volku rFkk mlds ckn c<+h gqbZ N% ekg dh vof/k ds iwoZ fuokZpu djkuk lk{; ugha gS] ogka jkT; ljdkj ;k mlds }kjk bl fufeÙk izkf/kd`r dksbZ vf/kdkjh vkns”k }kjk] iz”kkld fu;qDr dj ldrk gS vkSj iz”kkld N% ekg ls vuf/kd ,slh vof/k ds fy, tSlk fd mDr vkns”k ea s fofufnZ’V dh tk;s] in /kkj.k djsxk vkSj dze”k% xzke iapk;r] {ks= iapk;r rFkk ftyk iapk;r mlds dze”k% iz/kku] izeq[k rFkk v/;{k vkSj lfefr;ks a dh leLr “kfDr;ka] d`R; vkSj drZO;] rFkk fLFkfr] ,sls iz”kkld ea s fufgr gksaxs vkSj mlds }kjk mudk iz;ksx] lEiknu vkSj fuoZgu fd;k tk;xkAÀ1 ¼4½ xzke iapk;r ds fdlh lnL; dk dk;Zdky] tc rd fd bl vf/kfu;e ds micU/kks a ds v/khu vU;Fkk lekIr u dj fn;k tk;] xzke iapk;r ds dk;Zdky ds lkFk lekIr gks tk;sxkA ¼5½¼d½ izR;sd xzke iapk;r ea]s vuqlwfpr tkfr;ks]a vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ks a vkSj fiNM+ s oxksaZ ds fy, LFkku vkjf{kr fd;s tk;asxs vkSj bl izdkj vkjf{kr LFkkuks a dh la[;k dk vuqikr] xzke iapk;r ea s LFkkuks a dh dqy la[;k eas ;Fkk”kD; ogh gksxk] tks iapk;r {ks= ea s vuqlwfpr tkfr;ks a dh ;k iapk;r {ks= eas vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ks a dh ;k iapk;r {ks= eas fiNM+ s oxksaZ dh tula[;k dk vuqikr ,sls {ks= dh dqy tula[;k ea s gks vkSj ,sls LFkku fdlh xzke iapk;r ds fofHkUu izknsf”kd fuokZpu {ks=ks a ea s ,sls dze ea s pdzkuqdze ea s vkoafVr fd;s tk;asxs] tSlk fu;r fd;k tk; % izfrcU/k ;g gS fd fiNM+ s oxksaZ ds fy, vkj{k.k xzke iapk;r ea s dqy LFkkuks a dh la[;k ds ¿pkSngÀ2 izfr”kr ls vf/kd ugha gkxs k % 1- mÙkjk[k.M vf/kfu;e la[;k 15 o’kZ 2002 }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 2- mÙkjk[k.M vf/kfu;e la0 30 o’kZ 2005 dh /kkjk 2 }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 18 ¿la;qDr izkUr iapk;r jkt vf/kfu;e] 1947À ¿/kkjk 12d&12[k[kÀ ¿vxzÙkj izfrca/k ;g gS fd ;fn fiNM+ s oxksZa dh tula[;k ds vkadM+ s miyC/k u gks rks fu;r jhfr ls los{Z k.k djds mudh tula[;k vo/kkfjr dh tk ldrh gSAÀ7 ¼[k½ [k.M ¼d½ ds v/khu vkjf{kr LFkkuks a ds ¿vk/ks ls vU;uw À9 LFkku dze”k% vuqlwfpr tkfr;ks]a vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ks a vkSj fiNM+ s oxkZs a dh efgykvks a ds fy, vkjf{kr jgsxa s( ¼x½ [k.M ¼[k½ ds v/khu efgykvks a ds fy, vkjf{kr LFkkuks a dh la[;k dks lfEefyr djrs gq,] fdlh xzke iapk;r eas dqy LFkkuks a dh la[;k ds ¿vk/ks ls vU;uw À9 LFkku efgykvks a ds fy, vkjf{kr jgsxa s vkSj ,sls LFkku fdlh xzke iapk;r ds fofHkUu izknsf”kd fuokZpu {ks=ks a ea s ,sls dez ea s pdzkuqdze ea s vkoafVr fd;s tk;sxa s] tSlk fu;r fd;k tk;( ¼?k½ vuqlwfpr tkfr;ks a vkSj vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ks a ds fy, LFkkuks a dk vkj{k.k lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn 334 eas fofufnZ’V vof/k dh lekfIr ij izHkkoh ugha jgsxkA Li’Vhdj.k&& ;g Li’V fd;k tkrk gS fd bl /kkjk eas dksbZ ckr vuqlwfpr tkfr;ks]a vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ks a vkSj fiNM+ s oxksaZ ds O;fDr;ks a vkSj efgykvks a dks vukjf{kr LFkkuks a ls fuokZpu yM+us ls ugha jksdsxhA ¼6½ iz/kku dks xzke iapk;r dk lnL; le>k tk;xkAÀ3 ¿12&d&& ¿***À4 iz/kku ;k miiz/kku vFkok ¿xzke Ikapk;rÀ2 ds fdlh lnL; ds fuokZpu dh jhfr in ds fy;s fuokZpu fu;r jhfr ls xqIr er i= }kjk gksxkAÀ1 ¿12&dd&& ¼1½ xzke iapk;r dk iz/kku vkSj mi iz/kku ,sls HkÙks vkSj ekuns;] tSlk iz/kku] miiz/kku vkSj fd fu;r fd;k tk;] izkIr djsxkA lnL;ks a ds HkÙks ¼2½ iz/kku vkSj miiz/kku ls fHkUu xzke iapk;r dk lnL; ,sls HkÙkks a dks] tSlk fu;r fd;k tk;] izkIr djsxkAÀ5 ¿12&[k&& ¼1½ dk;Z lEiknu ds fy, xzke iapk;r dh cSBd lkekU;r;k izR;sd xzke iapk;r dh cSBdsa ekl ea s de ls de ,d ckj gksxh] fdUrq nks yxkrkj cSBdks a ds chp nks ekl dk vUrj ugha gksxk % ijUrq ;g fd fdlh xkze iapk;r dh izFke cSBd ds fy, fu;r dh tkus okyh rkjh[k mlds xBu dh rkjh[k ls rhl fnu ds Hkhrj gksxhA ¼2½ xzke iapk;r dh cSBdsa] ,sls LFkku ij vkSj ,slh jhfr ls] vk;kfstr dh tk;saxh] tSlh fufgr dh tk;AÀ10 ¿12&[k[k&& ¿¼1½À8 xzke iapk;r ds iz/kku] mi iz/kku vkSj lnL;ks a ds fuokZpu ds xzke iapk;r ds fuokZpuks a lapkyu dk v/kh{k.k] funs”ku vkSj fu;U=.k jkT; fuokZpu vk;ksx ea s fufgr gksxkAÀ6 dk v/kh{k.k bR;kfn ¿¼2½ jkT; fuokZpu vk;kxs ds v/kh{k.k] funs”Z ku vkSj fu;a=.k ds v/khu jgrs gq,] eq[; fuokZpu vf/kdkjh ¼iapk;r½ jkT; ea s iz/kku] mi iz/kku ;k fdlh xzke iapk;r ds fdlh lnL; ds in ij fuokZpu ds lapkyu dk Ik;Zos{k.k vkSj mlls lacaf/kr leLr d`R;ks a dk lEiknu djsxkAÀ8 1- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la0 38] 1968 dh /kkjk 6 }kjk izfrLFkkfir A 2- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la0 9 o’kZ 1994 dh /kkjk 2 }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 3- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 17 }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 4- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 18 }kjk feVk;k x;kA 5- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 19 }kjk c<+k;k x;kA 6- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 21 }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 7- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la[;k 21 o’kZ 1995 dh /kkjk 8 ¼x½ }kjk c<+k;k x;kA 8- mi;qZDRk dh /kkjk 9 }kjk iqulZa[;kafdr vkSj c<+k;k x;kA 9- mÙkjk[k.M vf/kfu;e la0 07 o’kZ 2008 dh /kkjk 3 }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 10- mÙkjk[k.M vf/kfu;e la0 14 o’kZ 2008 dh /kkjk 2 }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 19 ¿la;qDr izkUr iapk;r jkt vf/kfu;e] 1947À ¿/kkjk 12[kx&12[kxdÀ ¿¼3½ jkT; ljdkj] jkT; fuokZpu vk;ksx ds ijke”kZ ls] vf/klpw uk }kjk] fdlh xzke iapk;r ds iz/kku] miiz/kku ;k lnL;ks a ds lkekU; fuokZpu ;k mifuokZpu ds fy, fnukad ;k fnukadks a dks fu;r djsxhAÀ4 ¿12&[k x&& ¿¼1½ jkT; fuokZpu vk;ksx ds Ik;Zos{k.k vkSj fu;a=.k ds v/khu jgrs fuokZpuks a dk v/kh{k.k gq,] ftyk eftLVªsV fty s ea s xzke iapk;rks a ds iz/kku] miiz/kku vkSj lnL;ks a ds lHkh fuokZpuka s d s lapkyu dk Ik;Zos{k.k djsxkAÀ1 ¼2½ fty s es a izR;sd fuokZpu funs”kd ¼iapk;r½ jkT; es a mi;qZDr leLr ;k fdlh Hkh LFkkuh; izkf/kdkjh ls vkSj mi;qZDr laLFkkvkas ds izcU/kkf/kdj.k tc ftyk eftLVsªV }kjk ,slh vis{kk dh tk;s mls vFkok ftyk eftLVsªV }kjk fuokZpu vf/kdkjh ds :Ik eas fu;qfDr fdlh vU; vf/kdkjh dks ,sls deZpkjh miyC/k djsxk] tks ,sls fuokZpu ds laca/k es a fdUgh drZO;ka s dk ikyu djus d s fy;s vko”;d gks a A ¼3½ blh izdkj ¿jkT; fuokZpu vk;kxs À2 jkT; esa mi;qZDr leLr ;k fdlh Hkh LFkkuh; izkf/kdkjh ls vkSj mi;qZDr laLFkkvkas ds izcU/kkf/kdkfj;kas ls mi/kkjk ¼2½ ds vfHkfn”V fdlh vf/kdkjh dks ,sls deZpkjh miyC/k djkus dh vis{kk dj ldrkgS tks ,sls fuokZpu ds laca a/k es a fdagh drZO;kass dk ikyu djus ds fy;s vko”;d gks vkSj os izR;sd ,slh vf/k;kpuk dk ikyu djsxs a A ¼4½ ;fn mi/kkjk ¼2½ ;k ¼3½ eas vfHkfn”V fdlh LFkkuh; izkf/kdj.k ;k laLFkk dk dksbZ deZpkjh ,sls fuokZpukas ds laca/k es a fdlh drZO; dk ikyu djus ds fy;s fu;qDr fd;k tk; s rks og ,sls drZO; dk ikyu djus d s fy; ck/; gksxk A 3¿12&[kxd&& ¼1½ ;fn ftyk eftLVsªV dks ;g izrhr gks fd fty s ds Hkhrj bl ifjlj] ;kuka s vkfn dk vf/kfu;e ds v/khu gksus okys fdlh fuokZpu ds laca/k ea&s fuokZpu ds iz;kstu ds fy, vf/kxzg.k ¼d½ bl iz;kstu ds fy, fd mldk ernku LFky ds :Ik ea s ;k ernku gksus ds Ik”pkr~ erisfV;ks a ds j[kus ds fy, mi;ksx fd;k tk;] fdlh ifjlj dh vko”;drk gS ;k vko”;drk gksuh laHkkO; gS] vFkok ¼[k½ fdlh ernkuj LFky ls ;k] dks erisfV;ks a ds ifjogu ds iz;kstu ds fy, ;k ,sls fuokZpu ds lapkyu ds nkSjku O;oLFkk cuk j[kus ds fy, iqfy cy ds lnL;ks a ds ifjogu ds ;k ,sls fuokZpu ds laca/k ea s fdUgha drZO;ks a ds ikyu ds fy, fdlh vf/kdkjh ;k vU; O;fDr ds ifjogu ds fy, fdlh ;ku] tu;ku ;k thotUrq dh vko”;drk gS ;k vko”;drk gksuh laHkkO; gS rks og ,sls ifjlj ;k] ;FkkfKFkfr] ,sls ;ku] tu;ku ;k thotUrq dk vf/kxzg.k fyf[kr vkns”k }kjk dj ldsxk vkSj ,sls vfrfjDr vkns”k ns ldsxk tSls fd vf/kxzg.k ds laca/k ea s mls vko”;d ;k lehphu izrhr gks% ijUrq ,slk dksbZ ;ku] ty;ku ;k thotUrq] ftls mEehnokj ;k mldk vfHkdrkZ ,sls mEehnokj ds fuokZpu ls lalDr fdlh iz;kstu ds fy, fof/k iw.kZr% mi;ksx eas yk jgk gS] bl mi/kkjk ds v/khu rc rd vf/kx`ghr u fd;k tk;xk tc rd ,sls fuokZpu ea s ernku lekIr u gks tk,A 1- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la0 9 o’kZ 1994 dh /kkjk 21¼d½ }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 2- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 22¼[k½ }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 3- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la[;k 29 o’kZ 1995 dh /kkjk 5 }kjk c<+k;k x;kA 4- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la[;k 22 o’kZ 2000 dh /kkjk 3 }kjk c<+k;k x;kA 20 ¿la;qDr izkUr iapk;r jkt vf/kfu;e] 1947À ¿/kkjk 12[kx[kÀ ¼2½ vf/kxzg.k ml O;fDr dks lacksf/kr fyf[kr vkns”k fd;k tk;sxk ftldh ckor~ ftyk eftLVªsV ;g le>rk gS fd og ml lEifÙk dk Lokeh gS ;k ml ij dCtk j[kus okyk O;fDr gS vkSj ,sls vkns”k dks ml O;fDr ij rkehy] ftls og lacksf/kr gS] fofgr jhfr ea s dh tk;xs hA ¼3½ tc dHkh dksbZ lEifÙk mi/kkjk ¼1½ ds v/khu vf/kx`ghr dh tk; s rc ,sls vf/kxzg.k dh dkykof/k ml dkykof/k ds ijs foLr`r u gksxh] ftlds fy, ,slh lEifÙk ml mi/kkjk ea s of.kZr iz;kstuks a ea s ls fdlh ds fy, visf{kr gSA ¼4½ bl /kkjk es a && ¼d½ ^^ifjlj** ls dksbZ Hkwfe] Hkou ;k Hkou dk Hkkx vfHkizsr gS vkSj >ksiM+h] “ksM+ ;k vU; lajpuk ;k mldk dksbZ Hkkx blds vUrxZr vkrk gS( ¼[k½ ^^;ku** ls ,slk dksbZ ;ku vfHkizsr gS] tks lM+d ifjogu ds iz;kstu ds fy, mi;ksx ea s vkrk gS ;k mi;ksx eas yk, tkus ;ksX;

gS] Hkys gh og ;kaf=d “kfDr ls uksfnr gks ;k u gksA 12&[kx[k&& ¼1½ tgka /kkjk 12&[kxd ds vuqlj.k ea s ftyk eftLVªsV fdlh izfrdj dk lank; ifjlj dk vf/kxzg.k djs] rc fgrc) O;fDr dks izfrdj lanÙk fd;k tk;xs k] ftldh jde dk vo/kkj.k fuEufyf[kr ckrks a dks /;ku ea s j[kdj fd;k tk;xs k( vFkkZr~ %& ¼,d½ ifjlj dh ckor~ ns; HkkVd ;k ;fn dksbZ HkkVd ,sls ns; u gks rks ml ifj{ks= ea s oSls gh ifjlj ds fy, ns; HkkVd( ¼nks½ ;fn fgrc) O;fDr ifjlj ds vf/kxzg.k ds ifj.kkeLo:Ik vius fuokl LFkku ;k dkjckj ds LFkku dks cnyus ds fy, foo”k gqvk gks rks ,sls cnyus ls vkuq’kafxd ;qfDr;qDr O;; ¼;fn dksbZ gks½ % ijUrq tgka fd dksbZ fgrc) O;fDr ,sls vof/kkfjr izfrdj dh jde ls O;fFkr gksrs gq, ftyk eftLVªsV ls fofgr le; ds vUnj ;g vkosnu djrk gS fd og ekeyk e/;LFk dks funsfZ”kr dj fn;k tk;s ogka fn, tkus okys izfrdj dh jde ,slh jde gksxh] tSlh ftyk eftLVªsV }kjk bl fufeÙk fu;qDr e/;LFk vo/kkfjr djs% ijUrq ;g vkSj Hkh fd tgka izfrdj ikus ds gd dh ckcr ;k izfrdj dh jde ds izHkktu dh ckcr dksbZ fookn gS ogka vo/kkj.k ds fy, mls ftyk eftLVSªV vius }kjk bl fufeÙk fu;qDr e/;LFk dks fufnZ’V djsxk vkSj og fookn ,sls e/;LFk ds fofu”p; ds vuqlkj vo/kkfjr fd;k tk;xs kA Li’Vhdj.k&& bl mi/kkjk ea s ^^fgrc) O;fDr** in ls og O;fDr] tks /kkjk 12&[kxd ds v/khu vf/kx`ghr ifjlj ij vf/kxzg.k ds vO;ofgriwoZ okLrfod dCtk j[krk Fkk ;k tgka fd dkbZ O;fDr ,slk okLrfod dCtk ugha j[krk Fkk ogka ,sls ifjlj dk Lokeh vfHkizsr gSA ¼2½ tc dHkh ftyk eftLVsªV dksbZ ;ku] ty;ku ;k thotUrq /kkjk 12&[kxd ds vuqlj.k ea s vf/kx`ghr djs rc mlds Lokeh dks izfrdj lanÙk fd;k tk;xs k] ftldh jde dk vo/kkj.k ftyk eftLVªsV ,sls ;ku] ty;ku ;k tho&tUrq dks HkkM+ s ij yus s ds fy, ml ifj{ks= ea s izpfyr HkkM+ s ;k njks a ds vk/kkj ij djsxk % ijUrq tgka fd ,sls ;ku] ty;ku ;k thotUrq dk Lokeh ,sls vo/kkfjr izfrdj dh jde ls O;fLFkr gksrs gq, ftyk eftLVSªV ls fofgr le; ds Hkhrj ;g vkosnu djrk gS fd og ekeyk e/;LFk dks fufnZ’V dj fn;k tk;s ogka fn;s tkus okys izfrdj dh jde ,slh jde gksxh] tSlh ftyk eftLVªsV }kjk bl fufeÙk fu;qDr e/;LFk vo/kkfjr djs % 21 ¿la;qDr izkUr iapk;r jkt vf/kfu;e] 1947À ¿/kkjk 12[kxx&12[kxpÀ ijUrq ;g vkSj Hkh fd tgka vf/kx`ghr fd, tkus ls vO;ofgriwoZ ;ku ;k ty;ku Lokeh ls fHkUu O;fDr ds dCts ea s vodz; djkj ds vk/kkj ij Fkk] ogka vf/kxzg.k ds ckjs ea s lans dqy izfrdj ds :Ik eas bl mi/kkjk ds v/khu vo/kkfjr jde ml O;fDr vkSj Lokeh ds chp ea s ,slh jhfr ea]s ftlds fy, os lger gks tk;as vkSj ,slh lgefr ds vHkko ea]s ,slh jhfr ea s tSlh ftyk eftLVsªV }kjk bl fufeÙk fu;qDr e/;LFk fofuf”pr djs] izHkkfor dh tk;xs hA 12&[kxx&& ftyk eftLVSªV fdlh laifÙk dks /kkjk 12 [kxd ds v/khu vf/kx`ghr tkudkjh vfHkizkIr djus djus dh ;k /kkjk 12&[kx[k ds v/khu lans; izfrdj dks vo/kkfjr djus dh n`f’V ls flh dh “kfDr O;fDr ls vkns”k }kjk vis{kk dj ldsxk fd og ,slh lEifÙk laca/kh vius dCts dh ,slh tkudkjh tSlh vkns”k eas fofufnZ’V dh tk;]s ,sls izkf/kdkjh dks ns] tks ,sls fofufnZ’V fd;k tk;As 12&[kx?k&& ¼1½ ;g vo/kkj.k djus ds iz;sktu ds fy, fd D;k fdlh ifjlj fdlh ifjlj vkfn ea s fdlh ;ku] ty;ku ;k thotUrq ds laca/k ea s /kkjk 12&[kxd ds v/khu vkns”k fd;k tk;s izos”k djus vkSj muds fujh{k.k dh “kfDr;ka vkSj ;fn fd;k tk, rks fdl jhfr ea s fd;k tk; s ;k bl n`f’V ls fd ml /kkjk ds v/khu fd, x, fdlh vkns”k dk vuqikyu lqfuf”pr fd;k tk;]s dksbZ O;fDr] tks ftyk eftLVsªV }kjk bl fufeÙk izkf/kdr` fd;k x;k gS] ,sls ifjlj ea s izos”k dj ldsxk vkSj ,sls ifjlj vkSj muea s ls fdlh ;ku] ty;ku ;k thotUrq dk fujh{k.k dj ldsxkA ¼2½ bl /kkjk ea s ^^ifjlj** rFkk ^^;ku** inks ads ogh vFk Z gSa] tks /kkjk 12&[kxd ea s gSA 12&[kx³&& ¼1½ tks dksbZ O;fDr fdlh vf/kx`ghr ifjlj ij /kkjk 12&[kxd ds vf/kx`ghr ifjlj ls v/khu fd, x, fdlh vkns”k ds mYya?ku eas dCtk fd, jgrk gS] mls ftyk eftLVsªV }kjk csn[kyh bl fufeÙk l”kDr dksbZ vf/kdkjh ml ifjlj ea s ls la{ksir% csn[ky dj ldsxkA ¼2½ ,sls l”kDr dksbZ vf/kdkjh] ,slh L=h dks tks yksd le{k ugha vkrh] ;qfDr;qDr psrkouh vkSj gV tkus ds fy, lqfo/kk nsdj fdlh Hkou ds fdlh rkys ;k pV[kuh dks gVk ;k [kksy ldsxk vkSj fdlh }kj dks rksM+ ldsxk ;k ,slh csn[kyh ds iz;kstu ds fy, dksbZ vU; vko”;d dk; Z dj ldsxkA 12&[kxp&& ¼1½ tcfd /kkjk 12&[kxd ds v/khu vf/kx`ghr dksbZ ifjlj vf/kx`g.k ls ifjlj dh vf/kxzg.k ls fueqZDr fd;s tkus gks]a rc mudk dCtk ml O;fDr dks] ftlls ifjlj ds fueqZfDr vf/kx`ghr fd;s tkus ds le; dCtk fy;k x;k Fkk] ;k ;fn dksbZ ,slk O;fDr ugha Fkk rks ml O;fDr dks] ftldh ckcr ftyk eftLVsªV ;g le>rk gS fd og ,sls ifjlj dk Lokeh gS] ifjnÙk fd;k tk;xs k vkSj dCts dk ,sls ifjnku ftyk eftLVsªV dks mu lc nkf;Roks a ls] tks ,sls ifjnku ds ckjs ea s gS] iw.kZr% mUekfspr dj nsxk] fdUrq mlls ifjlj dh ckcr ,sls fdUgha vf/kdkjks a ij izfrdwy izHkko u iM+xs k] ftUgas dksbZ vU; O;fDr ml O;fDr ds f[kykQ] ftls ifjlj dk dCtk ,sls ifjnÙk fd;k x;k gS] fof/k dh lE;d izfdz;k izofrZr djkus ds fy, gdnkj gksA ¼2½ tgka fd og O;fDr] ftls /kkjk 12&[kxd ds v/khu vf/kx`ghr fdlh iflj dk dCtk mi/kkjk ¼1½ ds v/khu fn;k tkuk gS] ik;k ugha tk ldrk ;k ftldk vklkuh ls vfHkfu”p; ugha gks ikrk ;k mldh vksj ls ifjnku izfrx`ghr djus ds fy, l”kDr dksbZ vfHkdrkZ ;k dksbZ vU; O;fDr ugha gS] ogka ftyk eftLVsªV ;g ?kks’k.kk djus okyh lwpuk fd ,sls ifjlj vf/kxzg.k ls fueqZDr dj fn, x, gSa] ,sls ifjlj ds fdlh lgtn`”; Hkkx ea s yxok;xs k vkSj lwpuk dks “kkldh; jkti= ea s izdkf”kr djsxkA 22 ¿la;qDr izkUr iapk;r jkt vf/kfu;e] 1947À ¿/kkjk 12ch Mh&12 xÀ ¼3½ tcfd mi/kkjk ¼2½ ea s fufnZ’V lwpuk “kkldh; jkti= eas izdkf”kr dj nh xbZ gS rc ,slh lwpuk ea s fofufnZ’V ifjlj ,sls vf/kxzg.k ds v/;/khu ,sls izdk”ku dh rkjh[k gks vkSj ls u jgsxa s vkSj mudh ckcr ;g le>k tk;xk fd os ml O;fDr dks ifjnÙk dj fn, x, gSa] tks mu ij dCtk j[kus dk gdnkj gS vkSj ftyk eftLVªsV mDr rkjh[k ds Ik”pkr~ fdlh dkykof/k ds fy, ,sls ifjlj ds laca/k eas fdlh izfrdj ;k vU; nkos ds fy, nkf;Rok/khu u gksxkAÀ7 ¿12&&[k?k&& ¼1½ ;fn dksbZ O;fDr ftl ij ;g /kkjk ykxw gksrh gks] vius inh; fuokZpu ds laca a/k es a inh; drZO; Hkax djus eas ;qfDr;qDr dkj.k fcuk fdlh dk; Z ;k yksi dk nks’kh gks rks mls vFkZ drZO; Hkax n.M fn;k tk ldsxk] tks ikap lkS :Ik;s rd gks ldrk gS A ¼2½ mi/kkjk ¼1½ d s v/khu n.Muh; dksbZ vijk/k laKs; gksxk A ¼3½ mi;qZDr fdlh ,sls dk;Z ds laca/k ea s gkfuiwfrZ ds fy;s fdlh ,sls O;fDr ds fo:} dksbZ okn ;k vU; fof/kd dk;Zokgh izLrqr u dh tk ldsxh A ¼4½ ftu O;fDr;kas ij ;g /kkjk ykxw gksrh gS os fuokZpu vf/kdkjh] lgk;d fuokZpu vf/kdkjh] ernku vf/kdkjh vkSj dksbZ ,slk vU; O;fDr gS] tks uke funZs”ku i=kas dh izkfIr ;k mEehnokjks ds uke okfil yus s ;k fdlh fuokZpu ea s erks dks vfHkfyf[kr ;k mudh x.kuk djus ds laca/k eas fdlh drZO; dk ikyu djus ds fy;s fu;qDr fd;k tk; s vkSj bl /kkjk ds iz;kstukFkZ in ^^inh; drZO;** dk rnuqlkj vFk Z yxk;k tk;sxk] fdUrq blds vUrxZr bl vf/kfu;e }kjk ;k blds v/khu fd;s x;s drZO;kjksi.k ls vU;Fkk vkjksfir drZO; ugh gSAÀ4 1¿12&x&& ¼1½ ¿***À6 iz/kku ds :Ik esa vFkok ¿xzke iapk;rÀ5 ds lnL; ds :Ik fuokZpuks a ij vkifÙk djus ea s fdlh O;fDr ds fuokZpu ds laca/k ea s ftlds vUrxZr /kkjk 43 ds v/khu ¿U;k; iapk;rÀ2 ds fy, vkosnu&i= ds iapa ds :Ik eas ¿fu;qDr fd;s x;s fdlh O;fDrÀ3 dk fuokZpu Hkh gS] flok; fdlh ,sls vkosnu i= }kjk tks ,sls izkf/kdkjh dks ,sls le; ds Hkhrj vksjS ,slh jhfr ls tks fu;r dh tk;]s izLrqr fd;k tk;]s fuEufyf[kr vk/kkj ij vkifRr u dh tk;sxh fd&& ¼d½ ;g fuokZpu bl dkj.k fuokZ/k fuokZpu ugah gS fd blea s fj”or vFkok vuqfpr izHkko Mkyus dk Hkz’V vkpj.k O;kid :Ik ls O;kIr Fkk] vFkok ¼[k½ fuokZpu ds ifj.ke ij&& ¼1½ fdlh uke funs”Z ku i= dks vuqfpr :Ik ls Lohdkj ;k vLohdkj djus ls vFkok ¼2½ bl vf/kfu;e ds vFkok blds v/khu cuk;s x;s fu;ekas ds mica/kks a dk ikyu djus es a ?kksj pwd fd;s tkus ls] lkjokj izHkko iM+k gSA ¼2½ bl vf/kfu;e ds iz;kstu ds fy;s fuEufyf[kr fj”or ;k vuqfpr izHkko Mkyus ds Hkz’V vkpj.k le>s tk;sxs a && 1- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la0 2] 1955 dh /kkjk 14 }kjk c<+k;k x;kA 2- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 4¼d½ }kjk bl vf/kfu;e es a tgka dgh Hkh “kCn ^^iapk;rh vnkyr** vk;k gS] “kCn ^^U;k; iapk;r** j[k fn;k x;k A 3- m0iz0vf/kfu;e la0 15] 1960 dh /kkjk 9 }kjk izfrLFkkfir A 4- m0iz0vf/kfu;e la0 31] 1972 dh /kkjk 3 }kjk vUrfoZ’V A 5- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la[;k 9 o’kZ 1994 dh /kkjk 2 }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 6- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 23 }kjk fujflrA 7- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la[;k 29 o’kZ 1995 dh /kkjk 5 }kjk c<+k;k x;kA 23 ¿la;qDr izkUr iapk;r jkt vf/kfu;e] 1947À ¿/kkjk 12 xÀ ¼d½ ¼1½ fj”or( vFkkZr~&& ¼d½ fdlh O;fDr dks mEehnokj ds :Ik eas fuokZpu ea s [kM+ s gksus ;k [kM+ s u gksus ;k mEehnokjh ls uke okfil ysus d s fy;s] ;k ¼[k½ fdlh fuokZpd dks fuokZpu eas ernku djus ;k ernku djus ls fojr jgus d s fy;s&& izR;{k ;k vizR;{k :Ikls mRiszfjr djus ds mnns’; ls ;k fdlh O;fDr dks bl ckr ds fy;s fd&& ¼1½ og bl izdkj [kM+k gqvk ;k [kM+k ugh gqvk fd mlus mEehnokjh ls viuk uke okil ys fy;k ( ;k ¼2½ fuokZpd dks bl ckr ds fy;s fd mlus ernku fd;k ;k og ernku djus ls fojr jgk] iqjLdkj Lo:Ik mEehnokj }kjk ;k mEehnokj dh ekSu lEefr ls fdlh vU; O;fDr }kjk fdlh O;fDr dks] pkgs og dksbZ Hkh D;aks u gks] dksbZ migkj ;k dksbZ ikfjrksf”kr viZ.k dk izLrko djuk ;k cpu nsuk] ¼[k½ vuqfpr izHkko Mkyuk vFkkZr~ fuokZpu laca/kh fdlh vf/kdkj ds fuokZ/k Ikz;ksx ea s mEehnokj }kjk ;k mEehnokj dh ekSu lEefr ls fdlh vU; O;fDr }kjk fd;k x;k dksbZ izR;{k ;k vizR;{k gLr{ksi ;k gLr{ksi djus dk fd;k x;k iz;Ru % izfrca/k ;g gS fd bl [k.M ds mica/kks a ij izfrdwy izHkko Mkys fcuk dksbZ O;fDr tks mlea s fufnZ’V gks vkSj tks&& ¼1½ fdlh mEehnokj ;k fdlh fuokZpd ;k fdlh O;fDr dks ftlls mEehnokj ;k fuokZpd fgrc} gks] fdlh izdkj dh {kfr igq¡pkus dh /kedh] ftlds vUrxZr lekftd cfgLdkj vkSj tkfr vFkok leqnk; ls cfg’dkj ;k fu”dklu Hkh gS] nsrk gS ( ;k ¼2½ mEehnokj ;k fdlh fuokZpd dks ;g fo’okl djus ds fy;s mRizsfjr djrk gs]S ;k mRizsfjr djus dk iz;Ru djrk gS fd og ;k ,slk dksbZ O;fDr] ftlls og fgrc} gS] nsoh izdksi ;k vk/;kfRed ifjfuUnk dk ik= gks tk;sxk ;k cuk fn;k tk;sxk ] mlds laca/k ea s ;g le>k tk;xs k fd og ,sls mEehnokj ;k fdlh fuokZpd ds fuokZpu laca/kh vf/kdkj dk fuckZ/k iz;ksx es a bl [k.M ds vFkkZUrxZr gLr{ksi djrk gS A ¼3½ mi/kkjk ¼1½ ds v/khu dksbZ vkosnu i= fdlh fuokZpu es a fdlh mEehnokj ;k fdlh fuokZpd }kjk izLrqr fd;k tk ldrk gS vkSj mlesa ,sls C;kSjs gksxsa tks fu;r fd;s tk;Aas Li’Vhdj.k&&dksbZ Hkh ,slk O;fDr ftlus fuokZpu esa uke funs”Z ku i= fuosf’kr fd;k gks] pkgs ,slk uke funs”Z ku i= Lohdkj ;k vLohdkj fd;k x;k gks] fuokZpu esa mEehnokj le>k tk;xs k A ¼4½ ml izkf/kdkjh dsk] ftls mi/kkjk ¼1½ d s v/khu vkosnu i= izLrqr fd;k tk;&s & ¼1½ vkosnu i= dh lquokbZ vkSj ,slh lquokbZ ea s vuqlfjr dh tkus okyh izfdz;k] ¼2½ fuokZpu ea s j} djus ;k fuokZpu dks vekU; ?kksf’kr djus ;k vkosnd dks lE;d :Ik esa s fuokZfpr ?kksf’kr djus ;k fdlh vU; mi”ke] tks vkosnd dks iznku fd;k tk;]s ds fo’k; ea s ,slh “kfDr;ka vkSj izkf/kdkj izkIr gksxas] tks fu;r fd;s tk; s A 24 ¿la;qDr izkUr iapk;r jkt vf/kfu;e] 1947À ¿/kkjk 12?k&12³À ¼5½ mi/kkjk ¼4½ ds v/khu fu;r dh tkus okyh “kfDr;ks a dh O;kidrk ij izfrdwy izHkko Mkys fcuk mi/kkjk ¼1½ ds v/khu vkosnu i= dh ljljh rkSj ij lquokbZ vkSj mls fuLrkfjr djus d s fy;s fu;eks a dh O;oLFkk dh tk ldrh gS A ¿¼6½ mi/kkjk ¼1½ ds v/khu vkosnu i= ij fofgr izkf/kdkjh ds fdlh vkns”k ls O;fFkr dksbZ i{k] vkns”k ds fnukad ls rhl fnu ds Hkhrj fuEufyf[kr fdlh ,d ;k vf/kd vk/kkj ij ftyk U;k;k/kh”k dks ,sls vkns”k ds iqujh{k.k ds fy;s vkosnu dj ldrk gS vFkkZr~&& ¼d½ fofgr izkf/kdkjh us ,slh vf/kdkfjrk dk iz;ksx fd;k gS tks fof/k }kjk mlea s fufgr ugha g S ( ¼[k½ fofgr izkf/kdkjh us bl izdkj viuh vf/kdkfjrk dk iz;ksx djus ea s foQy jgk gS ( ¼x½ fofgr izkf/kdkjh us viuh vf/kdkfjrk dk iz;ksx djus es a voS/k :Ik ;k lkjoku vfu;ferrk ls dk;Z fd;k gS A ¼7½ ftyk U;k;k/kh”k iqujh{k.k ds fy;s vkosnu i= dk fuLrkj.k Lo;a dj ldrk gS ;k mls vius iz”kklfud fu;a=.kk/khu fdlh vij ftyk U;k;k/kh”k] flfoy U;k;k/kh”k ;k vij flfoy U;k;k/kh”k dks fuLrkj.k ds fy;s lkSai ldrk gS vkSj mls fdlh ,sls vf/kdkjh ls okil eaxk ldrk gS ;k fdlh vU; ,sls vf/kdkjh dks vUrfjr dj ldrk gS A ¼8½ mi/kkjk ¼7½ es a mfYyf[kr iqujhf{kr izkf/kdkjh ,slh izfdz;k dk vuqlj.k djsxk tSlk fu;r dh tk;]s vkSj og fofgr izkf/kdkjh ds vkns”k dh iqf’V mlesa Qsj&Qkj ;k mls fo[kf.Mr dj ldrk gS ;k ekey s dks iqu% lquokbZ ds fy;s fofgr izkf/kdkjh dks izfrizsf”kr dj ldrk gS] vkSj ml ij fofu”p; gksus rd ,slk vUrfje vkns”k ns ldrk gS tSlk mls U;k;laxr vkSj lqfo/kktud izrhr gks A ¼9½ bl /kkjk ds v/khu fn;k x;k iqujh{k.k izkf/kdkjh dk izR;sd fofu”p; vkSj bl /kkjk ds v/khu iqujh{k.k izkf/kdkjh }kjk fn;s x;s fdlh vkns”k ds v/khu jgrs gq;s] fofgr izkf/kdkjh dk izR;sd fofu”p; vfUre gksxk AÀ4 ¿12&?k&& /kkjk 12 x ds mica/k ;Fkk vko”;d ifjorZuka s lfgr ¿xkze iapk;r d s miiz/kku ljiap ;k miiz/kkuÀ5 ds :Ik ea s ;k U;k; iapk;r ds ljiap ;k lgk;d ljiap ds :Ik eas fdlh O;fDr lgk;d ljiap ds fuokZpu ds fuokZpu ij ykxw gkasxsaAÀ2 ds laca/k ea s fookn ¿12&³&& ¼1½ ¿izR;sd O;fDrÀ6 /kkjk 11&d ¿12À3 ¼3½ 43 ;k 44 es a vfHkfn’V fdlh in dh “kiFk in ij vklhu gksus ds iwoZ] ,sls izkf/kdkjh ds le{k] ftls fu;r fd;k tk;s] fu;r izi= es a “kiFk yxs k ;k izfrKku djsxk vkSj ml ij gLrk{kj djsxkAÀ1 ¼2½ fdlh ,sls lnL; ds laca/k ea s tks ;Fkk iwoksDZ r “kiFk yus s ;k izfrKku djus vkSj gLrk{kj djus vLohdkj djs ;k vU; izdkj ls badkj djs ;g le>k tk;xs k fd mlus in dks rR{k.k fjDr dj fn;k gS A 1- m0iz0vf/kfu;e la0 2] 1955 dh /kkjk 14 }kjk c<+k;k x;kA 2- m0iz0vf/kfu;e la0 15] 1960 dh /kkjk 10 }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 3- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 11 }kjk izfrLFkkfir A 4- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la[;k 37 o’kZ 1978 dh /kkjk 10 }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 5- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la[;k 9 o’kZ 1994 dh /kkjk 24 }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 6- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 25 }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 25 ¿la;qDr izkUr iapk;r jkt vf/kfu;e] 1947À ¿/kkjk 12p&14À ¿12&p&& ¿xzke iapk;rÀ3 dk iz/kku] miiz/kku ;k dksbZ lnL; ,sls izkf/kdkjh dks] in R;kx tks fu;r fd;k tk;s] lacaf/kr LogLrk{kfjr i= }kjk viuk in R;kx dj ldrk gS vkSj rnqijkUr in fjDr gks tk;sxkAÀ1 12&N&& ¿***À4 ¿12&t&& ;fn xzke iapk;r ds iz/kku] miiz/kku ;k fdlh lnL; dk in mldh vkdfLed fjfDr e`R;q gks tkus] mls gVk; s tkus] mls gVk, tkus] mlds in R;kx djus] mlds fuokZpu ds vfHk”kUw ; gksus ;k mlds in dh “kiFk yus s ls badkj djus ds dkj.k fjDr gks tk; rks ;FkklaHko mls ,slh fjfDr ds fnukad ls N% ekl dh vof/k dh lekfIr ds iwoZ] mlds “ks’k dk;dZ ky ds fy;s] ;FkkfLFkfr /kkjk 11&[k] 11&x ;k 12 es a micaf/kr jhfr ls Hkjk tk;xs k% izfrcU/k ;g gS fd ;fn ,slh fjfDr gksus ds fnukad dks xzke iapk;r dh “ks’k vof/k N% ekl ls de gks rks fjfDr dh iwfrZ ugha dh tk;xs hAÀ6 ¿12&>&& bl vf/kfu;e ds v/khu fu;qDr fdlh vf/kdkjh ;k izkf/kdkjh }kjk fuokZpu laca/kh fo’k;ka s ea s fuokZpukas ds lapkyu ds laca/k eas dh xbZ fdlh dk;Zokgh ;k fn;s x;s fdlh fu.kZ; dh oS/krk flfoy U;k;ky;kas s dh ds laca/k ea s fdlh flfoy U;k;ky; dks vkifRr djus dh vf/kdkfjrk u gksxhAÀ1 vf/kdkfjrk ij jksd ¿12&´&& ¼1½ tgka iz/kku dk in mldh e`R;q gks tkus] mls gVk; s tkus] mlds iz/kku ds in dh vLFkk;h in R;kx djus ;k vU;Fkk fjDr gks] ;k tgka iz/kku vuqifLFkr ;k chekjh ds dkj.k ;k fjfDr es a izca/k vU;Fkk dk; Z djus es a vleFk Z gks] ogka mi iz/kku iz/kku dh leLr “kfDr;ks a dk iz;ksx vskj drZO;kas dk ikyu djsxkA ¼2½ tgka iz/kku vkSj miiz/kku dk in fdlh dkj.k ls fjDr gks] ;k iz/kku vkSj miiz/kku nksuks gh fdlh Hkh dkj.k ls dk; Z djus es a vleFk Z gS ogka fu;r izkf/kdkjh] tc rd fd ;k rks iz/kku ;k miz/kku ds in dh ,slh fjfDr Hkjh u tk; s ;k tc rd fd nksukas ea s ls fdlh dh vleFkrZ k nwj u gks tk;]s rc rd iz/kku ds drZO;kas dk ikyu vkSj mldh “kfDr;ka s dk iz;ksx djus d s fy;s U;k; iapk;r ds fdlh lnL; dks uke&fufnZ’V djsxkAÀ2 12&V& ¿***À4 13&& ¿***À4 ¿14&& ¿¼1½ ¿xzke iapk;rÀ3 ,slh cSBd eas] tks bl iz;kstu ds fy;s fo”ks’k :Ik ls iz/kku ¿***À7 dk gVk;k cqykbZ tk; s vkSj ftldh de ls de 15 fnu dh iwoZ lwpuk nh tk;] xzke lHkk ds mifLFkr tkuk vkSj ernku djus okys lnL;ks a ds nks frgkbZ cgqer ls iz/kku dks gVk ldrh gSA ¼1&d½ /kkjk 11 es a fdlh ckr ds gksrs gq, Hkh] mi/kkjk ¼1½ ds v/khu fdlh cSBd ds fy, x.kiwfrZ xzke lHkk ds ,d frgkbZ lnL;ks a ls gksxhAÀ8 ¼2½ iz/kku dks gVkus ds fy;s dksbZ cSBd mlds fuokZpu ds ¿,d o’kZÀ5 ds Hkhrj ugh cqykbZ tk;xs h A 1- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la0 2] 1955 dh /kkjk 14 }kjk c<+k;k x;kA 2- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la0 37] 1978 dh /kkjk 11 }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 3- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la[;k 9 o’kZ 1994 dh /kkjk 2 }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 4- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 26 }kjk fujflrA 5- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la0 21 o’kZ 1998 dh /kkjk 3¼[k½ }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 6- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la0 33 o’kZ 1999 ds v/;k;&nks dh /kkjk 2 }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 7- mÙkjk[k.M vf/kfu;e la0 13 o’kZ 2006 dh /kkjk 4¼d½ }kjk fudkyk x;kA 8- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 4 ¼[k½ }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 26 ¿la;qDr izkUr iapk;r jkt vf/kfu;e] 1947À ¿/kkjk 14d &15À ¼3½ ;fn cSBd es a x.kiwfrZ ds vHkko ds dkj.k izLrko ij fopkj u fd;k tk; s vFkok og visf{kr cgqer u gksus ds dkj.k ikfjr u gks ik; s rks mlh iz/kku dks gVkus ds fy;s ckn ea s iwoZorhZ cSBd ds fnuakd ls ¿,d o’kZÀ6 ds Hkhrj ugh cqykbZ tk;xs h A ¼4½ bl /kkjk ds mica/kks a ds v/khu jgrs gq;s iz/kku dks gVkus dh izfdz;k] ftlds vUrxZr og izfdz;k Hkh gS] tks cSBd ea s vuqlfjr dh tk;]s ogh gksxh] tks fu;r dh tk;sAÀ1 ¿14&d&& cfgxkZeh iz/kku dk ¿xzke lHkkÀ4 ds vfHky[s k rFkk /kujkf”k nsus dk vfHkys[k vkfn nsus ea s pwd nkf;Ro&& djus ij n.M ¿¼1½ ;fn dksbZ O;fDr iz/kku] ljiap ;k lgk;d ljiap ds :Ik ea s dk;Z dh lekfIr ij] ;FkkfLFkfr ¿xzke lHkkÀ4] ¿xzke iapk;rÀ4 ;k U;k; iapk;r ds lHkh vfHkys[k] /kujkf”k ] ;k vU; lEifRr vius mRrjkf/kdkjh ;k fu;r izkf/kdkjh }kjk bl fufeRr izkf/kdr` fdlh O;fDr dks nsus es]a fu;r izkf/kdkjh }kjk ,slk djus dh vis{kk dh tkus ij Hkh tkucw> dj pwd djrj gS rks og dkjkokl ls] tks rhu o’kZ rd dk gks ldrk gS ;k tqekZus ls ;k nksuka s ls n.Muh; gksxkAÀ3 ¼2½ mi/kkjk ¼1½ ds izfrca/kks a ij izfrdwy izHkko Mkys fcuk dksbZ ,slh /kujkf”k fu;r izkf/kdkjh }kjk rnFk Z tkjh fd;s x;s izek.k i= ij Hkw&jktLo dh cdk;k ds :Ik ea s olwy dh tk ldrh gS AÀ2 ¿14&[k&& ¿¼1½ xzke lHkk] ,slh cSBd esa] tks bl iz;kstu ds fy, fo”ks’k :Ik ls miiz/kku dk gVk;k tkuk cqyk;h tk; vkSj ftldh de ls de 15 fnu dh iwoZ lwpuk nh tk;] xzke lHkk ds lnL;ks a ds nks frgkbZ cgqer ls mi iz/kku dks gVk ldrh gSAÀ8 ¼2½ miiz/kku dks gVkus ds fy, dksbZ cSBd mlds fuokZpu ls nks o’kZ ds Hkhrj ugha cqykbZ tk;xs hA ¼3½ ;fn cSBd esa izLrko visf{kr cgqer u gksus s ds dkj.k ikfjr u gks ik;s rks mlh miiz/kku dks gVkus ds fy, ckn es a dksbZ cSBd iwoZorhZ cSBd ds fnukad ls nks o’kZ ds Hkhrj ugha cqykbZ tk;xs hA ¼4½ bl /kkjk ds micU/kks a ds v/khu jgrs gq, mi iz/kku dks gVkus dh izfdz;k Hkh] tks ,slh cSBd es a vuqlfjr dh tk;] ogh gksxh] tks fu;r dh tk,AÀ7 v/;k; 4 ¿xzke iapk;rÀ4 dh “kfDr;ka] drZO;] d`R; rFkk iz”kklu 5¿15&& ,sls “krksaZ ds v/khu jgrs gq,] tSlh jkT; ljdkj] le;&le; ij] xzke iapk;r ds d`R; fofufnZ’V djs] izR;sd xzke iapk;r fuEufyf[kr d`R;ksa dk lEiknu djsxh( vFkkZr~ %& 1- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la0 9] 1962 dh /kkjk 2 }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 2- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la0 3] 1973 dh /kkjk 5 }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 3- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la0 37] 1978 dh /kkjk 11 }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 4- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la[;k 9 o’kZ 1994 dh /kkjk 2 }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 5- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 28 }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 6- mÙkjk[k.M vf/kfu;e la0 13 o’kZ 2006 dh /kkjk 4 ¼x½ }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 7- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 5 }kjk c<+k;k x;kA 8- mÙkjk[k.M vf/kfu;e la0 05 o’kZ 2007 dh /kkjk 2 }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 27 ¿la;qDr izkUr iapk;r jkt vf/kfu;e] 1947À ¿/kkjk 15À ¼,d½ df`’k] ftlds vUrxZr d`f’k foLrkj Hkh gS( ¼d½ df`’k vkSj ckxokuh dk fodkl vkSj izksUufr( ¼[k½ catj Hkwfe vkSj pkjkxkg Hkwfe dk fodkl vkSj muds vuf/kd`r ladze.k vkSj iz;ksx dh jksdFkke djukA ¼nks½ Hkwfe fodkl] Hkwfe lq/kkj dk dk;kUZ o;u] pdcUnh vkSj Hkwfe laj{k.k & ¼d½ Hkwfe fodkl] Hkwfe lq/kkj vkSj Hkwfe laj{k.k ea s ljdkj vkSj vU; ,tsfUl;ks a dh lgk;rk djuk( ¼[k½ Hkwfe pdcUnh ea s lgk;rk djukA ¼rhu½ y?kq flapkbZ] ty O;oLFkk vkSj ty vkPNknu fodkl & ¼d½ y?kq flapkbZ ifj;kstukvks a ls ty forj.k ea s izcU/k vkSj lgk;rk djuk( ¼[k½ y?kq flapkbZ ifj;kstukvks a dk fuekZ.k] ejEer vkSj vuqj{k.k flapkbZ ds mn~ns”; ls tykiwfrZ dk fofu;euA ¼pkj½ Ik”kqikyu] nqX/k m|ksx vkSj dqDdqV ikyu( ¼d½ ikyrw tkuojks]a dqDdqVks a vkSj vU; Ik”k/q kuks a dh uLyksa dk lq/kkj djuk( ¼[k½ nqX/k m|ksx] dqDdqV ikyu] lwvj ikyu bR;kfn dh izksUufrA ¼ikap½ eRL; ikyu% xkoks a ea s eRL; ikyu dk fodklA ¼N%½ lkekftd vkSj d`f’k okfudh% ¼d½ lM+dks a vkSj lkoZtfud Hkwfe ds fdukjks a ij o`{kkjksi.k vkSj ifjj{k.k( ¼[k½ lkekftd vkSj d`f’k okfudh vkSj js”ke mRiknu dk fodkl vkSj izksUufrA ¼lkr½ y?kq ou mRikn % y?kq ou mRiknks a dh izksUufr vkSj fodklA ¼vkB½ y?kq m|ksx % ¼d½ y?kq m|ksxks a ds fodkl ea s lgk;rk djuk( ¼[k½ LFkkuh; O;kijks a dh izksUufrA ¼ukS½ dVq hj vkSj xzke m|ksx % ¼d½ df`’k vkSj okf.kfT;d m|ksxks a ds fodkl eas lgk;rk djuk( ¼[k½ dVq hj m|ksxks a dh izksUufrA ¼nl½ xzkeh.k vkokl % ¼d½ xzkeh.k vkokl dk;Zdzeks a dk dk;kUZ o;u( ¼[k½ vkokl LFkyks a dk forj.k vkSj muls lEcfU/kr vfHkys[kks a dk vuqj{k.kA ¼X;kjg½ is;ty % ihus] diM+k /kksus] Luku djus ds iz;kstuks a ds fy, ty lEHkj.k ds fy, lkoZtfud dqvks]a rkykcks a vkSj iks[kjksa dk fuekZ.k] ejEer vkSj vuqj{k.k vkSj ihus ds iz;kstuks a ds fy, ty lEHkj.k ds lzksrks a dk fofu;euA 28 ¿la;qDr izkUr iapk;r jkt vf/kfu;e] 1947À ¿/kkjk 15À ¼ckjg½ bZU/ku vkSj pkjk Hkwfe % ¼d½ bZU/ku vkSj pkjk Hkwfe ls lEcfU/kr ?kkl vkSj ikSa/kks a dk fodkl( ¼[k½ pkjk Hkwfe ds vfu;fer vUrj.k ij fu;a=.kA ¼rsjg½ lM+ds]a iqfy;k] iqyksa] ukSdk?kkV] tyekxZ vkSj lapkj ds vU; lk/ku % ¼d½ xzke dh lM+dks]a iqfy;ks]a iqyksa vkSj ukSdk?kkVks a dk fuekZ.k vkSj vuqj{k.k( ¼[k½ tyekxksZa dk vuqj{k.k( ¼x½ lkoZtfud LFkkuks a ij ls vfrdze.k dks gVkukA ¼pkSng½ xzkeh.k fo|qrhdj.k % lkoZtfud ekxksaZ vkSj vU; LFkkuks a ij izdk”k miyC/k djkuk vkSj vuqj{k.k djukA ¼iUnzg½ xSj&ikjEifjd ÅtkZ lzksr % xzke ea s xSj&ikjEifjd ÅtkZ lzksrksa ds dk;dZ zeksa dk fodkl vkSj izksUufr vkSj mudk vuqj{k.kA ¼lksyg½ xjhch mi”keu dk;dZ ze % xjhch mi”keu dk;dZ zeksa dh izksUufr vkSj dk;kUZ o;uA ¼l=g½ f”k{kk] ftlds vUrxZr izkjfEHkd vkSj ek/;fed fo|ky; Hkh gS % f”k{kk ds ckjs ea s lkoZtfud psrukA ¼vV~Bkjg½ rduhdh izf”k{k.k vkSj O;olkf;d f”k{kk % xzkeh.k dyk vkSj f”kYidkjks a dh izksUufrA ¼mUuhl½ izkS< vkSj vukSipkfjd f”k{kk % izkS< lk{kjrk dh izksUufrA ¼chl½ iqLrdky; % iqLrdky;ks a vkSj okpuky;ks a dh LFkkiuk dh vuqj{k.kA ¼bDdhl½ [kys dwn vkSj lkaLd`frd dk;Z % ¼d½ lkekftd vkSj lkaLd`frd fdz;k&dykiks a dh izksUufr( ¼[k½ fofHkUu R;kSgkjks a ij lkaLd`frd laxksf’B;ks a dk vk;kts u( ¼x½ [ksydwn ds fy, xzkeh.k Dycks a dh LFkkiuk vkSj vuqj{k.kA ¼ckbZl½ cktkj vkSj esys % iapk;r {ks=ks a ea s esyks]a cktkjks a vkSj gkVks a dk fofu;euA ¼rsbZl½ fpfdRlk vkSj LoPNrk % ¼d½ xzkeh.k LoPNrk dh izksUufr( ¼[k½ egkekfj;ks a ds fo:) jksdFkke( ¼x½ euq’; vkSj Ik”kq Vhdkdj.k ds dk;Zdze( ¼?k½ NqV~Vk Ik”kq vkSj Ik”kq/ku ds fo:) fuokjd dk;oZ kgh( ¼³½ tUe] e`R;q vkSj fookg dk jftLVªhdj.kA 29 ¿la;qDr izkUr iapk;r jkt vf/kfu;e] 1947À ¿/kkjk 15d&16À ¼pkSchl½ ifjokj dY;k.k % ifjokj dY;k.k dk;dZ zeks a dh izksUufr vkSj fdz;kUo;u% ¼iPphl½ vkfFkZd fodkl d s fy, ;kstuk % xzke iapk;r ds {ks= ds vkfFkZd fodkl d s fy, ;kstuk rS;kj djukA ¼NCchl½ izlwfr vkSj cky fodkl % ¼d½ xzke iapk;r Lrj ij efgyk ,oa cky fodkl dk;dZ zeks a ds fdz;kUo;u ea s Hkkx yus k( ¼[k½ cky LokLF; vkSj iks’k.k dk;Zdzeks a dh izksUufr ( ¼lÙkkbl½ lekt dY;k.k] ftlds vUrxZr fodykxks a vkSj ekufld :Ik ls ean O;fDr;ks a dk dY;k.k Hkh gS % ¼d½ o`)koLFkk vkSj fo/kok isU”ku ;kstukvks a ea s lgk;rk djuk( ¼[k½ fodykxksa vkSj ekufld :Ik ls eUn O;fDr;ks a ds dY;k.k dks lfEefyr djrs gq, lekt dY;k.k dk;Zdzeks a eas Hkkx yus kA ¼vV~Bkbl½ detksj oxksZa vkSj fof”k’Vr;k vuqlwfpr tkfr;ks a vkSj vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ks a dk dY;k.k % ¼d½ vuqlwfpr tkfr;ks]a vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ks a vkSj lekt ds vU; detksj oxksaZ d s fy, fof”k’V dk;Zdzeks a ds dk;kZUo;u ea s Hkkx yus k( ¼[k½ lkekftd U;k; ds fy, ;kstukvks a dh rS;kjh vkSj dk;kUZ o;uA ¼mUrhl½ lkoZtfud forj.k iz.kkyh % ¼d½ vR;ko”;d oLrqvks a ds forj.k ds lEcU/k eas lkoZtfud psruk dh izksUufr( ¼[k½ lkoZtfud forj.k iz.kkyh dk vuqJo.kA ¼rhl½ lkeqnkf;d vkfLr;ks a dk vuqj{k.k % lkeqnkf;d vkfLr;ks a dk ifjj{k.k vkSj vuqj{k.kA 15&d&& xzke iapk;r izfro’kZ iapk;r {ks= ds fy, ,d fodkl ;kstuk rS;kj ;kstuk dk rS;kj djuk djsxh vkSj mls lEcfU/kr {ks= iapk;r dks ,sls fnukad ds iwoZ vkSj ,sls izk:Ik vkSj jhfr es]a tSlh fu;r dh tk;] izsf’kr djsxhA 16& jkT; ljdkj] vf/klpw uk }kjk vkSj ,slh “krksa Z ds v/khu jgrs gq,] tSlh mlea s d`R`;] tks fd fdlh xzke fofufnZ’V dh tk;] fuEufyf[kr ea s ls ;k lHkh d`R;ks a dks xzke iapk;rks a dks leuqnsf”kr dj iapk;r dks leuqnsf”kr fd, tk ldrs gSa ldrh gS( vFkkZr~ %& ¼d½ iapk;r {ks= ea s fLFkr fdlh ou dh O;oLFkk vkSj vuqj{k.k( ¼[k½ iapk;r {ks= ds Hkhrj] fLFkr ljdkj dh catj Hkwfe] pkjkxkg Hkwfe ;k [kkyh iM+h Hkwfe dh O;oLFkk( ¼x½ fdlh dj dk Hkw&jktLo dk laxzg vkSj lEcfU/kr vfHkys[kks a dk vuqj{k.kAÀ1 1- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la[;k 9 o’kZ 1994 dh /kkjk 2 }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 30 ¿la;qDr izkUr iapk;r jkt vf/kfu;e] 1947À ¿/kkjk 16d&18À ¿16&d&& ¿xzke iapk;rÀ3] ¿xzke iapk;rÀ4 dh vf/kdkfjrk ds ckgj ds ,sls vf/kdkfjrk ds ckgj ds laxBuks]a laLFkkvks a ,oa d`R;ks a ds fy, va”knku ds :Ik ea s ,slh /kujkf”k;ka ns ldrh gS] tSlk laxBuks a vkfn dks va”knku fd jkT; ljdkj lkekU; ;k fo”ks’k vkns”k }kjk vuqefr nsAÀ1 nsus dh “kfDr 17&& ¿xzke Ikapk;rÀ3 dk viuh vf/kdkfjrk ds Hkhrj fLFkr ,slh leLr lkoZtfud lM+dks]a ty& lkoZtfud lM+dks a uknZu bafM;k dSuky ,sMa Mss~ust ,sDV] 1873 dh /kkjk 3 dh mi/kkjk ¼1½ es a ekxksa Z rFkk vU; fo’k;ks a ds lEcU/k ea s ¿xzke iapk;rksÀa 3 ;Fkk ifjHkkf’kr ugjks a ls fHkUu ,sls tyekxksaZ ij tks futh lM+d vFkok tyekxZ u gks vkSj dh “kfDr tks jkT; ljdkj vFkok ftyk ifj’kn~ vFkok jkT; ljdkj }kjk fofufnZ’V fdlh vU; izkf/kdkjh ds fu;U=.k ea s u gks] fu;U=.k gksxk vkSj og mlds vuqj{k.k vksj ejEer ds fy, 1873 dk ,sDV la0 8 leLr vko”;d dk; Z dj ldrh gS vkSj&& ¼d½ u, iqyksa vFkok iqfy;ks a dk fuekZ.k dj ldrh gS( ¼[k½ fdlh lkoZtfud lM+d iqfy;k vFkok iqy dks nwljh fn”kk es a eksM+ ldrh gS] fojfer dj ldrh gS ;k mls cUn dj ldrh gS( ¼x½ ikl&iM+kls ds [krs ks a dks U;wure {kfr iagqpdj fdlh lkoZtfud lM+d] iqfy;k vFkok iqy dks pkSMk+ dj ldrh gS] mls [kys ldrh gS] mldk foLrkj dj ldrh gS vFkok mlea s vU;= izdkj ls lq/kkj dj ldrh gS( ¼?k½ ty&ekxksZa dks xgjk dj ldrh gS vFkok mldk vU; izdkj ls lq/kkj dj ldrh gS( ¿¼³½ fu;r izkf/kdkjh dh Lohdf`r ls vkSj tgka uknZu bafM;k dSuky ,sUM Msu~ st ,sDV] 1873 ds v/khu dksbZ ugj fo|eku gks rks flapkbZ foHkkx ds ,sls vf/kdkjh dh Lohdf`r ls Hkh] ftls jkT; ljdkj fu;r djs] /kkjk 15 ds [k.M ¼;w½ ds v/khu vkns”k }kjk fofufnZ’V y?kq flapkbZ iz;kstukvks a ds vfrfjDr y?kq flapkbZ iz;kstuk;as izkjEHk dj ldrh gS(À2 ¼p½ lkoZtfud lM+d ij fudyh gqbZ fdlh >kMh+ ;k fdlh o`{k dh fdlh “kk[kk dks dkV ldrh gS( ¼N½ fdlh lkoZtfud tyekxZ dks ihus vFkok ikd fdz;k lEcU/kh iz;kstuksa ds fy, i`Fkd fd;k tkuk vf/klfwpr dj ldrh gS vkSj Luku djus] diM+k /kksus vkSj i”kqvks a ds ugykus vFkok ,sls vU; dk;kZas ds fy, fd, tkus dk ftuls bl izdkj i`Fkd fd, x, tyekxZ ds nwf’kr gksus dh laHkkouk gks] izfr’ks/k dj ldrh gS % izfrcU/k ;g gS fd jkT; ljdkj }kjk rnFk Z fu;r izkf/kdkjh dh iwoZ vuqefr ds fcuk [k.M ¼N½ ds v/khu dksbZ ,slh ckr u dh tk;xh ftldk izHkko uknZu bafM;k dSuky ,sMa Msªust ,sDV] 1873 }kjk “kkflr ugj ij iMsA+ 18&& lQkbZ ds lq/kkj ds fy, ¿xzke iapk;rÀ3] uksfVl }kjk fdlh Hkwfe vFkok lQkbZ dk lq/kkj Hkou ds Lokeh vFkok v/;klh dks] mldh foRrh; fLFkfr dk fopkj djrs gq, vkSj mls mlds ikyu dk ;Fkksfpr le; nsdj fuEufyf[kr ds fy, funs”k ns ldrh gS %&& 1- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la0 33] 1961 dh vuqlwph 8 ¼2½ }kjk vUrfoZ’VA 2- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la0 10] 1965 dh /kkjk 3 }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 3- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la[;k 9 o’kZ 1994 dh /kkjk 2 }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 4- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 29 }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 31 ¿la;qDr izkUr iapk;r jkt vf/kfu;e] 1947À ¿/kkjk 19À ¼d½ ,slh Hkwfe vFkok Hkou ls lEcfU/kr fdlh “kkSpky;] ew=ky;] ikonku] ukyh] eydwi vFkok xyht] lyts &ty ;k eyok ;k dwMk+&djdV ds vu; ik= dks cUn djus] gVkus] ifjofrZr djus] ejEer djus] lkQ djus] dhVk.kq jfgr djus vFkok vPNh gkyr es a j[kus vFkok ,sls fdlh “kkSpky;] ew=ky; vFkok ukcnku] ds] tks fdlh lM+d ;k ukyh dh vksj [kyq rk gks] fdlh njokt s ;k tkyh dks gVkus ;k ifjofrZr djus vFkok fdlh ukyh dk fuekZ.k djus] vFkok ,sls “kkSpky;] ew=ky; vFkok ukcnku dks i;kZIr Nr vkSj nhoky ;k ?ksjs ls cUn djus] ftlls m/kj ls vkus tkus okys rFkk iMksl+ es a jgus okys O;fDr mls u ns[k ldsa( ¼[k½ fdlh futh dq;s]a rkykc] tyk”k;] gkSt] dqaM] xrZ] xM~<~s ;k mles a fd, x, [knku dks] tks ¿xzke iapk;rÀ3 dks ikl&iMksl+ ds o;fDr;ks a ds LokLF; ds fy, gkfudj vFkok nqxZU/k;qDr izrhr gks] lkQ djus] mldh ejEer djus] mls <dus ikVus] fuLlkfjr djus] xgjk djus vFkok mldk ty fudkyus d s fy,( ¼x½ fdlh ouLifr] o`{kks a ds uhps mxh gqbZ >kkfM+;ks]a ukxQuh] >kM+ >a[kM+ dks lkQ djus d s fy,( ¼?k½ /kwy] xkscj] ey] [kkn vFkok dksbZ gkfudj ;k nqxZU/k;qDr inkFkZ dks ogka ls gVkus vFkok Hkwfe vFkok Hkou dks lkQ djus ds fy, % izfrcU/k ;g gS fd og O;fDr] ftl ij [k.M ¼[k½ ds v/khu uksfVl rkehy dh tk;] uksfVl izkIr djus ds fnuakd ls 30 fnu ds Hkhrj ftyk LokLF; vf/kdkjh dks mDr uksfVl ds fo:) vihy dj ldrk gS tks mls cny ldrk gS] jn~n dj ldrk gS vFkok mldh iqf’V dj ldrk gSA 19&& ¼1½ ¿xzke iapk;rÀ3 && fo|ky;ks a rFkk fpfdRlky;ks a dk vuqj{k.k ¼d½ ,sls fu;eks a ds v/khu gjrs gq;s] tks ikB;dze v/;kidks a ds vkSj lq/kkj lsok;kstu rFkk vgZrk vkSj fo|ky; ds i;Zos{k.k ds laca/k esa fu;r fd;s tk;]a fdlh fo|eku izkjfEHkd fo|ky; dh] ftles a mlds Hkou vkSj QuhZpj lfEefyr gS] vuqjf{kr djsxh rFkk mlds leqfpr dk;dZ j.k ds fy;s mRrjnk;h gksxh vkSj blh izdkj og fdlh u;s fo|ky; dks LFkkfir rFkk vuqjf{kr dj ldrh gS vFkok fdlh fo|eku fo|ky; dk lq/kkj dj ldrh gS( ¼[k½ ,sls fu;eks a ds v/khu jgrs gq;s tks LFkkiuk] vuqj{k.k rFkk i;Zos{k.k ds lca/k esa fu;r fd;s tk;s]a fdlh fo|eku vk;oq sfZnd ¿gksE;ksiSfFkdÀ1 vFkok ;wukuh fpfdRlky; vFkok vkS’k/kky; dks] ftles a mldk Hkou vkSj lkt&lTtk Hkh lfEefyr gSa] vuqjf{kr djsxh vkSj blh izdkj Åij mfYyf[kr fpfdRlk iz.kkfy;ks a es a ls ,d ;k ,d ls vf/kd iz.kkfy;ks a ds fy;s u;k fpfdRlky; vFkok vkS’k/kky; LFkkfir vkSj vuqjf{kr dj ldrh gSA ¼2½ ,sls fo|ky;] fpfdRlky; vFkok vkS’k/kky; ds fy;s ftyk ifj’kn~ vkSj jkT; ljdkj }kjk ,sls vuqnku fn;s tk;sxa s] tks fu;r fd;s tk;sAa ¿***À2 1- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la0 2] 1955 dh /kkjk 19 }kjk c<k;k x;kA 2- m0iz0 vf/k0 la0 37] 1978 dh /kkjk 15 }kjk fudkyk x;kA 3- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la[;k 9 o’kZ 1994 dh /kkjk 2 }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 32 ¿la;qDr izkUr iapk;r jkt vf/kfu;e] 1947À ¿/kkjk 20&24À ¿20&& ;fn ikl&iMksl+ dh ¿xzke iapk;rksÀa 8 ds fdlh lewg ds fy, izkjfEHkd ¿xzke iapk;rksÀa 8 es a fdlh fo|ky; ;k vk;oq sfZnd] gksE;ksiSfFkd ;k ;wukuh vkS’k/kky; u gks] vFkok mls vius lkekU; lewg ds fy, izkjfEHkd ykHk ds fy;s fdlh lM+d vFkok iqy dh vko”;drk gks] rks mldh ¿xkao iapk;rsÀa 6] ;fn fo|ky;] fpfdRlky;] vkS’k/kky;] lM+d vFkok fu;r izkf/kdkjh }kjk ,slk funs”k fn;k tk;] ,sls fo|ky;] fpfdRlky; vFkok vkS’k/kky; iqy dh LFkkiuk dks LFkkfir vkSj vuqjf{kr djus ds fy, vFkok ,slh lM+d vFkok ,sls iqy dks fufeZr ;k vuqjf{kr djus d s fy, ,d esa lfEefyr gks tk;axh vkSj mldk izcU/k rFkk foRriks’k.k fu;r jhfr ls fd;k tk;xkA ,sls fo|ky; fpfdRlky;] vkS’k/kky;] lM+d vFkok iqy ds fy, jkT; ljdkj vkSj ftyk ifj’kn~ }kjk ,sls vuqnku fn;s tk;sxa s tk s fu;r fd;s tk;aAÀ7 21&& ;fn jkT; ljdkj }kjk ,slk fu;r fd;k tk; vkSj tgka rd O;ogk; Z gks] ljdkjh lsodks a dh ¿xzke iapk;rÀ5 vius {ks= ds Hkhrj fdlh ljdkjh lsod dks viuk drZO; ikyu djus esa lgk;rk lgk;rk nsxhA 22&& ¿xzke iapk;rÀ5 lewfpr izkf/kdkjh dks&& ¿xzke iapk;rksaÀ8 }kjk vH;kosnu rFkk flQkfj”ksa ¼d½ viuh vf/kdkfjrk ds Hkhrj fuokl djus okys O;fDr;ks a ds dY;k.k ds laca/k es a dksbZ vH;kosnu ns ldrh gS( vkSj ¼[k½ ,slh ¿xzke iapk;rÀ8 dh vf/kdkfjrk ds Hkhrj fdlh {ks= es a dk; Z djus okys flapkbZ foHkkx ds irjkSy] iVokjh ¿vFkok y[s kiky] xkao ds pkSdhnkjÀ1 vFkok eqf[k;k dks fu;qDr] LFkkukUrfjr vFkok inP;qr djus ds laca/k es a flQkfj”k dj ldrh gSA 23&& fdlh vehu] vknsf”kdk&okgd] Vhdk yxkus okys] dkLVsfcy] ¿xkao ds dfri; deZpkfj;ks a ds pkSdhnkjÀ3 iVokjh] flapkbZ foHkkx ds ¿irjkSy rFkk uydwy&pkyd] cu j{kd] ou foHkkx vopkj ds ckjs es a tkap ds pkSdhnkj] izkjfEHkd fo|ky; ds v/;kid] dkth&gkml j{kd] xkao ds LVkdeSuÀ4 vFkok djus rFkk fjiksVZ djus dh “kfDr fdlh ljdkjh foHkkx ds pijklh }kjk ¿viusÀ2 ljdkjh drZO;ks a ds ikyu es a vopkj ds lEcU/k es a xkao iapk;r dh vf/kdkfjrk es a fuokl djus okys fdlh O;fDr ls ifjokn izkIr gksus ij ,slh ¿xzke iapk;rÀ5] ;fn izR;{kr% dksbZ lk{; miyC/k gS] mls viuh fjiksVZ ds lkFk leqfpr izkf/kdkjh dks HkstsxhA izkf/kdkjh ,slh vxzsrj tkap djus ds mijkUr] tks visf{kr gks] leqfpr dk;oZ kgh djsxk vkSj ¿xkao iapk;rÀ5 dks mlds ifj.kke dh lwpuk nsxkA 24&& ¿xzke iapk;rÀ6] tSlk fd fu;r fd;k tk;] vkSj viuh vf/kdkfjrk ds Hkhrj Lokfe;ks a ds fy, dj rFkk fdlh {ks= ds laca/k es a fuEufyf[kr ls lafonk dj ldrh gS%& vU; {ks=ks a dh olwyh ds fy, lafonk djus dh ¿¼d½ jkT; ljdkj vFkok fdlh LFkkuh; izkf/kdkjh ls jkT; ;k ,sls LFkkuh; “kfDr izkf/kdkjh dks ns; fdUgha djks a vFkok ns;ks a dh olwyh djus ds s fy, ,slh olwyh dk O;; Hkqxrku fd;s tkus ij] tks fu;r fd;k tk;( ;kÀ5 ¿¼[k½ jkT; ljdkj vFkok fdlh LFkkuh; izkf/kdkjh ls fdlh dk;Z dks ,sls fucU/kuks a ij djus d s fy, ftuds laca/k es a djkj fd;k tk;AÀ6 1- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la0 2] 1955 dh /kkjk 20 }kjk c<k;k x;kA 2- mi;ZqDr dh /kkjk 21 ¼1½ }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 3- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 21 ¼2½ }kjk c<k;k x;kA 4- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 21 ¼3½ }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 5- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 22 ¼1½ }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 6- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 22 ¼2½ }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 7- m0iz0 vf/k0 la0 33] 1961 dh vuqlwph 8 ¼2½ }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 8- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la[;k 9 o’kZ 1994 dh /kkjk 2 }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 33 ¿la;qDr izkUr iapk;r jkt vf/kfu;e] 1947À ¿/kkjk 25À ¿25&& ¼1½ bl vf/kfu;e ds fdlh mica/k] fdlh mÙkj izns”k vf/kfu;e] fu;e] deZpkfjoxZ fofu;e ;k mifof/k ea s ;k fdlh U;k;ky; ds fdlh fu.kZ; fMdzh ;k vkns”k ea s fdlh ckr ds gksrs gq, Hkh && ¼d½ jkT; lHkk] lkekU; ;k fo”ks’k vkns”k }kjk] ,sls fdlh deZpkjh ;k deZpkfj;ks a ds oxZ dks] tks jkT; ds dk;Zdyki ds laca/k eas lsokjr gks] ,sls inuke ls] ftls vkns”k ea s fofufnZ’V fd;k tk;] xzke iapk;rks a ds v/khu lsok djus ds fy, LFkkukUrfjr dj ldrh gS vkSj rnqijkUr ,sls deZpkjh ;k deZpkfj;ks a dh rSukrh fdlh fty s dh xzke iapk;rks a ea s ,sls izf/kdkjh }kjk ,slh jhfr ls dh tk;xs h] tSlh jkT; ljdkj }kjk vf/klwfpr dh tk;( ¼[k½ fdlh xzke iapk;r ea s bl izdkj LFkkukUrfjr vkSj rSukr fd, tkus ij deZpkjh ;k deZpkjhx.k mUgha fuca/kuks a vkSj “krksaZ ij vkSj lsokfuo`fÙk ykHkks a vkSj vU; fo’k;kas ds laca/k ea s ftlea s inksUufr Hkh lfEefyr gS] mUgha vf/kdkjks a vkSj fo”ks’kkf/kdkjks a ds lkFk] tks ,sls LFkkukUrj.k ds Bhd iwoZ mu ij iz;ksT; gksrs] xzke iapk;r ds fu;a=.k vkSj Ik;Zos{k.k ds v/khu lsok djsxa s vkSj ,sls drZO;ks a dk ikyu djsxa s] tks mUgs a jkT; ljdkj }kjk le;&le; ij fofufnZ’V fd, tk;aA ¼2½ mi/kkjk ¼1½ ds micU/kksa ds v/khu jgrs gq, dksbZ xzke iapk;r] fu;r izkf/kdkjh ds iwoZ vuqeksnu ds Ik”pkr~ le;&le; ij ,sls deZpkfj;ks a dks] ftUgas og bl vf/kfu;e ds v/khu vius d`R;ksa dk n{krkiw.kZ fuoZgu djus ds fy, vko”;d le>s] ,slh izfdz;k ds vuqlkj] tSlh fu;r dh tk;] fu;qDr dj ldrh gS % izfrca/k ;g gS fd xzke iapk;r] fu;r izkf/kdkjh ds iwoZ vuqeksnu ds fcuk fdlh in dks lf`tr ugha djsxhA ¼3½ xzke iapk;r dks ,slh “krksaZ vkSj fucZU/kuks a ds v/khu jgrs gq, vkSj ,slh izfdz;k ds vuqlkj] tSlh fu;r dh tk;] mi/kkjk ¼2½ ds v/khu fu;qDr deZpkfj;ks a ij fdlh Hkh izdkj dk n.M vf/kjksfir djus dh “kfDr gksxhA ¼4½ ,slh “krksaZ vkSj fucZU/kuks a ds v/khu jgrs gq, ftUgas fu;r fd;k tk;] xzke iapk;r mi/kkjk ¼2½ ds v/khu fu;qDr deZpkfj;ksa ij fdlh y?kqn.M dks vf/kjksfir djus dh “kfDr iz/kku gks ;k viuh fdlh lfefr dks izfrfufgr dj ldrh gSA ¼5½ mi/kkjk ¼3½ ds v/khu fdlh deZpkjh ij dksbZ n.M vf/kjksfir djus ds fdlh vkns”k ds fo:) vihy ,sls vf/kdkjh ;k lfefr dh gksxh] ftls jkT; ljdkj vf/klwpuk }kjk fofufnZ’V djsA ¼6½ fu;r izkf/kdkjh ,slh “krksaZ ds v/khu jgrs gq,] tks fu;r dh tk;] mi/kkjk ¼1½ ds [k.M ¼[k½ ea s fufnZ’V fdlh deZpkjh dks ,d xzke iapk;r ls mlh fty s dh nwljh xzke iapk;r dks LFkkukUrfjr dj ldrk gS vkSj jkT; ljdkj] ;k ,slk vU; vf/kdkjh] ftls bl fufeÙk jkT; ljdkj }kjk l”kDr fd;k tk;] blh izdkj fdlh ,sls deZpkjh dks ,d fty s ls nwljs ftys ea s LFkkukUrfjr dj ldrk gSA ¼7½ U;k; iapk;r] fu;r izkf/kdkjh ds iwoZ vuqeksnu ls] fdlh O;fDr dks vius deZpkfjoxZ ea s fu;r jhfr ls fu;qDr dj ldrh gSA bl izdkj fu;qDr O;fDr fu;r izkf/kdkjh ds iz”kkldh; fu;a=.k eas jgsxk] ftldks mls LFkkukUrfjr djus] n.M nsus] fuyfEcr djus] lsok&eqDr djus ;k inP;qr djus dh “kfDr gksxhA ¼8½ mi/kkjk ¼7½ ds v/khu fdlh O;fDr dks n.M nsus] fuyfEcr djus] lsokeqDr djus ;k inP;qr djus okys fu;r izkf/kdkjh ds fdlh vkns”k ds fo:) vihy jkT; ljdkj }kjk bl fufeÙk fu;qDr izkf/kdkjh dks gksxhA 34 ¿la;qDr izkUr iapk;r jkt vf/kfu;e] 1947À ¿/kkjk 25d&28À 25&d&& jkT; ljdkj ;k ,slk vf/kdkjh ;k izkf/kdkjh] ftls jkT; ljdkj }kjk lsdszzVjh bl fufeÙk l”kDr fd;k tk;] /kkjk 25 dh mi/kkjk ¼1½ ds [k.M ¼[k½ eas ;k mi/kkjk ¼2½ ea]s fufnZ’V deZpkfj;ks a ea s ls lsdzsVjh fu;qDr djsxk] tks ,slh xzke iapk;r ;k xzke iapk;rks]a lacaf/kr xzke lHkkvks a vkSj U;k; iapk;rks]a ftldh izknsf”kd lhekvks a ds Hkhrj ,slh xzke iapk;r fLFkr gks] ds lsdzsVjh ds :Ik ea s dk; Z djsxk vkSj ,sls vU; drZO;kks a dk ikyu djsxk] tks jkT; ljdkj }kjk ;k ,sls vf/kdkjh ;k izkf/kdkjh }kjk] ftls jkT; ljdkj bl fufeÙk l”kDr djs] fofufnZ’V fd, tk,aAÀ5 26&& ¿xzke iapk;rÀ2 dk lnL; fdlh cSBd es a dksbZ ladYi izLrqr dj ldrk gS i`Fkd&i`Fkd lnL;ks a dk vkSj iz/kku ;k mi iz/kku ls ¿xzke iapk;rÀ2 ds iz”kklu ls lacaf/kr fo’k;kas ds lEcU/k es a iz”u vf/kdkj fu;r jhfr ls iwN ldrk gSA ¿27&& ¼1½ izR;sd ¿xzke iapk;rÀ3 dk] iz/kku ;k miiz/kku] bl vf/kfu;e ds v/khu vf/kHkkj la?kfVr ¿xzke iapk;rÀ2 ;k la;qDr lfefr ;k fdlh vU; lfefr dk izR;sd lnL; vkSj izR;sd U;k; iapk;r dk ljiap] lgk;d ljiap ;k iap] ;FkkfLFkfr ¿xzke iapk;r ;k U;k; iapk;rÀ4 ds /ku ;k lEifRr dh gkfu] nqO;Z; ;k nq:i;kstu ds fy, vf/kHkkj dk nsunkj gksxk] ;fn ,slh gkfu] nqO;Z; ;k nq:i;kstu mlds ,slk iz/kku] mi iz/kku] lnL;] ljiap] lgk;d ljiap ;k iap jgus dh vof/k esa mldh mis{kk ;k vopkj ds izR;{k ifj.kkeLOk:i gqvk gks % izfrcU/k ;g gS fd ,slh gkfu nqO;Z; ;k nq:i;kstu ds gksus ls nl o’kZ dh lekfIr ;k ml fnukad ls tc nsunkj O;fDr vius in ij u jg tk; ikap o’kZ lekfIr] tks Hkh i”pkrorhZ gks] ds i”pkr~ ,slk nkf;Ro lekIr gks tk;xkA ¼2½ fu;r izkf/kdkjh ml izfdz;k ds vuqlkj] tks fu;r dh tk;] vf/kHkkj dh /kujkf”k fuf”pr djsxk vkSj dysDVj dks ml /kujkf”k dk izek.k&i= Hkstsxk] tks ;g lek/kku gks tkus ij fd /kujkf”k ns; gS] mls Hkw&jkTkLo dh cdk;k dh Hkkafr olwy djsxkA ¼3½ vf/kHkkj dh /kujkf”k fu;r djus ds fu;r izkf/kdkjh ds vkns”k ls O;fFkr dksbZ O;fDr] ,sls vkns”k ds rhl fnu ds Hkhrj jkT; ljdkj ;k ,sls vU; vihy izkf/kdkjh] dks] tks fu;r fd;k tk; vkSj vkns”k ds fo:) vihy dj ldrk gSA ¼4½ tgkaa mi/kkjk ¼2½ es a fofufnZ’V vf/kHkkj fu;r djus vkSj mls olwy djus dh dk;oZ kgh u dh tk;] ogka jkT; ljdkj nsunkj O;fDr ds fo:) ,slh gkfu] nqO;; ;k nq:i;kstu ds izfrdj ds fy, okn lafLFkr dj ldrh gSAÀ1 28&& bl vf/kfu;e ds v/khu la?kfVr U;k; iapk;r] ¿xzke iapk;rÀ2] l;aDq r lnL; rFkk lsod yksd lfefr vFkok fdlh vU; lfefr dk izR;sd lnL; vFkok lsod Hkkjrh; naM lafgrk dh lsod gksxa s /kkjk 21 ds vFk Z vUrxZr yksd lsod le>k tk;xkA 1- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la0 37] 1978 dh /kkjk 17 }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 2- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la0 9] 1994 dh /kkjk 2 }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 3- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 33 ¼d½ }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 4- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 33 ¼[k½ }kjk c<k;k x;kA 5- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la0 27 o’kZ 1999 dh /kkjk 2 }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 35 ¿la;qDr izkUr iapk;r jkt vf/kfu;e] 1947À ¿/kkjk 28d&28 [kÀ ¿28&d&& ¼1½ ¿***À4 ¿xzke iapk;rÀ3 Hkwfe&izcU/kd lfefr Hkh gksxh vkSj bl :i Hkwfe izcU/kd lfefr es a og mRrj izns”k tehankjh fouk”k vkSj Hkwfe&O;oLFkk vf/kfu;e] 1950] dh /kkjk 117 vFkok mÙkj izns”k vf/kfu;e mDr vf/kfu;e ds fdlh vU; micU/k ds v/khu ¿xzke iapk;r dhÀ5 ;k mlesa fufgr vFkok la[;k 1] 1951 mlds }kjk /k`r lHkh lEifRr ds j[k&j[kko] laj{k.k rFkk i;Zos{k.k laca/kh drZO;ksa dk ikyu djsxhA ¼2½ iz/kku rFkk mi iz/kku Hkwfe&izcU/kd lfefr ds dze”k% lHkkifr rFkk mi lHkkifr gksxa s] vkSj ¿xzke iapk;rÀ6 dh vf/kdkfjrk ds vUrxZr vkus okys {ks= dk] y[s kiky mldk lsdszVjh gksxkAÀ1 ¿28&[k&& ¼1½ Hkwfe&izcU/kd lfefr ij] ¿xzke iapk;rÀ7 ds fy, rFkk mldh vksj Hkwfe izcU/kd lfefr ds ls /kkjk 28&d es a vfHkfn’V leLr lEifRr] ftlds vUrxZr] fuEufyf[kr Hkh gS] ds lkekU; d`R; izcU/k] ifjj{k.k rFkk fu;U=.k dk Hkkj gksxk&& ¼d½ Hkwfe dk cUnkscLr rFkk izcU/k fdUrq blds vUrxZr mRrj izns”k tehankjh fouk”k vkSj Hkwfe&O;oLFkk vf/kfu;e] 1950 dh /kkjk 117 ds v/khu vFkok mDr vf/kfu;e ds fdlh vU; micU/k ds v/khu ¿xzke iapk;rÀ7 es a rRle; fufgr fdlh lEifRr dk vUrj.k ugha gS( ¼[k½ ou rFkk o`{kks a dk ifjj{k.k] vuqj{k.k rFkk fodkl( ¼x½ vkcknh LFkyks a rFkk xzke lapkj lk/kuks a dk vuqj{k.k vkSj fodkl( ¼?k½ gkVks]a cktkjks a rFkk esyks a dk izcU/k( ¼³½ tyk”k;ks a vkSj rkykcks a dk vuqj{k.k rFkk fodkl( ¼p½ tksr pdcUnh esa lgk;rk nsuk( ¼N½ ¿xzke iapk;rÀ3 }kjk mlds fo:) lfefr ds d`R;ks a ls lEc) vFkok muls mn~Hkwr gksus okys oknks a rFkk dk;oZ kfg;ks a dk lapkyu vkSj vfHk;kts u( ¼t½ mRrj izns”k tehankjh&fouk”k vkSj Hkwfe&O;oLFkk vf/kfu;e] 1950 vFkok fdlh vU; vf/kfu;fer ds v/khu Hkwfe&izcU/kd lfefr dks fo”ks’kr% vH;fiZr d`R;ks a dk lEiknu( vkSj ¼>½ ,sls izcU/k] ifjj{k.k rFkk fu;a=.k ls lEc) dksbZ vU; fo’k;] tks fofgr fd;k tk;( vkSj og ¿xzke iapk;rÀ3 dh mu lHkh “kfDr;ks a dk iz;ksx dj ldrh gS tks ,sls drZO;ks a ds fuoZgu ds fy, vko”;d ;k vkuq’kafxd gksaAÀ2 ¼2½ Hkwfe&izcU/kd lfefr mRrj izns”k tehankjh&fouk”k vkSj Hkwfe&O;oLFkk vf/kfu;e] 1950 bZ0 ds micU/kks a ds v/khu jgrs gq, vius dk;Z djsxhA 1- m0aiz0 vf/kfu;e la0 3] 1973 dh /kkjk 7 }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 2- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la0 37] 1978 dh /kkjk 8 }kjk izfrLFkkfir A 3- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la0 9] 1994 dh /kkjk 2 }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 4- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 34 ¼d½ ¼,d½ }kjk fujflr 5- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 34 ¼d½ ¼nks½ }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 6- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 34 ¼[k½ }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 7- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 35 }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 36 ¿la;qDr izkUr iapk;r jkt vf/kfu;e] 1947À ¿/kkjk 28x&29À ¿28&x&& ¼1½ ¿xzke iapk;rÀ2 vU;Fkk Hkwfe&izcU/kd lfefr dk dksbZ lnL; ;k lnL; rFkk vf/kdkjh] Hkwfe iVokjh] dyDs Vj dh fyf[kr vuqefr ds flok;] tkucw>dj Lo;a ;k vius Hkkxhnkj ds izcU/kd lfefr ds lkFk lafonkvks a vkfn ea s LrRo ek/;e ls ;k vU;Fkk lacaf/kr lfefr ds lkFk] mlds }kjk ;k mldh vksj ls fdlh ykblsl] ugha vftZr djsxa s iVV~s] fodz;] fofue; lafonk ;k lsok;kstu es a dksbZ va”k; LoRo u rks vftZr djsxk ;k u vftZr djus dk iz;kl djsxk ;k u rks mlds laca/k es a vuqcU/k djsxk ;k u mls izkIr djus ds fy, lger gksxk ;k u mls /kkj.k djrk jgsxk % izfrcU/k ;g gS fd dsoy fuEufyf[kr ds dkj.k fdlh O;fDr dks fdlh lafonk lsok;kstu esa dksbZ va”k ;k LoRo vftZr fd;s gq, ;k vftZr djus dk iz;kl fd;s gq, ;k mls /kkj.k fd;s gq, ;k mlds laca/k es a vuqcU/k fd;s gq, ;k ,ls izkIr djus ds fy, lger gq, u le>k tk;xs k fd&& ¼d½ mlus lnL; in/kkjh gksus ls iwoZ dksbZ LoRo vftZr fd;k gS] ¼[k½ og ml TokbaV LVkd lEiuh esa] ftlus lafonk fd;k gS] dksbZ va”k /kkj.k djrk gS] rFkk ¼x½ og ,slh oLrq ds] ftles a og fdlh ,d o’kZ es a 50 :0 ls vuf/kd ewY; rd dk fu;fer :i ls O;kikj djrk gks]a lacaf/kr lfefr ds ek/;e ls ;nk dnk fd;s tkus okys fodz; es a dksbZ va”k ;k LoRo /kkj.k djrk gSA ¼2½ dksbZ Hkh U;k;ky; ;k vU; izkf/kdkjh fdlh O;fDr ds dgus ij ,sls fdlh lkSns ij vk/kkfjr nkok izofrZr ugha djsxk] tks mi/kkjk ¼1½ ds micU/kks a dk mYy?a ku djrk gksAÀ1 ¿29&& ¼1½ bl vf/kfu;e ds fdlh vU; micU/k es a ;k mlds v/khu cuk, x, lfefr;ka fu;eks a es a fdlh izfrdwy ckr ds gksrs gq, Hkh izR;sd xzke iapk;r] ,slh lfefr ;k lfefr;ka tSlh jkT; ljdkj }kjk le;&le; ij vf/klfwpr dh tk;] xzke iapk;r ds lHkh ;k fdUgha dR` ;ks a ds laiknu es a mldh lgk;rk djus d s fy, la?kfVr djsxh vkSj ,slh lfefr ;k lfefr;kasa dks viuh ,slh “kfDr;ka ;k d`R; izfrfufgr dj ldrh gS] tSlh og mfpr le>sA ¼2½ mi/kkjk ¼1½ ds v/khu la?kfVr izR;sd lfefr es a ,d lHkkifr vkSj N% vU; lnL; gksxa s] tks xzke iapk;r ds lnL;ks a }kjk vius es a ls fu;r jhfr ls fuokZfpr fd, tk;sxa s% izfrcU/k ;g gS fd ,slh izR;sd lfefr es a de ls de ,d efgyk] vuqlwfpr tkfr;ks a ;k vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ks a dk ,d lnL; vkSj fiNM+ s oxkZs a dk ,d lnL; gksxk % vxzÙkj izfrcU/k ;g gS fd jkT; ljdkj vf/klwpuk }kjk] ;g funs”k ns ldrh gS fd iz/kku ;k mi iz/kku ;k xzke iapk;r dk dksbZ vU; lnL; ,slh fdlh lfefr dk lHkkifr gksxk %À3 ¿ijUrq vxzsrj ;g Hkh fd fdlh fo’k; fo”ks’k ls lEcfU/kr fdl lfefr esa jkT; ljdkj fdlh ljdkjh deZpkjh dks lg&lfpo in ukfer dj ldsxhAÀ4 ¿¼3½ jkT; ljdkj vko”;drkuqlkj fdlh fo’k; fo”ks’k ds fy;s eq[; lfefr dh lgk;rkFkZ milfefr dk xBu vf/klwpuk }kjk dj ldsxhAÀ5 1- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la[;k 33] 1961 dh vuqlwph 8 ¼2½ }kjk c<k;k x;kA 2- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la0 9 o’kZ 1994 dh /kkjk 2 }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 3- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la[;k 33 o’kZ 1999 ds v/;k;&nks dh /kkjk 3 }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 4- mÙkjk[k.M vf/kfu;e la0 28 o’kZ 2003 dh /kkjk 2 ¼1½ }kjk izfrLFkkfir rFkk vUrfoZ’VA 5- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 2¼2½ }kjk c<+k;k x;kA 37 ¿la;qDr izkUr iapk;r jkt vf/kfu;e] 1947À ¿/kkjk 30&32À 30&& ¼1½ ,sls fu;eks a ds v/khu jgrs gq,] tks fu;r fd;s tk;a] nks ;k vf/kd ¿xzke la;qDr lfefr iapk;rsÀa 4 fdlh ,sls dk;Z dks djus ds iz;kstu ls] ftleas os la;qDr :Ik ls vfHk:fp j[krh gks]a ,slh la;qDr lfefr fu;qDr djus gsrq ftlesa muds izfrfuf/k lfEefyr gks]a fyf[kr }kjk lfEefyr gks ldrh gS( vkSj ¼d½ fdlh la;qDr dk; Z ds fuekZ.k rFkk vuqj{k.k ds lEcU/k es a ,slh izR;sd ¿xzke iapk;rÀ4 ij cU/kudkjh dksbZ ;kstuk rS;kj djus ds fy;s vkSj ml “kfDr ds lEcU/k es a ftldk fdlh ,slh ¿xzke iapk;rÀ4 }kjk ,slh ;kstuk ds lEcU/k esa iz;ksx fd;k tk;] mu “krksaZ ij ftUgas vkjksfir djuk os mfpr le>s]a ,slh lfefr dks “kfDr izfrfufgr dj ldrh gS( vkSj ¼[k½ ,slh lfefr ds cus jgus] muds lnL;ks a ds dk;Zdky vkSj dk;oZ kfg;ka rFkk i=&O;ogkj djus ds <aXk ds lEcU/k es a fu;e cuk ldrh gS ;k mUgas ifj’d`r dj ldrh gSA ¼2½ bl /kkjk ds v/khu dk;Z djrs gq, ¿xzke iapk;rksÀa 4 es a ;fn dksbZ erHksn mRiUu gks] rks mls fu;r izkf/kdkjh dks vfHkfn’V fd;k tk;xk] ftldk fu.kZ; mlds lEcU/k es a vfUre gksxkA ¿¼3½ ;fn fu;r izkf/kdkjh ,slk funs”k ns rks nks ;k mlls vf/kd ¿xzke iapk;rksÀa 4 /kkjk 15 vkSj 16 es a fofufnZ’V fdUgha d`R;ksa dk la;qDr :i ls fuoZgu djus ds fy;s bl /kkjk ds v/khu la;qDr lfefr fu;qDr djsxa hAÀ2 31&& ¿***À5 v/;k;& 5 Hkwfe dk vtZu] xkao fuf/k rFkk lEifRr ¿32&& ¼1½ ¿izR;sd xzke iapk;r ds fy;s ,d xkao fuf/kÀ6 gksxh vkSj ;g fuf/k /kkjk xkao fuf/k 41 ds v/khu ikfjr vk; vkSj O;; ds okf’kZd vuqeku ds micU/kks a ds v/khu jgrs gq, ¿xzke lHkkÀ3 vFkok ¿xzke iapk;rÀ3 vFkok mldh fdlh lfefr ij bl vf/kfu;e ;k fdlh vU; vf/kfu;fefr }kjk vkjksfir drZO;ks a rFkk nkf;Roks a ds fuoZgu ds fy;s mi;ksx es a yk;h tk;xs hÀ1 % ¿izfrcU/k ;g gS fd 1950 bZ0 dk mRrj izns”k tehankjh fouk”k vkSj Hkwfe O;oLFkk vf/kfu;e ds v/khu xkao fuf/k tek dh x;h leLr /kujkf”k;ks a ds ;ksx es a ls mDr vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 125&d ds v/khu lagr xkao fuf/k es a tek dh x;h /kujkf”k dks ?kVkus ij cph /kujkf”k rd ,slh /kujkf”k] tks Hkwfe izcU/kd lfefr }kjk vius drZO;ks a vkSj nkf;Roks a dk fuoZgu djus ds fy;s mi;ksx es a ykus ds fy;s visf{kr gks] xkao fuf/k es a ls Hkwfe izcU/kd lfefr dks izfro’kZ miyC/k dh tk;xs h % 1- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la0 02] 1955 dh /kkjk 26 }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 2- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la0 3] 1973 dh /kkjk 9 }kjk vUrfoZ’VA 3- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la[;k 9] 1994 dh /kkjk 2 }kjk izfrLFkkfir A 4- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 37 }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 5- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 38 }kjk fujflrA 6- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 39 ¼d½ }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 38 ¿la;qDr izkUr iapk;r jkt vf/kfu;e] 1947À ¿/kkjk 32dÀ vxzsrj izfrcU/k ;g gS fd Hkwfe izcU/kd lfefr }kjk fuf/k;kas dh vko”;drkvks a ds lEcU/k es a ,d vkSj Hkwfe izcU/kd lfefr vSj nwljh vksj ¿xzke iapk;rÀ3 vFkok ¿xzke lHkkÀ3 d s chp dksbZ erHksn gksus dh n”kk es a ekeyk iz/kku }kjk fu;r izkf/kdkjh dks vfHkfn’V fd;k tk;xk ftldk fu.kZ; cU/kudkjh gksxkAÀ1 ¼2½ xkao fuf/k es a fuEufyf[kr tek fd;s tk;sxa s %&& ¼d½ bl vf/kfu;e ds v/khu vkjksfir fdlh dj ls gksus okyh vk;( ¼[k½ jkT; ljdkj }kjk ¿xzke iapk;rÀ3 dks nh x;h leLr /kujkf”k;ka( ¼x½ ^^foyst iapk;r ,sDV** ds v/khu igys ls fo|eku foyst iapk;r ds uke tek vo”ks’k] ;fn dksbZ gks( ¼?k½ ,slh lHkh /kujkf”k;ka ftUgs a xkao fuf/k ds [kkrs es a tek djus ds fy;s fdlh U;k;ky; }kjk vkns”k fn;k x;k gks ¿vFkok fdlh fof/k ds v/khu vis{kk dh x;kh gks(À1 ¼³½ /kkjk 104 ds v/khu izkIr leLr /kujkf”k;ka( ¼p½ ¿xzke iapk;rÀ3 ds lsodksa }kjk ,d= leLr /kwy] xUnxh] xkscj ;k dwMk+&djdV] ftles a i”kqvks a ds “ko Hkh lfEefyr gS] dh fcdzh ls izkIr gksus okyh vk;( ¼N½ utwy dh lEifRr ds yxku vFkok mlls izkIr gksus okyh vU; vk; dk ,slk Hkkx ftls jkT; ljdkj xkao fuf/k ds [kkrs es a tek fd;s tkus dk funs”k ns( ¼t½ ¿ftyk ifj’kn~À2 vFkok fdlh vU; LFkkuh; izkf/kdkjh }kjk xkao fuf/k es a va”knku ds :i es a nh xbZ /kujkf”k;ka( ¼>½ _.k vFkok nku Lo:i izkIr leLr /kujkf”k;ka( ¼¥½ ,slh vU; /kujkf”k;ka] tks jkT; ljdkj }kjk fdlh fo”ks’k ;k lkekU; vkns”k }kjk xkao fuf/k dks vH;fiZr dh tk;a( ¼V½ leLr /kujkf”k;ka] tks /kkjk 24 vFkok fdlh vU; fof/k ds v/khu ¿xzke iapk;rÀ3 dks fdlh O;fDr vFkok fuxe vFkok jkT; ljdkj ls izkIr gqbZ gks(a ¿¼B½ jkT;

dh lafpr fuf/k ls lgk;rk vuqnku ds :Ik ea s izkIr leLr /kujkf”k;kaAÀ5 ¼3½ bl /kkjk es a fdlh ckr dk] ¿xzke iapk;rÀ6 ds fdlh ,sls nkf;Ro ij izHkko u iMsx+ k tks oS/k :i ls ml ij vkjksfir ;k mlds }kjk Lohdr` U;kl ls mRiUu gksA ¿¼4½ xkao fuf/k ea s ls /ku dk leLr vkgj.k vkSj mldk forj.k xzke iapk;r ds iz/kku vkSj lfpo }kjk la;qDr :Ik ls fd;k tk;xs kAÀ7 1- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la0 33] 1961 dh vuqlwph 8 ¼2½ }kjk c<k;k x;kA 2- mi;qZDr dh vuqlwph 8 ¼2½ }kjk bl vf/kfu;e es a tgka dgh Hkh “kCn ^fMfLV~DV cksMZ* vk;k gS] “kCn **ftyk ifj’kn~** j[k fn;k x;k FkkA 3- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la[;k 9] 1994 dh /kkjk 2 }kjk izfrLFkkfir A 4- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 39¼[k½¼,d½ }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 5- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 39¼[k½¼nks½ }kjk c<+k;k x;kA 6- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la[;k 21] 1995 dh /kkjk 10 }kjk izfrLFkkfir A 7- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la[;k 33 o’kZ 1999 ds v/;k;&nks dh /kkjk 4 }kjk c<+k;k x;kA 39 ¿la;qDr izkUr iapk;r jkt vf/kfu;e] 1947À ¿/kkjk 32 dÀ ¿32&d&& ¼1½ jkT;iky] lafo/kku ¼frgÙkjoka la”kks/ku½ vf/kfu;e] 1992 ds izkjEHk foÙk vk;ksx ls ,d o’kZ ds Hkhrj ;Fkk”kD; “kh?kz vkSj mlds Ik”pkr~ izR;sd ikapos o’kZ ds volku ij xzke iapk;r] {ks= iapk;r vkSj ftyk iapk;r dh foÙkh; fLFkfr dk iqufoZyksdu djus ds fy, vkSj jkT;iky dks fuEufyf[kr dh ckcr flQkfj”kas djus ds fy, ,d foÙk vk;kxs dk xBu djsxk %& ¼d½ fl)kUr] tks fuEufyf[kr dks “kkflr djsxa s %&& ¼,d½ jkT; }kjk mn~xzghr djks]a “kqYdks]a iFkdjksa vkSj Qhlkas ds “kq) vkxe dk jkT; vkSj xzke iapk;rks]a {ks= iapk;rks a vkSj ftyk iapk;rks a ds chp forj.k] ftls muds chp forfjr fd;k tk ldsxk vkSj xzke iapk;rks]a {ks= iapk;rks a vkSj ftyk iapk;rks a ds chp ,sls vkxeks a ds vius&vius va”kks a dk vkoaVu( ¼nks½ ,sls djks]a “kqYdks]a iFkdjks a vkSj Qhlkas dk vo/kkj.kk] tks xzke iapk;rks]a {ks= iapk;rks a vkSj ftyk iapk;rks a dks leuqnsf”kr fd;s tk ldaxs s ;k muds }kjk fofu;ksftr fd;s tk ldsxa s( ¼rhu½ jkT; dh lafpr fuf/k ea s ls xzke iapk;rks]a {ks= iapk;rks a vkSj ftyk iapk;rks a dks lgk;rk vuqnku( ¼[k½ xzke iapk;rks]a {ks= iapk;rks a vkSj ftyk iapk;rks a dh foÙkh; fLFkfr ea s lq/kkj djus d s fy, vko”;d v/;qik;( ¼x½ dksbZ vU; fo’k;] tks jkT;iky }kjk xzke iapk;rks]a {ks= iapk;rks a vkSj ftyk iapk;rks a dh Bksl foÙk O;oLFkk ds fgr ea s foÙk vk;kxs dks fufnZ’V fd;k tk;A ¼2½ foÙk vk;kxs ds ,d v/;{k vkSj nks vU; lnL; gksaaxs] tks ,slh vgZrk,a j[kasxs vkSj ,slh jhfr ls p;fur fd;s tk;sxa s] tSlh fd fu;r dh tk;A ¼3½ foÙk vk;kxs viuh izfdz;k vo/kkfjr djsxkA ¼4½ foÙk vk;kxs dk v/;{k ;k dksbZ lnL; LokgLrk{kfjr vkSj jkT;iky dks lEcksf/kr i= }kjk viuk in R;kx ldrk gS fdUrq R;kxi= Lohdr` fd;s tkus rd vius in ij cuk jgsxkA ¼5½ foÙk vk;kxs ds v/;{k ;k fdlh lnL; ds in ij fdlh vkdfLed fjfDr dks mlds iwokZf/kdkjh “ks’k vof/k rd ds fy, Hkjk tk ldrk gSA ¼6½ foÙk vk;kxs dks vius d`R;ksa ds lEiknu ds fy, fuEufyf[kr “kfDr;ka gksxa h( vFkkZr~ %& ¼d½ fdlh vf/kdkjh ;k izkf/kdkjh ls fdlh vfHkys[k dks ekax ldrk gS( ¼[k½ lk{; nsus ;k vfHkys[k izLrqr djus ds fy, fdlh O;fDr dks cqyk ldrk gS( vkSj ¼x½ ,slh vU; “kfDr;ka] tSlh fu;r dh tk;aA ¼7½ jkT;iky] bl /kkjk ds v/khu foÙk vk;kxs }kjk dh x;h izR;sd flQkfj”k dks ml ij dh xbZ dk;oZ kgh ds Li’Vhdkjd Kkiu ds lkFk jkT; fo/kku e.My ds nksuks a lnuks a ds le{k j[kok;xs kAÀ1 1- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la[;k 9] 1994 dh /kkjk 40 }kjk c<+k;k x;kA 40 ¿la;qDr izkUr iapk;r jkt vf/kfu;e] 1947À ¿/kkjk 33&37À 33&& ;fn ¿xzke iapk;rÀ5 vFkok ,slh vusd ¿xzke iapk;rsÀa 5 tks /kkjk 20 vFkok Hkwfe vftZr djus dh “kfDr 30 ds micU/kks a ds v/khu ,d es a lfEefyr gqbZ gksa] bl vf/kfu;e ds fdlh iz;kstu dks dk;kZfUor djus ds fy;s fdlh Hkwfe dh vis{kk djs] rks og ¿xzke iapk;rÀ5 vFkok ¿xzke iapk;rsÀa 5 igy s rks vkilh ckrphr }kjk Hkwfe xzg.k djus dk iz;Ru djsaxh vksj ;fn lEcfU/kr i{k] djkj djus esa pwd tk;]a rks ,slh ¿xzke iapk;rÀ5 ;k ¿xzke iapk;rsÀa 5 Hkwfe vftZr djus d s fy;s dyDs Vj dh fu;r izi= es a vkosnu i= ns ldrh gS vkSj dysDVj ,slh Hkwfe dks ,slh ¿xzke iapk;rÀ5 vFkok vFkok ¿xzke iapk;rksÀa 5 ds fy;s vftZr dj ldrk gSA Li’Vhdj.k& bl v/;k; esa in ^^Hkwfe** ds vUrxZr Hkwfe ls izksn~Hkwr gksus okys Qk;ns vkSj i`Foh ls layXu fdlh pht d s lkFk LFkk;h :i ls tdMh+ gqbZ phtas gSaA 34&& ¼1½ jkT; ljdkj }kjk fd;s x;s fdlh fo”ks’k vkj{k.k ds v/khu jgrs gq, xkao lHkk es a fufgr lEifRr ¿xzke iapk;rÀ6 dh vf/kdkfjrk ds Hkhrj fLFkr leLr lkoZtfud lEifRr ¿xzke iapk;rÀ6 es a fufgr gksxh rFkk ¿xzke iapk;rÀ6 dh gksxh vkSj ,slh leLr vU; lEifRr lfgr] tks ¿xzke iapk;rÀ6 es a fufgr gks tk;] mlds funs”k] izcU/k rFkk fu;a=.k es a gksxhA ¼2½ ,sls leLr cktkj rFkk esys vFkok muds ,sls va”k dk] tks lkoZtfud Hkwfe ij yxrs gksa] izcU/k vkSj fofu;eu ¿xzke iapk;rÀ6 }kjk fd;k tk;xk vkSj ¿xzke iapk;rÀ6] xkao fuf/k ds [kkrs eas ,sls leLr ns;ks a dk izkIr djsxh tks mlds lEcU/k es a mn~xghr ;k vkjksfir fd;s x;s gksAa 35&& ;fn /kkjk 34 es a mfYyf[kr fdlh lEifRr ds LokfeRo ds lEcU/k es a ¿xzke nkoks a dk fuLrkj.k iapk;rÀ6 vkSj fdlh O;fDr ds chp fookn mRiUu gks rks ¿xzke iapk;rÀ6 ,sls O;fDr;ks a dks lquokbZ dk leqfpr volj nsxh vkSj rc ;g fu.kZ; djsxh fd mDr lEifRr dks ¿xzke iapk;rÀ6 dh lEifRr le>k tk; ;k ughaA ¿36&& dksbZ ¿xzke iapk;rÀ6 jkT; ljdkj ls vFkok fu;r izkf/kdkjh dh iwoZ Lohdf`r ls rFkk ,slh “krksaZ ds v/khu jgrs gq, tks fu;r dh tk;]a fof/k }kjk LFkkfir fdlh foRrh; fuxe vFkok fdlh vuqlwfpr cSad ;k mRrj izns”k dks&vkijsfVc cSad vFkok fMfLVªDV dks&vkijsfVo cSad ¿;k fdlh vU; xako lHkkÀ2 ls bl vf/kfu;e ds fdlh Hkh iz;kstu dks dk;kZfUor djus d s fy;s /kujkf”k m/kkj y s ldrh gSAÀ1 ¿37&& ¼1½ ¿xzke iapk;rÀ8 ,rn~i”pkr~ fn;s x;s [k.M ¼d½ vkSj ¼[k½ es a of.kZr dj yxk;xs h vkSj [k.M ¼x½] ¼?k½] ¼³½] ¼p½] ¼N½] ¼t½] ¼>½] ¼¥½ vkSj ¼V½ es a of.kZr lHkh ;k dksbZ dj] Qhl vkSj “kqYd yxk ldrh gS] vFkkZr~ & À3 ¿¼d½ mu {ks=ksa esa tgka mRrj izns”k tehankjh fouk”k vkSj Hkwfe&O;oLFkk vf/kfu;e] 1950] tkSulkj ckoj tehankjh fouk”k vkSj Hkwfe&O;oLFkk vf/kfu;e] 1956 vFkok dqek;aw rFkk mRrjk[k.M tehankjh fouk”k rFkk Hkwfe&O;oLFkk vf/kfu;e] 1960 ds v/khu e/;ofrZ;ks a ds vf/kdkj] vkxe vkSj LoRo vftZr dj fy;s x;s gks]a Hkwfe ij mlds fy;s ns; vFkok ns; le>h tkus okyh Hkw&jktLo dh /kujkf”k ij izfr :i;k ¿de ls de iphl iSls fdUrq ipkl iSlsÀ4 ls vuf/kd dj yxk ldrh gS% 1- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e 03] 1973 dh /kkjk 10 }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 2- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la0 37] 1978 dh /kkjk 18 }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 3- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 19 ¼d½ }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 4- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 19 ¼[k½ }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 5- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la[;k 9] 1994 dh /kkjk 41 }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 6- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 42 rFkk 43 ¼d½ }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 41 ¿la;qDr izkUr iapk;r jkt vf/kfu;e] 1947À ¿/kkjk 37À izfrcU/k ;g gS fd ;fn Hkwfe ij ml O;fDr ls] ftlds }kjk fy;s Hkw&jktLo ns; gks vFkok ns;k le>k tk;] fHkUu O;fDr okLro es a d`f’k djrk gks rks dj ml O;fDr }kjk ns; gksxk] tks ml ij okLro es a d`f’k djrk gks ( ¼[k½ [k.M ¼d½ es a vfHkfn’V {ks=ks a ls fHkUu {ks=ks a es a HkkSfed vf/kdkj ls lEcfU/kr izo`Rr fof/k ds v/khu fdlh dk”rdkj }kjk og dqN Hkh dgykrk gks] ns; Hkw&jktLo dks /kujkf”k es a izfr :i;k ¿de ls de iPphl iSls fdUrq ipkl iSlsÀ5 ls vuf/kd dj yxk ldrh gS % izfrcU/k ;g gS fd ;fn Hkwfe ij ml O;fDr ls] tks mlds fy, Hkw&jktLo dk nsunkj gks] fHkUu O;fDr okLro es a d`f’k djrk gks rks dj ml O;fDr }kjk ns;k gksxk tks ml ij okLro es a d`f’k djrk gks(À4 ¿¼x½ ¿xzke iapk;rÀ7 ds {ks= es a vLFkk;h :i ls fLFkr izs{kkx`g] flusek vFkok blh izdkj ds vkeksn ij dksbZ dj] tks ikap :i;k izfrfnu ls vf/kd ugha gksxk] yxk ldrh gSAÀ3 ¼?k½ ¿xzke iapk;rÀ7 ds {ks= ds Hkhrj j[k s x;s vksj fdjk; s ij pyk;s tkus okys i”kqvks a vkSj ;U=pkfyr okguks a ls fHkUu okguks a ij muds Lokfe;ks a }kjk fuEufyf[kr nj ls ns; dj yxk ldrh gS tks&& ¼1½ tkuojks a dh n”kk esa] izfr tkuoj rhu :i;k izfro’kZ ls vf/kd u gksxk] ¼2½ xkfM+;ks a dh n”kk es]a izfr okgu N% :i;k izfro’kZ ls vf/kd u gksxk( ¼³½ mu O;fDr;ks a ij ¿dksbZ djÀ1 yxk ldrh gS] tks ,sls O;fDr ugha gS ftu ij [k.M ¼x½ ds v/khu ¿djÀ1 fu/kkZfjr fd;k tkrk gks vkSj tks ,sls cktkjks]a gkVks a vFkok esya ksa es a fcdzh ds fy, lkekuks a dks vfHknf”kZr djs] tks lEcfU/kr ¿xzke iapk;rÀ7 ds gks a vFkok mlds fu;U=.k es a gksa( ¼p½ ,sls i”kqvks a ds jftLVh~dj.k ij Qhl yxk ldrh gS] ftldh fcdzh fdlh ,sls cktkj vFkok LFkku ij dh tkrh gks] tks ¿xzke iapk;rÀ7 ds gks a vFkok mlds fu;a=.k es a gks(a ¼N½ o/k&”kkykvks a vkSj iMk+vks a dh Hkwfe ds iz;ksx ds fy, Qhl yxk ldrh gS( ¿¼t½ ty “kqYd] tgka ¿xzke iapk;rÀ7 }kjk ?kjsyw miHkksx ds dy, ty lEHkkfjr fd;k tkrk gks(À2 ¼>½ futh “kkSpky;ks a ;k ukfy;ks a dh lQkbZ ds fy, dj] tks mu x`gks a ds ftuls futh “kkSpky; dh ukyh layXu gks Lokfe;ksa ;k vH;kfl;ks a }kjk ns; gksxk] ml n”kk es a ,slh lQkbZ ¿xzke iapk;rÀ7 ds vfHkdj.k ds ek/;e ls dh tk;; ¿¼¥½ lM+dks a dh lQkbZ vkSj mu ij jks”kuh vkSj LoPNrk ds fy;s dj(À6 1- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la0 19] 1957 dh /kkjk 4 ¼2½ }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 2- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la0 10] 1965 dh /kkjk 4 ¼d½ }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 3- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la0 33] 1961 dh vuqlwph 8 ¼2½ }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 4- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la0 03] 1973 dh /kkjk 11 ¼2½ }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 5- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la0 37] 1978 dh /kkjk 19 ¼x½ }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 6- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 19 ¼?k½ }kjk vUrfoZ’VA 7- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la[;k 9] 1994 dh /kkjk 2 }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 42 ¿la;qDr izkUr iapk;r jkt vf/kfu;e] 1947À ¿/kkjk 37d&37xÀ ¿¼V½ flapkbZ “kqYd] tgka ¿xzke iapk;rÀ2 }kjk vius }kjk fufer ;k vuqjf{kr fdlh y?kq flapkbZ iz;kstuk ls falpkbZ ds fy, ty lEHkkfjr fd;k tkrk gks(À1 ¿¼B½ dksbZ ,slk vU; dj] ftls jkT; ea s vkjksfir djus dk vf/kdkj jkT; fo/kku e.My dks lafo/kku ds v/khu mlds vuqPNsn 277 dks lfEefyr djrs gq, vSkj ftldk xzke iapk;r }kjk vkjksi.k jkT; ljdkj us izkf/kdr` fd;k gksAÀa3 ¼2½ mi/kkjk ¼1½ ds v/khu dj] “kqYd rFkk Qhl ,slh jhfr ls rFkk ,sls le;ks a ij vkjksfir] fu/kkZfjr rFkk olwy fd;s tk;sxa s] tks fu;r fd;s tk;A ¿37&d&& ¼1½ ¿xzke iapk;rÀ4 }kjk yxk; s x;s dj] “kqYd vFkok Qhl ds fo:) vihy fu;e izkf/kdkjh dks dh tk;xs hA ¼2½ ;fn fu;r izkf/kdkjh dh tkudkjh esa ;g ckr ykbZ tk; fd dj] “kqYd vFkok Qhl fdlh ,sls O;fDr ij vkjksfir ugha fd;k x;k gS] ftl ij mls vkjksfir fd;k tkuk pkfg, Fkk] rks og ¿xzke iapk;rÀ4 dh ml O;fDr ;k mu O;fDr;ks a ij dj] “kqYd vFkok Qhl vkjksfir djus dk funs”k ns ldrk gS vkSj ¿xzke iapk;rÀ4 rnqijkUr rn~uqlkj dk;Z djsxhA 37&[k&& bl vf/kfu;e ds v/khu vkjksfir djksa ds dkj.k leLr ns;ks a vkSj ¿xzke djks a vkSj ns;ks a dks iapk;rÀ4 dks ns; vU; /kujkf”k;ks a dks ekyxqtkjh dh cdk;k ds :i esa olwy fd;k tk;xk eky&xqtkjh dh cdk;k ds ;fn lEcfU/kr ¿xzke iapk;rÀ4 fu/kkZj.k ds fnukad ls rhu ekl ds Hkhrj bl vk”k; dk ,d :i es a olwy fd;k tk;xk ladYi ikfjr djs % izfrcU/k ;g gS fd ;fn ¿xzke iapk;rÀ4 mDr rhu ekl dh vof/k ds Hkhrj ,slk ladYi ikfjr djus es a pwd djs] rks fu;r izkf/kdkjh djks a ds cdk;kas dks ekyxqtkjh dh cdk;ksa ds :i es a olwy djus dk izkf/kdkj nsxkA 37&x&& ¼1½ jkT; ljdkj fdlh ,slh vof/k ds lEcU/k es a pkgs og mRrj izns”k dj] “kqYd vFkok Qhl dh iapk;r jkt ¼la”kks/ku½ vf/kfu;e] 1954 ds izkjEHk ds iwoZ dh gks vFkok ckn dh] ¿xzke NwV iapk;rÀ4 }kjk yxk; s x;s fdlh dj] “kqYd vFkok Qhl dh iw.kZ :i ls vFkok vkaf”kd :i ls NwV ns ldrh gSA ¼2½ mi/kkjk ¼1½ d s v/khu jkT; ljdkj }kjk iz;ksDro; “kfDr fu;r izkf/kdkjh }kjk Hkh ;k tks lkekU; :i ls ;k fdlh fofufnZ’V {ks= es a ,slh ifjfLFkfr;ks a es a iz;ksDrO; gksxh] ftUgas jkT; ljdkj fu;r djsA ¼3½ ¿xzke iapk;rÀ4 dh ladYi }kjk vkSj ,slh ifjfLFkfr;ks a es]a tks fu;r dh tk;a] fdlh ,sls dj] “kqYd vFkok Qhl dh iw.kZ :i ls vFkok vkaf”kd :i ls NwV ns ldrh gS tks mlds }kjk vkjksfir fd;k x;k gks ;k yxk;k x;k gks % fdUrq izfrfcU/k ;g gS fd dksbZ ,slk ladYi rc rd izHkkoh ugh gksxk tc rd fd mls fu;r izkf/kdkjh }kjk vueksfnr u dj fn;k tk;A 1- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la0 10] 1965 dh /kkjk 4 ¼[k½ }kjk c<k+;k x;kA 2- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la[;k 9] 1994 dh /kkjk 2 }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 3- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 43 ¼[k½ }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 4- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 44 }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 43 ¿la;qDr izkUr iapk;r jkt vf/kfu;e] 1947À ¿/kkjk 38&42À ¼4½ ;fn mi/kkjk ¼1½ ls ¼3½ rd ds v/khu fdlh dj] “kqYd vFkok Qhl dh NwV nh x;h gks] rks bl izdkj NwV fn;s x;s dj] “kqYd vFkok Qhl ds lEcU/k es a fu/kkZfjrh ls olwy dh xbZ dksbZ /kujkf”k mls ¿xzke iapk;rÀ5 }kjk okil dj nh tk;xhAÀ1 38&& xkao iapk;r ,slh jhfr ls tks fu;r dh tk;] iapk;r ds djks avkSj ns;ks a dh ns;ks a dh olwyh rFkk olwyh] viuh fuf/k;ks a dh vfHkj{kk vkSj y[s kas d s vuqj{k.k dk izcU/k djsxhA fuf/k;ks a vkSj y[s kks a dh vfHkj{kk ¿39&& ¼1½ U;k; iapk;r ds O;; xkao fuf/k vFkok lfdZy esa lekfo’V ¿xzke U;k; iapk;r ds O;; xkao iapk;rksÀa 5 ds xkao fuf/k ;k xkao fuf/k;kas ij ,sls vuqikr es a Hkkfjr gksxa s tks fu;r izkf/kdkjh fuf/k ij Hkkfjr gksxa s }kjk vo/kkfjr fd;k tk;A ¼2½ bl vf/kfu;e ds v/khu fopkj.kh; okn es a U;k;ky; Qhl vkSj tqekZus ds :i es a olwy dh xbZ lekLr /kujkf”k;ka jkT; ljdkj ds [kkrs esa tek dh tk;xs h] fdUrq jkT; ljdkj bl olwy dh xbZ /kujkf”k es a ls lacaf/kr ¿xzke iapk;rÀ5 dks vuqnku :i es a 50 izfr”kr ls vuf/kd ,sls va”k ftls og fuf”pr djs] dk Hkqxrku U;k; iapk;r ds O;;ks a dks iwjk djus d s fy;s djsxhAÀ2 ¿40&& izR;sd ¿xzke iapk;rÀ5 vkSj U;k; iapk;r ds y[s ks dh ijh{kk ¿izR;sd o’kZÀ6 y[s kk&ijh{kk ,slh jhfr ls ¿vkSj ,slh Qhl dk Hkqxrku djus ijÀ4 dh tk;xs h tks fu;r dh tk; tk;AÀ3 ¿41&& izR;sd xzke iapk;r ,slh vof/k ds Hkhrj vkSj ,slh jhfr ls] tSlh fu;r dh xzke iapk;r dk ctV tk;] vkxkeh igyh vizSy ls izkjEHk gksus okys foÙkh; o’kZ ds fy, xzke iapk;r dh vuqekfur izkfIr;ks a vkSj O;; dk fooj.k rS;kj djsxh] tks fd xzke iapk;r }kjk mldh cSBd ea s mifLFkr vkSj er nsus okys lnL;ks a dh lk/kkj.k cgqer ls ifkrj fd;k tk;sxk vkSj ,slh cSBd ds fy, x.kiwfrZ xzke iapk;r ds lnL;ks a dh dqy l[a ;k ds vk/ks d s vf/kd l s gksxhAÀ7 v/;k;& 6 U;k; iapk;r 42&& ¼1½ jkT; ljdkj vFkok fu;r izkf/kdkjh fty s dh lfdZyksa es a foHkkftr U;k; iapk;r dh LFkkiuk djsxk vkSj ¿xzke iapk;rksÀa 8 dh vf/kdkfjrk ds v/khu jgrs gq, izR;sd lfdZy es a mrus {ks= lekfo’V gksxa s] ftrus b’Vdj gks a rFkk ,sls izR;sd lfdZy ds fufeRr ,d U;k; iapk;r dh LFkkiuk djsxk% izfrcU/k ;g gS fd izR;sd lfdZy ds Hkhrj ¿xzke iapk;rÀ8 ds {ks= ;FkklaHko ijLij layXu gksxa sA 1- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la0 02] 1955 dh /kkjk 29 }kjk c<k+;k x;kA 2- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 30 }kjk c<k;k x;kA 3- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 31 }kjk c<k;k x;kA 4- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la0 37] 1978 dh /kkjk 20 }kjk vUrfoZ’VA 5- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la[;k 9] 1994 dh /kkjk 45 }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 6- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 46 }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 7- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 47 }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 8- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 48 }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 44 ¿la;qDr izkUr iapk;r jkt vf/kfu;e] 1947À ¿/kkjk 43&47À ¼2½ izR;sd U;k; iapk;r es a lnL;ksa dh la[;k U;uw re nl rFkk vf/kdre iPphl ds v/khu jgrs gq, mruh gksxh tks fu;r dh tk;] fdUrq U;k; iapk;r ds fy;s ;g fof/k lEer gksxk fd mles a fdlh fjfDr ds gksrs gq, Hkh ;g dk;Z djrh jgs % izfrcU/k ;g gS fd mles iapks a dh la[;k fu;r la[;k ds nks&frgkbZ ls de u gksA 43&& ¼1½ fu;r izf/kdkjh }kjk ¿xzke iapk;rÀ7 ds lnL;ks a es a ls mruh la[;k es a iapksa dh fu;qfDr vkSj O;fDr U;k; iapk;r ds iap gksus ds fy;s fu;qDr fd;s tk;asxs ftruh dh fu;r dh tk; mudk dk;Zdky vkSj rnqijkUr bl izdkj fu;qDr O;fDr ¿xzke iapk;rÀ7 ds lnL; u jg tk;sxa s rFkk ¿xzke iapk;rÀ7 es a muds LFkku ;Fkk”kD; /kkjk 12 es a micfU/kr jhfr ls Hkjs tk;saxs % ¿ifzrcU/k ;g gS fd ;fn U;k; iapk;r ds iap gksus ds fy;s okafNr la[;k es a ¿xzke iapk;rÀ7 ds lnL; miyC/k u gks]a rks fu;r izkf/kdkjh ds fy;s ;g fof/k lEer gksxk fd og bl izdkj gqbZ fjfDr;ks a dh] ;fn dksbZ gks] iwfrZ xkao lHkk ds vU; lnL;ks a esa ls ukekadu }kjk dj nsAÀ6 ¼2½ dksbZ O;fDr U;k; iapk;r dk iap rc rd u fu;qDr fd;k tk;xk tc rd fd mles a o vgZrk;as u gks a tks fu;r dh tk;a% ¿izfrcU/k ;g gS fd ;fn ,slh fu;qfDr;ks a ds fy;s fu;r vgZrk;as j[kus okys mi;qDr O;fDr miyC/k u gks]a rks fu;r izkf/kdkjh ,slh vgZrkvksa esa ls fdlh ;k lHkh vgZrkvks a dks fyf[kr vkns”k }kjk f”kfFky dj ldrk gSAÀ4 44&& ¿/kkjk 43 ds v/khu fu;qDr iap ,slh jhfr ls vkSj ,slh vof/k ds Hkhrj] tks ljiap rFkk lgk;d fu;r dh tk;] vius esa ls ,sls nks O;fDr;ksa dks] tks dk;oZ kfg;ksa dks vfHkfyf[kr djus dh ljiap dk fuokZpu {kerk j[krs gks] ljiap rFkk lgk;d ljiap ds :Ik es a fuokZfpr djsxa s % izfrcU/k ;g gS fd ;fn iap ;FkkiwoksDZ r ljiap vFkok lgk;d ljiap fuokZfpr djus es a pwd djs a rks fu;r izkf/kdkjh ljiap ;k lgk;d ljiap fu;qDr dj ldrh gSAÀ1 45&& ¿U;k; iapk;r ds izR;sd iap dk dk;dZ ky bl izdkj mldh fu;qfDr ds iap dk dk;Zdky fnukad ls izkjEHk gksxk vkSj tc rd bl vf/kfu;e ds micU/kks a ds v/khu vU;Fkk lekIr u gks tk;] ml xkao iapk;r ds dk;dZ ky ds lkFk lekIr gksxk] ftlls og fu;qDr fd;k x;k Fkk % izfrcU/k ;g gS fd ljiap rFkk lgk;d ljiap vius&vius inks a ij rc rd cus jgsxa s rc rd muds mÙkjkf/kdkjh fuokZfpr vFkok fu;qDr u gks tk;aAÀ5 46&& ¿ *** À2 47&& ¿iap] ljiap vFkok lgk;d ljiap ,sls izkf/kdkjh dks] tks fu;r fd;k tk;] iapks dk in R;kx lEcksf/kr LogLrk{kfjr ys[k }kjk bl izdkj viuk in R;kx ldsxk vkSj rnqijkUr mldk in fjDr gks tk;xkAÀ3 1- m0 iz0 vf/kfu;e la[;k 2 o’kZ 1955 dh /kkjk 34 }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 2- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 36 }kjk fudkyk x;kA 3- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 37 }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 4- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la0 15] 1960 dh /kkjk 13 }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 5- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 14 }kjk izfrLFkfirA 6- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la0 3] 1973 dh /kkjk 12 }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 7- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la[;k 9] 1994 dh /kkjk 2 }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 45 ¿la;qDr izkUr iapk;r jkt vf/kfu;e] 1947À ¿/kkjk 48&51À 48&& ¿ *** À1 49&& ¿¼1½ ljiap] U;k; iapk;r ds le{k vkus okys vkijkf/kd oknks a rFkk tkpks a ds U;k; iapk;r dh U;k;ihB fuLrkj.k ds fy;s U;k;ihBs a cuk;sxk] ftues a izR;sd esa ikap iap gksaxsA ¼2½ U;k;ihBks a dk cuk;k tkuk] vof/k ftl rd os dk; Z djsxa s] ftlds vUrxZr vkaf”kr :i es a lqus x;s vkijkf/kd oknks a dh lquokbZ Hkh gS] U;k;kihBks a ds chp dk; Z ds foHkktu] vUrj.k rFkk iqu% vUrj.k dk <ax vkSj oknks a rFkk tkapks a es a muds }kjk lkekU; :i ls vuqlfjr dh tkus okyh izfdz;k fu;eks a ds v/khu gksxhA ¼3½ dksbZ iap ljiap vFkok lgk;d ljiap fdlh ,sls okn ds fopkj.k vFkok tkap es a Hkkx u ysxk] ftlesa og Lo;a ;k mldk dksbZ fudV laca/kh lsok;kts d] lksok;ksftr deZpkjh] _.kh] _.knkrk vFkok Hkkxhnkj ,d i{k gks vFkok ftles a mues a lsdksbZ O;fDRkxr :i ls vfHk:fp j[krk gksA ¼4½ bl /kkjk es a fdlh ckr ds gksrs gq, Hkh jkT; ljdkj fdlh oxZ vFkok oxksaZ ds oknks a ds fopkj.k ds fy;s fo”ks’k U;k;kihBks a dk la?kVu fu;r dj ldrh gS % izfrcU/k ;g gS fd jkT; ljdkj fdlh Hkh le; ,sls fo”ks’k U;k;ihB ds iqula?kBu ds fy;s vkns”k ns ldrh gSA ¼5½ U;k;ihBks a ds cuk; s tkus vFkok muds dk;dZ j.k ds <ax ls lacaf/kr dksbZ fookn fu;r izkf/kdkjh dks vfHkfn’V fd;k tk;xk] ftldk fu.kZ; vfUre gksxkAÀ2 ¿50&& ¼1½ ;fn fdlh iap dk in mldh e`R;q gks tkus] mls gVk; s tkus vFkok vkdfLed fjfDr;ka s dk mlds inR;kx nsus ds dkj.k fjDr gks tk;s rks mls /kkjk 45 ds mica/kks a ds v/khu jgrs gq;s Hkjk tkuk mlds dk;Zdky dh vlekIr vof/k ds fy;s fu;r izkf/kdkjh }kjk ¿xzke iapk;rÀ6 d s rRle; ds lnL;ks a es a ls fdlh O;fDr dks fu;qDr djds Hkjk tk;xs k vkSj ;fn og iap ftlus in fjDr fd;k gks] ljiap ;k lgk;d ljiap Hkh jgk gks rks ;FkkfLFkfr ,d u;k ljaip vFkok lgk;d ljiap /kkjk 44 ds micaf/kr jhfr ls fuokZfpr fd;k tk;xs k A ¼2½ mi/kkjk ¼1½ ds v/khu iap ds :Ik ea s fu;qDr fd;k x;k dksbZ O;fDr viuh fu;qfDr ds fnukad ls xkao dk lnL; u jg tk;xs k vkSj ¿xzke iapk;rÀ6 es a bl izdkj gqbZ dksbZ fjfDr /kkjk 12&t ds iz;kstu ds fy;s vkdfLed fjfDr le>h tk;xs h AÀ3 ¿50&d&& lgk;d ljiap] ljiap dh ,slh “kfDr;ks a dk iz;ksx djsxk] tks fu;r lgk;d ljiap dh dh tk; s AÀ4 “kfDr;ka ¿51&& ¼1½ ¿n.M izfdz;k lafgrk] 1973À7 ea s fdlh ckr ds gksrs gq;s U;k; iapk;r {ks=h; vf/kdkfjrk 1898 }kjk fopkj.k ;ksX; izR;sd vkijkf/kd okn ml lfdZy ds U;k; iapk;r ds ljiap ds le{k dk vf/kfu;e la0 5 lafLFkr fd;k tk;xs k] ftlea s vijk/k fd;k gksAÀ5 1- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la0 2 1955 dh /kkjk 38 }kjk fudkyk x;kA 2- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 39 }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 3- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 40 }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 4- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 41 }kjk Ck<+k;k x;kA 5- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 42 ¼1½ }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 6- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la[;k 9] 1994 dh /kkjk 2 }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 7- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la0 37] 1978 dh /kkjk 21¼d½ }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 46 ¿la;qDr izkUr iapk;r jkt vf/kfu;e] 1947À ¿/kkjk 52&53À ¼2½ flfoy izfdz;k lafgrk] 1908 ea s fdlh ckr ds gksrs gq;s Hkh bl vf/kfu;e ds 1908 dk vf/kfu;e la0 v/khu lafLFkr izR;sd vkijkf/kd okn ml lfdZy ds U;k; iapk;r ds ljiap ds le{k 5 lafLFkr fd;k tk;sxk] ftleas ¿izfroknh vkSj ;fn ,d ls vf/kd izfroknh gks rks lHkh izfroknh] flfoy okn ds lafLFkr gksus ds le; lkekU; :Ik ls fuokl djrs gks a ;k O;kikj djrs gksAa À3] Hkys gh okn dkj.k fdlh Hkh LFkku ea s mRiUu gqvk gksA ¼3½ ¿ ***À1 ¿52&& ¼1½ fuEufyf[kr vijk/k rFkk ,sls vijk/kka s dks djus ds nq”izsjz .k rFkk iz;kl U;k; iapk;r }kjk laKs; ;fn fdlh U;k; iapk;r dh vf/kdkfjrk ds Hkhrj fd;s tk; s rks os ,sls U;k; iapk;r ds vijk/k laKs; gkssxs a %& ¼d½ Hkkjrh; naM lafgrk] 1860 dh /kkjk 140] 160] 172] 174] 179] 269] 1860 dk vf/kfu;e la0 277] 283] 285] 289] 290] 294] 323] 334] 341] 352] 357] 358] 374] 379] 403 45 rFkk 411 ¼tgka /kkjk 379] 403 rFkk 411 ds v/khu vkijkf/kd oknka s es a pqjkbZ xbZ vFkok nqfoZfu;qDr lEifRr dk ewY; 50 :0 ls vf/kd u gks] 426] 428] 430] 431] 447] 448] 504] 506] 509 rFkk 510 ds v/khu vijk/k ( ¼[k½ i”kq vfrpkj vf/kfu;e] 1871 dh /kkjk 24 rFkk 26 ds v/khu vijk/k( vf/kfu;e la0 1] 1871 ¼x½ ;wukbVsM izkfoalst fMfLVªDV cksMZ izkbejh ,twds’ku ,sDV] 1926 dh 1926 dk vf/kfu;e la0 /kkjk 10 dh mi/kkjk ¼1½ d s v/khu vijk/k ( 1 ¼?k½ lkoZtfud |qr vf/kfu;e] 1867 dh /kkjk 3] 4] 7 rFkk 13 ds v/khu vf/kfu;e la0 3] 1867 vijk/k ( ¼M+½ iwoksDZ r vf/kfu;fefr;kas vFkok fdlh vU; vf/kfu;fer ds v/khu ,slk dksbZ vU; vijk/k] tks jkT; ljdkj }kjk ljdkjh xtV es a vf/klpw uk izdkf”kr djds U;k; iapk;r }kjk laKs; ?kksf’kr fd;k tk; s ( rFkk ¼p½ bl vf/kfu;e vFkok mlds v/khu cuk; s x;s fdlh fu;e ds v/khu dksbZ vijk/k A ¼1&d½ jkT; ljdkj ljdkjh xtV eas vkns”k izdkf”kr djds Hkkjrh; naM lafgrk] 1860 dk vf/kfu;e la[;k 1860 dh /kkjk 279] 286] 356 ds v/khu vijk/kka s dk laKku djus ds fy;s fdlh U;k;k 45 iapk;r dks l”kDr dj ldrh gS rFkk blh izdkj mi/kkjk ¼1½ ds [kaM ¼d½ ls ¼?k½ rd es a vfHkfn’V fdlh vijk/k dks lkekU;r;k U;k; iapk;rkas ds vFkok ,sls U;k; iapk;rkas ds tks fofufnZ’V dh tk;s] laKku ls okil ys ldrh gS AÀ2 ¼2½ Hkkjrh; naM lafgrk] 1860 dh /kkjk 143] 145] 151 rFkk 153 ds v/khu fdlh 1860 dk vf/kfu;e la0 vijk/k ls lacaf/kr ,slk dksbZ vkijkf/kd okn] tks fdlh U;k;ky; ds le{k fopkjk/khu gks] 45 fopkj.k ds fy;s U;k; iapk;r dks vUrfjr fd;k tk ldrk gS] ;fn og ,sls U;k;ky; dh jk; eass xaHkhj vijk/k u gks A 53&& ¼1½ tc dHkh U;k;ky; ds ljiap dks ;g vk”kda k djus dk dkj.k gks fd Ikfj”kkafar dk;e j[kus ds laHkkO; gS fd dksbZ O;fDr ifj”kkafr Hkax djsxk ;k yksd “kkfUr fo{kqC/k djsxk] tks og ml fy;s izfrHkwfr O;fDr ls bl ckr dk dkj.k crkus ds fy;s dg ldrk gS] fd og iUnzg fnu ls vuf/kd vof/k ds fy;s ifj”kkfUr dk;e j[kus ds fy;s izfrHkwvkas lfgr ;k izfrHkwwvks a ds fcuk 100 #0 ls vuf/kd dh /kujkf”k dk cU/k i= fu’ikfnr djus d s fy;s D;ks a u vkfn’V fd;k tk;A 1- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la0 2] 1955 dh /kkjk 42 ¼2½ }kjk fudkyk x;kA 2- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la[;k 2] 1955 dh /kkjk 43 }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 3- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la0 37] 1978 dh /kkjk 21 ¼[k½ }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 47 ¿la;qDr izkUr iapk;r jkt vf/kfu;e] 1947À ¿/kkjk 54&55À ¼2½ ljiap ,slk uksfVl tkjh djus ds ckn mDr ¿ekey s dh U;k;ihB dks vfHkfn’V djsxkAÀ2 U;k;ihB ,sls O;fDr vFkok ,sls lkf{k;kas dh] ftUgas og izLrqr djus dh vis{kk djs] lquokbZ djus ds ckn ;k rks vkns”k dh iqf’V dj ldrk gS ;k uksfVl dks fujkdr` dj ldrk gSA ¿¼3½ ;fn og O;fDr] ftls mi/kkjk ¼2½ ds v/khu ;FkkiwoksDZ r cU/k i= fu’ikfnr djus dh vis{kk dh x;h gks] ,slk djus es a pwd djs rks og ,sls izR;sd fnu ds fy;s] tc rd vkns”k esa fu;r vof/k ds nkSjku pwd gksrh jgs] ikap :i;s rd] tSlk fd U;k;ihB fu;r djs] “kkfLr dk Hkqxrku djus dk Hkkxh gksxkAÀ3 54&& ¼1½ dksbZ U;k; iapk;r dkjkokl dk eq[; n.Mkns”k ugha nsxhA “kkfLr;ka ¼2½ U;k; iapk;r ¿nks lkS ipkl :i;sÀ6 ls vuf/kd vFknZ .M vkjksfir dj ldrh gS] fdUrq n.M Hkqxrku es a pwd fd;s tkus ij dkjkokl dk naM ugha fn;k tk;xk] ¿izfrcU/k ;g gS fd fdlh vfHk;Dq r dk ,d gh vkijkf/kd okn es a rhu ls vf/kd vijk/kks a ds fy;s fopkj.k u fd;k tk;xk vkSj vkijkf/kd okn es a fdlh ,d vfHk;Dq r ij tqekZuk vkjksfir fd;k tk; rks og dqy feykdj ¿nkS lkS ipkl :i;sÀ6 ls vf/kd u gksxkAÀ4 ¿55&& ¼1½ fdlh {ks= ds fy;s U;k; iapk;r dh LFkkiuk gks tkus ds i”pkr~ dksbZ vijkf/kd oknks a dk laKku U;k;ky; bl vf/kfu;e es a vU;Fkk micfU/kr voLFkk dks NksMdj] ,slh U;k; iapk;r }kjk 1860 dk vf/kfu;e la0 fopkj.k;kXs ; fdlh vkijkf/kd okn dk laKku ugha djsxkA 45 ¼2½ ;fn dksbZ U;k; iapk;r /kkjk 95 ds v/khu fuyfEcr] vfrdzfer vFkok fo?kfVr gks tk; vFkok fdlh vU; dkj.k ls dk; Z djuk cU/k dj ns rks mlds le{k fopkj ftu leLr vijkf/kd okn l{ke vf/kdkfjrk okys U;k;y; dks vUrfjr gks tk;xa s] tks mUgs a fof/k ds vuqlkj fuLrkfjr djsxk % IkzfrcU/k ;g gS fd U;k;ky; es a ,sls leLr vkijkf/kd oknks a dk u;s fljs ls fopkj.k izkjEHk gksxk% vxzrj izfrcU/k ;g gS fd fdlh U;k; iapk;r ds ckjs es a dsoy bl dkj.k ls fd mlds iapksa dk iqu% fuokZpu gksuk gS] ;g u le>k tk;xs k fd mlus dk; Z djuk cUn dj fn;k gSA ¼3½ /kkjk 52 es a rFkk bl /kkjk dh mi/kkjk ¼1½ es a fdlh ckr ds gksrs gq;s Hkh dksbZ Hkh U;k;ky; Hkkjrh; n.M lafgrk] 1860 dh /kkjk 431 rFkk 447 ds v/khu fdlh vijk/k dk laKku dj ldrk gS] ;fn og ,slk djus ds fy;s vU;Fkk l{ke u gksA ¼4½ /kkjk 52 es a rFkk bl /kkjk dh mi/kkjk ¼1½ ls ¼3½ es a fdlh ckr ds gksrs gq;s Hkh] fdUrq n.M izfdz;k lafgrk] 1898 ds micU/k ds lnSo v/khu jgrs gq;s] ;fn fdlh U;k;y; ds mDr /kkjkvks a esa vfHkfn’V fdlh vijk/k dk lKku fd;k gS vkSj ,sls vkijkf/kd okn es a vfHk;Dq r ds mifLFkr gksus ds fy;s U;k;y; }kjk tkap dh tk ldrh gS vkSj ml ij fopkj.k fd;k tk ldrk gSAÀ5 1- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la[;k 2] 1955 dh /kkjk 43 }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 2- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 44¼1½ }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 3- mi;qZDr dh mi/kkjk ¼2½ dh /kkjk 44 }kjk c<k;k x;kA 4- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 45 }kjk c<k;k x;kA 5- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 46 }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 6- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la[;k 37] 1978 dh /kkjk 22 }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 48 ¿la;qDr izkUr iapk;r jkt vf/kfu;e] 1947À ¿/kkjk 56&59À ¿56&& ;fn dksbZ U;k;ky; ;g ik; s fd dksbZ vkijkf/kd okn U;k; iapk;r }kjk U;k;ky;ks a }kjk U;k; fopkj.k ;ksX; gS] rks og /kkjk 55 dh mi/kkjk ¼4½ es a micfU/kr voLFkk dks NksM+dj] mls iapk;rks a dks vkijkf/kd& oknks a dk vUrj.k l{ke vf/kdkfjrk okyh U;k; iapk;r dks vurfjr djsxk vkSj rnuUrj U;k; iapk;r mldk u;s fljs ls fopkj.k djsxhAÀ1 57&& U;k; iapk;r fdlh ifjokn dks [kkfjt dj ldrh gS ;fn ifjoknh dk Ikfjoknks a dk ljljh rkSj ijh{k.k djus vkSj ,slk lk{; yus s ds ckn ftls og izLrqr djs] mldk ;g lek/kku gks tk; ij 5 [kkfjt fd;k tkuk fd ifjokn rqPN] {ksHkdkjh vFkok vlR; gSA ¿58&& ;fn U;k; iapk;r dks fdlh Hkh le; ;g izrhr gks fd&& U;k; iapk;r }kjk vkijkf/kd oknks a dk ¼d½ mlds le{k fopkjk/khu fdlh vkijkf/kd okn ds fopkj.k dh mldh U;k;y;ks a dks vUrfjr vf/kdkfjrk ugha g]S fd;k tkuk ¼[k½ vUrxzZLr vijk/k ,slk gS fd ftlds fy;s og i;kZIr n.M ugha ns ldrh gS] vFkok ¼x½ vkijkf/kd okn dk U;k;ky; }kjk vU;Fkk fopkj.k fd;k tkuk pkfg;s] rks og mls l{ke vf/kdkfjrk okys U;k;ky; dks vUrfjr dj nsxh vkSj ,sls vUrj.k dh lwpuk lEcfU/kr i{kks a dks ns nsxhAÀ2 ¿59&& dksbZ Hkh U;k; iapk;r fdlh ,sls O;fDr ds fo:} fdlh vkijkf/kd okn dk dfri; O;fDr;ks a dk laKku u djsxh] ;fn O;fDr&& fopkj.k U;k; iapk;rks a }kjk u fd;k tk;xk ¼d½ igy s gh fdlh ,sls vijk/k es a nks’kfl) Bgjk;k x;k gks] tks rhu o’kZ ;k mlls vf/kd vof/k ds fy;s nksuks a es a ls fdlh izdkj ds dkjkokl ls n.Muh; gks% ¼[k½ ftl ij fdlh U;k; iapk;r }kjk pksjh ds fy;s igy s gh tqekZuk fd;k x;k gks% ¼x½ ftls n.M izfdz;k lafgrk] 1898 dh ¿;k n.M izfdz;k lafgrk] 1973 dhÀ4 /kkjk 109 vFkok 110 ds v/khu lnkpkj cuk;s j[kus d s fy;s vkc} fd;k x;k gks] ¼?k½ ftls lkoZtfud |qr vf/kfu;e] 1867 ds v/khu igy s gh nks’kfl) Bgjk;k x;k gks] vFkok ¼³½ yksd lsod gkAs À3 60&& dksbZ tqekZuk vkjksfir djrs le; U;k; iapk;r ;g vkns”k ns ldrh gS fd Ikfjokfn;ks a dks izfrdj olwy fd;k x;k lEiw.kZ tqekZuk ;k mldk dksbZ Hkkx fuEufyf[kr ds fy;s iz;qDr fd;k tk;&& ¼d½ ifjoknh }kjk vkijkf/kd okn es a mfpr :i ls fd;s x;s O;; dks iwjk djus] 1- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la[;k 2] 1955 dh /kkjk 47 }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 2- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 48 }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 3- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 49 }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 4- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la[;k 37] 1978 dh /kkjk 23 }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 49 ¿la;qDr izkUr iapk;r jkt vf/kfu;e] 1947À ¿/kkjk 60&64À ¿¼[k½ vijk/k ds dkj.k fdlh lkjou gkfu vFkok {kfr ds fy, fdlh O;fDr dks izfrdj dk Hkqxrku djus] ;k À1 ¿¼x½ pksjh xbZ laifRr ds fdlh ln~Hkkoe; dsrz k dks mldh gkfu ds fufer izfrdj nsus ds fy, ;fn lEifRr mlds gdnkj O;fDr ds dCts es a izR;kfofrZr dj nh tk;AÀ2 ¿61&& ¼1½ ;fn U;k; iapk;r ds le{k lafLFr fdlh vkijkf/kd okn es a fdlh vfHk;qDr dks izfrdj O;fDr ij fdlh ,sls vijk/k dk vfHk;kxs yxk;k x;k gks] tks U;k; iapk;r }kjk fopkj.k ;ksX; gks] vkSj U;k; iapk;r ml vfHk;Dq r dks foeqDr dj nsrh gS vkSj mldh ;g jk; gks fd ml ij yx;k x;k vfHk;sx feF;k vkSj rqPN vFkok {kksHkdkjh ;k rks U;k; iapk;r ifjoknh ls rR{k.k bl ckr dk dkj.k crkus d s fy, dg ldrh gS fd og ,sls vfHk;Dq r dsk izfrdj dk Hkqxrku D;ks a u djsA ¼2½ ;fn ifjoknh dh lquok;h djus ds ckn U;k; iapk;r dk lek/kku gks tk; fd 1938 dk vf/kfu;e la0 6 vfHk;kxs feF;k vkSj rqPN vFkok {kskHkdkjh Fkk rks og funs”k ns ldrh gS fd ,sls ifjoknh }kjk vfHk;Dq r dks iPphl :i; s ls vuf/kd izfrdj dk Hkqxrku fd;k tk;AÀ3 62&& U;k; iapk;r }kjk la;qDr izkUr izFke vijkf/k;kas dh ifjoh{kk vf/kfu;e] vijkf/k;ks a dk ifjoh{kk ij 1938 dh /kkjk 4 dh “kfDr;ks a dk iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA tksMk+ tkuk ¿63&& n.M izfdz;k lafgrk] ¿1973À5 es a fdlh ckr ds gskrs gq, Hkh] eftLVªsV fdlh eftLV~Vks a }kjk Hksts x;s ,sls vkijkf/kd okn es]a ftlesa vijk/k ,slh U;k; iapk;r dh {ks=h; vf/kdkfjrk ds Hkhrj vkijkf/kd oknksa es a tkap 1898 dk vf/kfu;e la0 5 fd;k x;k Fkk] mDr lafgrk dh /kkjk 202 es a vfHkfn’V tkap U;k; iapk;r }kjk fd;s tkus dk funs”k ns ldrk gS vkSj U;k; iapk;r vkijkf/kd okn es a tkap djsxh rFkk mDr eftLV~sV dks viuh fjiksVZ izLrqr djsxhA funs”k ds izkIr gksus ij ljiap ;k lgk;d ljiap vkSj mudh vuqifLFkfr es a /kkjk 75 es a mfYyf[kr iap] mls /kkjk 49 ds v/khu cuk; s x;s U;k;kihB dks lkSai nsxkAÀ4 ¿64&& ¼1½ U;k; iapk;r] /kkjk 66 ds micU/kks a ds v/khu jgrs gq,] fuEu izdkj ds flfoy oknks a ea s fdlh flfoy okn dk laKku dj ldrh gS] ;fn mldk ewY; ,d lkS :i;s ls vf/kd u vf/kdkfjrk dk foLrkj gks&&& ¼d½ LFkkoj laifRr ds lEc/k es a lafonk ls HkUu fdlh lafonk ij ns; /ku ds fy;s flfoy okn] ¼[k½ txa e laifRr dh olwyh ds fy, vFkok mlds ewY; d fy, flfoy okn] ¼x½ fdlh taxe laifRr dks nks’kiw.kZ :i ls yus s ;k mls {kfr igqapkus ds lEcU/k es a izfrdj ds fy, flfoy okn] vFkok ¼?k½ Ik”kqvks a ds vuf/kdr` izos”k ls gqbZ {kfr ds fy, flfoy oknA 1- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la[;kk 2] 1955 dh /kkjk 50 ¼2½ }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 2- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 50 ¼3½ }kjk c<k+;k x;kA 3- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 51 }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 4- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 52 }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 5- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la[;k 37] 1978 dh /kkjk 24 }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 50 ¿la;qDr izkUr iapk;r jkt vf/kfu;e] 1947À ¿/kkjk 65&68À ¼2½ jkT; ljdkj ljdkjh xtV esa vf/klpw uk izdkf”kr djds fuos”k ns ldrh gS fd fdlh iapk;r dh vf/kdkfjrk dk foLrkj ikap lkS :i;s ls vuf/kd ewY; ds ,sls leLr flfoy oknks a rd gksxkAÀ1 65&& ¿ * * * À2 ¿66&& /kkjk 64 ds micU/kks a ds v/khu jgrs gq, U;k; iapk;r dks fuEufyf[kr U;k; iapk;r dh flfoy oknks a dk laKku djus d s vf/kdkfjrk u gksxh]&& vf/kdkfjrk dk viotZu ¼1½ Hkkxhnkj y[s ks ds lEcU/k es a ns; cdk;k ds fy;s flfoy okn] flok; ml n”kk ds tc fd cdk;k i{kks a vFkok muds vfHkdrkZvks a }kjk fd;k x;k gks] ¼2½ fuoZlh;rk dh n”kk esa fdlh va’k ds fy;s ;k va”k ds fdlh Hkkx ds fy;s vFkok olh;r ds v/khu olh;r lEink d fy, ;k olh;r lEink ds Hkkx ds fy;s flfoy okn] ¼3½ jkT; ljdkj vFkok dsUnzh; ljdkj vFkok fdlh yksd lsod }kjk ;k mlds fo:} ,sls dk;ksaZ d s fy;s flfoy okn] tks mlus inh; gSfl;r ls fd;s gks]a ¼4½ vo;Ld vFkok fod`r fpr ds O;fDr }kjk vFkok mlds fo:} flfoy okn] vkSj ¼5½ ,slk flfoy okn ftldk ;w0ih0 foyst iapk;r ,sDV] 1920 ds v/khu LFkkfir fdlh iapk;r }kjk laKku fd;k tkuk ;wukbVsM izkfoalst MsV fjMSEi”ku ,sDV] 1940 dh /kkjk 25 ds v/khu oftZr gksAÀ3 67&& ¼1½ U;k; iapk;r ds le{k lafLFkr izR;sd flfoy okn es a ,slk lEiw.kZ nkok flfoy oknks a es a lEiw.kZ lfEefyr gksxk ftls oknh fooknxzLr ekey s es a djus dk gdnkj gks] fdUrq flfoy okn dks nkos lfEefyr gksxa s U;k; iapk;r dh f/kdkfjrk ds Hkhrj ykus ds fy;s vius nkos ds fdlh Hkkx dk R;kx dj ldrk gSA ¼2½ ;fn oknh ¿vius nkos ds fdlh HkkxÀ4 ds lEcU/k es a okn yk;s ;k mDr ¿HkkxÀ4 dk R;kx djs] rks og rRi”pkr~ ,sls Hkkx ds fy;s ftlds lEcU/k es a okn u yk;k x;k gks ;k ftldk R;kx fd;k x;k gks] okn izLrqr u djsxkA 68&& izR;sd flfoyokn tks vuqlwph esa mlds fy;s fu;r ifjlhek dh vof/k ds Ikfjlhek Ik”pkr U;k; iapk;r ds le{k lafLFkr fd;k x;k gks] [kkfjt dj fn;k tk;xk] Hkys gh izfrokn ds :i es a ifjlhek dk iz”u u mBk;k x;k gks% ¿izfrcU/k ;g gS fd fdlh flfoyokn ds fy, fu;r ifjlhek dh vof/k dh lax.kuk djus esa og le; fudky fn;k tk;xk] ftles a oknks a fdlh U;k;ky; es a izfroknh ds fo:} fdlh nwljs flfoy okn dk ;Fkkfpr rRijrk ls vfHk;kts u dj jgk gks] ;fn og nwljk okn mlh okn dkj.k ij vk/kkfjr gks vkSj ln~Hkko ls ,ls U;k;ky; es a vfHk;kfstr fd;k x;k gks tks vf/kdkfjrk ds nks’k ls vFkok blh izdkj ds fdlh vU; dkj.k ls mls xzg.k djus es a vleFk Z gksAÀ5 1- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la[;k 2] 1955 dh /kkjk 53 }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 2- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 54 }kjk fudkyk x;kA 3- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 55 }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 4- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 56 }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 5- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 57 }kjk c<k+;k x;kA 51 ¿la;qDr izkUr iapk;r jkt vf/kfu;e] 1947À ¿/kkjk 69&74 dÀ 69&& ¿¼1½À3 vkxe] fof/kd Lo:i] lafonk vfkok nkf;Ro ds iz”u ij U;k; iapk;r U;k; iapk;rks a ds fu.kZ; dk fu.kZ; i{kks a ij cU/kudkjh ugh gksxk flok; mlo flfoy okn ds lEcU/k es a ftlesa dk izHkko rRlEcU/kh fu.kZ; fd;k x;k gksA ¿¼2½ U;k; iapk;r }kjk vknsf”kr dksbZ nks’k flf) rRle; izo`Rr fdlh fof/k ds v/khu fdlh vugZrk ;k “kkfLr ds :i es a u rks izorhZ gksxh vkSj u mldk vk/kkj gh gksxhAÀ3 70&& ¿***À2 71&& ¿***À2 72&& ¿***À2 73&& ¼1½ dksbZ Hkh U;k; iapk;r fdlh ,sls fo’k; ds lEcU/k es]a tks mUgha i{kks a iwoZU;k; RkFkk fopkjk/khu vFkok ,sls i{kks a ds chp] ftuds v/khu os vFkok mues a ls dksbZ i{k nkok djs] iwoZorhZ flfoy okn okn es a l{ke vf/kdkfjrk okys fdlh U;k;ky; es a fu.k;Z kFkZ fopkjk/khu gks vFkok ftldh lquokbZ ;k fu.kZ; mlds }kjk fd;k x;k gks] fdlh fofoy okn] jktLo okn vFkok okn in dk fopkj.k u djsxkA ¼2½ ;fn fdlh vijk/k ds lEcU/k es a fdlh vkHk;Dq r O;fDr ds fo:} fdlh U;k;ky; es a dksbZ vkijkf/kd okn fopkjk/khu gks vFkok ;fn vfHk;Dq r O;fDr dk fdlh vijk/k ds fy;s fopkj.k fd;k x;k gks rks dksbZ Hkh U;k; iapk;r ,sls fdlh vijk/k dk vFkok fdlh ,sls vU; vijk/k dk mugha rF;ks a ij laKku u djsxh] ftlds fy;s vfHk;Dq r ij nks’kkjksi.k fd;k x;k gksrk ;k og nks’k fl) Bgjk;k x;k gkSrkA 74&& ;fn dksbZ ¿vkijkf/kd okn ;k flfoy oknÀ4 ,d ls vf/kd U;k; iapk;rks a es a leorhZ vf/kdkfjrk xzg.kh; gks rks ¿ifjoknh ;k oknhÀ5 ;FkkfLFkfr ifjoknh ;k oknh dks ,slh u;k; iapk;rks a es a ls fdlh ,d esa izLrqr dj ldrk gSA vf/kdkfjrk ds lEcU/k es a fdlh fookn dk fu.kZ; ;Fkk fLFkfr vf/kdkfjrk okys ¿U;kf;d eftLV~sV ;k eqaflQÀ6 }kjk fd;k tk;xkA ¿74&d&& flfoy izfdz;k lafgrk 1908 dh /kkjk 10 mu fopkj.k tc flfoy okn fopkj.k tc flfoy okn ;k ¿***À8 flfoy oknks a ds fopkj.k ij ykxw gkxs h tks vf/kdkfjrk okyh nks ;k nks l s vf/kd ¿***À7 es a okndj.k ,d ls vf/kd lfdZZZZZZyZ ks a es a U;k; iapk;rks a ds le{k fopkjk/khu gksA mRiUUk gks 1908 dk vf/kfu;e la0 5 1- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la[;k 2] 1955 dh /kkjk 57 }kjk c<k+;k x;kA 2- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 58 }kjk fudkyk x;kA 3- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la[;k 37] 1978 dh 25 }kjk iqulZa[;kafdr rFkk c<+k;k x;kA 4- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 26 ¼d½ }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 5- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 26 ¼[k½ }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 6- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 26 ¼x½ }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 7- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 27 ¼d½ }kjk fudkyk x;kA 8- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 27 ¼[k½ }kjk fudkyk x;kA 52 ¿la;qDr izkUr iapk;r jkt vf/kfu;e] 1947À ¿/kkjk 74[k&77dÀ 74&[k&& tc ;g vfuf”pr gks fd dbZ lfdZyksa es a ls fdl lfdZy esa vijk/k fopkj.k tcfd vijkk fd;k x;k Fkk vFkok tc vijk/k va”kr% ,d lfdZy es a vkSj va”kr% nwljs lfdZy es a fd;k LFky vfuf”pr gks ;k og dsoy ,d gh lfdZy es a u x;k gks vFkok tc vijk/k tkjh jgus okyk vijk/k gks vkSj ,d ls vf/kd lfdZyksa es a fd;k gks ;k tc fd vijk/k tk jgk gks vFkok tc vijk/k es a dbZ ,sls dk; Z lfEefyr gksa] tks fofHkUUk lfdZyksa esa fd;s tkjh jgus okyk vijk/k x;s gksa rks mldh tkap ml U;k; iapk;r }kjk dh tk ldrh gS ftldh ,sls lfdZyksa es a ls gks vFkok ftles a db Z dk;Z fdlh lfdZy es a vf/kdkfjrk gksAÀ1 lfEefyr gks a 75&& dksbZ O;fDr] tks bl vf/kfu;r ds v/khu ¿dksbZ flfoyokn ;k vkijkf/kd flfoy oknks a rFkk oknÀ8 U;k; iapk;r ds le{k lafLFkr djuk pkgs] U;k; iapk;r ljiap dks ¿vkSj mldh vkijkf/kd oknks a dk vuqifLFkfr es a lgk;d ljiap dksÀ2 vkSj lfdZy ls ¿mldhÀ3 vuqifLFkfr dh n”kk es a ,sls lafLFkr fd;k tkuk vU; iap dks tks ¿ljiap }kjk rnFk Z fu;qDr fd;k x;k gksÀ4 ekSf[kd ;k fyf[kr :i ls vkosnu&i= ns ldrk gS vkSj lkFk gh og fu;r Qhl dk Hkh Hkqxrku djsxkA U;k;ky; Qhl vf/kfu;e] 1870 U;k; iapk;rks a ds lEcU/k esa ykxw ugha gksxk flok; ml n”kk ds tc ,slk fu;r fd;k tk;A izR;sd flfoy okn es a oknh ewY; crk;xs kA ¿¼2½ ;fn dksbZ ¿* * * À9 ekSf[kd :i ls lafLFkr fd;k tk; rks vkosnu&i= IkzkIr 1870 dk vf/kfu;e la0 7 djus oky ljiap lgk;d ljiap vFkok iap fu;r C;ksjkas dks vfcyEc vfHkfyf[kr djsxk vkSj ml ij vkosnd dk gLrk{kj vFkok vaxq’B Nki y s fy;k tk;xs kAÀ5 ¿76&& rnqijkUr ljiap] lgk;d ljiap vFkok mudh vuqifLFkfr es a /kkjk 75 es a vkosnu&i= U;k;ihB ds mfYyf[kr iap vkosnu&i= dks /kkjk 49 ds v/khu cuk, x, U;k;ihB ds le{k fuLrkj.k ds le{k izLrqr fd;k tk,xk fy, j[kxs k vkSj mDr U;k;ihB ds le{k ml vkosnu&i= dh izFke lquokbZ dk fnukad Hkh fuf”pr djsxk rFkk ml fnukad dh lwpuk ;FkkfLFkfr vkosnd] ifjoknh vFkok okn dh vksj U;k;ihB ds lnL;ks a dks nsxkAÀ6 ¿77&& U;k;ihB vius lnL;ks a es a ls ,d O;fDr dks ml U;k;ihB dk lHkkifr U;k;ihB dk lHkkifr pqusxk] tks fd dk;oZ kfg;ks a dk lapkyu djsxk% izfrcU/k ;g gS fd ;fn ljiap vFkok lgk;d ljiap U;k;ihB dk lnL; gks rks og vkSj ;fn mues a ls nksuks a gh mlh U;k;ihB ds lnL; gks a rks ljiap] lHkkifr gksxkAÀ7 ¿77&d ¼1½ ;fn /kkjk 49 ds v/khu ds v/khu la?kfVr U;k;ihB es a fu;qDr dksbZ iap U;k;ihB ls iap dh fdlh lquokbZ ds le; vuifLFkr gks] rks “ks’k iap bl vf/kfu;e esa fdlh ckr ds gksrs gq, vuqifLFkfr Hkh ¿vkijkf/kd okn ;k flfoy oknÀ10 dk fopkj.k djsxa s% 1- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la0 2] 1955 dh /kkjk 60 }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 2- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 61¼1½ ¼d½ }kjk c<k;k x;kA 3- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 61¼1½ ¼[k½ }kjk c<k;k x;kA 4- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 61¼1½ ¼x½ }kjk c<k;k x;kA 5- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 61¼2½ }kjk c<k;k x;kA 6- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 62 }kjk c<k;k x;kA 7- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 63 }kjk c<k;k x;kA 8- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la0 37 1978 dh /kkjk 28 ¼d½ }kjk c<k;k x;kA 9- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 28 ¼[k½ }kjk feVk;k x;kA 10- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 29 }kjk c<k+;k x;kA 53 ¿la;qDr izkUr iapk;r jkt vf/kfu;e] 1947À ¿/kkjk 78&80À izfrcU/k ;g gS fd de ls de rhu iap] ftues a lHkkifr Hkh lfEefyr gksxk] mifLFkfr gks vkSj vxzsrj ;g Hkh izfrcU/k gS fd mifLFkfr iapks a esa ls de ls de ,d iap lk{; rFkk dk;oZ kfg;ks a dks vfHkfyf[kr djus es a lkeF;Z gksA ¼2½ ;FkkiwoksDZ r dksbZ Hkh fopkj.k dsoy bl dkj.k ls vekU; u gksxk fd leLr ikapks a lnL;] ftuls U;k;ihB cuk gS] fdlh lquokbZ ds le; mifLFkr u Fk s vFkok ;g fd ;s gh iap leLr lquokb;ks a ds le; mifLFkr u FkAs ¼3½ mi/kkjk ¼1½ rFkk ¼2½ ds micU/k /kkjk 63 ds v/khu U;k; iapk;r }kjk dh xbZ tkap ij vko”;d ifjorZuks a lfgr gksxa sAÀ1 ¿78&& ¼1½ ;fn lquokbZ ds fy, fuf”pr le; vkSj LFkku lwfpr fd;s tkus ds ckn lEcfU/kr i{kks a dh Hkh] ;FkkfLFkfr oknh ;k ifjoknh mifLFkr u gks rks U;k; iapk;r okn dks [kkfjt dj ldrh vuqifLFkfr es a flfoy okn gS ;k ,slk vkns”k ns ldrh gS tSlk og mfpr le>sAÀ3 vkSj vkijkf/kd oknks a dk [kkfjt fd;k tkuk ¼2½ U;k; iapk;r ¿;FkkfLFkfr izfroknh ;k vfHk;Dq r dh vuqifLFkr es a flfoy okn ;k vkijkf/kd oknhÀ4 dh lquokbZ dj ldrh gS vkSj mlds lEcU/k es a fu.Zk; ns ldrh gS] ;fn ml ij leu rkehy gks pqdk gks vFkok mls lquokbZ ds fy, fuf”pr le; vkSj LFkku dh lwpuk nh tk pqdh gksA 79&& ¼1½ mi/kkjk ¼2½ es a micfU/kr voLFkk dks NksM+dj vFkok fyfid v”kqf} dks U;k; iapk;r vius fu.kZ; Bhd djus d s vykok U;k; iapk;r vius }kjk nh xbZ fdlh fMdzh ;k fn;s x;s fdlh vkns”k dks iqujh{k.k vFkok ifjofrZr ugha djsxh dk foyksiu djus] mls iqujhf{kr djus vFkok ifjofrZr djsu ds fy, l”kDr u gksxhA ¼2½ U;k; iapk;r leu dh O;fDxr :i ls rkehy u fd, tkus dh n”kk es a fMdzh vFkok vkns”k ds fnukad ls vFkok mudh tkudkjh izkIr gksus ds fnukad ls ,d ekl ds Hkhrj vkosnu&i= fn;s tkus ij fdlh ¿flfoy okn ;k vkijkf/kd oknÀ5 dks] tks lEcfU/kr i{k ds pwd ds dkj.k [kkfjt dj fn;k x;k gks ;k ftles a ,d i{kh; fMdzh nh xbZ gks ;k vkns”k fn;k x;k gks] vfHkfyf[kr fd, tkus okys i;kZIr dkj.kks a ls iqu% LFkkfir dj ldrh gSA ¿80&& dksbZ Hkh fof/k O;olk;h U;k; iapk;r ds le{k fdlh i{k dh vksj ls u rks fof/k O;olk;ks a U;k; mifLFkr gksxk] u odkyr djsxk vkSj u dksbZ dk; Z gh djsxk % iapk;r ds le{k mifLFkr gksxa s izfrcU/k ;g gS fd fdlh ,sls O;fDr dh] tks cUnh cuk;k x;k gks vkSj vfHkj{kk es a fu:} gks] viuh ilUn ds fdlh fof/k O;olk;h ls ijke”kZ yus s vkSj mlds }kjk viuk izfrokn djkus dk vf/kdkj gksxkAÀ2 1- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la0 23] 1952 dh /kkjk 3 }kjk c<k+;k x;kA 2- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la0 02] 1955 dh /kkjk 65 }kjk c<k+;k x;kA 3- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la0 37] 1978 dh /kkjk 30 ¼d½ }kjk c<k+;k x;kA 4- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 30 ¼[k½ }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 5- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 31 }kjk izfrLFkfirA 54 ¿la;qDr izkUr iapk;r jkt vf/kfu;e] 1947À ¿/kkjk 81&84À 81&& /kkjk 80 ds micU/kks a ds v/khu jgrs gq, ¿flfoy okn ;k vkijkf/kd oknÀ6 es a Ikzfrfu/k;ks a }kjk Lo;a dksbZ i{k] U;k; iapk;r ds le{k Lo;a vFkok mlds }kjk ¿fyf[kr :i esa lE;d :i ls mifLFkr gskuk izkf/kdr` À1 ,sls lsod iapk;r ¼tks nyky u gks]½ Hkkxhnkj] lEcU/kh vFkok fe= }kjk mifLFkr gks ldrk gS ftls U;k; iapk;r mldk izfrfuf/kRo djus ds fy, Bhd O;fDr ds :i es a Lohdkj djs % ¿izfrcU/k ;g gS fd /kkjk ds v/khu fuosf”kr fdlh eq[krkjukes a ds fy, dksbZ LVkEi ‘kqYd Hkqxrku djus dh vko”;drk u gksxhAÀ2 ¿82&& bl vf/kfu;e esa vFkok rRle; izo`Rr fdlh vU; fof/k es a fdlh ckr ds dfri; ekeyks a es a fo”ks’k gksrs gq, Hkh U;k; iapk;r ds fy, ;g oS/k gksxk fd og fdlh ,sls fookn dk tks mlds vf/kdkfjrk LFkkuh; {ks= es a mRiUk gks vkSj fdlh U;k;ky; esa fopkjk/khu u gks] fdlh ,sls fuiVkjs] le>kSrs ;k ‘kiFk d vuqlkj fu.kZ; djs ftl ij i{kksa us fyf[kr :i es a lgefr nh gksAÀ3 83&& ¿¼1½À4 U;k; iapk;r fdlh ¿flfoy okn ;k vkijkf/kd oknÀ6 es a ,slk lk{; lR;rk lqfuf”pr djus ds izkIr djsxh ftls i{k izLrqr djs vkSj og ,slk vkSj lk{; ekax ldrh gS tks fopkj.kh; fy, izfdz;k vkSj “kfDr fo’k; ds vo/kkj.k ds fy, mldh jk; es a vko”;d gksA U;k; iapk;r dk ;g drZO; gksxk fd og ,sls izR;sd fof/k leLr lk/kuks a ls] tks mldh “kfDr es a gks] vius le{k izLrqr izR;sd ¿flfoy okn ;k vkijkf/kd oknÀ6 ds rF;ks a dks lqfuf”pr djs vkSj rRi”pkr O;; lfgr ;k 1908 dk v/kfu;e la05 O;; ds fcuk ,slkh fMdzh ;k ,slh vkKk ns tks mls U;k;ksfpr vkSj oS/k izrhr gksA og ml ¿{ks=À7 es]a ftlls fookn lEcfU/kr gS] LFkkuh; :i ls tkap dj ldrh gSA ;g bl vf/kfu;e }kjk ;k blds v/khu fu;r izfdz;k dk vuqlj.k djsxhA U;k;&iapk;r es a fdlh ¿flfoy okn ;k vkijf/kd oknÀ6 ds lEcU/k es a flfoy izfdz;k lafgrk] 1908 n.M izfdz;k lafgrk ¿1973À8] Hkkjrh; lk{; vf/kfu;e] 1872 rFkk ifjlhek vf/kfu;e] ¿1963À9 ykxw ugha gksaxs flok; ml fn”kk ds tcfd bl vf/kfu;e es a ,slk micfU/kr gks vFkok ,slk fu;r fd;k tk;A ¿¼2½ bl mi/kkjk es a dksbZ ckr fdlh i{k dks bl ckr dk gdnkj ugha cuk,xh fd og fdlh ,sls vijk/k dk “keu djs tks n.M izfdz;k lafgrk] ¿1973À10 ds micU/kks a ds v/khu “keu fd, tkus ;ksX; u gks vFkok lEcfU/kr U;k;ihB dh vuqefr ds fcuk fdlh vijk/k dk “keu djs ;fn og mDr lafgrk ds micU/kks a ds v/khu vuqefr ls “keu fd, tkus ;kXs ; gksAÀ5 ¿¼3½ tgka U;k; iapk;r dh jk; es]a dksbZ i{k ekeys fuLrkj.k es a tkucw> dj foyEc djrk gS] ogka og ,sls i{k ij ikap :i, ls vuf/kd dk [kpZ vkjksfir dj ldrh gS tks nwljs i{k dks ns; gksxkAÀ11 84&& iapks a esa erHksn gksus dh n”kk es a cgqer dh jk; vfoHkkoh gksxhA Ckgqer vfHkHkokh gksxk 1- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la0- 2] 1955 dks /kkjk 66 ¼1½ }kjk c<k+;k x;kA 2- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 66 ¼2½ }kjk c<k+;k x;kA 3- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 67 }kjk c<k+;k x;kA 4- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 68 ¼1½ }kjk iqula[Z ;kafdrA 5- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 68 ¼2½ }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 6- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la0 37] 1978 dks /kkjk 32 ,oa /kkjk 33 ¼d½ ¼1½ }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 7- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 33 ¼d½ ¼2½ }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 8- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 33 ¼d½ ¼3½ }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 9- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 33 ¼d½ ¼4½ }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 10- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 33 ¼[k½ }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 11- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 33 ¼x½ }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 55 ¿la;qDr izkUr iapk;r jkt vf/kfu;e] 1947À ¿/kkjk 85&87À ¿85&& ¼1½ nksuks a i{kks a es a ls fdl i{k }kjk vkosnu&i= fn, tkus vkSj i{kks a dks Ckgqer vfHkHkoh gksxk U;k; uksfVl fn, tkus ds i”pkr rFkk mues a ls ,sls i{kks a dh lquokbZ djus ds Ik”pkr~ tks lquokbZ iapk;r ls oknks a dks djkuk pkgs a vfkok fcuk uksfVl ds Loizsj.k ls ¿U;kf;d eftLV~ªsV ;k eqaflQÀ2 bl ckr ds vUrfjr djus dh izoj U;k;ky;ks a dh “kfDr vuqlkj fd U;; iapk;r ds le{k fopkjk/khuokn ¿vkijkf/kdokn ;k flfoyoknÀ3 gS] mls fdlh Hkh izdze ij okil y s ldrk gS] rFkk& ¼1½ mls fuLrkfjr djus dk iz;Ru dj ldrk gS] ;k ¼2½ mls U;k; iapk;r ds fdlh vU; U;k;ihB dks vUrfjr dj ldrk gS] ¼3½ mls fopkj.k ds fy, vFkok fuLrkj.k ds fy, fdlh ,sls vU; ¿eftLVsªV ;k eafqlQÀ4 dks tks mldk fopkj.k ;k fuLrkj.k djus ds fy, l[ke gks] vUrfjr dj ldrk gSA ¿¼2½ tgka dksbZ vkijkf/kd ;k flfoy okn mi/kkjk ¼1½ ds v/khu okl ys fy;k x;k gks] ogka og U;k;ky;] tks rRi”pkr mldk fopkj.k djs]a ;k rks mldk iqufoZpkj.k dj ldrgk gS ;k ml izdze ls fopkj.k izkjEHk dj ldrk gS] tgka ls mls okil y s fy;k x;k FkkAÀ5 ¼3½ ;fn mi/kkjk ¼1½ ds v/khu fn;k x;k dksbZ vkosnu&i= rqPN vFkok {kskHkdkjh gks rks vkosnd ij ;FkkfLFkfr ¿U;kf;d eftLVsªV ;k eqaflQÀ6 }kjk ipkl :i;s rd dk tqekZuk fd;k tk ldrkAÀ1 86&& ;fn U;k; iapk;r fdlh ¿flfoy okn ;k vkijkf/kd oknÀ7 es a fdlh O;fDr Lkkf{k;ks a dks leu dk dk lk{; vFkok mlds }kjk y[s ; izLrqr fd;k tkuk vko”;d le>s rks og ml O;fDr dks tkjh fd;k tkuk mifLFkfr gksus ;k ,slk y[s ; izLrqr djus ;k mls izLrqr djkus ds fy, ck/; djus ds fufHkZRr ,d leu tkjh dj ldrh gS rFkk ml O;fDr ij fu;r jhfr ls mldh rkehy djk ldrh gS vkSj og O;fDr leu es a fn, x, funs”kks a dk ikyu djus d s fy, ck/; gksxkA 87&& ;fn dksbZ O;fDr] ftls U;k; iapk;r lk{; nsus ;k vius le{k dksbZ ys[; U;k; iapk;r ds le{k izLrqr djus ds fufHkRr mifLFkfr gksus ds fy, fyf[kr vkns”k }kjk leu djs] tkucw> dj mifLFkr gksus es a pwd djus ds fy, “kkfLr ,sls leu vFkok uksfVl vFkok vkns”k dh voKk djs rks U;k; iapk;r vf/kdfjrk okys eftLVsªV dks ifjokn dj ldrh gS vkSj mDr O;fDr ,sls tqekZus ls n.Muh; gksxk tks iphl :i, rd gks ldrk gS % izfrcU/k ;g gS fd fdlh efgyk dks U;k; iapk;r ds le{k Lo;a mifLFkfr gksus ds fy, ck/; ugha fd;k tk;xkA mldh ijh{kk fu;r jhfr ls deh”ku }kjk dh tk ldrh gS% izfrcU/k ;g Hkh gS fd ;fn /kkjk ds v/khu tkjh fd, x, leu dk ikyu djds dksbZ y[s ; izLrqr fd;k tk; rks U;k; iapk;r ml y[s ; dh izfrfyfi rS;kj djk,xh] ewy izfr ls feyku djus ds ckn izfrfyfi ij ;g fpfUgr djsxh fd og lgh izfrfyfi gS vksj ewy y[s ; dks mlds izLrqr djus okys O;fDr dks YkkSVk nsxh% 1- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la0- 2] 1955 dh /kkjk 69 }kjk c<k+;k x;kA 2- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la0 37] 1978 dh /kkjk 34 ¼d½ ¼1½ }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 3- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 34 ¼d½ ¼2½ }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 4- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 34 ¼d½ ¼3½ }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 5- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 34 ¼[k½ }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 6- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 34 ¼x½ }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 7- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 35 }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 56 ¿la;qDr izkUr iapk;r jkt vf/kfu;e] 1947À ¿/kkjk 88&89À ¿vxzrj izfrcU/k ;g gS fd ;fn U;k; iapk;r dks ;g izrhr gks fd dksbZ lk{kh :X.krk ;k “kkjhfjd v”kDrrk ds dkj.k mlds lEe[k mifLFkfr gksus es a vleFk Z gS vFkok ;g fd mls fcuk vuqfpr foyEc] O;; vFkok vlqfo/kk ds mifLFkr ugha djk;k tk ldrk gS] rks og] ,sls fucZU/kuks a ds v/khu jgrs gq,] tks fu;r fd, tk;]a ,sls lk{kh dk lk{; yus s ds fy, fu;r jhfr ls deh”ku tkjh dj ldrh gSA bl izdkj fy;k x;k lk{; okn ds vfHkys[k dk Hkkx gksxkAÀ1 88&& U;k; iapk;r fdlh flfoy okn ¿***À3 dks [kkfjt dj ldrh gS ;fn oknh flfoy oknks a bR;kfn dk vFkok vkosnd dk c;ku ysus d s ckn mldk ;g lek/kku gks tk; fd flfoy ¿***À3 rqPN] [kkfjt fd;k tkuk {kksHkdkjh vFkok vlR; gSA 89&& ¼1½ ¿flfoy ;k vkijkf/kd oknÀ5 ds vuqlkj ¿U;kf;d eftLVªsV ;k eqaflQÀ4 iqujh{k.k ;k rks Loizsj.kk ls vFkok fdlh i{k }kjk vkosnu&i= fn, tkus ij tks ml vkns”k ds fnukad ls] ftlds fo:} ifjokn fd;k x;k gks] vFkok ;fn vkosnd ij leu O;fDrxr :i ls rkehy u fd;k x;k gks rks vkns”k dh tkudkjh gksus ds fnukad ls 60 fnuks a ds Hkhrj fn;k x;k gks] fdlh ,sls okn ds vfHkys[k dks ekax ldrk gS] tks U;k; iapk;r }kjk fu.khZr gqvk gks vkSj ;fn mls ;g izrhr gks fd vU;k; gqvk gS vFkok dksbZ lkjoku vfu;frrrk gqbZ gS] rks og okn es a ,slk vkns”k ns ldrk gS] ftls og Bhd le>sA Li’Vhdj.k& fof/k }kjk fufgr vf/kdkfjrk dk iz;ksx djus es a pwd djuk vFkok fof/k }kjk fufgr vf/kdkfjrk ls vf/kd vf/kdkfjrk dk iz;ksx djuk bl /kkjk ds iz;kstuks a ds fy, lkjoku vfu;ferrk le>h tk;xhA ¼2½ iwoksDZ r micU/kks a dh O;kidrk ij izfrdwy izHkko Mkys fcuk ;FkkfLFkfr ¿U;kf;d eftLV~ªsV eaqflQÀ4 %&& ¼d½ U;k; iapk;r }kjk nh xbZ fMdzh dk ;k fn, x, vkns”k dks vfHk[kafMr dj ldrk gS( ¼[k½ vkns”k dk ifj”dkj dj ldrk gS( ¼x½ ,sls funs”k ds lkFk] ftls og Bhd le>s] okn dks iqu%fopkj.k ds fy, U;k; iapk;r dks izfrizsf”kr dj ldrk gS( vFkok ¼?k½ okn dk Lo;a fopkj.k dj ldrk gS vFkok mls fdlh ,sls vU; U;k;ky;

vFkok vf/kdkjh dks vUrfjr dj ldrk gS tks mldk ijh{k.k djus d s fy, l{ke gksA ¼3½ ;fn mi/kkjk ¼1½ ds v/khu dksbZ vkosnu&i= ;FkkfLFkfr ¿U;kf;d eftLVªsV ;k eqaflQÀ4 }kjk rqPN ;k {kskHkdkjh ik;k tk; rks] og] vfHkfyf[kr fd, tkus okys dkj.kks a ls] vkosnd }kjk izfri{k dks izfrdj ds :i es a ipkl :i;s ls vuf/kd fo”ks’k O;; dk Hkqxrku fd, tkus dk vkns”k ns ldrk gSA ¼4½ ;FkkiwoksDZ r ds flok; fdlh ¿flfoy ;k vkijkf/kd oknÀ6 es a U;k; iapk;r }kjk nh xbZ fMdzh vFkok fn, x, vkns”k ds fo:} fdlh U;k;ky; esa u rks vihy dh tk ldsxh vkSj u mldk iqujh{k.k fd;k tk ldsxkAÀ2 1- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la0 2] 1955 dh /kkjk 70 }kjk c<k+;k x;kA 2- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 71 }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 3- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la0 37] 1978 dh /kkjk 36 }kjk fudkyk x;kA 4- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 37 ¼d½ }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 5- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 37 ¼[k½ }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 6- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 37¼x½ }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 57 ¿la;qDr izkUr iapk;r jkt vf/kfu;e] 1947À ¿/kkjk 90&94À ¿¼5½ /kkjk 95 es a fdlh ckr ds gksrs gq, Hkh] tgka dksbZ U;kf;d eftLV~sV ;k eafqlQ bl /kkjk ds v/khu fn, x, fdlh vkns”k es a ;g fu’d’kZ nsrk gS fd U;k; iapk;r ds fdlh iap ;k iapksa us ftlds vUrxZr dksbZ ljiap Hkh gS mDr ekeys ds lEcU/k es]a ftlds dkj.k iqujh{k.k djuk iMk+ gks] ,slh jhfr ls O;ogkj fd;k gS tks mlds ;k muds in ds fy, vuqfpr gS] ogka fu;r izkf/kdkjh ,sls fu’d’kZ ds v/kkj ij ,sls iap ;k iapks a dks gVk ldrk gS] vkSj ;g vko”;d u gksxk fd izLrkfor dk;oZ kgh ds fo:) mls ;k mUgas dkj.k crkus dk dksbZ volj fn;k tk;AÀ5 90&& U;k; iapk;r /kkjk 75 ds v/khu vkosnu&i= fn, tkus ds Ik”pkr~ tc rd Ikzfroknh vFkok vfHk;qDr fd og bl vf/kfu;e ds micU/kks a ds v/khu [kkfjt u dj fn;k x;k gks ;k vU;Fkk mldk O;fDr;ks a dks leu fuLrkj.k u dj fn;k x;k gks] izfroknh vFkok vfHk;Dq r O;fDr ¿***À6 ij fu;r izi= es a vkSj fu;r jhfr ls leu rkehy djok,xh ftles a og mls ,sls le; vkSj ,sls LFkku ij tks leu es a vrk;k x;k gks] mifLFkr gksus vkSj viuk lk{; izLrqr djus dh vis{kk djsch vkSj lkFk gh oknh vFkok ifjoknh ¿***À6 dks mDr le; vkSj LFkku ij mifLFkr gksus vkSj viuk lk{; izLrqr djus d s fy, funs”k nsxhA 91 && ¿***À1 92&& ;fn fMdzh/kkjh vFkok okn _.kh }kjk vkosnu&i= fn, tkus ij] og U;k; fMdzh dk Hkqxrku vFkok iapk;r ftlus fMdzh nh gks] tkap ds Ik”pkr~ ;g ik, fd fMdzh dh iw.kZ :i ls vFkok vkaf’kd lek;sktu vfHkfyf[kr fd;k tk;xk :i ls rqf’V gks pqdh gS rks og bl rF; dks fu;r& jftLVj es a vfHkfyf[kr djsxhA ¿93&& ¼1½ U;k; iapk;r }kjk nh xbZ fMdzh vFkok fn, x, vkns”k dk mlds }kjk fMfdz;ks a dk fu’iknu ,slh jhfr ls fu’iknu fd;k tk;xk tks fu;r dh tk;A ;fn izfroknh ¿***À7 dh lEifRr fMdzh vFkok vkns”k dks fu’iknu ds fy, ml U;k; iapk;r dks fu;r jhfr ls vUrfjr dj ldrh gS ftldh vf/kdkfjrk es a mDr lEifRr fLFkr gks vkSj ;fn ogka u;k; iapk;r u gks rks ;FkkLFkfr ¿ml eafqlQÀ8 ds U;k;ky; dks vUrfjr dj ldrh gS ftldh vf/kdkfjrk es a og fLFkfr gksA ¼2½ ;fn U;k; iapk;r fdlh fMdzh ;k vkns”k d s fu’iknu es a dksbZ dfBukbZ ik,] rks og mls ;FkkfLFkfr ¿eqaflQÀ9 dks Hkst nsxh vkSj og mldk fu’iknu bl izdkj djsxk ekuks og mlds }kjk nh xbZ fMdzh ;k fn;k x;k vkns”k gksAÀ2 94&& ¿U;k; iapk;r }kjk vkjksfir dksbZ tqekZuk ;k ,slk izfrdj] ftlds Hkqxrku ds fujh{k.k fy, /kkjk 61 es a mlds }kjk vkns”k fn;k x;k gks]À3 ¿fu;rÀ4 jhfr ls olwy fd;k tk ldsxkA fdUrq ;fn U;k; iapk;r dks mls olwy djus esa dksbZ dfBukbZ gks] rks og ml ¿U;kf;d eftLVªsVÀ10 ls] ftldh vf/kdkfjrk es a U;k; iapk;r fLFkr gks] mls olwy djus dk vuqjks/k dj ldrh gS vksj og mls bl izdkj olwy djsxk ekuks tqekZus dk n.Mkns”k mlh ds }kjk fn;k x;k gksA 1- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la0 02] 1955 dh /kkjk 72 }kjk fudkyk x;kA 2- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 73 }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 3- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 74 ¼1½ }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 4- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 74 ¼2½ }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 5- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la0 37] 1978 dh /kkjk 37¼?k½ }kjk vUrfoZ’VA 6- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 38 }kjk fudkyk x;kA 7- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 39¼d½¼1½ }kjk fudkyk x;kA 8- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 39¼d½¼2½ }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 9- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 39¼[k½ }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 10- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 40 }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 58 ¿la;qDr izkUr iapk;r jkt vf/kfu;e] 1947À ¿/kkjk 94d&95À ¿94&d&& ¼1½ ;fn dksbZ O;fDr fdlh U;k; iapk;r ;k mlds fdlh lnL;] dk] U;k; iapk;r dk voeku tcfd U;kf;d dk;oZ kfg;ks a ds fdlh Hkh izdze esa U;k; iapk;r dh cSBd gks jgh gks] mldh n`f’V es a vFkok mifLFkfr es a lkfHkizk; vieku djs vFkok lE;d :i ls fnykbZ tkus okyh “kiFk yus s ls vfkok mius }kjk fd, x, dFku ij gLrk{kj djus ls] tc fd ,slk djuk fof/kd :i ls visf{kr gks] bUdkj djs] rks U;k; iapk;r mlh fnu] viuh cSBd lekIr djus ls iwoZ fdl Hkh le; bl vijk/k dk laKku dj ldrh gS rFkk vijk/kska ij ¿nl :i,À5 ls vuf/kd d s tqekZus dk n.Mkns”k ns ldrh gSA ¼2½ mi/kkjk ¼1½ ds v/khu vkjksfir tqekZuk /kkjk 94 ds iz;kstuks a ds fy, vkijkf/kd okn esa vkjksfir tqekZuk le>kk tk;xkA À1 v/;k; 7 okº; fu;a=.k 95&& ¿¼1½À2 jkT; ljdkj&&&& fujh{k.k ¼d½ ,slh LFkkoj laifRr dk] ¿tks fdlh xzke iapk;r ds LokfeRo esa gks] vkSj tks mldsÀ7 ;k la;qDr lfefr vFkok ¿U;k; iapk;rÀ3 }kjk iz;qDr vFkok v/;kflr gks] vFkok ,slh ¿xzke iapk;rÀ6 ;k la;qDr lfefr ;k U;k; iapk;r ds funs”k ds v/khu fd;s tk jgs fdlh fuekZ.k dk; Z dk fujh{k.k djk ldrh gS] ¼[k½ ¿xzke iapk;rÀ6 ;k la;qDr lfefr vFkok ¿U;k; iapk;rÀ3 ds dCts es a ;k fu;a=.kk/khu fdlh ogh vFkok y[s ; dks fyf[kr vkns”k }kjk ekax ldrh gS vkSj mldk fujh{k.k dj ldrh gS] ¼x½ ¿xzke iapk;rÀ6 ;k la;qDr lfefr vFkok ¿U;k; iapk;rÀ3 ls fyf[kr vkns”k }kjk ¿xzke iapk;rÀ6 ;k ,slh lfefr vFkok ¿U;k; iapk;rÀ3 dh dk;oZ kgh;ks a ;k drZO;ks a ds laca/k es a ,sls fooj.k&i=] fjiksVZ vFkok y[s ;ks a dh izfrfyfi;ka izLrqr djus dh vis{kk dj ldrh gS ftUgas og Bhd le>s] ¼?k½ ¿xzke iapk;rÀ6 vFkok la;qDr lfefr ds fopkjkFkZ dkbZ ,slk laisz{k.k vfHkys[kc) dj ldrh gS ftls og ,slh ¿xzke iapk;rÀ6 la;qDr lfefr dh dk;oZ kfg;ks a vFkok drZO;ks a ds laca/k es a mfpr le>s]a ¼M-½ xkao lHkk] ¿xzke iapk;rÀ6] ;k U;k; iapk;r ls lacaf/kr fdlh Hkh fo’k; ds laca/k es a dksbZ tkap lafLFkr djk ldrh gS] vkSj ¿¼p½ fdlh ¿***À9 la;qDr lfefr ¿Hkwfe izcU/kd lfefrÀ3 vFkok U;k; iapk;r dks ¿***À8 fo?kfVr dj ldrh gS ;fn jkT; ljdkj dh jk; es a ,slh ¿***À9 ¿xzke iapk;rÀ6] la;qDr lfefr ¿Hkwfe izcU/kd lfefrÀ3 vFkok U;k; iapk;r us vius in dk nq:i;ksx fd;k gks] ;k mlus bl vf/kfu;e }kjk vFkok blds v/khu vius ij vkjksfir drZO;ks a dk ikyu djus es a fujUrj pwd dh gks vFkok bldh cuk jguk tufgr es a okaNuh; u le>k tk;(À4 1- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la0 2] 1955 dh /kkjk 75 }kjk c<k;k x;kA 2- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 76 ds mi[k.M ¼1½ }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 3- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 76 ¼2½ }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 4- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 76 ¼3½ }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 5- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la0 37] 1978 dh /kkjk 41 }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 6- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la0 9] 1994 dh /kkjk 2 }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 7- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 49 ¼d½ ¼,d½ }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 8- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 49 ¼d½ ¼nks½ ¼d½ }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 9- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 49 ¼d½ ¼nks½ ¼[k½ }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 59 ¿la;qDr izkUr iapk;r jkt vf/kfu;e] 1947À ¿/kkjk 95À Li’Vhdj.k&& ¿***À6 ¿¼N½ ¿xzke iapk;r ds iz/kku] miiz/kku ;k mlds fdlh lnL; dksÀ7 ;k la;qDr lfefr ;k Hkwfe izcU/kd lfefr ds fdlh lnL; dks ¿***À8 vFkok U;k; iapk;r ds fdlh iap] lgk;d ljiap ;k ljaip dks gVk ldrh gS] ;fn&À5 ¼1½ og fcuk i;kZIr dkj.k ds yxkrkj rhu ls vf/kd lHkkvks a vFkok cSBdksa es a vuqifLFkfr jgs( ¼2½ og dk; Z djus ls badkj djs vFkok fdlh Hkh dkj.k ls dk; Z djus ds fy;s v{ke gks tk; vFkok ;fn ml ij ,sls vijk/k dk vfHk;ksx yxk;k x;k gks vFkok nks’kkjksi.k fd;k x;k gks ftles a uSfrd v/kerk vUroZfyr gks( ¼3½ mlus bl :i esa vius in dk nq:i;ksx fd;k gks vFkok mlus bl vf/kfu;e }kjk vFkok blds v/khu cuk; s x;s fu;eks a }kjk vkjksfir drZO;ks a ds ikyu es a fujUrj pwd dh gks vFkok mldk bl :i es a cuk jguk tufgr es a okaNuh; u gks( ¿***À2 ¿¼3&d½ mlus fdlh ,sls feF;k ?kks’k.kk&i=] ftls mlds }kjk ;g vfHkO;Dr djrs gq, fd og ;FkkfLFkfr] vuqlwfpr tkfr] vuqlwfpr tutkfr ;k fiNMs oxksaZ dk lnL; gS] gLrk{kfjr fd;k x;k gks] ds v/kkj ij ;FkkfLFkfr] /kkjk 11&d dh mi/kkjk ¼2½ ;k /kkjk 12 dh mi/kkjk ¼5½ ds v/khu vkj{k.k dk ykHk izkIr fd;k gks(À11 ¿¼4½ og U;k; iapk;r dk lgk;d dk lgk;d ljiap ;k ljiap gksus ls jktuhfr es a lfdz; Hkkx yrs k gks(À1 ¿;kÀ3 ¿¼5½ mlesa /kkjk 5&d ds [k.M ¼d½ ls ¼³½ rd es a mfYyf[kr vugZrkvks a es a ls dkbs Z vugZrk gks % À4 ¿izfrcU/k ;g gS fd tgka dksbZ iz/kku ;k mi iz/kku ,sls O;fDr }kjk vkSj ,slh jhfr ls] tSlh fu;r dh tk;] dh x;h fdlh tkap ea s izFke n`’V;k foÙkh; vkSj vU; vfu;ferrkvks a dk nks’kh ik;k tk;] ogka ,slk iz/kku ;k mi iz/kku foÙkh; vkSj iz”kklfud “kfDr;ks a dk iz;ksx vkSj d`R;ks a dk lEiknu ugha djsxk vkSj tc rd fd og vfUre tkap ea s vkjksiksa ls eqDr u gks tk; ,slh “kfDRk;ks a dk iz;ksx vkSj d`R;ksa dk lEiknu jkT; ljdkj }kjk bl fufeÙk fu;qDr xzke iapk;r ds rhu lnL;ks a dh ,d lfefr }kjk fd;k tk;sxkAÀ9 ¼NN½ ¿***À10 ¿izfrcU/k ;g gS fd& 1- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la0 2] 1955 dh /kkjk 76 dh mi/kkjk ¼4½ }kjk c<k+;k x;kA 2- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la0 19] 1957 dh /kkjk 5¼1½ }kjk fudkyk x;kA 3- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 5 ¼1½ ¼2½ }kjk c<+k;k x;kA 4- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 5 ¼1½ ¼3½ }kjk c<+k;k x;kA 5- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la0 3] 1973 dh /kkjk 13 ¼1½ }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 6- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la0 9] 1994 dh /kkjk 49 ¼d½ ¼nks½ }kjk fujflrA 7- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 49¼d½ ¼rhu½ ¼d½ }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 8- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 49 ¼d½ ¼rhu½ ¼[k½ }kjk fujflrA 9- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 49 ¼d½ ¼rhu½ ¼x½ }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 10- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 49 ¼d½ ¼pkj½ }kjk fujflrA 11- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la0 21] 1998 dh /kkjk 3 }kjk c<+k;k x;kA 60 ¿la;qDr izkUr iapk;r jkt vf/kfu;e] 1947À ¿/kkjk 95d&96À ¼1½ [k.M ¼p½] ¿;k [k.M ¼N½À7 ds v/khu dksbZ dk;oZ kgh lEc) fudk; vFkok O;fDr dks] izLrkfor dk;oZ kgh ds fo:} dkj.k nf”kZr djus dk mfpr volj nsus d s Ik”pkr~ gh dh tk;xs h] vU;Fkk ugha] ¼2½ ¿***À8 À4 ¼t½ ¿***À6 ¿¼2½ bl /kkjk dh mi/kkjk ¼1½ ds [k.M ¼N½ ds mi[kaM ¼3½ vkSj ¼4½ ds v/khu gVk;k x;k dksbZ O;fDr bl vf/kfu;e ds v/khu fdlh Hkh in ij ikap o’kZ dh vof/k ;k blls de ,slh vof/k ds fy;s tSlk fd jkT; ljdkj fdlh ekyy s es a vkns”k ns] iqu% fuokZfpr ;k iqu% fu;qDr fd;s tkus dk gdnkj u gksxkA ¼3½ bl /kkjk ds v/khu jkT; ljdkj }kjk fn;s x;s vkns”k ij fdlh Hkh U;k;ky; esa vkifRr ugha dh tk;xs hA ¼4½ ;fn dksbZ ¿***À9 ¿¿xzke iapk;rÀ5] la;qDr lfefr vFkok Hkwfe izcU/kd lfefrÀ3 ¿fo?kfVrÀ10 dh tk;] rks mldh “kfDr;ks a dk iz;ksx djus vkSj drZO;ks a dk ikyu djus ds fy;s jkT; ljdkj ,sls O;fDr ;k O;fDr;ks a dks fu;qDr dj ldrh gS] ftUgs a og mfpr le>sAÀ2 ¿95&d&& ¼1½ ;fn fdlh Hkh le; jkT; ljdkj dks ;g izrhr gks fd ¿xzke lHkkÀ5 ;k xzke iapk;r us bl vf/kfu;e vFkok fdlh vU; vf/kfu;e }kjk ml ij vkjksfir fdlh drZO; dk ikyu djus ea s pwd dh gks rks jkT; ljdkj ml drZO; dk ikyu djus ds fy;s dkbs Z vof/k fyf[kr vkns”k }kjk fuf”pr dj ldrh gS A ¼2½ ;fn bl izdkj fuf”pr dh xbZ vof/k ds Hkhrj drZO; dk ikyu u fd;k tk; s rks jkT; ljdkj ,sls izkf/kdkjh dks tks fofufnZ’V fd;k tk; s mls ikyu djus dk vkns”k ns ldrh gS vkSj vxzsrj ;g Hkh funs”k ns ldrh gS fd drZO; ikyu ds O;;] ;fn dksbZ gks rks ¿xzke lHkkÀ5 fuf/k ls fd;k tk;sxk vkSj rnqijkUr og O;fDr ftldh vfHkj{kk esa og fuf/k gks] mDr /kujkf”k dk Hkqxrku ,slh fuf/k ls djsxk AÀ1 96&& ¼1½ fu;r izkf/kdkjh vFkok jkT; ljdkj }kjk rnFkZ fo”ks’k :Ik ls l”kDr dfri; dk;Zokfg;ka dk dksbZ vU; vf/kdkjh lwpuk izkIr gksus ij vFkok Loizsj.kk ls fyf[kr vkns”k }kjk bl tks izfr”ks/k fofufnZ’V fd;k tk;s] mls ikyu djus dk bl vf/kfu;e vFkok fdlh vU; vf/kfu;e ds v/khu ikfjr ladYi ;k fn;s x;s vkns”k dk fdlh ¿xzke lHkkÀ5] xzke iapk;rÀ5] la;qDr lfefr ;k mlds fdlh vf/kdkjh ;k lsod }kjk fu’iknu fd;s tkus ;k mlds vxzsrj fu’iknu fd;s tkus dk izfr’ks/k dj ldrk gS] ;fn turk ;k fof/klEer~ :Ik ls lsok;ksftr O;fDr;ks a ds fdlh oxZ ;k leqg dks ck/kk] {kksHk vFkok pksV igaqps ;k igqWpus dh laHkkouk gks vFkok ftlls ekuo thou] mlds LokLF; ;k lqj{kk ds fy;s ladV mifLFkr gks ;k gksus dh laHkkouk gks] vFkok cyok ;k naxk gks ;k gksus dh laHkkouk gks A og fdlh O;fDr }kjk ,sls ladYi ;k vkns”k ds vuqlj.k ea s vFkok mldh vkM+ ea s dksbZ dk; Z fd;s tkus vFkok mls tkjh j[kus dk izfr’ks/k dj ldrk gS A 1- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la0 6] 1952 dh /kkjk 7 }kjk c<+k;k x;kA 2- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la0 2] 1955 dh /kkjk 76 dh mi/kkjk ¼5½ }kjk c<k+;k x;kA 3- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la0 33] 1961 dh vuqlwph 8¼2½ }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 4- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la0 3] 1973 dh /kkjk 13 ¼3½ }kjk vUrfoZ’VA 5- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la0 9] 1994 dh /kkjk 2 }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 6- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 49 ¼d½ ¼ikap½ }kjk fujflrA 7- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 49 ¼d½ ¼N%½ }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 8- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 49¼d½¼lkr½ }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 9- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 49 ¼[k½ ¼,d½ }kjk fujflrA 10- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 49 ¼[k½ ¼nks½ }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 61 ¿la;qDr izkUr iapk;r jkt vf/kfu;e] 1947À ¿/kkjk 96d&98À ¼2½ ;fn mi/kkjk ¼1½ ds v/khu dksZZbZ vkns”k fn;k tk; s rks mls fn;s tkus ds dkj.kka s ds fooj.k lfgr mldh ,d izfrfyfi fu;r izkf/kdkjh vFkok mDr vf/kdkjh }kjk rR{k.k jkT; ljdkj dks Hksth tk;sxh] tks ¿xzke lHkkÀ3] ¿xzke iapk;rÀ3] la;qDr lfefr vFkok mlds vf/kdkjh ;k lsod ls Li’Vhdj.k ekaxus s vkSj mlds }kjk fn;s x;s Li’Vhdj.k] ;fn dksbZ gks]a ij fopkj djus d s i'pkr vkns”k dks fo[kafMr] ifj’d`r djsxh vFkok mldh iqf’V djsxh A ¼3½ ;fn mi/kkjk ¼2½ ds v/khu dksbZ vkns”k fn;k tk; s vkSj lrr~ izo`Rr vkns”k }kjk fdlh ladYi ;k vkns”k d s fu’iknu ;k mlds vxzsrj fu’iknu dk fu’ks/k fd;k tk; rks ¿xzke lHkkÀ3] ¿xzke iapk;rÀ3] la;qDr lfefr vFkok mlds vf/kdkjh ;k lsod dk ;fn ,slk vkns”k nsus okys izkf/kdkjh }kjk ,slh vis{kk dh tk;]s ;g drZO; gksxk fd og dksbZ ,slh dk;oZ kgh djs ftls og ml n”kk ea s djus dk gdnkj gksrk] ;fn mDr ladYi dHkh ikfjr u fd;k x;k gksrk ;k mDr vkns”k dHkh fn;k u x;k gksrk vkSj tks fdlh O;fDr dks] mDr ladYi vFkok vkns”k dh vkM+ es a ftlds vxzsrj fu’iknu dk izfr’ks/k gS] fdlh dk;Z dks djus ;k djuk tkjh j[kus ls jksdus d s fy;s vko”;d gks A ¿96&d&& jkT; ljdkj bl vf/kfu;e ds v/khu viuh leLr “kfDr;ks a ;k muea s jkT; ljdkj }kjk ls fdlh Hkh “kfDr dks vius] v/khuLFk vf/kdkjh vFkok izkf/kdkjh dks ,slh “krksa Z vkSj “kfDr;ka s dk izfrfufgr fd;k tkuk fucZU/kuaks ds v/khu jgrs gq;s] ftUgs a vkjksfir djuk og mfpr le>s] izfrfufgr dj ldrs gSAÀ1 v/;k; 8 “kkfLr;ka rFkk izfdz;k 97&& tks dksbZ bl ¿vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 12&[kxd ;k /kkjk 12&[kxx ds micU/kks a bl vf/kfu;e ds mica/kksa ds flok; fdlh Hkh micU/k dk mYy?a ku djsxk]À6 og tc rd vU;Fkk fu;r u fd;k gks] dk vfrya?ku djus ds tqekZus dk tks ¿ikap lkS :Ik;sÀ4 rd gks ldrk gS] n.Muh; gksxk vkSj ;fn ,slk mYya?ku fy;s “kkfLr tkjh jgrk gS] rks og ,d vkSj ,sls tqekZus ls tks izFke nks’kfl) d s Ik”pkr~ izR;sd fnu ds fy;s ftlds nkSjku vijk/kh vFkok vijk/k dk fujUrj fd;k tkuk fl) gqvk gks] ¿ipkl :Ik;sÀ4 rd gks ldrk gS] n.Muh; gksxk A ¿97&d&& tgka dksbZ O;fDr /kkjk 12&[kxd ;k /kkjk 12&[kxx ds v/khu fd, x, vf/kxzg.k laca/kh fdlh fdlh vkns”k dk mYya?ku djsxk rks og dkjkokl ls] ftldh vof/k ,d o’kZ rd gks ldsxh vkns”k ds mYy?a ku ds ;k tqekZus ls] ;k nksuks a ls] n.Muh; gksxkAÀ7 fy, “kkfLr 98&& dksbZ fu;r cukrs le; jkT; ljdkj vkSj ¿fu;r izkf/kdkjh dh Lohdf`r fu;eka s rFkk mifof/k;ks a dk lsÀ2 dksbZ mifof/k cukrs le; ¿xzke iapk;rÀ3 funs”k ns ldrh gS fd bldk mYya?ku tqekZus vfry?ku ls tk s ¿ikap lkS :Ik;sÀ5 rd gks ldrk gS] n.Muh; gksxk vkSj ;fn ,slk mYya?ku tkjh jgrk gS] rks og ,d vkSj ,sls tqekZus ls tks izFke nks’kfl) ds i'pkr izR;sd fnu ds fy;s ftlds nkSjku vijk/kh vFkok vijk/k dk fujUrj fd;k tkuk fl) gqvk gks] ¿ipkl :Ik;sÀ5 rd gks ldrk gS] n.Muh; gksxk A 1- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la0 10] 1950 dh /kkjk 7 }kjk c<+k;k x;kA 2- m0iz0vf/kfu;e la0 2] 1955 dh /kkjk 77 }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 3- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la0 9] 1994 dh /kkjk 2 }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 4- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 50 }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 5- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 51 }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 6- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la0 29] 1995 dh /kkjk 6 }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 7- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 7 }kjk c<+k;k x;kA 62 ¿la;qDr izkUr iapk;r jkt vf/kfu;e] 1947À ¿/kkjk 99&102À 99&& ¼1½ tks dksbZ lkoZtfud lM+d dh fdlh iVjh] ukys vFkok vU; lkexzh xkao iapk;r dh lEifÙk vFkok mlds fdlh ?ksjs] nhoky vFkok [kaHks dks vFkok cRrh ds [kaHks ;k czsdsV] funs”k LrEHk dks vUr%{ksfir djus ds [kaHks] gkbZMsª.V] vFkok ¿xzke lHkk dh ,slh gks] vU; laifRr dks xzke iapk;r dhÀ4 vFkok fof/k fy, “kkfLr lEer izkf/kdkjh dh fyf[kr Lohdf`r ds fcuk gVk;sxk] foLFkkfir djsxk vFkok mleas dksbZ ifjorZu djsxk vFkok bl izdkj ls gLr{ksi djsxk] og tqekZus ls tks ¿,d gtkj :Ik;sÀ5 rd gks ldrk gS] n.Muh; gksxk A ¼2½ ;fn fdlh O;fDr us vius fdlh dk;Z] viuh fdlh mis{kk vFkok pwd ds dkj.k mi/kkjk ¼1½ }kjk vkjksfir dksbZ “kkfLr mixr dh gS vkSj ¿xzke iapk;rÀ6 dh laifRr dks dksbZ {kfr igqWpkbZ gS rks ,slh “kkfLr mixr djus okyk] O;fDr ,slh {kfr dks iwjk djus rFkk ,slh “kkfLr dks Hkqxrku djus dk Hkkxh gksxk vkSj vijk/kh ls mDr {kfr;ka fu;r jhfr ls olwy dh tk ldrh gSA 100&& ;fn bl vf/kfu;e ds vFkok bl vf/kfu;e ds v/khu cuk; s x;s fdlh tkjh fd;s x;s uksfVl dh fu;e ;k mifof/k ds mica/kka s ds v/khu fdlh O;fDr dks uksfV; fn;k x;k gks ftlea s mls voKk fdlh taxe vFkok LFkkoj lkoZtfud vFkok futh laifRr ds laca/k ea s dksbZ fuekZ.k dk;Z fu’ikfnr djus vFkok uksfVl es a fofufnZ’V vof/k ds Hkhrj fdlh ckr dh O;oLFkk djus vFkok mlls fojr jgus dh vis{kk dh x;h gks vkSj ,slk O;fDr uksfVl dk ikyu djus es a pwd djs] rc&& ¼d½ ¿xzke iapk;rÀ3 mDr fuekZ.k dk; Z dks laikfnr djk ldrh gS ;k ,slh ckr dh O;oLFkk djk ldrh gS] vFkok mls djk ldrh gS vkSj bl laca/k ea s vius }kjk fd;s x;s leLr O;; dks ,sls O;fDr ls ¿Hkw jktLo dks cdk;k ds :Ik eaÀs 1 fu;r jhfr ls olwy dj ldrh gS ( ¼[k½ ,slk O;fDr ¿U;k; iapk;rÀ2 ds le{k nks’kfl) Bgjk; s tkus ij tqekZus dk tks ¿ikap lkS :Ik;sÀ7 rd gks ldrk gS] n.Muh; gksxk vkSj ;fn ,slk mYya?ku tkjh jgrk gS] rks og ,d vkSj ,sls tqekZus ls tks izFke nks’kfl) ds i'pkr~ izR;sd fnu ds fy;s ftlds nkSjku vijk/kh vFkok vijk/k dk fujUrj fd;k tkuk fl) gqvk gks] ¿ipkl :Ik;sÀ7 rd gks ldrk gS] n.Muh; gksxk A 101&& vius izk:Ik ea s fdlh nks’k ;k yksi ds dkj.k dksbZ uksfVl voS/k u gksxk A uksfVl vos/k u gksxk 102&& ¼1½ ;fn bl vf/kfu;e ds vFkok bl vf/kfu;e ds v/khu ¿xzke iapk;rÀ3 vihy }kjk fn; x;s vkns”k vFkok funs”k ls {kqC/k dksbZ O;fDr] tc rd vU;Fkk fu;r u fd;k gks] ,sls vkns”k vFkok funs”k ds fnukad ls 30 fnu ds Hkhrj] ftlea s mldh izfrfyfi izkIr djus ds fy;s visf{kr le; lfEefyr ugah gksxk] fu;r izkf/kdkjh dks vihy dj ldrk gS tks mDr vkns”k ;k funs”k dks ifjofrZr jn~n vFkok iq’V dj ldrk gS vkSj vihy djus okys O;fDr dks ;k mlds fo:} okn O;; Hkh vf/kfuf.kZr dj ldrk gS A ¼2½ fu;r izkf/kdkjh] ;fn mfpr le>s] rks og mi/kkjk ¼1½ ea s vihy ds fy;s vuqKkr vof/k dks c<+k ldrk gS A ¼3½ mi/kkjk ¼1½ ds v/khu fu;r izkf/kdkjh dk fu.kZr vfUre gksxk vkSj ml ij fdlh fof/k U;k;ky; ea s vkifRr ugh dh tk;xs h A 1- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la0 2] 1955 dh /kkjk 78 ¼1½ }kjk izfrLFkkfir A 2- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 78 ¼2½ }kjk izfrLFkkfir A 3- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la0 9] 1994 dh /kkjk 2 }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 4- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 52 ¼d½ ¼,d½ }kjk izfrLFkkfir 5- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 52 ¼d½ ¼nks½ }kjk izfrLFkkfir 6- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 52 ¼[k½ }kjk izfrLFkkfir 7- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 53 }kjk izfrLFkkfir 63 ¿la;qDr izkUr iapk;r jkt vf/kfu;e] 1947À ¿/kkjk 103&105À 103&& ;fn /kkjk 102 es a fdlh vkns”k vFkok funs”k ds fo:) dksbZ vihy dh xbZ dfri; ekeyka s ea s gks] rks ,sls vkns”k vFkok funs”k dks izo`Rr djus ds fy;s dksbZ dk;Zokgh vkSj mlds mYy?a ku vfHk;kstu dk fuyEcu ds fy;s dksbZ vfHk;kts u fu;r izkf/kdkjh ds vkns”k ls] vihy dk fu.kZ; gksus rd] fuyfEcr fd;k tk ldrk gS vkSj ;fn vihy es a ,slk vkns”k ;k funs”k jn~n dj fn;k tk; s rks mldh voKk dks vijk/k ugh le>k tk;xs k A 104&& ¼1½ rnFk Z cuk;s x;s fdlh fu;e ds v/khu jgrs gq, ¿xzke iapk;rÀ3 fdlh vijk/k dks “keu djus dh vkijkf/kd okn ds lafLFkr fd;s tkus ds iwoZ ;k i'pkr~ bl vf/kfu;e ds vFkok blds “kfDr v/khu cuk; s x;s fdlh fu;e vFkok mifof/k ds fo:) fd;s x;s vijk/k dk “keu ¿xzke iapk;rÀ3 dh ,slh /kujkf”k tks fu;r dh tk;s] ds udn Hkqxrku fd;s tkus ij dj ldrh gS A ¼2½ tc fdlh vijk/k dk “keu fd;k x;k gks rks vijk/kh] ;fn og vfHkj{kk eas gks] NksM+ fn;k tk;xs k vkSj bl izdkj “kfer vijk/k ds laca/k es a mlds fo:} vxsrz j dksbZ dk;oZ kgh ugh dh tk;xs h A bl /kkjk ds v/khu “kklu ds :Ik ea s Hkqxrku dh x;h leLr /kujfk”k;ka ¿xkao fuf/kÀ1 es a tek dh nh tk;xs h A 105&& ¿xzke iapk;rÀ3 dk ¿iz/kkuÀ2 vkSj ;fn ¿xzke iapk;rÀ3 }kjk rnFkZ izkf/kdr` izos'k rFkk fujh{k.k fd;k x;k gks] ¿xzke iapk;rÀ3 dk dksbZ vU; lnL;] vf/kdkjh vFkok lsod fdlh Hkou ;k Hkwfe eas vFkok ij lgk;dkas vkSj deZdkjkas ds lkFk vFkok mlds fcuk ,sls fuekZ.k dk;Z dk fujh{k.k ;k los{Z k.k vFkok fu’iknu djus ds fy;s izos”k dj ldrk gS ftls djus ;k fu’ikfnr djus ds fy;s ¿xzke iapk;rÀ3 bl vf/kfu;e }kjk vFkok blds v/khu cuk;s x;s fu;ekas vFkok mifof/k;kas }kjk izkf/kdr` gks vFkok ftls bl vf/kfu;e ds ;k fu;eka s ds vFkok mifof/k;kas ds fdUgha mica/kks a ds vuqlj.k ;k mues a ls fdUgha iz;sktuks a ds fufeRr djuk ;k fu”ikfnr djuk ¿xzke iapk;rÀ3 ds fy;s vko”;d gks % izfrca/k ;g gS fd&& ¼d½ flok; ml n”kk ds tcfd bl vf/kfu;e ;k fu;ekas vFkok mifof/k;k as es a vfHkO;Dr :Ik ls vU;Fkk micaf/kr gks ,slk dksbZ izos”k lw;kZLr vkSj lw;kZn; ds chp u fd;k tk;xs k ( vkSj ¼[k½ flok; ml n”kk ds tcfd bl vf/kfu;e ;k fu;ekas vFkok mifof/k;k as es a vfHkO;Dr :Ik ls vU;Fkk micaf/kr gks fdlh Hkou esa s tks euq’;kas ds fuokl x`g ds :Ik es a iz;qDr gksrk gks] mlds v/;klh dh lgefr ds fcuk vkSj mDr v/;klh dks ,slk izos”k djus ds vfHkizk; dk fyf[kr :Ik eas pkj ?kaVs ls de dk igy s ls uksfVl fn;s fcuk bl izdkj uksfVl u fd;k tk;sxk ( vkSj ¼x½ izR;sd ekey s ml n”kk es a Hkh i;kZIr uksfVl fn;k tk;sxk tc fdlh Hkw x`gkfn easa ukfVl fn;s fcuk vU;Fkk izos”k fd;k tk ldrk gks] ftlls ml d{k dh] tks fL=;kas ds jgus ds fy;s iz;qDr gksrk gks] fL=;kas gVdj Hkwx`gkfn ds ,sls Hkkx es a pyh tk lds]a tgka mudh ,dkUrrk ea s dksbZ ck/kk u igqaps ( vkSj ¼?k½ ftl Hkwx`gkfn es a izos”k fd;k tk;sxk mlds v/;kfl;kas dh lkekftd vkSj /kkfeZd izFkkvkas dk lE;d /;ku j[kk tk;sxk A 1- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la0 2] 1955 dh /kkjk 79 }kjk izfrLFkkfir A 2- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 82 }kjk izfrLFkkfir A 3- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la0 9] 1994 dh /kkjk 2 }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 64 ¿la;qDr izkUr iapk;r jkt vf/kfu;e] 1947À ¿/kkjk 106&108À ¿106&& ¼1½ ¿xzke lHkkÀ4 ;k ¿xkao ¿iapk;rÀ4 vFkok Hkwfe izca/kd lfefr ds fo:} ¿xzke lHkkvkas]À4 ¿xzke vFkok mlds ;k U;k; iapk;r ds lnL; ;k vf/kdkjh ;k lsodÀ3 xkao ds fo:} tks bu iapk;rÀ4 muds vf/kdkfj;ka s vFkok U;k; fudk;kas vFkok O;fDr;ka s es a ls fdlh ds funs”k ds v/khu dk; Z djrk gks] fdlh ,sls dk; Z ds iapk;rks a ds vf/kdkfj;ka s fy;s] tks mlus bl vf/kfu;e ds v/khu vf/kdkfjd :Ik esa fd;k gks ;k ftldk fd;k tkuk vkSj lsodka s ds fo:} rkRif;Zr gks] dksbZ flfoy okn ;k vU; dksbZ fof/kd dk;Zokgh rc rd u lafLFkr dh tk;xs h flfoy okn tc rd fd ¿xzke lHkkÀ4 ;k ¿xzke iapk;rÀ4 dh n”kk ea s fyf[kr uksfVl] ftles a okn dkj.k] visf{kr mi”keh dk izdkj] nkok fd;s tkus okys izfrdj dh /kujkf”k] ;fn dksbZ gks] vkSj oknh dk uke rFkk fuoklx`g dk irk Li’V :Ik ls of.kZr gksxk] lacaf/kr ¿xzke iapk;rÀ4 d s dk;kyZ ; es a ifjnRr fn;s tkus ;k ogka NksM+ fn;s tkus vksj lnL; vf/kdkjh ;k lsod vFkok ,sls O;fDr dh n”kk eas tks mlds funs”k ds v/khu vFkok ¿xzke lHkkÀ4] ¿xzke iapk;rÀ4 vFkok U;k; ia;k;r ds funs”k ds v/khu dk;Z dj jgk gks] mls ifjnRr fd;s tk;s vFkok mlds dk;kyZ ; ;k mlds fuokl x`g ij NksM+ fn;s tkus ds ckn nks ekl u O;rhr gks x;s gks]a vkSj okn i= es a bl vk”k; dk dFku gksxk fd ,slk uksfVl bl izdkj ifjnRr fd;k x;k gS ;k NksM+ fn;k x;k gS AÀ1 ¼2½ dksbZ ,slh dk;oZ kgh] tks mi/kkjk ¼1½ ea s of.kZr gS]] okndj.k izksnHkwr gksus ds i'pkr 6 ekl d s Hkhrj gh izkjEHk djus d s flok; vU;Fk izkjEHk ugha dh tk;xs h A 107&& ¼1½ twMhf”k;y vkfQllZ izksVsD”ku ,sDV] 1850 ds mica/k U;k; iapk;r ds ¿xzke iapk;rÀ4 rFkk U;k; lnL;kas ij ykxw gkxs s a A iapk;r dks lja{k.k 1850 dk 8 ¼2½ bl vf/kfu;e ;k blds v/khu cuk;s x;s fdlh fu;e ;k mifof/k ds v/khu lnHkkoiwoZd fd;s x;s vFkok fd;s tkus ds fy;s vfHkizsr fdlh dk; Z ds laca/k ea s ¿xzke iapk;rÀ4 ;k mlds fdlh lnL; ;k vf/kdkjh ;k fdlh ,sls O;fDr ds fo:} tks mlds funs”k ds v/khu dk; Z dj jgk gks] dksbZ flfoy okn vFkok vfHk;kstu fdlh U;k;ky; es a xzg.k u fd;k tk;xs k A ¿107&d&& bl vf/kfu;e ds v/khu vU;Fkk micaf/kr voLFkk dks NksM+dj ¿xzke dk;Zokfg;ks a dh oS/krk lHkkÀ4] ¿xzke iapk;rÀ4 vFkok mldh dksbZ lfefr bl ckr ds gksrs gq, Hkh mldh lnL;rk es a dksbZ fjfDr Fkh vFkok mlds fdlh lnL; dk uke ntZ djus es a dksbZ =qfV ;k vfu;ferrk Fkh] dk;Z djus ds fy;s l”kLr gksxh ¿vkSj fdlh xzke lHkk] xzke iapk;rÀ5 vFkok mldh dksbZ lfefr eas dksbZ dk;Zokgh bl ckr ds gksrs gq;s Hkh oS/k gksxh fdlh lnL; dk uke ntZ djus ea s dksbZ =qfV ;k vfu;ferrk Fkh vFkok O;fDr tks ,slk djus dk gdnkj ugh Fkk] dk;Zokfg;kas ea s mifLFkr jgk] ernku fd;k vFkok mifLFkr O;fDr;ka s es a ls de ls de nks frgkbZ O;fDr lnL; gksus d s fy;s vugZ u jgs gks a AÀ2 108&& iqfyl dk izR;sd vf/kdkjh fdlh ,sls vijk/k dh] tks bl vf/kfu;e ds ;k iapk;rka s dks lgk;rk nsus blds v/khu cuk;s x;s fdlh fu;e vFkok mifof/k ds fo:} fd;k x;k gks vkSj ftldh rFkk vijk/kks a ds lcaa a/k es a mls tkudkjh gks tk;]s lwpuk rRdky ¿xzke iapk;rÀ4 dk nsxk vkSj ¿xzke iapk;rÀ4 vkSj iqfyl dh “kfDr;ka rFkk drZO; U;k; iapk;r ds leLr lnL;kaas rFkk lsodkas dks muds fof/k lEer izkf/kdkjh ds iz;ksx es a lgk;rk nsxk A 1- m0iz0vf/kfu;e la0 2] 1955 dh /kkjk 81 }kjk izfrLFkkfir A 2- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 82 }kjk c<+k;k x;k A 3- m0iz0vf/kfu;e la0 33] 1961 dh vuqlwph 8¼2½ }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 4- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la0 9] 1994 dh /kkjk 2 }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 5- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 54 }kjk izfrLFkkfir 65 ¿la;qDr izkUr iapk;r jkt vf/kfu;e] 1947À ¿/kkjk 109&110À 109&& ;fn ¿U;k; iapk;r dh vf/kdkfjrk ds laca/k ea s vFkokÀ1 nks ;k nks ls vf/kd ¿xzke iapk;rksÀa 6 ds chp vFkok ¿xzke iapk;rÀ6 vFkok Vkmu ,fj;k vFkok E;qfulhiy cksMZ vFkok ftyk ifj’kn~ ds chp dksbZ fookn mRiUu gks rks mls fu;r izkf/kdkjh dks vfHkfn’V fd;k tk;sxk] ftldk fu.kZ; vfUre gksxk vkSj ml ij fdlh fof/k U;k;y; es a vkifRr ugh dh tk;xs h A ¿109&d&& ¼1½ bl vf/kfu;e ds fdlh vU; micU/k es a fdlh izfrdwy ckr ds vfHkys[kks a dh vfHkj{kk vkSj gksrs gq, Hkh] && mUgs a izekf.kr djus dk <ax ¼d½ xzke iapk;r ds lHkh vfHkys[k mlds ¿iz/kkuÀ8 dh vfHkj{kk es a jgsxa s( ¼[k½ ¿iz/kku@À9 lfpo] vkosnu djus ij vkSj ,slh Qhl ds Hkqxrku djus ij] tSlh fu;r dh tk;] fdlh O;fDr dks ,sls fdlh vfHkys[k dh izfr nsxk vkSj mls vius gLrk{kj vkSj xzke iapk;r dh eqgj ls lR; izfrfyfi ds :Ik es a izekf.kr djsxk( ¿¼x½ vfHkys[kks a ds leqfpr vuqj{k.k ,oa mues a izfof’V;ka djus dk nkf;Ro xzke iapk;r ds lfpo dk gksxkAÀ10 ¼2½ xzke iapk;r ds fdlh vfHkys[k dh lE;d :Ik ls izekf.kr izfr dks vfHkys[k ds vfLrRo ds izFke n`’V;k lk{; ds :Ik es a ml lhek rd xzg.k fd;k tk;xk] tgk¡ vkSj ftl lhek rd vfHkys[k] ;fn og izLrqr fd;k tkrk] ,sls fo’k;ks a dks izekf.kr djus ds fy, xzkº; gksrkAÀ7 v/;k; 9 fu;e] mifof/k;ak rFkk fujlu 110&& ¿¼1½ jkT; ljdkj bl vf/kfu;e ds iz;kstuks a dks dk;kfZUor djus ds fy;s jkT; ljdkj dh fu;e xtV ea s vf/klpw uk }kjk fu;e cuk ldrh gSAÀ4 cukus dh “kfDr ¼2½ fo”ks’kr% rFkk iwoksDZ r “kfDr dk O;kidrk ij izfrdwy izHkko Mkys fcuk] ,sls fu;eks a ea s fuEufyf[kr O;oLFkk dh tk ldrh gS&& ¼1½ dksbZ fo’k;] ftlds fy;s O;oLFkk djus dh “kfDr bl vf/kfu;e }kjk vfHkO;Dr vFkok foof{kr :Ik ls jkT; ljdkj dks iznRr dh tk; s ( ¿¼2½ ¿xzke lHkkÀ6 ;k U;k; iapk;r dh LFkkiuk ;k ¿xzke iapk;rÀ6 dk la?kVu(À3 2¼2&d½ miiz/kku ds fy;s vgZrk;sa ( 2¼2&[k½ ¿xzke lHkkÀ6 ;k U;k; iapk;r dh LFkkiuk dk lfdZykas eas ifjorZu gksus d s QyLo:Ik muds ifjlEer vkSj nkf;Rokas dk fooj.k ( ¿¼2&x½ /kkjk 12&x ds v/khu fuokZpu ;kfpdkvkas vkSj iqujh{k.k ds fy;s vkosnu i=ks a dk izLrqr fd;k tkuk vkSj mudk fuLrkj.k AÀ5 1- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la0 2] 1955 dh /kkjk 83 }kjk c<+k;k x;k A 2- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 85 ¼1½ ¼d½ }kjk izfrLFkkfir A 3- m0iz0vf/kfu;e la0 15] 1960 dh /kkjk 15 ¼d½ }kjk izfrLFkkfir A 4- m0iz0vf/kfu;e la0 3] 1973 dh /kkjk 14 ¼1½ }kjk izfrLFkkfir A 5- m0iz0vf/kfu;e la0 37] 1978 dh /kkjk 43 ¼d½ }kjk izfrLFkkfir A 6- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la0 9] 1994 dh /kkjk 2 }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 7- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la[;k 33 o’kZ 1999 ds v/;k;&nks dh /kkjk 5 }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 8- mÙkjk[k.M vf/kfu;e la0 26 o’kZ 2003 dh /kkjk 2 ¼1½ }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 9- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 2 ¼2½ }kjk vUrfoZ’VA 10- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 2 ¼3½ }kjk c<+k;k x;kA 66 ¿la;qDr izkUr iapk;r jkt vf/kfu;e] 1947À ¿/kkjk 110À 2¼2&?k½ iz/kku] miiz/kku] ¿xzke iapk;rkaÀs 5 ds lnL;kas] iap] lgk;d ljiap] rFkk ljiap }kjk “kiFk xzg.k ( 2¼2&³½ iz/kku] miiz/kku] ¿xzke iapk;rkaÀs 5 ds lnL;kas] iap] lgk;d ljiap] rFkk ljiap }kjk in R;kx i= dk fuosf’kr fd;k tkuk ( 1¼2&p½ lkekU; fuokZpukas rFkk mi fuokZpukas dk vk;kstu ( ¿¼2&N½ U;k; iapk;r ds iapks a dh fu;qfDr (À5 1¼2&t½ ¿xzke iapk;rÀ4 vkSj U;k; iapk;r ds inkf/kdkfj;kas dks vodk”k iznku djuk ( 1¼2&>½ fdl dkj.k ls iz/kku vkSj miiz/kku dh vuqifLFkfr es a muds drZO;kas dk ikyu fd;k tkuk ( ¼3½ ¿xzke lHkkvkas]À4 ¿xzke iapk;rÀ4 vkSj U;k; iapk;r dh cSBdks a dk le; vkSj LFkku vkSj cSBds a cqykus vkSj mudh lwpuk nsus dh jhfr ( ¼4½ dk;Zokfg;kas dk lapkyu] ftlds vUrxZr cSBdkas ea s lnL;kas }kjk iz”uka s dk iwNk tkuk vkSj cSBdkas dk LFkfxr fd;k tkuk vkSj cSBdkas dh dk;oZ `fRr iqLrds a Hkh gS ( ¼5½ lfefr;ks a dk LFkkfir fd;k tkuk vkSj ,slh lfefr;kas ea s la?kVu vkSj izfdz;k ls lacaf/kr lHkh fo’k;kas dk vo/kkj.k ( ¼6½ inkf/kdkfj;kas dk fuyEcu rFkk gVk;k tkuk ( ¼7½ vfHkys[k vkSj jftLVj] tks ¿xzke iapk;rÀ4 vkSj U;k; iapk;rks a }kjk j[k s tk;xs s a rFkk izi= ftlea s os gksxas ( ¿¼7&d½ ¿xzke lHkkÀ4 rFkk ¿xzke iapk;rÀ4 ds jftLVjkas dk fu;rdkfyd] iqujh{k.k rFkk la”kks/ku (À1 ¼8½ dk;oZ kgh tks dk;Zdkfj.kh lfefr] la;qDr lfefe ;k fdlh vU; lfefr vkSj U;k; iapk;r essa dkbs Z fjfDr gksus ij dh tk;xs h ( ¼9½ izkf/kdkjh ftlds }kjk dk;dZ kfj.kh lfefr] la;qDr lfefr] fdlh vU; lfefr vFkok U;k; iapk;r ea s fu;qfDr;ks a ds laca/k ea s fooknka s dk fu.kZ; fd;k tk ldrk gS] rFkk mlea s ikyu dh tkus okyh izfdz;k ( ¼10½ ¿xzke iapk;rÀ4 ¿vFkok U;k; iapk;rÀ2 ds ,sls lsodksa }kjk nh tkus okyh izfrHkwfr dh /kujkf”k vkSj mldk izdkj ftlls izfrHkwfr dh vis{kk djuk b”Vdj le>k tk; ( ¿¼11½ ¿xzke iapk;rÀ4 vkSj U;k; iapk;r ds lsodksa dh fu;qfDr] vgZrk;sa] i;Zos{k.k] inP;qfr] lsokeqfDr] mUga s gVk;k tkuk vFkok n.M rFkk mudh lsok] vodk”k LFkkukUrj.k] osru rFkk fo’ks”kkf/kdkjkas ls lacaf/kr vU; fo’k; vkSj vihy djus d s muds vf/kdkj (À3 1- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la0 2] 1955 dh /kkjk 85 ¼1½ ¼d½ rFkk ¼[k½ }kjk c<+k;k x;k A 2- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 85 ¼1½ ¼x½ }kjk c<+k;k x;kA 3- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 85 ¼1½ ¼?k½ }kjk c<+k;k x;k A 4- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la0 9] 1994 dh /kkjk 2 }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 5- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la0 21 o’kZ 1995 dh /kkjk 11 }kjk izfrfLFkkfirA 67 ¿la;qDr izkUr iapk;r jkt vf/kfu;e] 1947À ¿/kkjk 110À ¼12½ ¿xzke iapk;rÀ7 ¿rFkk U;k; iapk;rÀ1 ds lsodksa ds fy;s Hkfo’; fuf/k dk izca/k vkSj fofu;eu] ;fn fdlh ¿xzke iapk;rÀ7 }kjk Hkfo’; fuf/k dh iz.kkyh viuk;h tk;s ( ¼13½ izkjfEHkd fo|ky;ks a dh LFkkiuk] vuqj{k.k vkSj izca/k rFkk muds Hkoukas dk fuekZ.k vkSj ejEer ( ¼14½ fdlh la;qDr lfefr dks lkSis x;s iqLrdky;ks]a okpuky;ks]a vkS’k/kky;kas dh LFkkiuk] iz”kklu rFkk fu;a=.k vkSj muls lEc) Hkouka s dk fuekZ.k vkSj ejEer rFkk ¿Ikapk;r {ks=À8 ds fu/kZu fuokfl;kas dks vkS’kf/k vkSj fpfdRlk laca/kh lgk;rk dk lEHkj.k ( ¼15½ fdlh Hkwfe] Hkwx`gkfn vFkok ty ij mRiUu ty ouLifr ¿?kkl] r`.kkfn vFkok taxyh mitÀ2 dks [kkst fudkyuk] ml;s gVkuk vkSj u’V djuk] mlds QSyko dks jksdus ds fy;s ?ksjkas vkSj vojks/kka s dk cuk;k tkuk vkSj ,sls dk;Z dks djus ea s gksus okyk O;; ( ¼16½ LoPNrk] lQkbZ] ty fuLrkj.k] Hkoukas] lkoZtfud lM+dkas rFkk ty lEHkj.k ds laca/k es a dk;oZ kgh vkSj yksd U;lw sUl dk izfr”ks/k ( ¿¼16&d½ /kkjk 15] 16 rFkk 17 es a mfYyf[kr ¿xzke iapk;rÀ7 ds d`R;kas rFkk drZO;kas dk ikyu djuk (À3 ¼17½ vk; rFkk O;; ds okf’kZd vuqeku rS;kj djuk rFkk fof’k”V iz;kstuka s ds fy;s fuf/k ¿dksÀ4 i`Fkxjf{kr djuk ( ¼18½ ¿xzke iapk;rkaÀs 7 vkSj U;k; iapk;rkas }kjk izLrqr dh tkus okyh foojf.k;ka rFkk izi= ftuea s os gksxh vkSj izkf/kdkjh] ftldks vkSj le;] tc os izLrqr dh tk;xs h ( ¼19½ djkas vkSj ykblsla Qhl dk yx;k tkuk] izkf/kdkjh ftlds }kjk vkSj jhfr ftlds vuqlkj dj fu/kkZfjr fd;s tk ldrs gS vkSj izkf/kdkjh ftldks dj fu/kkZj.k vkns”k ds fo:} vihy dh tk ldrh gS ( ¿¼19&d½ ¿xzke iapk;rksÀa 7 }kjk jkT; ds ns;ks a rFkk vU; ns;ks a dh olwyh vkSj mlds fy, fn;k tkus okyk ikfjJfed(À5 ¼20½ djkas rFkk vU; ns;kas ds Hkqxrku dk <ax vkSj le;] olwyh dh izfdz;k vkSj izkf/kdkjh] ftldh lgk;rk djkas rFkk ns;ks a dh olwyh djus eas ¿xzke iapk;rÀ7 }kjk yh tk ldrh gS ( ¼21½ ¿xzke iapk;rkasÀ7 ¿vkSj U;k; iapk;rkasÀ6 }kjk y[s kk j[kus dk <ax ( ¼22½ lkoZtfud Hkoukas vksjS utwy Hkwfe dk vuqj{k.k ( ¼23½ fdlh lEifRr dks vUrfjr djrs le; ikyu dh tkus okyh vkSipkfjdrk;s aa vkSj og jhfr ftlds vuqlkj lafonk foy[s k ¿xzke iapk;rÀ7 }kjk fu’ikfnr fd;k tk;sxk ( 1- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la0 2] 1955 dh /kkjk 85 ¼1½¼³½ }kjk c<+k;k x;k A 2- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 85 ¼1½¼p½ }kjk c<+k;k x;k A 3- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 85 ¼1½¼N½ }kjk c<+k;k x;k A 4- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 85 ¼1½¼t½ }kjk c<+k;k x;k A 5- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 85 ¼1½¼>½ }kjk c<+k;k x;k A 6- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 85 ¼1½¼´½ }kjk c<+k;k x;k A 7- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la0 9] 1994 dh /kkjk 2 }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 8- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 56 ¼d½ ¼,d½ }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 68 ¿la;qDr izkUr iapk;r jkt vf/kfu;e] 1947À ¿/kkjk 110À ¼24½ y[s kk ijh{kdka]s fujh{kdksa rFkk v/kh{kd izkf/kdkfj;ks a dh tkap djus dh] lkf{k;kas dks cqykus vkSj mudh ijh{kk djus dh] y[s ;ks a dks izLrqr djus d s fy;s ck/; djus dh “kfDr;ka rFkk ys[kk ijh{kk] fujh{k.k rFkk v/kh{k.k ls lacaf/kr vU; leLr fo’k; ( ¼25½ U;k; iapk;r ds leukas] uksfVlkas rFkk vU; vknsf”kdkvkas dk tkjh fd;k tkuk] mudh rkehy vFkok fu’Ikknu fd;k tkuk vkSj ¿xzke iapk;rkasÀ3 }kjk uksfVl dk tkjh fd;k tkuk rFkk mudh rkehy fd;k tkuk ( ¿¼25&d½ lkf{k;kas dh ijh{kk djus ds fy, deh”kukas dk tkjh fd;k tkuk(À1 ¿¼25&[k½ ;fn ljiap vkijkf/kd okn xzg.k djus ls badkj djs rks mudk lafLFkr fd;k tkuk(À1 ¼26½ leukas rFkk vU; vknsf”kdkvkas dk rkehy fd;s tkus ;k fu’ikfnr fd;k tkus ds fy;s U;k; iapk;rkas }kjk fdlh vU; U;k; iapk;r ;k U;k;ky; dks vUrfjr fd;k tkuk ( ¼27½ flfoy oknks a rFkk vkijkfnd oknkas ds lafLFkr fd;s tkus] vknsf”kdkvkas ds tkjh fd;s tkus] y[s ;ksa dh izfrfyfi;ka izkIr djus rFkk vU; fo’k;k sa ds fy;s U;k; iapk;rkas }kjk yxk;h tkus okyh Qhl ( ¼28½ ml n”kk es a ns; U;k;ky; Qhl rFkk vU; Qhl tc U;k; iapk;r i{kks a dh lgefr ls ,slk flfoy okn xzg.k djs tks vU;Fkk mldh vkf/kdkfjrk ds ckgj gks( ¼29½ U;k; iapk;r }kjk nh x;h fMfdz;ka] fn;s x;s vkns”kkas vkSj n.Mkns”kka s d s fu’iknu dh izfdz;k ( ¼30½ bl vf/kfu;e ds v/khu U;k; iapk;rkas }kjk vius drZO;kas dk ikyu fd;s tkus ds fy;s ¿xzke iapk;rksÀa 3 }kjk /kujkf”k izfo’V fd;k tkuk vkSj og lhek ftl rd U;k; iapk;rks a dks Hkqxrku dh x;h Qhlkas dk ¿xzke iapk;rksaÀ3 }kjk iz;skx fd;k tk ldrk gS A ¼31½ “kfDr;ka] ftudk iz;ksx ftyk ifj’kn vFkok fdlh fu;r izkf/kdkjh }kjk bl vf/kfu;e ds v/khu vius nkf;R;ks a dk fuoZgu djus ea s fd;k tkldrk gS vkSj og jhfr ftlls ,slh “kfDr;kas dk iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gS A ¼32½ ¿xzke iapk;rksÀa 3 ds fy, ¿xzke iapk;rksÀa 3 }kjk mifof/k;ka cukus es a fu;r izkf/kdkjh }kjk ikyu dh tkus okyh izfdz;k ( ¿¼33½ lkekU;r;k bl vf/kfu;e ds vFkok blds v/khu cuk; s x;s fu;ekas ds v/khu fdlh fo’k; ds laca/k es a izi=kas rFkk jftLVjkas dk fu;r fd;k tkuk vkSj mudk eqnz.k (À2 ¼34½ uD”kks]a fMtk;ukas] fof”k’V fooj.k rFkk vuqekukas dk vuqeksnukFkZ izLrqr fd;k tkuk ( ¼35½ xkao Lo;a los d ny d s drZO;] “kfDr;ka vkSj d`R; ( 1- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la0 2] 1955 dh /kkjk 85¼1½¼V½ }kjk c<+k;k x;kA 2- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 85 ¼1½ ¼B½ }kjk izfrLFkkfir A 3- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la0 9] 1994 dh /kkjk 2 }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 69 ¿la;qDr izkUr iapk;r jkt vf/kfu;e] 1947À ¿/kkjk 111À ¼36½ ¿xzke iapk;rksÀa 4] ¿U;k; iapk;rkasÀ1 }kjk okf’kZd fjiksVks Z dk izLrqr fd;k tkuk vkSj mudk iqufoZyksdu] ¼37½ ¿xzke iapk;rÀ4 ds lnL;ks a ls fHkUu O;fDr] tks ¿xzke iapk;rksÀa 4 dh cSBdkas es a ijke”kZnkrk ds :Ik es a mifLFkr gks ldrs gks a ( ¼38½ ¿xzke iapk;rÀ4 vkSj U;k; iapk;r rFkk vU; izkf/kdkfj;kas ds chp i= O;ogkj dk ek/;e ( ¼39½ ¿xzke lHkkvkas vFkok xzke iapk;rksÀa 5 vFkok U;k; iapk;rkas ds lekIr fd;s tkus ij muds ifjlEifRr vkSj nkf;Roks a dk fuLrkj.k ( ¼40½ fdlh ¿xzke iapk;rÀ4 ds lEiw.kZ LFkkuh; {ks= ;k mlds fdlh Hkkx dk fdlh ¿uxjÀ3] E;wfulhiSfyVh] uksfVQkbM ,fj;k] Vkmu,fj;k vFkok dsUVksesVa ea s lfEefyr dj fy;s tkus ij dh tkus okyh dk;Zokgh vkSj og jhfr ftlls ,slh ifjfLFkfr;kas es a ¿xzke iapk;rÀ4 ds ifjlEifRr vkSj nkf;Rokas dk fuLrkj.k fd;k tk ldsxk ( ¼41½ “krsaZ] ftuds v/khu xkao iapk;r dks ns; /kujkf”k;ka olwy u gksus ;kXs ; gksus ds dkj.k cV~Vs [kkrs eas Mkyh tk ldrh gS vkSj “krs]Z ftlds v/khu lEiw.kZ Qhl vFkok mlds fdlh Hkkx dh NwV nh tk ldrh gS] vkSj bl vf/kfu;e ds mica/kks a dks dk;kZfUor djus ls lacaf/kr fdlh fo’k; ea s lkekU;r;k ¿xzke iapk;rksaÀ4] U;k; iapk;rkas] la;qDr lfefr;ksas] vU; lfefr;kas ljdkj ds lsodka s rFkk vU; izkf/kdkfj;kas ds iFk izn”kZu ds fy;s( ¿¼42½ vuqlfpr tkfr;ks a dk i;kZIr izfrfuf/kRo izkIr djus ds fy;s ¿xzke iapk;rÀ4 ds lnL;ks a dk fuokZpu dk fofu;eu ( 2¼43½ lkekU; iz”kklu ij izHkko Mkyus okys fdlh fo’k; ij ljdkjh lsodksa dks ¿xzke iapk;rkasÀ4 }kjk nh tkus okyh lgk;rk ( 2¼44½ lgk;d ljiap vksj miiz/kku dh “kfDr;ka vkSj drZO; ( 2¼45½ ¿xzke iapk;rkasÀ4 }kjk /ku dk _.k fy;k tkuk rFkk fn;k tkuk( 2¼46½ fo’k;] tks fu;r fd;s tkus gks a vkSj fu;r fd;s tk;s ( rFkk ¼47½ dksbZ Hkh fo’k;] ftlds laca a/k ea s /kkjk 111 es a fdlh ¿xzke iapa k;rÀ4 ds fy;s mifof/k cukus dh “kfDr fu;r izkf/kdkjh dks iznku dh x;h gks AÀ2 ¼3½ ¿***À6 111&& fu;r izkf/kdkjh xkoa iapk;r dh vf/kdkfjrk ds Hkhrj fuokl djus okys mifof/k;ka cukus dh O;fDr;kas ds LokLF;] lqj{kk vkSj lqfo/kk dh vfHko`f} vkSj vuqj{k.k ds iz;kstu ds fy;s rFkk ftyk ifj’knks a dh “kfDr bl vf/kfu;e ds v/khu ¿xzke iapk;rkaÀs 4 d s iz”kklu dks vkxs c<+kus ds fy;s viuh vf/kdkfjrk ds Hkhrj ¿xzke iapk;rÀ4 ds bl vf/kfu;e ls vkSj blds v/khu cuk;s x;s fu;eks a ls laxr mifof/k;ka cuk ldrk gS vkSj jkT; ljdkj }kjk vis{kk fd;s tkus ij vo”; cuk;sxk A 1- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la0 2] 1955 dh /kkjk 85 ¼1½ ¼M½ }kjk c<+k;k x;k A 2- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 85 ¼1½ ¼r½ }kjk c<+k;k x;kA 3- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la0 37] 1978 dh /kkjk 73 ¼[k½ }kjk vUrfoZ’VA 4- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la0 9] 1994 dh /kkjk 2 }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 5- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 56 ¼d½ ¼nks½ }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 6- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 56 ¼[k½ }kjk fujflrA 70 ¿la;qDr izkUr iapk;r jkt vf/kfu;e] 1947À ¿/kkjk 112&113À 112&& ¼1½ bl vf/kfu;e ds mica/kks a rFkk blds v/khu cuk; s x;s lHkh fu;eks a ds mifof/k;ka cukus dh ¿xzke vkSj fu;r izkf/kdkjh }kjk cuk;h x;h mifof/k;k]as ;fn dksbZ gks] ds v/khu jgrs gq;s] ¿xzke iapk;rkaÀs 3 dh “kfDr iapk;rÀ3 fuEufyf[kr ds fy;s mifof/k;ka cuk ldrh gS&& ¼d½ ihus ds iz;kstu ds fy;s fdlh ,sls Lkzksr ls ty ds gVkus vFkok mlds iz;ksxs dk izfr’ks/k djuk ftlls LokLF; ds fy;s ladV mRiUu gksus dh laHkkouk gks vkSj fdlh ,sls dk;Z djus dk izfr”ks/k djuk ftlls ihu ds ty ds Lkzksr ds nwf’kr gksus dh laHkkouk gks ( ¼[k½ fdlh ukyh vFkok Hkwx`gkfn ls fdlh lkoZtfud lM+d ij vFkok unh] iks[kj] rkykc dq,a ea s vFkok fdlh vU; LFkku ij ty ds fuLrkj.k dk izfr’ks/k vFkok mls fofu;fer djuk ( ¼x½ lkoZtfud lM+d rFkk ¿xzke iapk;rÀ3 dh laifRr dks {kfr ls cpuk ( ¼?k½ ¿xzke iapk;rkaÀs 3 ds {ks= esa LoPNrk] lQkbZ rFkk ty fuLrkj.k dks fofu;fer djuk ( ¼M+½ nqdkunkjks a vFkok vU; O;fDr;ka s }kjk lkoZtfud lM+dkas vFkok vU; lkoZtfud LFkkukas ds iz;ksx dk vFkok lkoZtfud lM+dks a ij rgcktkjh ds laxzg.k dk izfr”ks/k djuk ;k mls fofu;fer djuk ( ¼p½ ml jhfr dks fofu;fer djuk] ftlls rkykc] iks[kj] uydwi] pjkxkg] [kys ds eSnku] [kkn ds xM<+]s e`rd “kjhj ds fuLrkj.k ds fy;s Hkwfe rFkk ugkus ds LFkku vuqjf{kr rFkk iz;qDr fd;s tk;sxs a ( ¿¼N½ ¿xzke iapk;rÀ3 ds fdlh ,sls s vU; drZO;kas vFkok d`R;kasa dk fofu;fer djuk tSlk fd fu;r izkf/kdkjh }kjk funs”k fn;k tk;sAÀ1 ¼2½ ¿xzke iapk;rÀ3 }kjk cukbZ xbZ mifof/k;k s dk izk:Ik fu;r jhfr ls izdkf”kr fd;k tk;xs kA mlds laca/k ea s izkIr fdUgha vkifRr;kas ij ¿xzke iapk;rÀ3 dh cSBd es a fopkj fd;k tk;xs k vkSj rc mifof/k;ka izkIr] vkifRr;ka]s ;fn dksbZ gks] vksj mu ij fd;s x;s fu.kZ;kas lfgr fu;e jhfr ls izdkf”kr fd;s tkus d s ckn izo`Rr gksxs a ¿(À2 ¿izfrca/k ;g gS fd jkT; ljdkj bl izdkj Lohdr` fdUgha mifof/k;k as dks fdlh Hkh le; fo[kafMr dj ldrh gSAÀ2 113&& ¼1½ ¿***À5 fujlu vkSj ladze.k& dkyhu micU/k ¿¼2½ mÙkj izns”k iapk;r fof/k ¼la”kks/ku½ vf/kfu;e] 1994 ds izkjEHk ds fnukad dks vkSj ls] fdlh fu;e] fofu;e] mifof/k] ifjfu;r lays[k ;k rRle; izo`Ùk fdlh vU; fof/k ea s ;k fdlh nLrkost ;k dk;oZ kfg;ks a ea]s ¿*xzke lHkkÀ3 ;k ¿^xzke iapk;r^À3 ds izfr fdlh funs”Z k dks ^xzke iapk;r^ ds izfr funs”Z k le>k tk;xs kAÀ4 1- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la0 2] 1955 dh /kkjk 86¼1½ }kjk c<+k;k x;kA 2- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 86 ¼2½ }kjk c<+k;k x;k A 3- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la0 9] 1994 dh /kkjk 2 }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 4- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 58 }kjk c<k+;k x;kA 5- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la0 21 o’kZ 1995 dh /kkjk 12 }kjk fujflrA 71 ¿la;qDr izkUr iapk;r jkt vf/kfu;e] 1947À ¿/kkjk 114&117À ¿114&& ¿¼1½À2 ;fn bl vf/kfu;e ds v/khu la?kfVr fdlh fudk; ea s fdlh lnL; dfri; n”kkvka s ea s vFkok inkf/kdkjh dh e`R;q gks tkus] mlds in R;kx djus] gVk; s tkus vFkok fuokZpu dk vkdfLed fjfDr;ka s dks fcuk Hkjs j[kk tkuk ifjotZu djus ds dkj.k dksbZ fjfDr gks tk; s vkSj ,sls lnL; vFkok inkf/kdkjh dk dk;dZ ky lkekU; ?kVukdez ea s ,slh fjfDr gksus ds N% ekl ds Hkhrj lekIr gks tkrk gks rks fu;r izkf/kdkjh funs”k ns ldrk gS fd fjfDr dks bl vf/kfu;e ds v/khu vkxkeh lkekU; fuokZpu gksus rd fcuk Hkjs j[kk tk;xs k AÀ1 ¿¼2½ ;fn mi/kkjk ¼1½ ds v/khu fn;s x;s funs”k ds dkj.k iz/kku rFkk miiz/kku nksuksa ds i{kks a dh fjfDr;ks a fcuk Hkjs jg tk;s rks iz/kku ds fuokZfpr gksus rd iz/kku ds d`R;kas ds fuoZgu ds fy;s fu;r izkf/kdkjh] vkns”k }kjk] ,slk izca/k dj ldrk gS tks og Bhd le>sAÀ2 4¿115&& ¼1½ mÙkj izns”k iapk;r fof/k ¼la”kks/ku½ vf/kfu;e] 1994 ds izkjEHk ds dqN n”kkvks a easa lEifÙk] fnukad dks vkSj ls && vkfLr;ks]a vf/kdkjks]a nkf;Roks a rFkk vkHkkjks a dk mÙkjkf/kdkj ¼d½ leLr lEifÙk] lEifÙk ea s fgr vkSj vkfLr;ka] ftuds vUrxZr jksdM+ ckdh Hkh gS] tgka dgha Hkh os fLFkr gks]a tks mDr fnukad ds Bhd igy s ¿xzke lHkkÀ3 ea s fufgr Fkh] bl vf/kfu;e ds iz;kstuks a ds fy,] ;FkkfLFkfr] xzke iapk;r ea s fufgr gks tk;sxa h vkSj blds vf/kdkj ea s jgsxa s( rFkk ¼[k½ iwoksDZ r ¿xzke lHkkÀ3 ds ,sls leLr vf/kdkj] nkf;Ro vkSj vkHkkj pkgs os fdlh lafonk ls mRiUu gq, gks a ;k vU;Fkk] tks mDr fnukad ls Bhd igys fo|eku gks] ;FkkfLFkfr] ml xzke iapk;r ds vf/kdkj] nkf;Ro vkSj vk/kkj gks tk;asxsA ¼2½ ;fn dksbZ lansg ;k fookn mRiUu gks fd dksbZ lEifÙk] fgr ;k vkfLr mi/kkjk ¼1½ d s v/khu xzke iapk;r ea s fufgr gks xbZ gS ;k ugha vFkok dksbZ vf/kdkj] nkf;Ro ;k vk/kkj xzke iapk;r dk vf/kdkj] nkf;Ro ;k vkHkkj gks x;k gS ;k ugha rks ,slk lansg ;k fookn] jkT; ljdkj dks fu;r jhfr ls fufnZ’V fd;k tk;xs k] ftldk fu.kZ;] tc rd fd og fdlh fof/k U;k;ky; ds fdlh fu.kZ; ls vodzkUr u gks tk,] vfUre gksxkA 116&& fdlh xkao lHkk dks ns; leLr /kujkf”k;ka] pkgs os fdlh dj ds en ea s ns; ns; /kujkf”k;ka gks ;k fdlh vU; [kkrs es]a xzke iapk;r }kjk olwy dh tk;xs h vkSj xzke iapk;r ,slh olwyh ds iz;kstukFkZ dksbZ ,slk dk;Z djus ds fy, l{ke gksxh ;k dksbZ ,slh dk;Zokgh djus d s fy, l{ke gksxh] ftls mÙkj izns”k iapk;r fof/k ¼la”kks/ku½ vf/kfu;e] 1994 ds izo`Ùk u gksus dh n”kk ea s mDr ¿xzke lHkkÀ3 djus ;k izkjEHk djus dh vf/kdkjh gksrhA 117&& ¼1½ fdlh ¿xzke lHkkÀ3 }kjk ;k mldh vksj ls /kkjk 115 dh mi/kkjk ¼1½ eas _.k] vkHkkj] lafonk,a rFkk fufnZ’V fnukad ds iwoZ mixr lHkh _.kks a vkSj vkHkkjks a vkSj dh xbZ lHkk lafonkvks a ds lEcU/k fopkjk/khu dk;Zokfg;ka ea]s tks mDr fnukad dks fo|eku gks]a ;g le>k tk;xk fd os bl vf/kfu;e }kjk mls izkIr vf/kdkjks a dk iz;ksx djds] xzke iapk;r }kjk gq, vFkok fd, x, gSa vkSj rn~uqlkj os izorZu ea s cus jgsxa sA 1- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la0 2] 1955 dh /kkjk 87 }kjk c<+k;k x;kA 2- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la0 6 o’kZ 1969 dh /kkjk 9 }kjk iqulZa[;kafdr rFkk vUrfoZ’VA 3- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la0 9 o’kZ 1994 dh /kkjk 2 }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 4- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 59 }kjk c<+k;k x;kA 72 ¿la;qDr izkUr iapk;r jkt vf/kfu;e] 1947À ¿/kkjk 118&119À ¼2½ mDRk ¿xzke lHkkÀ1 ds fdlh izkf/kdkjh ds le{k mDr fnukad dks fopkjk/khu ,slh leLr dk;oZ kfg;ks]a ftudk bl vf/kfu;e ds micU/kks a ds v/khu xzke iapk;r ds le{k izkjEHk fd;k tkuk vFkok mlds }kjk lEiUUk fd;k tkuk visf{kr gks] xzke iapk;r dks ladzfe dj nh tk;xs h vkSj mlds }kjk tkjh j[kh tk;xs h vkSj ,slh vU; leLr dk;oZ kfg;ka Hkh] ;FkklEHko] ml izkf/kdkjh dks ladzfer dj nh tk;sxh vkSj mlds }kjk tkjh j[kh tk;sxa h] ftlds le{k vFkok ftlds }kjk os bl vf/kfu;e ds vmicu/kks a ds v/khu izkjEHk ;k lEiUu dh tkrhA ¼3½ mDRk ¿xzke lHkkÀ1 ds izkf/kdkjh ds le{k mDr fnukad dks fopkjk/khu leLr vihys]a ;FkkO;ogk;]Z bl izdkj fuLrkfjr dh tk;sxa h ekuks a mlds izkjEHk fd;s tkus ds le; xzke iapk;r fo|eku FkhA ¼4½ mDr ¿xzke lHkkÀ1 }kjk ;k mldh vksj ls pyk;s x;s vfHk;kts u vkSj mDr xkao lHkk }kjk ;k mlds fo:) ;k mDr ¿xzke lHkkÀ1 ds fdlh vf/kdkjh }kjk ;k mlds fo:) pyk;s x;s lHkh okn vkSj vU; fof/kd dk;Zokfg;ka] tks mDRk fnukad dks fopkjk/khu gks] ;FkkfLFkfr] xzke iapk;r ;k v/fkdkjh }kjk ;k mlds fo:) mlh izdkj tkjh jgsxh ekuks a ,sls vfHk;kts u] okn ;k dkZokgh pyk;s tkus d s le; xzke iapk;r la?kfVr dh tk pqdh gksA 118&& bl vf/kfu;e ea s fdlh ckr ds gksrs gq, Hkh] mÙkj izns”k iapk;r fof/k xzke iapk;rks a ds laxBu ¼la”kks/ku½ vf/kfu;e] 1994 ds izkjEHk ds fnukad dks vkSj ls] ¿mDr vf/kfu;e }kjk rd ds fy, O;oLFkk ;Fkkla”kksf/kr bl vf/kfu;e ds v/khu izFke ckjÀ3 xzke iapk;rks a ds laxBu rd dh vof/k ds nkSjku xkao iapk;r vkSj mdls iz/kku] miiz/kku vkSj lnL; dze”k% xzke iapk;r vkSj mlds iz/kku] miiz/kku vkSj lnL;ks a ds vf/kdkjks a dk iz;ksx] d`R;ks a dk lEiknu vkSj drZO;ks a dk fuoZgu djsxa s vkSj xzke iapk;r ds iz/kku] miiz/kku vkSj lnL; le>s tk;sxa sA 119&& ¼1½ ;fn bl vf/kfu;e ds micU/kks a dks ;k bl vf/kfu;e ea s fdlh ckr ds dfBukb;ks a dks nwj djus gksus s ds dkj.k] rRle; izo`Ùk fdlh vU; vf/kfu;fefr dks izHkkoh cukus ea s dfBukbZ mRiUu dh “kfDRk gks rks jkT; ljdkj tSlk volj fo”ks’k ij visf{kr gks] vf/klwfwpr vkns”k }kjk] ;g funs”k ns ldrh gS fd ;g vf/kfu;e ,sls vuqdwyuks a ds v/khu jgrs gq,] pkgs os ifj’dkj] ifjo/kZu ;k yksi ds :Ik ea s gks] izHkkoh gksxk] ftUgas og vko”;d ;k b’Vdj le>sAa ¼2½ mi/kkjk ¼1½ ds v/khu dksbZ vkns”k mÙkj izns”k iapk;r fof/k ¼la”kks/ku½ vf/kfu;e] 1994 ds izkjEHk ls nks o’kZ dh vof/k dh lekfIr ds Ik”pkr~ ugha fd;k tk;xs kA ¼3½ mi/kkjk ¼1½ ds v/khu fdlh vkns”k }kjk cuk, x, micU/k izHkko gksxa s] ekuks bl vf/kfu;e ea s vf/kfu;fer fd;s x;s gSa vkSj ,slk dksbZ vkns”k fdlh Hkwry{kh fnukad ls] fdUrq tks mÙkj izns”k iapk;r fof/k ¼la”kks/ku½ vf/kfu;e] 1994 ds izkjEHk ds iwoZ dk fnukad ugha gksxk] fn;k tk ldrk gSA ¼4½ mi/kkjk ¼1½ ds v/khu fn;k x;k izR;sd vkns”k] ;Fkk”kD; “kh?kz] jkT; fo/kku e.My ds nksuks a lnuks a ds le{k j[kk tk;xs k vkSj mÙkj izns”k lk/kkj.k [k.M vf/kfu;e] 1904 dh /kkjk 23&d dh mi/kkjk ¼1½ ds micU/k mlh izdkj ykxw gksaxs] ftl izdkj os fdlh mÙkj izns”k vf/kfu;e ds v/khu jkT; ljdkj }kjk cuk, x, fu;eks a ds lEcU/k ea s ykxw gkrs s gSaAÀ2 1- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la0 9 o’kZ 1994 dh /kkjk 2 }kjk izfrLFkkfirA 2- mi;qZDr dh /kkjk 59 }kjk c<+k;k x;kA 3- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la0 21 o’kZ 1995 dh /kkjk 13 }kjk c<+k;k x;kA 73 ¿la;qDr izkUr iapk;r jkt vf/kfu;e] 1947À ¿vuqlwphÀ vuqlwph ¿/kkjk 68 nsf[k;sÀ flfoy oknks a dk fooj.k Ikfjlhek vof/k og le; tc ls vof/k izkjEHk gksrh gS 1& fdlh lafonk ij ns; /kujkf”k 3 o’kZ tc /kujkf”k oknh dks ns; gks ds fy;s tk;As 2& taxe lEifRr ;k mlds ewY; 3 o’kZ tc oknh taxe lEifRr ds dh olwyh ds fy;s ifjnku dk gdnkj gks x;k gks A 3& fdlh taxe lEifRr dks nks’kiw.kZ 3 o’kZ Tkc taxe lEifRr dks nks’kiw.kZ :Ik ls yus s ;k gkfu igqapkus ds :Ik ls yh x;h Fkh ;k tc mls fufeRr izfrdj ds fy;s gkfu igqWpk;h x;h Fkh A 4& i'kqvka s ds vuf/kdr` izos”k }kjk 6 ekl Tkc i'kqvkas ds vuf/kdr` izos”k igqaph {kfr ds fy;s }kjk {kfr igqWph FkhA 74 THE UNITED PROVINCES PANCHAYAT RAJ ACT, 19471 [U. P. ACT No. XXVI OF 1947] Amended by U. P. Act No. X of 1950 U. P. Act No. VI of 1952 U. P. Act No. XVIII of 1952 U. P. Act No. VI of 1954 U. P. Act No. II of 1955 U. P. Act No. 19 of 1957 U. P. Act No. 15 of 1960 U. P. Act No.3 of 1961 U. P. Act No. 33 of 1961 U. P. Act No.9 of 1962 U. P. Act No. 20 of 1963 U. P. Act No. 10 of 1965 U. P. Act No. 20 of 1966 U. P. Act No. 14 of 1968 U. P. Act No.6 of 1969 U. P. Act No. 19 of 1970 U. P. Act No. 18 of 1971 U. P. Act No. 31 of 1972 U. P. Act' No.3 of 1973 U. P., Act No. 37 of 1978 [Passed by the United Provinces Legislative Assembly On June 5, 1947, and by the United Provinces Legislative Council on September 16, 1947. Received the assent of the Governor General of the Dominion of India on December 7; 1947, under section 76 of the Government of India Act, 1935, and was published in the United Provinces Government Gazette, dated December 27, 1947.] AN ACT to establish and develop local self-government on the rural areas of the United Provinces. Whereas it is expedient to establish and develop local self government in the rural area, of the United Provinces and to make better provision for village administration and development; It is hereby enacted as follows: 1. For statement of objects and reasons see Gazette, Extraordinary, dated August 8, 1946. 75 [The United Provinces Panchayat Raj Act, 1947] [Section 1-2] CHAPTER I PRELIMINARY Short title, 1- (1) This Act may be called the United Provinces Panchayat Raj Act, 1947.

extent and (2) It shall extend to the whole of the United Provinces except the area, which commencement has been, or may hereafter be, declared as, or included in 8[a city under the Uttar Pradesh Nagar Mahapalika Adhiniyam, 1959, or]5 a municipality [or]1 notified area under the provisions of the United Provinces Municipalities Act, 1916, or as a cantonment under the provisions of the Cantonments Act, 1924, or as a town area under the United Provinces Town Areas Act. 1914. [ * * * ]6 (3) It shall come into force at once. Definitions 2- In this Act, unless there is anything repugnant in the subject or context- (a) "Nyaya Panchayat" means a Nyaya Panchayat established under section 42 and includes bench thereof; (b) "adult" means a person who has [attained the age of twenty-one years]2 ; [(bb) “backward classes” means the backward classes of citizens specified in Schedule-I of the Uttar Pradesh public Services (Reservation for Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and other Backward Classes) Act, 1994;]9 (c) [“Criminal Case”]3 means a criminal proceeding in respect of an offence triable by a Nyaya Panchayat; [and includes a proceeding under section 53]7; (d) "circle" means the area within which a Nyaya Panchayat exercises jurisdiction under section 42 ; [(e) "Collector" or "District Magistrate" or "Sub-Divisional Magistrate", with reference to a [Gram Sabha]8, means the Collector, District Magistrate or Sub- Divisional Magistrate of the district or the sub-division, as the case may be, in which such [Gram Sabha]8 is constituted. and shall respectively include Additional Collector, Additional District Magistrate and Additional Sub- Divisional Magistrate;]4 [(f) "Zila Panchayat" shall have the meaning assigned to it under clause (ii) of section 2 of the Uttar Pradesh Kshettra Panchayats and Zila Panchayats Adhiniyam, 1961; 1. Subs. by sub-section (2) of section 2 of U. P. Act no. II of 1955. 2. Subs. by section 3 (1) ibid. 3. Subs. by section 3 (2) ibid. 4. Added and be deemed always to have been added by sub-section (2) (i) of U. P. Act no. XIX of 1957. 5. Ins. by section 2 (a) of U. P. Act no. 37 of 1978. 6. Del. by section 2(b) ibid. 7. Ins. by section 3(a) ibid. 8. Substituted by section 2 of U.P. Act No. 9, 1994. 9. Added by section 3(a) ibid. 76 [The United Provinces Panchayat Raj Act, 1947] [Section 2] (g) "Gram Sabha " means a body established under section 3, consisting of persons registered in the electoral rolls relating to a village comprised within the area of a Gram Panchayat; (h) "Gram Panchayat" means the Gram Panchayat “constituted” under section 12 ;]6 [(hh) “Finance Commission” menas the Finance Commission constituted under Article 243-I of the Constitution; (hhh) “Kshettra Panchayat” shall have the meaning assigned to it under clause (6) of section 2 of the Uttar Pradesh Kshettra Panchayats and Zila Panchayats Adhiniyam, 1961;]7 [(i) “Electoral Registration Officer” means an officer so nominated or designated under sub-section (1) of section 9;]3; (j) [* * * ]1 [(k) "Munsif " and "Judicial Magistrate", with reference to a Nyaya Panchayat, mean the Munsif or the Magistrate, as the case may be, having local jurisdiction in respect of civil or criminal case respectively, in the circle of such Nyaya Panchayat;]4 [(kk) “State Election Commission” means the State Election Commission referred to in Article 243-K of the Constitution; [(kkk) ‘Mukhya Nirvachan Adhikari (Panchayat)’ means an officer of the State Government appointed, designated or nominated as such by the State Election Commission in consulatation with the State Government;]10 (l) "population" means the population as ascertained at the last preceding census of which the relevant figures have been published; (ll) “Panchayta area” means the territorial area of a Gram Panchayat declared as such under sub-section (1) of section 11-F;]8 UP Act III (m) [* * * ]5 of 1901 UP Act I of [(mm) "Public property" and "public land" means any public building, park or garden 1951 or other place to which for the time being the public have or are permitted to have access whether on payment or otherwise;]2 UP Act XIV of 1980 (n) "public servant" means a public servant as defined in section 21 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860 ; 1. Del. by section 3(3) of U. P. Act no. II of 1955. 2. Added by sub-section (5) of section 3 ibid. 3. Subs. by section 3(b) of U. P. Act no. 37 of 1978. 4. Subs. by section 3(c) ibid. 5. Del. by section 3 (d) ibid. 6. Substituted by section 2 (b) of U.P. Act No. 9, 1994. 7. Added by section 3(c) ibid. 8. Subs. by section 3 (d) ibid. 9. Subs. by section 2 of U. P. Act No. 29 of 1995. 10. Added by section 2 of U. P. Act No. 21 of 1995. 77 [The United Provinces Panchayat Raj Act, 1947] [Section 2] (o) "public street" means any road, street, bridge, lane, square, court, alley or passage which the public has a right to pass along, and includes on either side the drains or gutters and the land up to the defined boundary of any abutting property notwithstanding any projection over such land of any verandah or other superstructure [but does not include any such road, street, bridge, lane, square, court, alley or passage owned, maintained or repaired by the State Government or the Central Government or any other local authority;]1 (p) "prescribed" means prescribed by this Act or rules made thereunder ; [(q) “Prescribed authority” means : - (i) for the purposes of the provisions of this Act mentioned in Schedule III of the [Uttar Pradesh Kshettra Panchayats and Zila Panchayats Adhiniyam, 1961]10, the [Zila Panchayat]9 or the [Kshettra Panchayat]9, as may be specified in column 3 of that Schedule, and (ii) in respect of any other provisions of this Act the authority notified as such by the State Government whether generally or for any particular purpose.]7 (r) [* * * ]2 (s) [“Civil case”]3 means a civil triable by a Nyaya Punchayat ; [(ss) “Sub Divisional Officer”; includes an Additional Sub-divisional Officer designated or appointed as such by the appropriate authority;]6 (t) "village" means any local area, recorded as a village in the revenue records of the district in which it is situate [and includes any area which the State Government may by general or special order, declare to be a village for the purposes of this Act ]4; (u) [ * * * ]5 (v) [ * * * ]5 (w) [ * * * ]6 [(x) "Bhumi Prabandhak Samiti" means a Bhumi Prabandhak Samiti established or deemed to be established under section 28-A.]8 1. Added by sub-section (6) of section 3 of U. P. Act no. II of 1955. 2. Del. by sub-section (7) of section 3 ibid. 3. Subs. by sub-sect ion (8) of section 3 ibid. 4. Added by sub-section (9) of section 3 ibid. 5. Del. by sub-section (10) of section 3 ibid. 6. Added by section 2 (2) of U. P. Act No. 19 of 1957. 7. Subs. by Schedule VIII of U. P. Act no. 33 of 1961. 8. Subs. by Schedule 8 (ii) ibid. 9. Substituted by section 2 of U. P. Act No. 9 of 1994. 10. Subs. by section 3 (e) ibid. 78 [The United Provinces Panchayat Raj Act, 1947] [Section 3-5A] CHAPTER II ESTABLISHMENT AND CONSTITUTION OF [GRAM SABHAS]1 [Gram Sabhas 3- The State Government shall by notification in the official Gazette, establish a Gram Sabha for a village or group of villages by such name as may be specified : Provided that where a Gram Sabha is established for a group of villages, the name os the village having the largest population shall be specified as the name of the Gram Sabha.]2 4- [***]3 5- [***]3 [CHAPTER II-A Disqualifications of members of Gram Panchayat and electoral rolls etc.]4 Disqualifica- [5- A person shall be disqualified for being chosen as and for being, a member of a Gram tion for Panchayat, if he -- A membership (a) is so disqualified by or under any law for the time being in force for the purposes of elections to the State Legislature : Provided that no person shall be disqualified on the ground that he is less than twenty-five years of age, if he has attained the age of twenty-one years; (b) is a salaried servant of the Gram Panchayat or a Nyaya Panchayat; (c) holds any office of profit under a State Government or the Central Government or [local authority, other than a Gram Panchayat or Nyaya Panchayat”, the words “local authority, other than a Gram Panchayat or Nyaya Panchayat or a Board, Body or Corporation owned or Controlled by a state Government or the Central Government”]5 (d) has been dismissed from the service of a State Government, the Central Government or a local authority or a Nyaya Panchayat for misconduct; (e) is in arrears of any tax, fee, rate or any other dues payable by him to the Gram Panchayat, Kshettra Panchayat or Zila Panchayat for such period as may be prescribed, or has, in spite of being required to do so by the Gram Panchayat, Nyaya Panchayat, Kshettra Panchayat or Zila Panchayat failed to deliver to it any record or property belonging to it which had come into his possession by virtue of his holding any office under it; (f) is an undischarged insolvent; (g) has been convicted of an offence involving moral turpitude; (h) has been sentenced to imprisonment for a term exceeding three months or to transportation for contravention of any order made under the Essential Commodities Act, 1955; 1. Substituted by section 2 of U. P. Act No. 9 of 1994. 2. Subs. by section 4 ibid. 3. Deleted by section 5 ibid 4. Chapter II-A added by section 6 ibid. 5. Subs. by section 2 of U.P. Act No. 21 of 1998. 79 [The United Provinces Panchayat Raj Act, 1947] [Section 5B-6A] (i) has been sentenced to imprisonment for a term exceeding six months or to transportation for contravention of any order made under the Essential Supplies (Temporary Powers) Act, 1946, or the U.P. Control of Supplies (Temporary powers) Act, 1947; (j) has been sentenced to imprisonment for a term exceeding three months under the U.P. Excise Act, 1910; (k) has been convicted of an offence under the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotrapic Substances Act, 1985; (l) has been convicted of an election offence; (m) has been convicted of an election offence under the U. P, Removal of Social Disabilities Act, 1947 or the Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1955; or (n) has been removed from office under sub-clause (iii) or (iv) of clause (g) of sub-section (1) of section 95 unless such period, as has been provided in that behalf in the said section or such lesser period as the State Government may have ordered in a particular case has elapsed : Provided that the period of disqualification under clauses (d), (f), (g), (h), (i), (j), (k), (l) or (m) shall be five years from such date as may be prescribed: Provided further that the disqualification under clause (e) shall cease upon payment of arrears or delivery of the record or property, as the case may be: Provided also that a disqualification under any of the clauses referred to in the first proviso may, in the manner prescribed be removed by the State Government.]5 5- [***]6 B Cessation of 6- (1) A [member of Gram Panchayat]7 shall cease to be such member if the entry membership relating to that member is deleted from the electoral [roll for a territorial constitutency of Gram Panchayat]8.]4 [(2) Where any person ceases to be a member of a [Gram Panchayat]9 under sub-section (1) he shall also cease to hold any office to which he may have been elected, nominated or appointed by reasons of his being a member thereof.]1 [Decision on 6- If any question arises as to whether [a person has become subject to any question as to disqualification mentioned in [sections 5-A]3 or in sub section (1) of section 6, the A disqualification question shall be referred to the prescribed authority for the decision and his decision shall, subject to the result of any appeal as may be prescribed, be final.]2 1. Substituted by section 7 of U. P. Act no. II of 1955. 2. Subs. by section 8 ibid. 3. Added by section 3 (2) of U. P. Act no. 19 of 1957. 4. Subs. by section 3 of U.P. Act No. 38 of 1968. 5. Subs. by section 7 of U. P. Act no. 9 of 1994. 6. Omitted by section 8 ibid. 7. Subs. by section 9 (a) (i) ibid. 8. Subs. by section 9 (a) (ii) ibid. 9. Subs. by section 9 (b) ibid. 80 [The United Provinces Panchayat Raj Act, 1947] [Section 7-8] 7- [* * * ]1 [7- (a) Where a [Gram Panchayat]4 existing on July 3, 1989, the number of woman members, whether elected or co-opted, is less than thirty per cent of the total number A of members prescribed for the [Gram Panchayat]4 the members of the [Gram Sabha]4 shall, in a supplementary elections, to be held as soon as may be after such date elect from amongst its women members, such number of woman members as falls short of thirty per cent of the total number of members prescribed for the [Gram Panchayat]4 and thereupon the constitution of the [Gram Panchayat]4 shall stand altered to that extent : Provided that in such supplementary election seats shall be reserved for the Scheduled Castes women in such number as shall bear, as nearly as may be, the same proportion to the total number of seats to be filled in supplementary election as the population of the Scheduled Castes in the area of the [Gram Sabha]4 bears to the total population of such area : Provided further that where in any [Gram Panchayat]4 there is no Scheduled Caste woman member, whether elected or co-opted, the reservation under the preceeding proviso shall be made so however that atleast one seat is reserved for a Scheduled Caste woman; (b) For the purpose of calculating the number of women members at thirty percent of the total number of members prescribed for the [Gram Panchayat]4 , any fraction being one-half or less shall be ignored and any fraction exceeding one-half shall be counted as one; (c) The electoral roll for the Assembly constituency prepared under the Representation of the Peoples Act, 1950 as in force on the last date for making nominations for the supplementary elections, so far as it relates to the area of a [Gram Sabha]4 shall be deemed to be the electoral roll for that [Gram Sabha]4 and the provisions of sections 9-A, 12-A, 12-BB, 12-BC, 12-BD, 12-C and 12-I shall mutatis mutandis apply to such supplementary election as they apply to general election of the members of [Gram Panchayat]4 ; (d) If in holding a supplementary election under this sub-section any difficulty arises regarding the interpretation of any provision of this Act or any rule made thereunder or any matter not provided in this Act or rules made thereunder, the State Government may for removal of the difficulty pass such order not inconsistent with the provisions of this Act, as it thinks fit.]3 Effect of change 8- If the whole of the area, of a Gaon Sabba is included in a [city, municipality]2, in population or cantonment, notified area or town area, the [Gram Sabha]4 shall cease and its assets inclusion of the and liabilities shall be disposed of in the manner prescribed. If a part of such area is so area of a [Gram included, its jurisdiction shall be reduced by that part. Sabha]3 in municipalities etc. 1. Deleted by section 9 of U. P. Act no. 2 of 1955. 2. Subs. by section 5 of U. P. Act no. 37 of 1978. 3. Chapter-III added by section 3 of U.P. Act No. 27 of 1989. 4. Subs. by section 10 of U. P. Act no. 9 of 1994. 81 [The United Provinces Panchayat Raj Act, 1947] [Section 9] 1[Electoral roll 9- (1) For each territorial constituency of a Gram Panchayat, an electoral roll shall for each be prepared, in accordance with the provisions of this Act, [and the rules made territorial thereunder]2 under the superintendence, direction and control of the State Election constituency Commissions. [(1-A) Subject to the superintendence, direction and control of the State Election Commission, the Mukhya Nirvachan Adhikari (Panchayat) shall supervise and perform all functions relating to the preparation, revision and correction of the electoral rolls in the State in accordance with this Act and the rules made thereunder. (1-B) The preparation, revision and correction of the electoral rolls shall be done by such persons and in such manner, as may be prescribed.]3 (2) The electrol roll referred to in sub-section (1) shall be published in the prescribed manner and upon its publication it shall, subject to any alteration, addition or modification made [in accordance with this Act and the Rules made thereunder]7 be the electoral roll for that territorial constituency prepared in accordance with the provisions of this Act. (3) Subject to the provisions of sub-sections (4), (5), (6), and (7) every person who has attained the age of 18 years on the first day of January of the year in which the electoral roll is prepared or revised, and who is ordinarily resident in the territorial constituency of a Gram Panchayat shall be entitled to be registered in the electoral roll for the territorial constituency. Explanation:-- (i) A person shall not be deemed to be ordinarily resident in the territorial constituency on the ground only that he owns or is in possession of, a dwelling house therein. (ii) A person absenting himself temporarily from his place of ordinary residence shall not by reason thereof cease to be ordinarily resident therein. (iii) A member of Parliament or of the Legislature of the State shall not during the term of his office cease to be ordinarily resident in the territorial constitutency merely by reason of his absence from that area in connection with his duties, as such member. (iv) Any other factors that may be prescribed shall be taken into consideration for deciding as to what persons may or may not be deemed to be ordinarily residents of a particular area at any relevant time. (v) If in any case a question arises as to where a person is ordinarily resident at any relevant time, the question shall be determined with reference to all the facts of the case. 1- Substituted and section 9-A added by section 11 of U. P. Act no. 9 of 1994. 2- Subs. by section 4 (a) of U.P. Act No. 21 of 1995. 3- Added by section 4 (b) ibid. 4- Subs. by section 4 (c) ibid. [The United Provinces Panchayat Raj Act, 1947] [Section 9] 82 (4) A person shall be disqualified for registration in an electoral roll, if he- (i) is not a, citizen of India; or (ii) is of unsound mind and stands so declared by a competent court; or (iii) is for the time being disqualified from voting under the provisions of any law relating to corrupt practices and other offences in connection with elections. (5) The name of any person who becomes disqualified under sub- section (4) after registration shall forthwith be struck off the electoral roll in which it is included : Provided that the name of any person struck off the electoral roll by reason of any such disqualification shall forthwith be reinstated in that roll, if such disqualification is, during the period such roll is in force, removed under any law authorizing such removal. (6) No person shall be entitled to be registered in the electoral roll for more than one Gaon Sabha or more than once in the electoral roll for the same Gaon Sabha. (7) No person shall be entitled to be registered in the electoral roll for any territorial constituency , if his name is entered in any electoral roll pertaining to any city, municipality or cantonment unless he shows that his name has been struck off such electoral roll. (8) Where the State Election Commission is satisfied after making such inquiry as it may deem fit, whether on an application made to it or on its own motion, that any entry in the electoral roll should be corrected or deleted or that the name of any person entitled to be registered should be added in the electoral roll, it shall subject to the provisions of this Act and rules and orders made thereunder correct , delete or add the entry as the case may be: Provided that no such correction, deletion or addition shall be made after the last date for making nominations for an election in the Gram Panchayat and before the completion of that election: Provided further that no deletion or correction of any entry in respect of any person affecting his interest adversely shall be made without giving him reasonable opportunity of being heard in respect of the action proposed to be taken in relation to him. (9) The State Election Commission may, if it thinks it necessary so to do for the purposes of a general or by-election, direct a special revision of the electoral roll for any territorial constitutency of a Gram Panchayat in such manner as it may think fit: Provided that subject to the other provisions of this Act, the electoral roll for the territorial constitutency, as in force at the time of issue of any such direction, shall continue to be in force until the completion of the special revision so directed. [The United Provinces Panchayat Raj Act, 1947] [Section 9] 83 (10) [In so far as provision is not made by this Act or the rules, the State Election Commission]1 may, by order, make provisions in respect of the following matters concerning the electoral roll, namely: -- (a) the date on which the electoral roll prepared under this Act shall come into force and its period of operation ; (b) the correction of any existing entry in the electoral roll on the application of the elector concerned; (c) the correction of clerical or printing errors in electoral rolls; (d) the inclusion in the electoral roll of the name of any person -- (i) whose name is included in the Assembly electoral roll for the area relatable to the territorial constituency but is not included in the electoral roll for that territorial constituency or whose name has been wrongly included in the electoral roll for some other territorial constituency; or (ii) whose name is not so included in the Assembly electoral roll but who is otherwise qualified to be registered in the electoral roll for the territorial constituency; (e) the custody and preservation of the electoral rolls ; (f) fees payable on applications for inclusion or exclusion of names; (g) generally all matters relating to the preparation and publication of the electoral rolls. (11) Notwithstanding anything contained in the foregoing sub-sections, the State Election Commission may, for the purposes of preparation of the electoral roll for a territorial constituency adopt the electoral roll for the Assembly constituency prepared under the Representation of the People Act, 1950 for the time being in force so far as it relates to the area of that territorial constituency: Provided that the electoral roll for such territorial constituency shall not include any amendment, alteration or correction made after the last date for making nomination of such election. (12) No civil court shall have jurisdiction -- (a) to entertain or adjudicate upon the question whether any person is or is not entitled to be registered in an electoral roll for a territorial constituency; or (b) to question the legality of any action taken by or under the authority of the State Election Commission [or of any decision given by any authority or officer appointed in this behalf]2 in respect of preparation and publication of electoral rolls. 1. Subs. by section 4 (d) of U.P. Act No. 21 of 1995. 2. Added by section 4 (e) ibid [The United Provinces Panchayat Raj Act, 1947] [Section 9A-11] 84 Right to vote 9-A Except as otherwise provided by or under this Act, every person whose name is etc. for the time being included in the electoral roll for a territorial constitutency [of a gram panchayat]6 shall be entitled to vote at any election and be eligible for election, nomination or appointment to any office in [that Gram Panchayat or the concerned Nyaya Panchayat]7 : Provided that a person who has not completed the age of twenty-one years shall not be qualified to be elected as a member or office bearer of the Gram Panchayat.]3 Removal of 10 If, in establishing a [Gram Sabha]2 or in the working of a [Gram Panchayat]2 difficulty in any dispute or difficulty arises regarding the interpretation of any provision of this - the establish- Act or any rule made thereunder or any matter arising out of or relating to such ment of [Gram interpretation or any matter not provided in this Act, the same shall be referred to the Sabha]2 and in State Government whose decision thereon shall be final and conclusive. the working of a [Gram Panchayat]2 CHAPTER III THE [GRAM SABHA]2 : ITS MEETINGS AND FUNCTIONS [Meetings and 11 [(1) Every [Gram Sabha]2 shall hold two general meetings in each year, one soon functions of after harvesting of the kharif crop (hereinafter called the kharif meeting) and the other - Gram Sabha]4 soon after harvesting of the rabi crop (hereinafter called the rabi meeting) [which shall be presided over by the Pradhan of the concerned Gram Panchayat]5: Provided that the Pradhan at any time may, or upon a requisition in writing by the prescribed authority or by not less than one fifth of the number of the members shall, within thirty days from the receipt of such requisition, can an extraordinary general meeting. The time and place of all the meetings of the [Gram Sabha]2 shall be published in the prescribed manner : Provided further that where the Pradhan fails to call a meeting as aforesaid the prescribed authority may do so within a period to be prescribed. (2) For any meeting of the [Gram Sabha]2 one-fifth of the number of members shall form the quorum; provided that no quorum shall be necessary for a meeting adjourned for want of quorum.]1 [(3) The Gram Sabha shall consider the following matters and may make recommendations and suggestions to the Gram Panchayat – (a) the annual statement of accounts of the Gram Panchayat, the report of administration of the preceding financial year and the last audit note and replies, if any, made thereto; (b) the respect in respect of development programmes of te Gram Panchayat relating to the preceding year and the development progrmammes proposed to be undertaken during the current financial year; 1. Substituted by section 11 of U. P. Act no. II of 1955. 2. Subs. by section 2 of U.P. Act No. 9 of 1994. 3. Section 9-A added by section 11 ibid. 4. Subs. by section 12 (a) ibid 5. Subs. by section 12 (b) ibid. 6. Subs. by section 5 (a) of U.P. Act No. 21 of 1995. 7. Subs. by section 5 (b) ibid [The United Provinces Panchayat Raj Act, 1947] [Section 11A] 85 (c) the promotion of unity and harmony among all sections of society in the village; (d) programmes of adult education within the village; (e) such other matters as may be prescribed. (4) The Gram Panchayat shall give due consideration to the recommendations and suggestions of the Gram Sabha. (5) The Gram Sabha shall perform the following functions; namely :- (a) Mobilising voluntary labour and contributions for the community welfare programmes; (b) Identification of beneficiaries for the implementation of development schemes pertaining to the village; (c) Rendering assistance in the implementation of development schemes pertaining to the village.]1 [CHAPTER III-A Gram Panchayats]2 [Pradhan and 11-A (1) There shall be a Pradhan and an Up-Pradhan of the Gram Panchayats, who shall Up-Pradhan of respectively be the Chairperson and Vice-Chaiperson thereof. Gram Panchayat (2) The State Government shall, by order, reerve offices of Pradhans for the Scheduled Castes, the Schedulted Tribes and the Backward Classes : Provided that the number of offices of Pradhans reserved for the Scheduled Castes, the Schedulted Tribes in the State or of the Backward Classes as nearly as may be, the same proportion to the total number of such offices as the population of the Scheduled Castes in the State of the Schedulted Tribes and the Backward Classes in the State bears to the total population of the State: Provided further that the reservation for the Backward classes shall not exceed twenty seven percent of the total number or offices of Pradhans. [Provided also that if the figures of population of the Backward Classes are not available, their population may be determined by carrying out a survey in the prescribed manner.]4 (3) [Not less than one half]6 of the total number of offices of Pradhans reserved under sub-section (2) shall be reserved for women belonging to the Scheduled Castes, the Scheduled Tribes and the Backward Classes. (4) [Not less than one half]6 of the total number of offices of Pradhans, including the number of offices of Prashand reserved under sub-section (3), shall be reserved for women. (5) The offices of the Pradhans reserved under this section shall be allotted by rotation to different Gram Panchayats in such order as may be prescribed. (6) The reservation of the offices of Pradhans for the Schedule Castes and the Scheduled Tribes under this section shall cease to have effect on the expiration of the period specified in Article 334 of the Constitution. Explanation – It is clarified that nothing in this section shall prevent persons belonging to the Scheduled Casts, the Scheduled Tribes, the Backward Classes and the women from contesting election to unreserved seats.]3 1. Subs. by section 12 (c) of U.P. Act No. 9 of 1994. 2. Added by section 13 ibid. 3. Subs. by section 14 ibid 4. Subs. by section 6 of U.P. Act No. 21 of 1995. 5. Subs. by section 2 of Uttarakhand Act No. 30 of 2005. 6. Subs. by section 2 of Uttarakhand Act No. 07 of 2008. [The United Provinces Panchayat Raj Act, 1947] [Section 11B-11C] 86 [Election of 11-B (1) The Pradhan of the Gram Panchayat shall be elected by the persons Pradhan registered in the electoral rolls for the territorial constituencies of the Panchayat area from amongst themselves. (2) If at any general election to a Gram Panchayat, the Pradhan is not elected and less than two-thirds of the total member of Gram Panchayat are elected, the State Government or an officer authorized by it in this behalf may, by order, either appoint – (i) an Administrative Committee consisting of such member of person qualified to be elected as members of the Gram Panchayat, as it may consider proper; or (ii) an Administrator. (3) The member of the Administrative Committee or the Administrator shall hold office for such period not exceeding six months as the State Government may specify in the order referred to in sub-section (2). (4) On the appointment of an Administrative Committee or an Administrator under sub-section (2), the person, if any, chosen as Pradhan or member of the Gram Panchayat before such appointment shall cease to be such Pradhan or member, as the case may be and all powers, functions and duties of the Gram Panchayat, its Pradhan and Committees shall vest in and be exercised, performed and discharged by such Administrative Committee or the Administrator, as the case may be. (5) The Administrative Committee or the Administrator shall be deemed to be duly constituted Gram Panchayat for the purposes of this Act : Provided that if at any time after the appointment of the Administrative Committee or the Administrator under sub-section (2), the State Government is satisfied that there is no difficulty in duly constituting the Gram Panchayat, the State Government may, notwithstanding that the period for which the Administrative Committee or the Administrator had been appointed has not expired, direct the State Election Commission for holding the elections for constituting the Gram Panchayat. (6) Except as otherwise provided in this Act, the term of office of Pradhan shall be coterminus with the term of the “Gram Panchayat.” ]2 Election of Up- 11-C (1) The Up-Pradhan shall be elected by the members of the [Gram Panchayat]1 Pradhan and his from amongst themselves in such manner as may be prescribed : term Provided that if a [Gram Panchayat]1 fails to so elect an Up-Pradhan within the time fixed by or under the rules in that behalf the prescribed authority may nominate as Up-Pradhan any member of the [Gram Panchayat] and the person so nominated shall be deemed to have been duly elected. (2) The term of office of the Up-Pradhan whether elected or nominated before or after the commencement of the, Uttar Pradesh Rural Local Self-Government Laws (Amendment) Act, 1972, shall commence from the date of his election or nomination, as the case, may be, and unless otherwise determined under the provisions of this Act, shall expire With the term of the [Gram Panchayat]1. (3) [***]3 1. Substituted by section 2 of U.P. Act No. 9 of 1994. 2. Subs by section 15 ibid. 3. Omitted by section 2 of Uttarakhand Act No. 13 of 2006. [The United Provinces Panchayat Raj Act, 1947] [Section 11D-11F] 87 [Prohibition of 11-D No person shall simultaneously- holding certain (a) be the Pradhan of the Gram Panchayat and a Panch of the Nyaya offices Panchayat ; or simultaneously (b) be a member of a Gram Panchayat for more than one territorial constituency; or (c) be a member of a Gram Panchayat and a Panch of a Nyaya Panchayat; or (d) hold any office in more than one Gram Panchayat or Nyaya Panchayat ; and the rules may provide for the vacation of all but one office by any person chosen to fill offices which he cannot hold simultaneously. Further bar on 11-E (1) A person shall be disqualified for being elected to or holding the office of holding two Pradhan or member of Gram Panchayat or a Panchayat of a Nyaya Panchayat, if he offices is - simultaneously (a) a member of Parliament or of the State Legislature; or [(b) member, Pramukh or Up-Pramukh of a Kshettra Panchayat; or (c) member, Adhyaksha or Upadhyaksha of a Zila Panchayat; or]1 (d) Adhyaksha or Upadhyaksha of any co-operative society. (2) A person shall cease to hold the office of Pradhan or member of the Gram Panchayst or Panch of a Nyaya Panchayat, as the case may be, if subsequently he is elected to any of the offices mentioned in clauses (a) to (d) of sub-section (1), with effect from the date of such subsequent election and a casual vacancy shall thereupon occur in the office of such Pradhan or member or Panch, as the case may be. [(3) Notwithstanding anything in this Act, if in the first elections held after the commencement of the Uttar Pradesh Panchayat Laws (Amendment) Act, 1994 to constitute Panchayats at the village, khand and district levels, a person is chosen member of panchayats at two or more levels, he shall submit his resignation from all but one of these seats within sixty days of the date of the declaration of the result of elections, or if the declaration of the results of elections in respect of the Panchayats at the said two or more levels has been made on different dates, whthin sixty days of the last of such dates and in te event of failure to so resign seates in all the Panchayats except the deat in the highest level amongst the Panchayats to which he had been elected shall be deemed vacant.]2 Declaration of [11-F (1) For the purposes of this Act the State Government may by notification Panchayat area declare any area comprising a village or group of villages, having, so far as practicable, a population of 300 in hill area and 1000 in plane area to be a panchayat area for the purpose of this Act by such name as may be specified: Provided that the population shall not exceed 1000 in hill area and 5000 in plane area of the State as far as practicable: 1. Substituted by section 3 (a) of U.P. Act No. 29 of 1995. 2. Added by section 3 (b) ibid. [The United Provinces Panchayat Raj Act, 1947] [Section 12] 88 Further provided that for the purpose of declaration of a Panchayat area no revenue village or any hamlet thereof shall be divided. Also Provided that if it is not practically possible to follow the above provisions then the State Government may relaxed the aforesaid restrictions by order in the specific and unavoidable circumstances. (2) The State Government may, on the request of the Gram Panchayat concerned or otherwise, and after previous publication of the proposal, by notification at anytime: (a) modify the area of any Panchayat area by including therein or excluding there form any area of a village or group of villages; (b) alter the name of the Panchayat area; or (c) declare that any area shall cease to be a Panchayat area; or]5 Gram [12- (1) (a) There shall be [constituted]6 for every Gram Panchayat area, a Gram Panchayat Panchayat bearing the name of the Panchayat area; (b) Every Gram Panchayat shall be a body corporate; [(c) A Gram Panchayat shall consist of a Pradhan and in the case of a Panchayat area having a population of – (1) Upto 500 ; 5 members (2) 501 to 1000 ; 7 members (3) 1001 to 2000 ; 9 members (4) 2001 to 3000 ; 11 members (5) 3001 to 5000 ; 13 members (6) 5001 and above ; 15 members]6 (d) for the purpose of election of members of Gram Panchayat every Panchayat area shall be divided into territorial constituencies in such manner that the ratio between the population of each constituency and the member of seats allotted to it shall, so far as practicable, be the same throughout the Panchayat area; (e) each territorial constituency of a Gram Panchayat shall be represented by one member in the Gram Panchayat; [(f) the territorial constituency of a Gram Panchayat may be delimitated in the prescribed manner and if necessary, rules in this regard may be made with retrospective effect from a date not earlier than the date of commencement of the Uttar Pradesh Panchayat Laws (Amendment) Act, 1994.]2 (2) [***]3 1. Subs. by section 8 (a) of U.P. Act No. 21 of 1995. 2. Subs. by section 8(a) (ii) ibid. 3. Delete. by section 8 (b) ibid 4. Subs. by section 4 of U.P. Act No. 29 of 1995. 5. Substituted. by section 3 of Uttarakhand Act No. 8 of 2002. 6. Subs. by section 4 ibid. [The United Provinces Panchayat Raj Act, 1947] [Section 12] (3) (a) A Gram Panchayat shall, unless sooner dissolved under clause (f) of sub- 89 section (1) of section 95, continue for five years from the date appointed for its first meeting and no longer; (b) An election to constitute a Gram Panchayat shall be completed – (i) before the expiry of its duration specified in clause (a); (ii) before the expiration of a period of six months from the date of its dissolution : Provided that where the remainder of the period for which the dissolved Gram Panchayat would have continued is less than six months, it shall not be necessary to hold any election under this sub-section for constituting the Gram Panchayat; (c) A Gram Panchayat constituted upon the dissolution of a Gram Panchayat before the expiration of its duration shall continue only for the remainder of the period for which the dissolved Gram Panchayat would have continued under clause (a) had it not been so dissolved; (d) The constitution of a Gram Panchayat shall be notified in such manner as may be prescribed and thereupon the Gram Panchayat shall be deemed to have been duly constituted, any vacancy therein notwithstanding : Provided that the constitution of a Gram Panchayat shall be notified till the Pradhan and at least two-thirds of the members of the Gram Panchayat have been elected. [(3-A) notwithstanding anything contained in any other provisions of this Act, where, due to unavoidable circumstances or in public interest, it is not practicable to hold an election to constitute a Gram Panchayat before the expiry of its duration, the State Government or an officer authorized by it in this behalf may, by order, appoint an administrative Committee consisting of such number of persons qualified to be elected as members of the Gram Panchayat, as it may consider proper or an Administrator and the members of the Administrative Committee or the Administrator shall hold office for such period not exceeding six months as may be specified in the said order and all powers, functions and duties of the Gram Panchayat, its Pradhan and Committees shall vest in and be exercised, performed and discharged by such Administrative Commmittee or the Administrator, as the case may be.]1 (4) The term of a member of Gram Panchayat shall, unless otherwise determined under the provisions of this Act, expire with the term of the Gram Panchayat. (5) (a) In every Gram Panchayat, seats shall be reserved for the Scheduled Castes, the Scheduled Tribes and the Backward Classes and the number of seats so reserved shall, as nearly as may be the same proportion to the total number of seats in the Gram Panchayat, as the population of the Scheduled Castes in the Panchayat area or of the Scheduled Tribes in the Panchayat area or of the Backward classes in the Panchayat area bears to the total population of such area and such seats may be allotted by otation to different territorial constitutencies in a Gram Panchayat in such order as may be prescribed : Provided that the reservation for the Backward classes shall not exceed [fourteen]2 percent of the total number of seats in the Gram Panchayat : 1. Added by U.P. Act No. 15 of 2002. 2. Subs. by section 2 of Uttarakhand Act No. 30 of 2005. [The United Provinces Panchayat Raj Act, 1947] [Section 12A-12BB] [Provided further that if the figures of population of the Backward Classes are not available, their population may be determined by carrying out a survey in the prescribed manner.]7 90 (b) [Not less than one half]9 of the seats reserved under clauses (a) shall be reserved for the women belonging respectively to the Scheduled Castes, the Scheduled Tribes and the Backward Classes; (c) [Not less than one half]9 of the total number of seats in a Gram Panchayat, including the number of seats reserved for women and such seats may be allotted by rotation to different territorial constituencies in a Gram Panchayat in such order as may be prescribed ; (d) The reservation of seats for the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes shall cease to have effect on the expiration of the period specified in Article 334 of the Constitution. Explanation – It is clarified that nothing in this section shall prevent the persons belonging to the Scheduled Castes, the Scheduled Tribes and the Backward Classes and the women from contesting election to unreserved seats. (6) The Pradhan shall be deemed a member of the Gram Panchayat.]3 [Manner of 12-A The election to the office of a Pradhan or Up-Pradhan [***]4 or a member of [Gram election Panchayat]2 shall be held by secret ballot in the manner prescribed.]1 [Allowances to 12-AA (1) The Pradhan and Up-Pradhan of a Gram Panchayat shall receive such Pradhan, Up- allowances and honoraria as may be prescribed. Pradhan and (2) The member of a Gram Panchayat, other than Pradhan and Up-Pradhan shall Members receive such allowances as may be prescribed.]5 [Meetings of 12-B (1) A Gram Panchayat shall ordinarily meet for the transaction of business at least Gram once every month but two months shall not intervene between two consecutive meetings. Panchayat (2) The meetings of the Gram Panchayat shall be held at such place and in such manner as may be prescribed.]10 [Superinten- 12-BB [(1)]8 The Superintendence, direction and control of the conduct of the elections to the dence of the office of Pradhans, Up-Pradhans or a Member of a Gram Panchayat shall be vested elections in the State Election Commission.]6 [(2) Subject to the superintendence, direction and control of the State Election Commission, the Mukhya Nirvachan Adhikari (Panchayat) shall supervise and perform all functions relating to the conduct of the election to the office of Pradhan, Up-Pradhan or a Member of a Gram Panchayat in the State.]8 1. Sub. by section 6 of U. P. Act no. 38 of 1968. 2. Subs. by section 2of U.P. Act No. 9 of 1994. 3. Subs. by section 17 ibid. 4. Omitted by section 18 ibid 5. Added by section 19 ibid 6. Subs by section 21 ibid. 7. Subs. by section 8(c) of U.P. Act No. 21 of 1995. 8. Added and renumbered by section 9 ibid. 9. Subs. by section 3 of Uttarakhand Act No. 7 of 2008. 10. Subs. by section 2 of Uttarakhand Act No. 14 of 2008. [The United Provinces Panchayat Raj Act, 1947] [Section 12BC-BCA] [(3) The State Government shall, in constultation with the State Election Commission, by notification, appoint the date or dates for general election or bye-election of the Pradhan, Up-Pradhan or members of a Gram Panchayat.]4 91 Other provi- [12-BC (1) Subject to the supervision and control of Nirvachan Nideshak sions relating (Panchayat), the District Magistrate shall supervise the conduct of all elections of to holding of members of Gram Panchayats and Pradhans and Up-Pradhans of Gram Sabhas in elections the district.]1 (2) Every local authority and-the management of every educational institution receiving grant-in-aid from the State Government in the district shall, when so required by the District Magistrate make available to him or to any other officer appointed by the District Magistrate as Nirvachan Adhikari such staff as may be necessary for the performance of any duties in connection with such election. (3) The [State Election Commission]2 may likewise, require all or any of the local authorities and the managements of any or any of such institutions as aforesaid in the State to make avaihib1e to any officer referred to in sub-section (2) such staff as may be necessary for the performance of any duties in connection with such election, and they shall comply with every such requisition. (4) Where any employee of any local authority or institution referred to in sub-section (2) or sub-section (3) is appointed to perform any duty in connection with such elections he shall be bound to perform such duty. 3[Requisitioning 12-BCA (1) If it appears to the District Magistrate that in connection with an election of premises under this Act to be hold within the district – vehicles etc. for election (a) any premises are needed or are likely to be needed for the purpose of purpose being used as a polling place or for the storage of ballot boxes after a poll has been taken, or (b) any vehicle, vessel or animal is needed of is likely to be needed for the purpose of transport of ballot boxes to or from any place or transport of members of the police force for maintaining order during the conduct of such election, or transport of any officer or other person for performance of any duties in connection with such lection, he may, by order in writing, requisition such premises, or such vehicle, vessel or animal, as the case may be and may make such further orders as may appear to it to be necessary or expedient in connection with the requisitioning : Provided that no vehicle, vessel or animal which is being lawfully used by a candidate or his agent for any purpose connected with the election of such candidate shall be requisitioned under this sub-section until the completion of the poll at such election. 1. Subs by section 21(a) of U. P. Act no. 9 of 1994. 2. Subs. by section 22 (b) ibid. 3. Added by section 5 of U. P. Act no. 29 of 1995. 4. Added by section 3 of U. P. Act no 22 of 2000. [The United Provinces Panchayat Raj Act, 1947] [Section 12BCB] (2) The requisition shall be affected by an order in writing addressed to the person deemed by the District Magistrate to be the owner or person in possession of the property and such order shall be served in the prescribed manner on the person to whom it is addressed. 92 (3) Whenever any property is requisitioned under sub-section (1), the period of such requisition shall not extend beyond the period for which such property is required for any of the purposes mentioned in that sub-section. (4) In this section – (a) ‘premises’ means any land, building or part of a building and includes a hut, shed or other structure or any part thereof; (b) ‘vehicle’ means any vehicle used or capable of being used for the purpose of road transport, whether propelled by mechanical power or otherwise. Payment of 12-BCB (1) Whenever in pursuance of section 12-BCA the District Magistrate compensation requisitions any premises, there shall be paid to the persons interested compensation the amount of which shall be determined by taking into consideration the following;

namely— (i) the rent payable in respect of the premises or if no rent is so payable, the rent payable for similar premises in the locality; (ii) if in consequence of the requisition of the premises the person interested is compelled to change his residence or place of business, the reasonable expenses (if any) incidental to such change : Provided that where any person interested being aggrieved by the amount of compensation so determined makes and application within the prescribed time to the District Magistrate for referring the matter to an arbitrator, the amount of compensation to be paid shall be such as the arbitrator appointed in this behalf by the District Magistrate may determine: Provided further that where there is any dispute as to the title to received the compensation or as to the apportionment of the amount of compensation, it shall be referred by the District Magistrate to an arbitrator appointed in this behalf by him for determination and shall be determined in accordance with the decision of such arbitrator. Explanation— In this sub-section, the expression “person interested” means the person who was in actual possession of the premises requisitioned under section 12-BCA immediately before the requisition, or where no person was in such actual possession, the owner of such premises. (2) Whenever in pursuance of section 12-BCA, the District Magistrate requisitions any vehicle, vessel or animal, there shall be paid to the owner thereof compensation the amount of which shall be determined by the District Magistrate on the basis of the fares or rates prevailing in the locality for the hire of such vehicle, vessel or animal : Provided that where the owner of such vehicle, vessel or animal being aggrieved by the amount of compensation so determined makes an application within the prescribed time to the District Magistrate for referring the matter to an arbitrator, the amount of compensation to be paid shall be such as the arbitrate or appointed in this behalf by the District Magistrate may determine : [The United Provinces Panchayat Raj Act, 1947] [Section 12BCC-BCF] Provided further that where immediately before the requisitioning, the vehicles or vessel was by virtue of the hire-purchase agreement in the possession of a person other than the owner, the amount determined under this sub-section as the total compensation payable in respect of the requisition shall be apportioned between that person and the owner in such manner as they may agree upon and in default of agreement, in such manner as an arbitrator 93 appointed by the District Magistrate in this behalf may decide. Power to 12-BCC The District Magistrate may with a view to requisitioning any property obtain under section 12-BCA or determining the compensation payable under section information 12-BCB by order, require any person to furnish to such authority as may be specified in the order such information in his possession relating to such property as may be so specified. Powers of 12-BCD (1) Any person authorized in this behalf by the District Magistrate may entry into and enter into any premises and inspect such premises and any vehicle, vessel or inspection of animal therein for the purpose of determining whether and if so in what manner, premises etc. an order under section 12-BCA should be made in relation to such premises vehicle, vessel or animal or with a view to securing compliance with any order made under that section. (2) In this section the expressions “premises” and “vehicle” have the same meaning as in section 12-BCA. Eviction from 12-BCE (1) Any person remaining in possession of any requisitioned premises in requisitioned contravention of any order made under section 12-BCA may be summarily premises evicted from the premises by any officer empowered by the District Magistrate in this behalf. (2) Any officer so empowered may, after giving to any woman not appearing in public reasonable warning and facility to withdraw, remove or open any lick or bolt or break open any door of any building or do any other act necessary for effecting such eviction. Release of 12-BCF (1) When any premises requisitioned under section 12-BCA are to be premises from released from requisition, the possession thereof shall be delivered to the person requisition from whom possession was taken at the time when the premises were requisitioned, or if there were no such person to the person deemed by the District Magistrate from all liabilities in respect of such delivery, but shall not prejudice any rights in respect of the premises which any other person may be entitled by due process of law to enforce against the person to whom possession of the premises is so delivered. (2) Where the person to whom possession of any premises requisitioned under section 12-BCA is to be given under sub-section (1) cannot be found or is not readily ascertainable or has no agent or any other person empowered to accept delivery on his behalf, the District Magistrate shall cause a notice declaring that such premises are released from requisition to be affixed on some conspicuous part of such premises and publish the notice in the Official Gazette. [The United Provinces Panchayat Raj Act, 1947] [Section 12BD-12C] (3) When a notice referred to in sub-section (2) is published in the Official Gazette, the premises specified in such notice shall cease to be subject to requisition on and from the date of such publication and be deemed to have been delivered to the person entitled to possession thereof and the District Magistrate shall not be liable for any compensation or other claim in respect of such premises for any period after the said date.]7 94 [Breaches of 12-BD (1) If any person to whom this section applies is without reasonable cause official duty in guilty of any act or omission in breach of his official duty, he shall be punishable connection with fine which may extend five hundred rupees. with elections (2) An offence punishable under sub-section (1) shall be cognizable. (3) No suit or other legal proceedings shall lie against any such person for damages in respect of any such act or omission as afore said. (4) The persons to whom this section applies are the Nirvachan Adhikaris, Sahayak Nirvachan Adhikaris, Matdan Adhyakshas, Matdan Adhikaris and any other person appointed to perform any duty in connection with the receipt of nominations or withdrawal of candidature, or the recording or counting of votes at an election, and the expression official duty shall for the purpose of this section be constructed accordingly, but shall not include duties imposed otherwise than by or under this Act.]4 1[Application 12-C (1) The election of a person, Pradhan [***]6 or as members of a [Gram for questioning Panchayat]5 including the election of [a person appointed]3 as a Panch of a the elections [Nyaya Panchayat]2 under section 43 shall not be called in question except by an application presented to such authority within such time and in such manner as may be prescribed on the ground that- (a) the election has not been a free election by reason that the corrupt practice of bribery or undue influence has extensively prevailed at the election, or (b) that the result of the election has been materially affected (i) by the improper acceptance or rejection of any nomination; or (ii) by gross failure to comply with the provisions of this Act or the rules framed thereunder. (2) The following shall be deemed to be corrupt practices of bribery or undue influence for the purposes of this Act : 1. Added by section 14 of U. P. Act II of 1955. 2. For the term 'Panchayati Adalat' wherever it occurs in the Act, Subs. by the term 'Nyaya Panchuyat. by section 4(a) ibid. 3. Subs. by sect., 9 of U. P. Act No, 15 of 1960. 4. Insertion by section 3 U. P. Act No. 31 of 1972. 5. Subs by section 2 of U. P. Act no. 9 of 1994. 6. Omitted by section 23 ibid. 7. Added by section 5 of U. P. Act no. 29 of 1995. [The United Provinces Panchayat Raj Act, 1947] [Section 12C] (A) (1) Bribery, that is to say, any gift, offer or promise by a candidate or by any other person with the connivance of a candidate of any gratification to any person whomsoever with the object, directly or indirectly, of inducing- (a) a person to stand or not to stand as or to withdraw from being a candidate at an election; or 95 (b) an elector to vote or refrain voting at an election; or as a reward to- (i) a person for having so stood or not stood, or for having withdrawn his candidature; or (ii) an elector for having voted or refrained from voting. (B) Undue influence, that is to say, any direct or indirect interference or attempt to interfere on the part of a candidate or of any other person with the connivance of the candidate with the free exercise of any electoral right : Provided that without prejudice to the generality of the provisions of this clause any such person as is referred to therein who- (i) threatens any candidate, or any elector, or any person in whom a candidate or an elector is interested with injury of any kind including social ostracism and ex-communication or expulsion from any caste or community ; or (ii) induces or attempts to induce a candidate or an elector to believe that he or any person in whom he is interested will become or will, be rendered an object of divine displeasure or spiritual censure shall be deemed to interfere with the free exercise of the electoral right of such candidate or elector within the meaning of this clause, (3) The application under sub-section (1) may be presented by any candidate at the election or any elector and shall contain such particulars as may be prescribed. Explanation– Any person, who filed a nomination paper at the election whether such nomination paper was accepted or rejected, shall be deemed to be a candidate at the election. (4) The authority to whom the application under sub-section (1) is made shall, in the matter of- (i) hearing of the application and the procedure to be followed at such hearing, (ii) setting aside the election or declaring the election to be void or declaring the applicant to be duly elected or any other relief that may be granted to the petitioner have such powers and authority as may be prescribed. [The United Provinces Panchayat Raj Act, 1947] [Section 12BD-12C] (5) Without prejudice to the generality of the power to be prescribed under sub- section (4) the rules may provide for the summary hearing and disposal of an application under sub-section (1). [(6) Any party aggrieved by an order of the prescribed authority upon an application under sub-section (1) may, within thirty days from the date of the order, apply to the District Judge for revision of such order or any one or more on the following grounds; namely : - 96 (a) that the prescribed authority has exercised a jurisdiction not vested in it by law ; (b) that the prescribed authority has failed to exercise a jurisdiction so vested ; (c) that the prescribed authority has acted in the exercise of its jurisdiction illegally or with material irregularity. (7) The District Judge may dispose of the application for revision himself or may assign it for disposal to any Additional District Judge, civil Judge or Additional Civil Judge under his administrative control and may recall it from any such officer or transfer it to any other such officer. (8) The revising authority mentioned in sub-section (7) shall follow such procedure as may be prescribed, and may confirm, vary or rescind the order of the prescribed authority or remand the case to the prescribed authority for re-hearing and pending its decision pass such interim orders as may appear to it to be just and convenient. (9) The decision of the prescribed authority, subject to any order passed by the revising authority under this section, and every decision of the revising authority passed under this section, shall be final.]4 [Disputes 12-D The provisions of section 12-C shall mutatis mulandis apply to the election of perta-inning to person as Up Pradhan of a [Gram Panchayat]5 or as Sarpanch or Sahayak Sarpanch the election of of a Nyaya Panchayat]2 Up-Pradhan, Sarpanch or Sahayak Sarpanch [Oath of office 12-E (1) [Every person]6 shall, be entering upon any office referred to in sections 11- A [12]3, 43 or 44, make and subscribe before such authority as may be prescribed on oath or affirmation in the form to be prescribed.]1 (2) Any member who declines or otherwise refuses to make and subscribe an oath or affirmation as aforesaid shall be deemed to have vacated the office forthwith. 1. Added by section 14 of U. P. Act No. II of 1955. 2. Substituted by section 10 of U. P. Act no. 15 of 1960. 3. Subs. by section 11 ibid. 4. Subs. by section 10 of Act no. 37 of 1978. 5. Subs. by section 24 of U. P. Act no. 9 of 1994 6. Subs. by section 25 ibid [The United Provinces Panchayat Raj Act, 1947] [Section 12F-14] [Resignation 12-F A Pradhan Up-Pradhan or a member of a [Gram Panchayat]3 may, by writing under his hand addressed to such authority as may be prescribed, resign his office and his office shall thereupon become vacant.]1 12-G [***]4 [Casual 12-H If a vacancy in the office of Pradhan, Up-Pradhan or of a member of a Gram vacancy Panchayat arises by reason of his death, removal, resignation, voidance of his election or refusal to take oath of office, it shall be filled before the expiration of a 97 period of six months from the date of such vacancy, for the remainder of his term in the manner, as far as may be, provided in sections 11-B, 11-C or 12, as the case may be : Provided that if on the date of occurance of such vacancy the residue of the term of the Gram Panchayat is less than six months, the vacancy shall not be filled.]6 [Jurisidction of 12-I No Civil Court shall have jurisdiction to question the legality of any action Civil courts in taken or any decision given by an officer or authority appointed under this Act, in election connection with the conduct of elections thereunder.]1 matters barred [Power of Up- 12-J (1) Where the office of Pradhan is vacant by reason of death, removal, and Pradhan resignation or otherwise or where the Pradhan is incapable to act by reason of absence, illness or otherwise, the Up-Pradhan shall exercise all powers and discharge all duties of the Pradhan. (2) Where the offices of both, Pradhan and Up Pradhan are vacant for any reason whatsoever, or when both, Pradhan and Up-Pradhan are incapable to act for any reason whatsoever, the prescribed authority shall nominate a member of a [Gram Panchayat] to discharge the duties and exercise the powers of the Pradhan until such vacancy in the office of either the Pradhan or the Up Pradhan is filled in, or until such incapacity of either of the two is removed.]2 12-K [***]4 13- [***]4 [Removal of 14- (1) The [Gram Panchayat]3 may, at a meeting specially convened for the Pradhan and purpose and of which at least 15 days previous notice shall be given, remove the Up-pradhan Pradhan by a majority of two-thirds of the [all the then members.]6 (2) A meeting for the removal of a Pradhan shall not be convened within [one year’s]5 of his election. 1. Added by section 14 of U. P. Act 2 of 1955. 2. Subs. by section 11 of Act no. 37 of 1978. 3. Subs. by section 2 of U. P. Act no. 9 of 1994. 4. Omitted by section 26 ibid. 5. Subs. by section 3(b) of U. P. Act no. 21 of 1998. 6. subs. by section 2 of Chapter –II of U.P. Act No. 33 of 1999. 7. Omitted by section 4 (a) of Uttarakhand Act No. 13 of 2006. 8. Subs. by section 4(b) ibid. [The United Provinces Panchayat Raj Act, 1947] [Section 14A-15] (3) If the motion is not taken up for want of quorum or fails for lack of requisite majority at the meeting, no subsequent meeting for the removal of the same Pradhan shall be convened within a [one year’s]6 of the date of the previous meeting. (4) Subject to the provisions of this section, the procedure for the removal of a Pradhan, including that to be followed at such meeting, shall be such as may be prescribed.]1 [Punishment for 14-A Outgoing Pradhan obligation to deliver records and money of [Gram Sabha]4 - 98 failure to [(1) Any person on ceasing to act as Pradhan, Sarpanch or Sahayak Sarpanch handover wilfully fails, in spite of being required to do so by the prescribed authority, to records, etc. handover all records, money or other property of [Gram Sabha]4, [Gram Panchayat]4 or Nyaya Panchayat, as the case may be, to his successor or to any person authorised in this behalf by the prescribed authority, he shall be punishable with imprisonment which may extend to three years or with fine or with both.]3 (2) Without prejudice to the provisions of sub-section (1), any such money may on a certificate issued in that behalf by the prescribed authority be recovered as arrears of land revenue.]2 [14-B (1) The Gram Panchayat may at a meeting specially convened for the purpose and of which at least fifteen days previous notice shall be given, remove the Up-Pradhan by a majority of two-third of the members of the Gram Panchayat.”]8 (2) A meeting for the removal of a Up-Pradhan shall not be Convened within two years of his election. (3) If the motion is not taken up for lack of requisite majority at the meeting, no subsequent meeting for the removal of the same Up-Pradhan shall be convened within two years of the date of the previous meeting. (4) Subject to the provisions of the section, the procedure for the removal of a Up-Pradhan, including that to be followed at such meeting, shall be such as may be prescribed.”]7 Chapter IV POWERS, DUTIES, FUNCTIONS AND ADMINISTRATION OF [GRAM PANCHAYATS]4 5[Functions of 15- Subject to such conditions as may be specified by the State Government, from Gram Panchayat time to time a Gram Panchayat shall perform the follwing functions; namely :- 1. Subs. by section 2 of U. P. Act No. 9 of 1962. 2. Subs. by section 5 of U. P. Act No. 3 of 1973. 3. Subs. by section 11 of Act No. 37 of 1978. 4. Subs by section 2 of U. P. Act no. 9 of 1994 5. Subs by section 28 ibid. 6. Subs by section 4 (c) of Uttarakhand Act no. 13 of 2006 7. Subs by section 5 ibid. 8. Subs by section 2 of Uttarakhand Act no. 5 of 2007 [The United Provinces Panchayat Raj Act, 1947] [Section 15] (i) Agriculture including agricultural extension : (a) Promotion and Development of agriculture and horticulture; (b) Development of wastelands and grazing lands and preventing their unauthorized alienation and use, (ii) Land development, land reform implementation, land consolidation and soil conservation : (a) Assisting the Government and other agencies in land development, land reform and soil conservation; 99 (b) Assisting in land consolidation; (iii) Minor irrigation, water management and watershed development : (a) Managing and assisting in water distribution from minor irrigation projects; (b) Construction, repair and maintenance of minor irrigation projects, regulation of supply of water for irrigation purpose; (iv) Animal husbandry. dairying and poultry : (a) Improving breed of cattle, poultry and other live-stock; (b) Promotion of dairying, poultry, piggery etc. (v) Fisheries : Development of fisheries in the village; (vi) Social and farm forestry : (a) Planting and preserving trees on the sides of roads and public lands; (b) Development and promotion of social and farm forestry and sericulture; (vii) Minor forest produce : Promotion and development of minor forest produce; (viii) Small industries : (a) Assisting the development of small industries; (b) Promotion of local trades; (ix) Cottage and village industries : (a) Assisting in the development of agricultural and commercial industries; (b) Promotion of cottage, industries; (x) Rural housing : (a) Implementation of rural housing programmes; (b) Distributing house sites and maintenance of records relating to them; (xi) Drinking water : Construction, repair and maintenance of public wells, tanks and ponds for supply of water for drinking, washing, bathing purposes and regulation of sources of water supply for drinking purposes. [The United Provinces Panchayat Raj Act, 1947] [Section 15] (xii) Fuel and fodder land : (a) Development of grass and plants relating to fuel and fodder lans; (b) Control on irregular transfer of fodder land. (xiii) Roads, culverts, bridges, ferries, water-ways and other means of communication : (a) Consturction and maintenance of village roads, bridges, ferries and culverts; (b) Maintenance of water-ways; 100 (c) Removal of encroachment on public places. (xiv) Rural electrification : Provision for and maintenance of lighting of public street and other places. (xv) Non-conventional energy source : Promotion and development of programmes of non- conventional energy source and its maintenance in village. (xvi) Poverty alleviation programmes : Promotion and implementation of poverty alleviation programmes. (xvii) Education including primary and secondary schools; Public awareness about education. (xviii) Technical training and vocational educaton : Promotion of rural art artisans. (xix) Adult and informal education : Supervision of adult literacy. (xx) Library : Establishment and maintenance of libraries and reading rooms. (xxi) Sports and cultural affairs : (a) Promotion of social and cultural activities; (b) Organising cultural seminars on different festivals; (c) Establishment and maintenance of rural clubs for sports. (xxii) Markets and fairs : Regulation of melas, markets and hats in Panchayat areas. (xxiii) Medical and sanitation : (a) Promoting rural sanitation; (b) Prevention against epidemics; (c) Programmes of human and animal vaccination; (d) Preventive actions against stray cattle and live-stock (e) Registering births, deaths and marriages. [The United Provinces Panchayat Raj Act, 1947] [Section 15A-16] (xxiv) Family welfare : Promotion and implementation of family welfare programmes. (xxv) Plan for economic development: Preparation of plan for economic development of the area of the Gram Panchayat. (xxvi) Materninty and child development : (a) Participation in the implementation of women and child welfare 101 programmes at Gram Panchayat level; (b) Promoting child health and nutrition programmes. (xxvii) Social welfare including welfare of the handicapped and mentally retarded : (a) Assisting in old-age and widow pension schemes; (b) Participation in the social welfare programmes including welfare of the handicapped and the mentally retarded. (xxviii) Welfare of the weaker sections and in particular of the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes : (a) Participation in the implementation of the specific programmes for the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes and other weaker sections of the society; (b) Preparation and implementation of schemes for social justice. (xxix) Public Distribution system : (a) Promotion of public awareness with regard to the distribution of essential commodities; (b) Monitoring the public distribution system. (xxx) Maintenance of community assets : Preservation and maintenance of community assets. Preparation 15-A A Gram Panchayat shall prepare every year a development plan for the of plan Panchayat area and submit it to the Kshettra Panchayat concerned before such date and in such form and manner as may be prescribed. Functions that 16- The State Government may, by notification and subject to such conditions as may be may be specified therein assign to Gram Panchayats any or all of the following assigned to functions; namely – Gram Panchayat (a) management and maintenance of a forest situated in the Panchayat area; (b) management of wastelands, pasture lands or vacant lands belonging to the Government situated within the Panchayat area; (c) Collection of any tax or land revenue and maintenance of related records.]1 1. Subs by section 2 of U. P. Act no. 9 of 1994 [The United Provinces Panchayat Raj Act, 1947] [Section 16A- 18] [Power to make 16-A A [Gram Panchayat]3 may contribute such amounts for such organisations, contributions institutions and functions outside the jurisdiction of the [Gram Panchayat]4 as the for organisa- State Government may by general or special order permit.]1 tions, etc. out- side jurisdiction Power of 17- A [Gram Panchayat]3 shall have control of all public streets, waterways, other [Gram than canals as defined in sub-section (1) of section 3 of the Northern India Canal Panchayat]2 as 102 to public and Drainage Act, 1873, situate within its jurisdiction not being a private street or streets, water- waterways and not being under the control of the State Government or the district ways and other Board or any other authority specified by the State Government and may do all matters things necessary for the maintenance and repair thereof and may- U.P. act VIII of 1873 (a) construct new bridges or culverts; (b) divert, discontinue or close any public street; culvert or bridge; (c) widen, open, enlarge or otherwise improve any public street, culvert or bridge with minimum damage to the neighboring fields ; (d) deepen or otherwise improve waterways; [(e) with the sanction of the prescribed authority and where a canal exists under the Northern India Canal and Drainage Act, 1873, with the sanction also of such officer of the Irrigation Department as the State Government may prescribe, undertake small irrigation projects in addition to those specified by order under clause (u) of section 15;]2 (f) cut any hedge or branch of any tree projecting on a public street; (g) notify the setting a part of any public watercourse for drinking or culinary purposes, and prohibit bathing, washing of clothes and animals or doing of other acts likely to pollute the course so set a part : Provided that nothing shall be done under clause (g) which may affect a canal government by the Northern India Canal and Drainage Act, 1873, without the prior permission of the authority prescribed by the State Government in this behalf. Improvement 18- For the improvement of sanitation, a [Gram Panchayat]3 may, by notice, of sanitation direct the owner or occupier of any land or building, taking into consideration his financial position and giving him reasonable time for compliance thereof- -- 1. Ins. by Schedule VIII (II) of U. P. Act no. 33 of 1961. 2. Subs. by section 3 of U. P. Act No. 10 of 1965. 3. Subs. by section 2 of U. P. Act No. 9 of 1994. 4. Subs. by section 29 ibid. [The United Provinces Panchayat Raj Act, 1947] [Section 19] (a) or close, remove, alter, repair, cleanse disinfect or put in geed order any latrine, urinal, water-closet, drains, cesspool or other receptacle for filth, sullage water, rubbish or refuse pertaining to such land or building or to remove or alter any door or trap or construct any drain for any such latrine, urinal or water-closet which opens on to a street or drain, or to shut off such latrine, urinal or water closet by a sufficient roof and wall or fence from the view of persons passing by or dwelling in the neighborhood ; 103 (b) to cleanse, repair, cover, fill up, drain off, deepen or to remove water from a private well, tank, reservoir, pool, pit, depression at excavation therein which may appear to the [Gram Panchayat]3 to be injurious to health or offensive to the neighbourhood ; (c) to clear off any vegetation, undergrowth, prickly pear or shrub- jungle ; (d) to remove any dirt, dung, night soil, manure or any noxious or offensive matter therefrom and to cleanse the land or building : Provided that a person on whom a notice under clause (b) is served may, within 30 days of the receipt of the notice appeal to the District Medical Officer of Health against the said notice who may vary, set aside or confirm it. Maintenance 19- (1) A [Gram Panchayat]3 - and improve- ment of (a) shall subject to such rules as may be prescribed regarding the schools and curriculum, employment and qualification of teachers and supervision of a hospitals school, maintain any existing primary school including the buildings and furniture thereof and be responsible for its proper working and may similarly establish and maintain a new school or improve any existing school; (b) shall subject to such rules as may be prescribed regarding the establishment, maintenance and supervision, maintain any existing Ayurvedic, [Homoeopathic]1 or Unani hospital or dis dispensary including the building and equipments thereof and may similarly establish and maintain a new hospital or dispensary for one or more of the systems of medicine mentioned above. (2) The district board and the State Government shall make such grants for such school, hospital or dispensary, as may be prescribed. [ X X X]2 1. Added by section 19 of U. P. Act No. 2 of 1955. 2. Ommitted by section 15 of U.P. Act No. 37 of 1978. 3. Subs. by section 2 of U. P. Act No. 9 of 1994. [The United Provinces Panchayat Raj Act, 1947] [Section 20-24] [Establishment 20- Where a group of neighboring [Gram Panchayats]8 has no primary school or of primary Ayurvedic Homoeopathic or Unani hospital or dispensary, or it needs a road or school, hospi- bridge for its common benefit, the [Gram Panchayats]6 thereof shall, if so directed tal, dispensary, by the prescribed authority, combine to, establish and maintain such a school such road or bridge hospital or dispensary, or to construct and maintain, a road or bridge and it shall be for a group of managed and financed in the manner prescribed. The State Government and the [Gram Sabha]8 Zila Parishad, shall make such grants for such school, hospital, dispensary, road or bridge as may be prescribed.]7 104 Assistance to 21- A [Gram Panchayat]5 shall make; if so prescribed by the State Government Government servant in the performance of his duties with in its area. servants Representa- 22- A [Gram Panchayat]5 may make to the proper authority ----- tions and (a) any representation concerning the welfare of the persons residing recomenda- within its jurisdiction, and tions by [Gram (b) any recommendations as to the appointment, transfer or dismissal Panchayats]8 of a patrol of the Irrigation Department, patwari [or lekhpal, village chaukidar]1 or mukhia serving in any area within the jurisdiction of such [Gram Panchayat.]8 Power to 23- On receiving a complaint from any person residing within the jurisdiction of a [Gram Panchayat]5 about any misconduct in the discharge of [his]2 official duties enquire and by any am in, process-server, vaccinator, constable, [village chaukidar]3 patwari report about [patrol and tube-well operator of the Irrigation Department, forest guard, forest chaukidar, teacher of a primary school, pound-keeper, village stockman]4 or peon the misconduct of any Government, such Panchayat may, if there be prima facie evidence, forward of certain the complaint to the proper authority with its own report. The authority shall, after officials such further enquiry as may be required take suitable action and inform the [Gram panchayat]5 of the result. Power to 24- A [Gram Panchayat]6 may, as prescribed and in respect of any area within its jurisdiction enter into a contract-- contract for [(a) with the State Government or any local authority for carrying out collection of any work on such terms as State or to such local authority upon payment of taxes and other such collection charges as may be prescribed ; or]5 dues for [(b) with the State Government or any local authority for carrying out proprietors any work on such terms as may be agreed upon.]6 1. Added by section 20 of U. P. Act no, II of 1955. 2. Subs. by section 21 (1) ibid. 3. Added by section 21 (2) ibid. 4. Subs. by section 21 (3) ibid. 5. Subs. by section 22 (1) ibid. 6. Subs. by section 22 (2) ibid. 7. Subs. by Schedule VIII (II) of U. P. Act no. 33 of 1961. 8. Subs. by section 2 of U. P. Act No. 9 of 1994. [The United Provinces Panchayat Raj Act, 1947] [Section 25] [Staff 25- (1) Notwithstanding anything contained in any other provisions of this Act any Uttar Pradesh Act, rules, regulations or bye-laws or in any judgment, decree or order of any court: -- (a) the State Government may, by general or special order, transfer any employee or class of employees serving in connection with the affairs of the State to serve under Gram Panchayats with such designation as may be specified in the order and thereupon posting of such employee or employees in Gram Panchayats of a district shall be made by such authority in such manner as may be notified by the State Government; 105 (b) employee or employees on being so transferred and posted in a Gram Panchayat, shall serve under the supervision and control of the Gram Panchayat on the same terms and conditions and with the same rights and privileges as to retirement benefits and other matters including promotion as would have been applicable to him immediately before such transfer and shall perform such duties as may be specified from time to time by the State Government. (2) Subject to the provisions of sub-section (1), a Gram Panchayats may, after prior approval of the prescribed authority, appoint from time to time such employee as may be considered necessary for efficient discharge of its functions under this Act in accordance with such procedure as may be prescribed: Provided that the Gram Panchayat shall not create any post except with the previous approval of he prescribed authority. (3) The Gram Panchayat shall have power to impose punishment of any description upon the employees appointed under sub-section (2) subject to such conditions and restrictions and in accordance with such procedure as may be prescribed. (4) The Gram Panchayat may delegate to the Pradhan or to any of its Committes, subject to such conditions and restrictions as may be prescribed, the power to impose any minor punishment upon the employees appointed under sub- section (2). (5) An appeal from an order imposing any punishment on an employee under sub-section (3) shall lie to such officer or commit as may be specified by the Statte Government by notification. (6) The prescribed authority may, subject to such conditions as may be prescribed, transfer any employee referred to in clause (b) of sub-section (1) from one Gram Panchayat to any other Gram Panchayat within the same district and the State Government or such other officer as may be empowered in this behalf by the State Government may similarly transfer any such employee from one district to another. (7) A Nyay Panchayat may, with the previous approval of the prescribed authority, appoint any person so appointed shall be under the administrative control of the prescribed authority that shall have power to transfer, punish, suspend, discharge or dismiss him. (8) Appeal shall lie from an order of the prescribed authority punishing, suspending, discharging or dismissing a person under sub-section (7) to an authority appointed in this behalf by the State Government. [The United Provinces Panchayat Raj Act, 1947] [Section 25A-28] Secretary 25-A The State Government, or such officer or authority as may be empowered by it in this behalf shall appoint a Secretary from amongst the employees referred in clause (b) of sub-section (1) or sub-section (2) of section 25, who shall act as Secretary of such Gram Panchayat or Gram Panchayats, within whose territorial limits such Gram Panchayats are situated and perform such other duties as may be specified by the State Government or such officer or authority as may be empowered in this behalf by the State Government.]5 Right of 26- A member of a [Gram Panchayat]2 may, at any meeting move any resolution individual and put question to the Pradhan or Up-Pradhan on matters connected with the members administration of the [Gram Panchayat]2 in the manner prescribed. 106 Surcharge 27- (1) Every Pradhan or Up-Pradhan of a [Gram Panchayat]3, every member of a [Gram Panchayat]2 or of a Joint Committee or any other committee constituted under this Act and every Sarpanch, Sahayak Sarpanchor Panch of a Nyaya Panchayat shall be liable to surcharge for the loss, waste or misapplication of money or property [belonging to the Gram Panchayat or Nyaya Panchayat]4 as the case may be, if such loss, waste or misapplication is direct consequence of his neglect of misconduct while he was such Pradhan, Up-Pradhan, Member, Sarpanch, Sahayak Sarpanch or Panch: Provided that such liability shall cease to exist after the expiration often years from the occurrence of such loss, waste or misapplication, or five years from the date on which the person liable ceases to hold this office, whichever is later. (2) The prescribed authority shall fix the amount of the surcharge according to the procedure that may be prescribed and shall certify the amount to the collector who shall, on being satisfied that the amount is due, realize it as if it were an arrear of land revenue: (3) A person aggrieved by the order of the prescribed authority fixing the amount, of surcharge may, within thirty days of such order, appeal against the order to the State Government or such other or appellate, authority as may be prescribed. (4) Where no proceeding for fixation and realization of surcharge as specified in sub-section (2) is taken the State Government may institute a suit for compensation for such loss, waste or misapplication, against the person liable for the same.]1 Member and 28- Every member or servant of a Nyaya Panchayat, a [Gram Panchayat]2, a servants to be joint committee or any other committee constituted under this Act shall be deemed public to be a public servant within the meaning pf section 21 of the Indian Penal Code. servants 1 Subs. by section 17 of U.P. Act No. 37 of 1978. 2 Substituted by section 2 of U. P. Act No. 9 of 1994. 3 Subs. by section 33 (a) of ibid. 4 Added by section 33 (b) of ibid. 5 Substituted by section 2 of U. P. Act No. 27 of 1999. [The United Provinces Panchayat Raj Act, 1947] [Section 28A-28B] Bhumi 28-A (1) The [Gram Panchayat]3 [***]4 shall also be the Bhumi Prabandhak Prabandhak Sarnit.i and as such discharge the duties of up-keep, protection and supervision Samiti of all property belonging to or vested in or held [by the Gram Panchayat]5 under section 117 of the Uttar Pradesh Zamindari Abolition and Land Reforms Act, 1950, or under any other provision of that Act. (2) The Pradhan and Up-Pradhan shall respectively be the Chairman and the Vice-Chairman of the Bhumi Prabandhak Samiti, and the Lekhpal of the area comprised in the jurisdiction of the [Gram Panchayat]6 shall be its Secretary.]1 [Function of 28-B (1) The Bhumi Prabandhak Samiti shall for and on behalf of the [Gram the Bhumi Panchayat]7 be charged with the general management, preservation and control Prabandhak of all property referred to in section 28-A including- Samiti 107 (a) the settling and management of land but not including the transfer U.P. Act no. 1 of any property for the time being vested in the [Gram Panchayat]7 under 1951 section 117 of the Uttar Pradesh Zamindari Abolition and Land Reforms Act, 1950 or under any other provision of that Act, (b) the preservation, maintenance and development of forests and trees; (c) the maintenance and development of abadi sites and village communications; (d) the management of hats, bazare and melas; (e) the maintenance and development of fisheries and tanks; (f) the rendering of assistance in the consolidation of holdings ; (g) the conduct and prosecution of suits and proceedings by or against the [Gram Panchayat]3 relating to or arising out of the functions of Samiti ; (h) the performance of functions specifically assigned to the Bhumi Prabandhak Samiti under the U. P. Zamindari Abolition and Land Reforms Act, 1950 or any other enactment ; and (i) any other matter relating to such management, preservation and control as may be prescribed ; and may exercise all powers of the [Gram Panchayat]3 necessary for or incidental to the discharge of such duties.]2 (2) The Bhumi Prsbandhak samiti shall function subject to the provisions of U. P. Zamindari Abolition and Land Reforms Act, 1950. 1. Substituted by section 7 of U. P. Act no. 3 of 1973. 2. Substituted by section 8 of U. P. Act No 37 of l978. 3. Substituted by section 2 of U. P. Act No. 9 of 1994. 4. Omitted by section 34 (a) (i) ibid. 5. Subs. by section 34 (a) (ii) of ibid. 6. Subs. by section 34 (b) of ibid. 7. Subs. by section 35 of ibid. [The United Provinces Panchayat Raj Act, 1947] [Section 28C-29] Members and [28- (1) No member or office bearer of a [Gram Panchayat]2 or, Bhumi Officers Prabandhak Samiti shall, otherwise than with the permission in writing of C not acquire the Collector etc. knowingly acquire or attempt to acquire or stipulate for or interest in agree to receive or continue to have himself or through a partner or contracts, etc. otherwise any share or interest in any licence, lease, sale, exchange, contract with Bhumi or employment with, by or on behalf of the Samiti concerned : Prabandhak Samiti Provided that a person shall not be deemed to acquire or attempt to acquire or continue to have or stipulate for or agree to receive any share or interest in any contract or employment by reason only of his- (a) having acquired any interest before he became a member or office-bearer ; 108 (b) he holds a part in the joint stock company that has contracted. (c) having a share or interest in the occasional sale through the Samiti concerned of an article in which he regularly trades up to a value not exceeding Rs.50 in anyone year. (2) No Court or other authority shall enforce at the instance of any person a claim based upon a transaction in contravention of the provisions of sub-section (1).]1 Committees 29- [(1) Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in any other provisions of this Act or the rules made thereunder, every Gram Panchayat shall constitute such committee or committees as may be notified by the State Government from time to time, to assist the Gram Panchayat in the performance of all or any of its functions and may delegate to such committee or committees such of its powers of functions as it may deem fit. (2) Every committee constituted under sub-section (1) shall consist of a Chairman and six other members, who shall be elected by the members of the Gram Panchayat from amongst themselves in the prescribed manner : Provided that in each such committee there shall be atleast one woman member, one members belonging to the Scheduled Castes or the Scheduled Tribes and one member belonging to Backward Classes :]3 Provided further that the State Government may designate any Government servant as Co-Secretary to a committee related to any particular subject.”]4 [(3) The State Government may, if and when so required, Constitute a Sub-committee for a particular subject to assist the main Committee by notification.”]5 1. Added by Schedule VIII (II) of U. P. Act No. 33 of 1961. 2. Substituted by section 2 of U. P. Act No. 9 of 1994. 3. Chapter 2 of Substituted by section 3 of U. P. Act No. 33 of 1999. 4. Subs. and ins. by section 2 (i) of Uttarakhand Act No. 28 of 2003. 5. Added by section 2 (2) ibid. [The United Provinces Panchayat Raj Act, 1947] [Section 30-32] Joint Committee 30- (1) Subject to such rules as may be prescribed, two or more [Gram Panchayats]4 may combine by means of a written instrument to appoint a joint committee consisting of their representatives, for the purpose of transacting any business in which they are jointly interested and may- (a) delegate to such committee power, with such conditions as they may think proper to impose, to frame any scheme binding on each such [Gram Panchayat]4 as to the construction and maintenance of any joint work and as to the power which may be exercised by any such [Gram Panchayat]4 in relation to such scheme; and (b) Frame or modify rules regarding the continuation of such committee and the term of office, members thereof and the method of 109 conducting proceedings and correspondence. (2) If any difference of opinion arises, between the [Gram Panchayats]4 acting under this section, it shall be referred to the prescribed authority whose decision thereon shall be final. [(3) Where the prescribed authority so directs, two or more [Gram Panchayats]4 shall appoint a Joint Committee under this section for the joint discharge of any of the functions specified in sections 15 and 16.]2 31- [***]5 CHAPTER V ACQUISITION OF LAND, GAON FUND AND PROPERTY Gaon Fund [32- (1) There shall be a [Gaon Fund for each Gram Panchayat]6 and the same shall subject to the provisions of the annual estimate of income and expenditure passed under section 41, be utilized for carrying out the duties or obligations imposed upon the [Gram Sabha]3 or [Gram Panchayat]3 or any committee thereof by this or any other enactment :]1 [Provided that such amount up to the total of all sums credited to the Gaon Fund under the Uttar Pradesh Zamidari Abolition and Land Reforms Act, 1950, minus the amount credited to the Consolidated Gaon Fund under section 125-A of that, Act as may be required by the Bhumi Prabandhak Samiti being utilized in carrying out its duties or obligations shall be made available out of the Gaon Fund to the Bhumi Prabandhak Samiti every year : 1. Substituted by section 26 of U. P. Act II of 1955. 2. Ins. by section 9 of U.P. Act No. 3 of 1973. 3. Substituted by section 2 of U. P. Act No. 9 of 1994. 4. Substituted by section 37 ibid. 5. Omitted by section 38 ibid. 6. Substituted by section 39 (a) ibid. [The United Provinces Panchayat Raj Act, 1947] [Section 32-A] Provided further that in the event of any difference between the Bhumi Prabandhak Samiti on the one hand and the [Gram Panchayat]3 or [Gram Sabha]3 on the other about the requirements of funds by the Bhumi Prabandhak Samiti the matter shall be referred by the Pradhan to the prescribed authority whose decision shall be binding.]1 (2) The following shall be credited to the Gaon Fund : -- (a) The proceeds of any tax imposed under this Act; (b) All sums handed over by the State Government to the [Gram Panchayat;]3 110 (c) The balance, if any, standing to the credit of the Villaage pancahayat previously in existence under the “Village Panchayat Act”. (d) All sums ordered by a court [or required under any law]1 to be placed to the credit of the Gaon Fund. (e) All sums received under section 104; (f) The sale-proceeds of all dust, dirt, dung or refuse ineluding the dead bodies of animals, collected by the servants of the [Gram Panchayat]3; (g) Such portion of the rent or other proceeds of nazul property as the State Government may direct to be placed to the credit of the Gaon Fund. (h) Sums contributed to the Gaon Fund by any [Zila Parishad]2 or other local authority; (i) All sums received by way of loan or gift; (j) Such other sums as may be assigned to the Gaon Fund by any special or general order of the State Government ; (k) All sums received by the [Gram Panchayat]3 from any individual or corporation or the State Government under section 24 or any other law; [(l) All sums received by way of grants-in-aid from the Consolidated Fund of the State.]5 (3) Nothing in this section shall affect any obligation of a [Gram Panchayat]6 arising from a trust legally imposed upon or accepted by it. [(4) All withdrawal of moneys from the Gaon Fund and disbursement therof shall be made jointly by the Pradhan and the Secretary of the Gram Panchayat.]7 1. Added by Schedule VIII (In U. P. Act no. 33 of 1961. 2. For the term district board wherever it occurs in the Act, subs. by the term 'Zila Parishad by Schedule VIII (II) of U. P. Act. no. 33 of 1961. 3. Substituted by section 2 of U. P. Act No. 9 of 1994. 4. Substituted by section 39 (a) ibid. 5. Substituted by section 39 (b) ibid. 6. Substituted by section 10 of U.P. Act No.21,1995 7. Chapter-II added by section 4 of U.P. Act No. 33 of 1999.

[The United Provinces Panchayat Raj Act, 1947] [Section 32-A] [Finance 32-A (1) The Governor shall, as soon as may be within one year from the commission commencement of the Constitute (Seventy-third Amendment) Act, 1992 and thereafter at the expiration of every fifth year, constitute a Finance Commission ot review the financial position of the Gram Panchayat, Kshettra Panchayat and Zila Panchayat and to make recommendations to the Governor as to – (a) the principles which should govern— (i) the distribution between the State and the Gram Panchayats, Kshettra Panchayats and Zila Panchayats of the net proceeds of the taxes, duties, tolls and fees leviable by the State, which may be divided between them and the allocation between the Gram Panchayats, Kshettra Panchayats and Zila Panchayatss of their 111 respective shares of such proceeds ; (ii) the determination of the taxes, duties, tolls and fees which may be assigned to, or appropriated by the Gram Panchayats, Kshettra Panchayats and Zila Panchayats; (iii) the grants in-aid to the Gram Panchayats, Kshettra Panchayats and Zila Panchayats; (b) the measures needed to improve the financial position of the Gram Panchayats, Kshettra Panchayats and Zila Panchayats; (c) any other matter referred to the Finance Commission by the Governor in the interest of sound finance of the Gram Panchayats, Kshettra Panchayats and Zila Panchayats. (2) The Finance Commission shall consist of a Chairman and two other members who shall possess such qualifications and shall be selected in such manner as may be prescribed. (3) The Finance Commission shall determine their procedure. (4) The Chairman or a member of the Finance Commission may resign his office by writing under his hand addressed to the Governor but shall continue in his office till the resignation is accepted. (5) A casual vacancy in the office of the Chairman or a member of the Finance Commission may be filled for the remainder of the period of his predecessor. (6) The Finance Commission shall have the following powers for ther performance of its functions; namely – (a) call for any record from any officer or authority; (b) summon any person to give evidence or produce a record; and (c) such other powers as may be prescribed. (7) The Governor shall cause every recommendation made by the Finance Commission under this section together with an explanatory memorandum as to the action taken thereon to be laid before both the Houses of the State Legislature.]1 1. Added by section 40 of U.P. Act No. 9 of 1994. [The United Provinces Panchayat Raj Act, 1947] [Section 33-37] Power to 33- Where a [Gram Panchayat]5 or a number of a [Gram Panchayats]2 which acquire land have combined under the provisions of section 20 or 30 require any land to carry out any purpose of this Act, it or they shall first try to have the land by private negotiation and if the parties concerned fail to arrive at an agreement, such [Gram Panchayat]5 or [Gram Panchayats]5 may make an application in the prescribed form to the Collector to acquire the land and the Collector may acquire such land for such [Gram Panchayat]5 or [Gram Panchayats]5. Explanation-- In this chapter the expression "land" includes benefits to arise out of land, and things attached to the earth or permanently fastened to anything attached to the earth. Property 34- (1) Subject to any special reservation made by the State Government, all 112 vested in the public property situated within the jurisdiction of a [Gram Panchayat]6 shall vest Gram Sabha in and belong to the [Gram Panchayat]6 and shall, with all other property which may become vested in the [Gram Panchayat]6, be under its direction, management and control. (2) All markets and fairs or such portion thereof as are held upon public land shall be managed and regulated by the [Gram Panchayat]6 and the [Gram Panchayat]6 shall receive to the credit of the Gaon Fund all dues levied or imposed in respect thereof. Disposal 35- Where any dispute arises as regards the ownership of any property claims mentioned in section 34 between a [Gram Panchayat]6 and any person, the [Gram Panchayat]6 shall give such persons a reasonable opportunity of being heard and then decide whether to treat the said property as the property of the [Gram Panchayat.]6 [36- A [Gram Panchayat]6 may borrow money from the State Government or with the prior sanction of the prescribed authority and subject to such conditions as may be prescribed from any financial corporation established by law or any scheduled bank or the Uttar Pradesh Co-operative Bank or a District Co-operative Bank [or from any other Goan Shabha]2 to carry out any of the purpose of this Act.]1 [37- (1) A [Gram Panchayat]8 shall levy the taxes described in clauses (a) and (b), and may levy all or any of the taxes, fees and rates described in clauses (c), (d), (e), (f), (g), (h), (i), (j) and (k), hereinafter appearing, namely -]3 [(a) in areas where the right, title and interest of intermediaries have been acquired under the Zamindari Abolition and Land Reforms Act 1950 the Jaunsar Bawar Zamindari Abolition and Land Refonds Act: 1956 or the Kumaun and Uttara khand Zamindari Abolition and Land Reforms Act, 1960, a tax on land [not less than twenty-five paise but not exceeding fifty paise]4 in a rupee on the amount of land revenue payable or deemed to be payable therefor : 1. Subs. by section 10 of U. P. Act no. 3 of 1973. 2. Ins. by section 18 of U. P. Act no. 37 of 1978. 3. Subs. section 19 (a) ibid 4. Subs. section 19 (b) ibid 5. .Subs. by section 41 of U.P. Act No. 9 of 1994. 6. Subs. by section 42 and 43(a) ibid. [The United Provinces Panchayat Raj Act, 1947] [Section 37] Provided that where the land is in the actual cultivation of a person other than the person by whom the land revenue therefor is payable or deemed to be payable, the tax shall be payable by the person in actual cultivation; (b) in areas other than those referred to in clause (a), a tax on land revenue [not less than twenty five paise but not exceeding fifty paise]5 in a rupee on the amount of land revenue payable by a tenant, by whatever name called, under the law in force relating to land tenures: Provided that where the land is in the actual cultivation of the person other than the person liable to pay land revenue therefor, the tax shall be 113 payable by the person in actual cultivation of such land;]4 [(c) a tax on theatre, cinema or similar entertainment temporarily stationed in the area of the [Gram Panchayat]7 not exceeding five rupees per diem;]3 (d) a tax payable by the owner thereof on animals and vehicles other than mechanically propelled vehicles kept within the area of the [Gram Panchayat]7 and plied for hire, at the rate – (i) in the case of animals, not exceeding three rupes per animal per annum ; (ii) in the case of vehicles, not exceeding six rupees per vehicle per annum ; (e) [a tax]1 on persons, not being persons assessed to [tax]1 under clause (c), exposing, goods for sale in markets, hats or melas belonging to or under the control of the [Gram Panchayat]7 concerned ; (f) fees on the registration of animals sold in any market or place belonging to or under the control of the [Gram Panchayat]7 ; (g) fees for the use of salughter houses and encamping grounds; [(h) a water rate where water for domestic consumptions is supplied by the [Gram Panchayat]7 ;]2 (i) a tax for cleaning private latrines and drains payable by the owners or occupiers of the houses to which the private latrine or drain is attached, where such cleaning is done through the agency of the [Gram Panchayat]7 ; and [(j) a tax for cleaning and lighting of streets and sanitation;]6 1. Subs. by section 4 (2) of U. P. Act no. 19 of 1957. 2. Subs. by section 4 (a) of U. P. Act no. 10 of 1965. 3. Added by schedule VIII (II) U.P Act no. 33 of 1961. 4. Subs. by section 11 (2) of U. P. Act no. 3 of 1973. 5. Subs. by section 19 (c) of U. P. Act no. 37 of 1978. 6. Subs. by section 19 (d) ibid. 7. Subs. by section 2 of U. P. Act no. 9 of 1994. [The United Provinces Panchayat Raj Act, 1947] [Section 37A-37C] [(k) an irrigation rate where water for irrigation purposes is supplied by the [Gram Panchayat]2 from any small irrigation project constructed or maintained by it;]1 [(l) any other tax which the State Legislature has the power under the Constitution, including Article 277 thereof, to impose in the State and of which imposition by the Gram Panchayat has been authorized by the State Government.]3 (2) The taxes, rates and fees under sub-section (I) shall be imposed, assessed and realized in such manner and at such times as may be prescribed. 114 37-A (1) An appeal against the levy of a tax, rate or fees by the [Gram Panchayat]4 shall lie to the prescribed authority. (2) Where it is brought to the notice of the prescribed authority that a tax, rate or fee has not been imposed on any person on whom it should have been imposed it may direct the [Gram Panchayat]4 to impose it on that person or persons and the [Gram Panchayat]4 shall thereupon act accordingly. Taxes and 37-B All dues on account of the taxes imposed and other sums payable to a dues recover- [Gram Panchayat]4 under this Act shall be recovered as arrears of land able as arrear revenue if the [Gram Panchayat]4 concerned passes a resolution to that effect Within three months from the date of assessment : of land revenue Provided that where a [Gram Panchayat]4 fails to pass such a resolution Within the said period of three months the prescribed authority shall authorize the recovery of the arrears of taxes as arrears of land revenue. Remission of 37-C (1) The State Government may remit the whole or part of any tax, rate or fee levied by a [Gram Panchayat]4 in respect of a period whether before tax, rate or or after the commencement of the U. P. Panchayat Raj (Amendment) Act, fee. 1954. (2) The power exercisable by the State Government under sub section (1) shall also be exercisable either generally or in any specified area by the prescribed authority under such circumstances as the State Government may prescribe. (3) A [Gram Panchayat]4 also may by resolution and under such circumstances as may be prescribed remit the whole or part of any such tax, rate or fee imposed or levied by it : Provided that no such resolution shall take effect unless it is approved by the prescribed authority. 1. Added by section 4 (b) of U. P. Act no. 10 of 1965. 2. Subs. by section 2 of U. P. Act no. 9 of 1994. 3. Subs. by section 43 (b) ibid. 4. Subs. by section 44 ibid. [The United Provinces Panchayat Raj Act, 1947] [Section 38-42] (4) Where any tax, rate or fee has been remitted under sub sections (1) to (3), any sum realized from the assessee on account of the tax, rate or fee so remitted shall be refunded to him by the [Gram Panchayat]5.]l Realization of 38- The Gaon Panchayat shall, as prescribed, arrange for the realization of dues, custody panchayat taxes and dues, custody of its funds and maintenance of accounts. of funds and accounts Expenses of 39- [(1) The expenses of Nyaya Panchayat shall be charged to the Gaon Fund or Nyaya pancha- Gaon Funds of the [Gram Panchayats]5 comprised in the circle in such yat to be proportion as may be determined by the prescribed authority. charge on Gaon Fund (2) All sums realized by way of court fees or fines in a case tribal under this 115 Audit Act shall be credited to the State Government, but the State Government, shall out of the sums so realized by way of grant such portion not exceeding fifty per centum as it may fix to the [Gram Panchayat]5 concerned for defraying the expenses of the Nyaya Panchayat.]2 Audit [40- The accounts of every [Gram Panchayat]5 and Nyaya Panchayat shall be audited [every year]6 and in such manner [and on payment of such fee]4 as may be prescribed.]3 Budget of [41- Every Gram Panchayat shall, within such period and in such manner as may be prescribed, prepare a statement of the estimated receipts and Gram expenditure of the Gram Panchayat for the financial year commencing on the Panchayat first day of April next following which shall be passed by the Gram Panchayat by a simple majority of the members present and voting at a meeting of the Gram Panchayat and the quorum for such a meeting shall be more than half of the total number of the members of the Gram Panchayat.]7 CHAPTER VI The Nyaya Panchayat Establishment 42- (1) The State Government or the prescribed authority shall divide a of Naya district into circles, each circle comprising as many areas subject to the jurisdiction of the Gram Panchayat]8 as may be expedient, and establish a panchayat Nyaya Panchayat for each such circle: Provided that the areas of Gram Panchayats]8 within each circle shall, as far as possible, be contiguous. 1. Added by section 29 of U. P. Act II of 1955. 2. Added by section 30 ibid. 3. Added by section 31 ibid. 4. Ins. by section 20 of U. P. Act no. 37 of 1978. 5. Subs. by section 45 of U. P. Act no. 9 of 1994. 6. Subs. by section 46 ibid. 7. Subs. by section 47 ibid. 8. Subs. by section 48 ibid. [The United Provinces Panchayat Raj Act, 1947] [Section 43-47] (2) Subject to a minimum often and a maximum of twenty-five, every Nyaya Panchayat shall have such number of members, as may be prescribed, but it shall be lawful for a Nyaya Panchayat to function notwithstanding any vacancy therein : Provided the number of Panches therein is not less than two thirds of the prescribed strength. Appointment 43- (1) There shall be appointed by the prescribed authority out of the. of Panches and members of a [Gram Panchayat]7 such number of persons, as may be prescribed, their term to be Panches of the Nyaya Panchayat and thereupon the persons so appointed shall cease to be members of the [Gram Panchayat]7 and their seats in the [Gram Panchayat]7 shall be filled, as far as may be, in the manner provided in section 12: [Provided that if the requisite number of members of a [Gram Panchayat]7 116 are not available for being Panches of the Nyaya Panchayat it shall be lawful for the prescribed authority to fill in any seat so remaining vacant by nomination from amongst other members of the [Gram Panchayat]7.]6 (2) No person may be appointed as a Panch of the Nyaya Panchayat unless he has the qualifications that may be prescribed: [Provided that where suitable persons having the prescribed qualifications are not available for such appointment any or all of such qualifications may, by an order in writing, be relaxed by the prescribed authority.]4 Election of 44- [The panches appointed under section 43 shall, in the manner and within the sarpanch and period to be prescribed, elect from amongst them two persons who are able to Sahayak record proceedings, one as the Sarpanch and the other as the Sarpanch : Sarpanch Provided that if the panches fail to elect the Sarpanch or the Sahayak Sarpanch as aforesaid the prescribed authority may appoint the Sarpanch or the Sahayak Sarpanch.]1 Term of a 45- [The term of every Panch of a Nyaya Panchayat shall commence on the date Panch of his appointment as such and, unless otherwise determined under the provisions of this Act, shall expire with the term of the [Gram Panchayat]6 , from which he was appointed: Provided that the Sarpanch and the Sahayak Sarpanch shall continue in office until their respective successors are elected or appointed.]5 46- [ *** ]2 Resignation of 47- [A Panch, a Sarpanch or Sahayak Sarpanch may resign his office as such by Panches writing under his hand addressed to such authority as may be prescribed and his office shall thereupon become vacant.]3 1. Substituted by section 34 of U. P. Act II of 1955. 2. Sub.by section 36 ibid. 3. Del. by section 37 ibid. 4. Subs. by section 13 of U.P. Act No. 15 of 1960. 5. Subs. by section 14 ibid. 6. Subs. by section 12 of U.P. Act No. 3 of 1973. 7. Sub. by section 2 of U.P. Act No. 9 of 1994. [The United Provinces Panchayat Raj Act, 1947] [Section 48-51] 48- [ *** ]1 Bench of 49- [(1) The Sarpanch shall form Benches consisting of five Panches each for the Nyaya disposal of cases and inquiries coming up before the Nyaya Panchayat. Panchayat (2) The formation of Benches, the period for which they will work including the hearing of part heard cases, the method of distribution transfer or re-transfer of work among the Benches and procedure generally to be followed by them in cases and enquiries shall be governed by rules. (3) No Panch, Sarpanch or Sahayak Sarpanch shall take part in the trial of or inquiry in any case to which, he or any near relation, employer, employee, debtor, creditor or partner of his is a party or in which any of them is personally interested. (4) Notwithstanding anything contained in this section, the State Government 117 may prescribe the constitution. of Special Benehes for the trial of any class or classes of cases : Provided that the State Government may at any time order for the re- constitution of such a Special Bench. (5) Any dispute relating to the formation of Benches or method of their working shall be referred to the prescribed authority whose decision shall be final.]2 Filling of [50- (1) If a vacancy in the office of a Panch arises by reason of his death, removal casual or resignation it shall, subject to the provisions of section 45, be filled for the vacancies unexpired part of his term by the prescribed authority by appointing a person from amongst the member for the time being of the [Gram Panchayat]6 , and if the Panch vacating the office was also the Sarpanch or Sahayak Sarpanch a new Sarpanch or Sahayak Sarpanch, as the case may be, shall be elected in the manner provided in section 44. (2) Any person appointed as Panch under sub-section (1) shall cease to be a member of the [Gram Panchayat]6 from the date of his appointment and the vacancy so caused in the [Gram Panchayat]6 shall be deemed to be a casual vacancy for the purpose of section 12-H.]3 Power of [50-A The Sahayak Ssrpsnch shall exercise such powers of the Sarpanch as may be Sahayak prescribed.]4 Sarpanch Territorial [51- (1) Notwithstanding anything contained in the [Code of Criminal Procedure, jurisdiction V 1973]7 every criminal case triable by a Nyaya Panchayat shall be instituted before of 1898 the Sarpanch of the Nyaya Panchayat of the circle in which the offence is committed.]5 V of 1908 1 Deleted by section 38 of U. P. Act no. 2, 1955. 2 Sub. by section 39 ibid. 3 Sub. by section 40 ibid. 4 Added by section 41 ibid. 5 Subs. by section 42 (i) ibid. 6 Sub. by section 2 of U.P. Act No. 9 of 1994. 7 Subs. by section 21 (a) of U.P. Act No. 37 of 1978. [The United Provinces Panchayat Raj Act, 1947] [Section 52-53] Act no.5 of (2) Notwithstanding anything contained in the Civil Procedure Code, 1908 1908 every civil case instituted under this Act shall be instituted before the Sarpanch of the Nyaya Panchayat of the circle in which [the defendant or, where there are more than one, all the defendants ordinarily reside or carryon business]3 at the time of the institution of the civil case irrespective of the place where the cause of action arose. (3) [***]1 Offences [52- (1) The following offences as well as abetments of and attempts to commit cognizable such offences, if committed within the jurisdiction of a Nyaya Panchayat, shall by Nyaya be cognizable by such Nyaya Panohayat----- panchayats (a) offences under sections 140, 160,172,174,179,269, 277, 283, 285,. 289, 290, 294, 323, 334, 341, 352, 357,358. 374,379,403,411 (where 118 Act XLV the value of the stolen or mis-appropriated property in cases under sections of 1860 379, 403 and 411 does not exceed fifty rupees), 426, 428, 430 , 431, 447, 448, 504, 506, 509 and 510 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860 ; (b) offences under sections 24 and 26 of the Cattle Trespass Act, Act I of 1871 1871 ; (c) offences under sub-section (1) of section 10 of the United Act I of Provinces District Board Primary Education Act, 1926 ; 1926 (d) offences under sections 3,4, 7 and 13 of the Public Gambling Act, 1867 ; Act III of (e) any other offence under aforesaid enactments or any other 1867 enactment as may, by notification in the official Gazette, be declared by the State Government to be cognizable by a Nyaya Panchayat ; and (f) any offence under this Act or any rule made thereunder ; (1-A) The State Government may by order published in the official Gazette empower any Nyaya Panchayat to take cognizance of offences under sections 279,286, 336 and 356 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860 and may like-wise withdraw any offence referred to in clauses (a) to (d) of sub-section (1) from the cognizance of Nyaya Panchayats generally or such Nyaya Panchayats as may be specified.]2 (2) Any criminal case relating to an offence under sections 143, 145, 151 or 153 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860, pending before any court may be transferred for trial to the Nyaya Panchayat if in the opinion of such court the offence is not serious. Security for 53- (1) Whenever the Sarpanch of a Nyaya Panchayat has reason to apprehend keeping the that any person is likely to commit a breach of peace or disturb public tranquility peace he may call upon such person to show cause why he should not execute a bond for an amount not exceeding Rs.100 with or without sureties for keeping the peace for a period not exceeding 15 days. 1. Omitted by section 42 (2) of U. P. Act II of 1955. 2. Substituted by sec. 43 ibid. 3. Subs. by sec. 21 (b) of U. P. Act no. 37 of 1978. [The United Provinces Panchayat Raj Act, 1947] [Section 54-55] (2) The Sarpanch, shall after issue of such notice [refer the matter to a Bench]2. The Bench may either confirm the order or discharge the notice after hearing such person and such witnesses as he may desire to produce. [(3) If the person required to execute a bond as aforesaid under sub-section (2) fails to do so, he shall be liable to pay a penalty up to five rupees as the Bench may fix for every day the default continues during the period fixed in the order.]3 Penalties 54- (1) No Nyaya Panchayat shall inflict a substantive sentence of imprisonment. (2) A Nyaya Panchayat may impose a fine not exceeding [two hundred and fifty rupees]6 hut no imprisonment may be awarded in default of payment : 119 [Provided that no accused shall be tried for more than three offences in the same criminal case and the fine that may be imposed on anyone accused in a criminal case shall not in the aggregate exceed [two hundred and fifty rupees]6.]4 Cognizance of [55- (1) After a Nyaya Panchayat has been established for any area, no court case except as otherwise provided in this Act shall take recognizance of any case triable by such Nyaya Panchayat. (2) When a Nysya Panchayat is suspended, superseded or dissolved under section 95, or for any other reason ceases to function, all cases pending before it Act XLV of shall stand transferred to the court of competent jurisdiction which shall dispose 1860 them of according to law: Provided that the trial of all such cases in court shall commence de novo: Provided further that a Nyaya Panchayat shall not be deemed to cease to function merely for the reason that its Panches have to be re-elected. (3) Notwithstanding anything contained in section 52 and in sub-section (1) of this section any court may take cognizance of any offence under sections 431 and 447 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860, if it is otherwise competent to do so. (4) Notwithstanding anything contained in section 52 and sub-sections (1) to (3) of this sections but subject always to the provision of the Code of Criminal Procedure 1898, where any court has taken cognizance of any offence referred to in the said sections and a summons or warrant, as the case may be, has issued for the appearance of the accused in such case,-the offence may be enquired into and tried by such court.]5 1. Subs. by see 43 of U. P. Act II of 1955. 2. Subs. by sec. 44(1) ibid. 3. Added by sub-section (2) section 44 of ibid. 4. Added by section 45 ibid 5. Subs. by section 46 ibid. 6. Subs. by sec. 22 of U. P. Act no. 37 of 1978. [The United Provinces Panchayat Raj Act, 1947] [Section 56-59] Transfer of [56- A court if it finds that a case is triable by a Nyaya Panchayat shall except as cases by courts provided in sub-section (4) of section 55 transfer the case to the Nyaya Panchayat to Nyaya of competent jurisdiction, which shall thereafter try the same de novo.]1 Panchayats 57- Nyaya Panchayat may dismiss any complaint if after examining complainant and taking such evidence as he produces it is satisfied that the complaint is frivolous, vexatious or untrue. Transfer of [58- If at any time it appears to a Nyaya Panchayat-- cases by Nyaya (a) that it has no jurisdiction to try any case pending before it, Panchayat to 120 courts (b) that the offence involved is one for which it cannot award adequate punishment, or (c) that the case should otherwise be tried by a court, it shall transfer the same to the court of competent jurisdiction and shall give information of such transfer to the parties concerned.]2 Certain pers- [59- No Nyaya Panchayat shall take cognizance of any criminal case against a ons not to be person where such person- ---- tried by Nyaya Panchayats (a) has been previously convicted of an offence punishable with imprisonment of either description for a term of three years or more, (b) has been previously fined for theft by any Nyaya Panchayat, (c) has been bound over to be a good behavior under section 109 or 110 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1898 [or of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973.]4 (d) has been previously convicted under the Public Gambling Act, 1867, or (e) is a public servant.]3 Compensation 60- In imposing any fine the Nyaya Panchayat may order any portion or the to whole of the fine recovered to be applied- complainants (a) in defraying the expenses properly incurred in the criminal case by the complainant, 1. Substituted by sec, 47 U. P. Act no. II of 1955 2. Subs. by sec. 48 ibid. 3. Substituted by sec. 49 ibid. 4. Subs. by section 23 of U.P. Act No. 37 of 1978. [The United Provinces Panchayat Raj Act, 1947] [Section 60-64] [(b) in the payment of any person of compensation for any material loss or injury caused by the offence, or]1 [(c) in compensating any bona fide purchaser of stolen property for loss of the same, where property is restored to the possession of the person entitled thereto.]2 Compensation [61- (1) If in any Criminal case instituted before a Nyaya Panchayat any to the accused person is accused of any offence triable by a Nyaya Panchayat and the Nyaya Panchayat acquits the accused and is of the opinion that the accusation against U.P. Act VI of him was false and either frivolous or vexatious, the Nyaya Panchayat may, 1938 call upon the complainant forthwith to show cause why he should not pay Act V of 1898 compensation to such accused. (2) If after hearing the complainant, the Nyaya Panchayat is satisfied that the accusation was false and either frivolous or Vexatious it may direct, that compensation not exceeding twenty-five rupees be paid by such complainant to the accused.]3 121 Release of 62- The powers under section 4 of the United Provinces First Offenders offenders on Probation Act, 1938, may be exercised by a Nyaya Panchayat. probation Enquiry in [63- Notwithstanding anything in the Code of Criminal Procedure, [1973]5 a cased for Magistrate may direct an enquiry referred to in section 202 of the Code to be warded by made by a Nyaya Panchayat in a criminal case in which the offence was magistrates committed within the territorial jurisdiction of such Nyaya Panchayat and the Nyaya Panchayat shall enquire into the case and submit its report to the said Magistrate. On the receipt of the directions the Sarpanch or Sahayak Sarpanch and in their absence the Panch mentioned in section 75, shall entrust it to a Bench formed under section 49.]4 Extent of [64- (1) Subject to the provisions of section 66 a Nyaya Panchayat may take jurisdiction in cognizance of any civil case of the following description of its value does not civil cases exceed one hundred rupees-- (a) a civil case for money due on contract, other than a contract in respect of immovable property; (b) a civil case for the recovery of movable property or for the value thereof; (c) a civil case for compensation for wrongfully taking or injury a movable property; and (d) a civil case for damages caused by cattle trespass. 1. Substituted by section of section 50 (2) U. P. Act No. II of 1955 2. Added by section 50 (3), ibid. 3. Subs by section 51 ibid 4. Subs by section 52 ibid 5. Subs by section 24 of U. P. Act no. 37 of 1978. [The United Provinces Panchayat Raj Act, 1947] [Section 65-68] (2) The State Government, may by notification in the official Gazette, direct that the jurisdiction of any Nyaya Panchayat shall extend to all such civil cases of the value not exceeding five hundred rupees.]1 65- [* * * ]2 Exclusion of [66- Subject to the provisions of section 64, a Nyaya Panchayat shall have no Nyaya jurisdiction to take cognizance of the following civil cases-- Panchayat’s jurisdiction (1) a civil case for a balance due on partnership account, except where the balance has been struck by the parties or their agents; (2) a civil case for a share or part of a share under an intestacy or for a legacy or part of a legacy under a will ; (3) a civil case by or against the State Government or the Central Government or a public servant for acts done in his official capacity; (4) a civil case by or against a minor or a person of unsound mind; 122 and (5) a civil case the cognizance of which by a Panchayat established under the U. P. Village Panchayat Act, 1920, is barred by section 25 of the United Provinces Debt Redemption Act, 1940.]3 Civil cases to 67- (1) Every civil case instituted before a Nyaya Panchayat shall include the include the whole of the claim which the plaintiff is entitled to make in respect of the matter whole claim in dispute, but he may relinquish any portion of his claim in order to bring the civil case within the jurisdiction of the Nyaya Panchayat. (2) If a plaintiff omits to sue in respect of or relinquishes any [portion of his claim]4 he shall not afterwards sue in respect of the [portion]4 so omitted or relinquished. Limitations 68- Every civil case instituted before a Nyaya Panchayat after the period of limitation prescribed therefor in the schedule shall be dismissed, even though limitation has not been set up as a defence : [Provided that in computing the period of limitation prescribed for any civil case the time during which the plaintiff has been prosecuting with due diligence another civil case against the defendant in any court, shall be excluded where the other case is founded upon the same. cause of action and is prosecuted in good faith in a court which .from defect of jurisdiction or other cause of a like nature is unable to entertain it.]5 1. Subs. by sec. 53 of U. P. Act, II of 1955. 2. Deleted by section 54 ibid. 3. Subs. by section 55 ibid. 4. Subs. by section 56 ibid. 5. Added by section 57 ibid. [The United Provinces Panchayat Raj Act, 1947] [Section 69-74 A] Effect of the 69- [(1)]3 The decision of a Nyaya Panchayat on the question of title, legal decision by character, contract or obligation shall not bind the parties except in respect of Nayaya the civil case in which such matter is decided. panchayat [(2) No conviction ordered by a Nyaya Panchayat shall by itself operate as, or be the basis of, any disqualification or penalty under any law for the time being in force.]3 70- [***]2 71- [***]2 72- [***]2 Rejudicata and 73- (1) No Nyaya Panchayat shall try civil case, revenue case or issue in pending suits respect of any matter which is pending for decision in, or has been heard or 123 decided by a court of competent jurisdiction, in a former civil case between the same parties or between the parties under whom they or any of them claim. (2) Where a criminal case is instituted in respect of any offence or where an accused person has been tried for any offence, Nyaya Panchayat shall take cognizane of any such offence or on the same facts, of any other offence of which the accused might have been charged or convicted. Concurrent 74- Where a [criminal or civil case]4 is maintainable in more than one jurisdiction Nyaya Panchayat, the [complainant or the plaintiff]5 as the case may be, may bring the compliment or the plaintiff in any one of such Nyaya Panchayat. Any dispute regarding jurisdiction shall be decided by the [Judicial Magistrate or the Munsif]6 having jurisdiction, as the case may be. Trial when [74- Section 10 of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 shall apply to trial of civil cases [***]8 pending before two or more Nyaya Panchayats having cause of action A jurisdiction. in a civil case [***]7 case arises in circle, more than one U.P. Act V of 1908 1. Added by section 57 of U. P. Act no. II of 1955. 2. Deleted by section 58 ibid. 3. Renumbered by section 25 of U. P. Act no. 37 of 1978. 4. Subs. by section 26 (a) ibid. 5. Subs by section 26 (b) ibid. 6. Subs. by section 26(c) ibid. 7. Omitted by section 27 (a) ibid. 8. Omitted by section 27 (b) ibid. [The United Provinces Panchayat Raj Act, 1947] [Section 74B-77 A] Trial where 74-B Where it is uncertain ill which of several circles an offence was committed scene of partly in one circle and partly in another or where an offence is a continuing one offence is and continues to be committed in more circles than one or where it consists of uncertain or several acts done in different circles, it may be enquired into by a Nyaya not in one Panchayat having jurisdiction in any such circles.]1 circle only or where offence is a continuing one or consists of several acts Institution of 75- (1) Any person who wishes to institute [a civil case or a criminal case]8 suits and cases under this Act before a Nyaya Panchayat may make an application orally or in writing to the Sarpanch [and in his absence to the Sahayak Sarpanch]2 in case of U. P. Act VII [their]3 absence from the circle to such other Panch as [may have been appointed of 1870 by the Sarpanch]4 in this behalf and shall at the same time pay the prescribed fee. The Court Fees Act, 1870, shall not apply to Nyaya Panchayats except as may be prescribed. In every civil case the plaintiff shall state its value. 124 [(2) Wheere a [* * *]9 case is instituted orally, the Sarpanch, Sahayak Sarpanch or Panch receiving the application shall record without delay the prescribed particulars and the signature or thumb impression of the applicant shall be taken thereon.]5 [Application 76- The Sarpanch, Sahayak Sarpanch or in their absence the Panch mentioned to be laid in section 75, shall thereupon lay the application before a Bench of the Nyaya before the Panchayat, formed under secti6n 49 for disposal and shall also fix a date for the Bench first hearing of the application before the said Bench and give notice of the date to the applicant, complainant, or plaintiff as the case may be and to the members of the Bench.]6 [Chairman of 77- The Bench shall choose one of the members to be the Chairman of that a Bench Bench who shall conduct the proceedings. Provided that where the Sarpanch or the Sahayak Sarpanch is a member of the Bench he, and where both of them are members of the same Bench the Sarpanch shall be the Chairman.]7 [Absence of a 77-A (1) If any Panch appointed to a Bench constituted under section 49 is absent Panch from at any hearing, the remaining Panches may notwithstanding anything contained in the Bench this Act, try the [criminal case or civil case ]10 : 1. Added by section 60 of U. P. Act II of 1955. 2. Added by section 61 (1) (a) ibid. 3. Added by sect-ion 61(1) (b) ibid. 4. Subs, by section 61(1) (c) ibid. 5. Added by section 61(2) ibid 6. Subs, by section 62 ibid, 7. Subs. by section 63 ibid. 8. Deleted. by section 28 (a) of U. P. Act no. 37 of 1978. 9. Deleted by section 28 (b) ibid. 10. Added by section 29 ibid. [The United Provinces Panchayat Raj Act, 1947] [Section 78-80] Provided, however, that at least three Panches including the Chairman, are present and provided that at least one of the punches present is able to record evidence and proceedings. (2) No trial as aforesaid shall be invalid by reason merely that all the five Panches forming the bench were not present at any hearing or that the same Panches were not present at all the hearings. (3) The provisions of sub-sections (1) and (2) shall mutatis mutandis apply to an inquiry made by a Nyaya Panchayat under section 63.]1 Dismissal of 78- [(1) If the plaintiff or the complainant, as the case may he, fails to appear suits and cases after having been informed of the time and place fixed for hearing, the Nyaya in the absence Panchayat may dismiss the case or pass such other order as it may deem fit.]3 of the party concerned (2) The Nyaya Panchayat may hear and decide [a civil or criminal case, in the absence of the defendant or the accused as the case may be]4 if the summons have been served upon him or if he has been informed of the time and place fixed 125 for hearing. Nyaya 79- (1) Except as provided in sub-section (2), or to correct a clerical error, a Panchayat not Nyaya Panchayat shall have no power to cancel revise or alter any decree or order to revise or passed by it. alter its decision (2) A Nyaya Panchayat may for sufficient reasons to be recorded, on application made within one month of the date of the decree or order or knowledge thereof in case personal service of summons has not been affected restore any [civil or criminal case]5 which has been dismissed in default or in which a decree or order has been passed ex parte. Legal 80- No legal practitioner shall appear, plead or act on behalf of any party before practitioner a Nyaya Panchayat : not to appear before Nyaya Provided that a person who is arrested and is detainad in custody shall have Panchayat the right to consult and be defended by a legal practitioner of his choice.]2 1. Added by section 3 of U. P. Act XXIII of 1952. 2. Added by section 65 of U. P. Act no. 2, 1955. 3. Added by section 30 (a) of U. P. Act no. 37 of 1978. 4. Subs. by section 30 (b) ibid. 5. Subs. by section 31 ibid. [The United Provinces Panchayat Raj Act, 1947] [Section 81-84] Appearance in 81 Subject to the provisions of section 80 any party to a [Civil case or criminal person or by case]6 may appear before a Nyaya Panchayt either in person or by such servant (not - representative being a tout), partner, relation or friend [duly authorised in writing]1 by him as the Nyaya Panchayat may admit as a fit person to represent him : [Provided that no stamp duty shall be required to be paid for any power of attorney filed under this section.]2 [Special 82 Notwithstanding anything contained in this Act of in any other law for the jurisdiction in time being in force, it shall be lawful for a Nyay Panchayat to decide any dispute - certain matter arising in its local area and not pending in any court in accordance with any settlement, compromise or oath agreed upon in writing by the parties.]3 Procedure and 83 [(1)]4 Nyaya Panchayat shall receive such evidence in a [civil case or criminal power to case]6 as the parties may adduce and may call for such further evidence as, in their - ascertain truth opinion, may be necessary for the determination of the points in issue. It shall be the duty of the Nyaya Panchayat to ascertain the facts of every [civil case or criminal case]6 before it by every lawful means in its power and thereafter to make such V of 1908 decree or order, with or without costs, as to it may seem just and legal. It may make local investigation in the [locality]7 to, which the dispute relates. It shall follow the procedure prescribed by or under this Act. The Code of Civil Procedure, 1908, [the Code of Criminal Procedure 1973]8 the Indian Evidence Act, 1872 and the [Limitation Act, 1963]9 shall not apply to any [civil case or criminal case]6 in a 126 Nyaya Panchayat except as provided in this Act or as may be prescribed. [(2) Nothing in this sub-section shall entitle any party to com pound any offence which is not compoundable under the provisions of the Code of Criminal Procedure, [1973]10 or to compound an offence without the permission of the Bench concerned, if it is compoundable with permission under the provisions of the said Code.]5 [(3) Where in the opinion of the Nyaya Panchayat, any party deliberately delays the disposal of a case, it may impose on such party costs not exceeding five rupees, payable to the other party.]11 Majority to 84 In the event of any disagreement between the Panches the opinion of the prevail majority shall prevail. - 1. Added by section 66 (1) of U. P. Act No. 2 of 1955. 2. Added by section 66 (2) ibid. 3. Added by section 67 ibid. 4. Renumbered by section 68 (1) ibid 5. Added by section 68 (2) ibid. 6. Subs. by section 32 and 33 (a) of U.P. Act no. 37 of 1978. 7. Sub. by section 33(a) (ii) ibid. 8. Sub. by section 33(a) (iii) ibid. 9. Sub. by section 33(a) (iv) ibid. 10. Sub. by section 33(b) ibid 11. Sub. by section 33(c) ibid. [The United Provinces Panchayat Raj Act, 1947] [Section 85-87] Power of [8 (1) On the application of any of the parties and after notice to the parties and superior courts after hearing such of them as desire to be heard or on his motion without such 5- to transfer notice [the Judicial Magistrate or the Munsif]2 according as the case pending cases from before a Nyaya Panehayat is a [criminal or civil case]3 may at any stage, withdraw Nyaya the same and- Panchayats (i) try to dispose of the same, or (ii) transfer it to another Bench of the Nyaya Panehayat, (iii) transfer the same for trial or disposal to any other [Magistrate or Munsif]4 competent to try or dispose of the case. [(2) Where any criminal or civil case has been withdrawn under sub-section (1), the court which thereafter tries it may either retry it or proceed from the stage at which it was withdrawn.]5 (3) If any application under sub-section (1) is either frivolous or vexatious the applicant may be fined up to fifty rupees by [the Judicial Magistrate or Munsif]6 as the case may be.]1 Issue of 86 A Nyaya Panchayat may, if it considers the evidence of, or the production of a summons to document by, any person necessary in a [civil or criminal case]7 issue and cause to - witnesses be served in the prescribed manner, so summons on such person to compel his 127 attendance, or to produce or cause the production of such document, and such person shall be bound to comply with the direction contained in the summons. . Penalties for 87 If any person who is summoned by a Nyaya Panohayat by a written order to failing to appear to give evidence or to produce any document before it, willfully disobeys - appear before such summons or notice or order, the Nyaya Panchayat may make a complaint to a Nyaya the Magistrate having jurisdiction and the said person shall be punishable with fine panchayat which may extend to twenty-five rupees : Provided that no woman shall be compelled to appear in person before the Nyaya Panchayat She may be examined on commission in the manner proscribed : Provided also that it a document is produced in obedience to a summons issued under this section, the Nyaya Panchayat shall cause the document to be copied, mark the copy, after comparing with the original to be true copy and return the original document to the person producing the same: 1. Sub. by Sec. 69 of U. P. Act, no II, 1955. 2. Sub. by Sec. 34(a)(i) of U. P. Act. No. 37, 1978. 3. Sub, by Sec. 34(a)(ii) ibid. 4. Sub. by Sec. 34(a)(iii) ibid. 5. Sub. by Sec. 34(b) ibid. 6. Sub. by Sec. 34(c) ibid. 7. Substituted by section 35 ibid. [The United Provinces Panchayat Raj Act, 1947] [Section 88-89] [Provided further that where it appears to the Nyaya Panchayat that a witness is unable to appear before it by reason of illness, or physical infirmity or that his presence cannot be procured without unreasonable delay, expense or inconvenience, it may, subject to such restrictions as may be prescribed, issue a commission in the manner prescribed to take the evidence of such witness. The evidence so taken shall form part of the record of the case.]1 Dismissal of 88 A Nyaya Panchayat may dismiss any civil [* * *]3 case if after examining the civil cases etc. plaintiff or the applicant it is satisfied that the civil [* * *]3 case is frivolous, - vexatious or untrue. Revision 89 (1) [A Judicial Magistrate or Munsif]4 according as it is a [criminal or civil case]5 may either on his own, motiou or on the application of any party made - within 60 days from the date of the order complained of or where personal, service of summons had not been effected on the applicant from the date of the knowledge of the order call for the record of any case which has been decided by a Nyaya Panchayat and if it appears to him that in justice or material irregularity has occurred, he may make such order in the case as he thinks fit. Explanation----Failure to exercise a jurisdiction vested by law or exercise of jurisdiction in excess of that vested by law shall for purposes of this section be 128 deemed to be a material irregularity. (2) Without prejudice to the generality of the foregoing provisions, the [Judicial Magistrate or Munsif]4 as the case may be, may- (a) quash the decree or order passed by the Nyaya Panchayat, (b) modify the order, (c) remand the case to the Nyaya Panchayat for retrial with such direction as he may deem fit, or (d) try the case himself or transfer it to another court or officer competent to try the same. (3) If any application under sub-section (1) is found by the [Judicial Magistrate or Munsif]4 as the case may be, to be frivolous or vexatious, he may, for reasons to be recorded, make an order for the payment to the opposite party by the applicant of special costs not exceeding fifty rupees by way of compensation. [(4) Except as aforesaid, a decree or order passed by a Nyaya Panchayat in any [civil or criminal case]6 shall not be open to appeal or revision in any court.]2 1. Added by section 70 of U. P. Act II of 1955. 2. Substituted by section 71 ibid. 3. Deleted by section 36 of U. P. Act no. 37 of 1978. 4. Substituted by section 37(a) ibid. 5. Subsisted by section 37(b) ibid. 6. Substituted by section 37(c) ibid. [The United Provinces Panchayat Raj Act, 1947] [Section 90-94] [(5) Notwithstanding anything contained in section 95, where any Judicial Magistrate or Munsif records a finding in an order passed under this section that any Panch or Panches (including any Sarpanch) of a Nyaya Panchayat has or have in relation to the case which gave rise to the revision, behaved in a manner unbecoming of his or their office, the prescribed authority may remove such Panch or Panches on the basis of such finding, and it shall not be necessary to give him or them any opportunity to show cause against the action proposed.]5 Summons to 90 A Nyaya Panchayat after an application is made under section 75, shall, unless it has been dismissed or otherwise disposed of under the provisions of this defendant or - Act, cause summons in the prescribed form to be served in the proscribed manner accused persons on the defendant or the accused person [***]6 requiring him to attend and produce his evidence at such time and place as may be stated in the summons and shall at the t same time direct the plaintiff or complainant [***]6 to attend and produce his evidence at such time and place. 91 [* **]1 - Payment of 92 If on the application of the decree-holder or the judgment debtor, the Nyaya adjustment of Panchayat which passed the decree finds after enquiry that the decree has been - decree to be satisfied wholly or in the Nyaya Panchayat shall record the fact in the prescribed recorded register.

129 Execution of [9 (1) A decree or order passed by a Nyaya Panchayat shall be executed by it decrees in such manner as may be prescribed. If the property of the defendant [***]7 is 3- situated outside the jurisdiction of the Nyaya Panchayat passing the decree or order, it may in the manner prescribed transfer the decree or order for execution to the Nyaya Panchayat, within whose jurisdiction the property may be situated, and if there be no Nyaya Panchayat then to the court to the [Munsif]8 as the case may be, within whose jurisdiction it may be situated. (2) If a Nyaya Panchayat finds any difficulty in executing a decree or order, it may forward the same to the [Munsif]9 as the case may be, who shall then execute the same as if it were a decree or order passed by him.]2 Recovery of 94 [Any fine imposed, or compensation ordered to be paid in section 61]3 by a fines Nyaya Panchayat shall be recoverable in the manner [prescribed]4. But if the - Nyaya Panchayat finds any difficulty in its recovery, it may request the [Judicial Magistrate]10 within whose jurisdiction the Nyaya Panchayat lies to recover it and he shall recover it as if the sentence of fine had been Passed by him. 1. Deleted by section 72 of U. P. Act no. 2 of 1955. 2. Substituted by section 73 ibid. 3. Substituted by section 74 (1) ibid. 4. Substituted by section 74(2) ibid. 5. Substituted by section 37 (d) of U. P. Act no. 37 of 1978. 6. Deleted by section 38 ibid. 7. Deleted by section 39 (a) (i) ibid. 8. Substituted by section 39 (a) (ii) ibid. 9. Substituted by section 39 (b) ibid. 10. Substituted by section 40 ibid. [The United Provinces Panchayat Raj Act, 1947] [Section 94A-95] Contempt of [94-A (1) If any person intentionally offers any insult to a Nyaya Panchayat or any Nyaya member thereof, while it is sitting in any stage of judicial proceedings in its or his Panchayat view or presence or refuses to take oath duly administered or sign a statement made by the said person when legally required to do so, the Nyaya Pancbayat may at any time before rising on the same day take cognizance of the offence and sentence the offender to a fine not exceeding [tan rupees.]5 (2) The fine imposed under sub-section (1) shall, for the purpose of section 94, be deemed to be a fine imposed in a criminal case.]1 CHAPTER VII EXTERNAL CONTROL Inspection 95 [(1)]2 The Provincial Government may- - (a) cause to be inspected any immovable property owned [***]7 , used or occupied by a [Gram Panchayat]6 or a joint or a [Nyaya Panchayat]3 or any work in progress under the direction of such [Gram Panchayat]6 or joint or a Nyaya Panchayat ; (b) by an order in writing call for and inspect a book or document in the possession or under the control of a [Gram Panchayat]6 or a joint or a [Naya Panchayat]3. (c) by an order in writing require a [Gram Panchayat]6 or a joint or a [Nyaya Panchayat]3 to furnish such statements, reports or copies Of 130 documents, relating to the proceedings or duties of the [Gram Panchayat]6 or such or a [Nyaya Panchayat]3 as it thinks fit ; (d) record in writing for the consideration of a [Gram Panchayat]6 or joint committee any observation which it thinks proper in, regard to the proceedings or duties of such [Gram Panchayat]6 or joint committee; (e) institute any enquiry in respect of any matter relating to a Gram Sabha , [Gram Panchayat]6 or Nyaya Panchayat; and [(f) [***]8 dissolve any [***]9 [Gram Panchayat]6, Joint Committee, [Bhumi Prabandhak Samiti]3 or Nyaya Panchayat if in the opinion of the State Government such [***]9 [Gram Panchayat]6, Joint Committee [Bhumi Prabandhak Samiti]3 or Nyaya Panchayat has abused its position or has continuously failed to perform the duties imposed upon it by or under this Act or if its continuance is not considered desirable in public interest ;]4 1. Added by section 75 of U. P. Act no, II of 1955. 2. Substituted by sub-section (1) of section 76 ibid. 3. Substituted by section 76(2) ibid. 4. Substituted by section 76(3) ibid. 5. Substituted by section 41 of U. P. Act no. 37 of 1978. 6. Substituted by section 2 of U.P. Act No. 9 of 1994. 7. Deleted by section 49 (a) (i) ibid. 8. Deleted by section 49 (a) (ii) (a) ibid. 9. Deleted by section 49 (a) (ii) (b) ibid. [The United Provinces Panchayat Raj Act, 1947] [Section 95] Explanation- [***]6 [(g) [remove a Pradhan, Up-Pradhan or member of a Gram Panchayat]7 or a Joint Committee or Bhumi Prabandhak samiti, [***]8 or a Panch, Sahayak Sarpanch or Sarpanch of a Nyaya Panchayat if he-]5 (i) absents himself without Sufficient cause from more than three consecutive meetings or sittings. (ii) refuses to act or becomes incapable of acting for any reason whatsoever or if he is accused of or charged for an offence involving moral turpitude, (iii) has abused his position as such or has persistently failed to perform the duties imposed by this Act or rules made thereunder or his continuance as such is not desirable in public interest, [***]2 [(iii-a) has taken the benefit of reservation under sub-section (2) of section 11-A or sub-section (5) of section 12, as the case may be, on the basis of a false declaration subscribed by him stating that he is a member of the Scheduled Castes, the Scheduled Tribes or the Backward Classes, as the case may be;]11 (iv) being a Sahaya Sarpanch or a sarpanch of the Nyaya Panchayat takes active part in politics.]1 [or]3 [(v) suffers from any of the disqualifications mentioned in clauses (a) to (m) of section 5-A :]4 131 [Provided that where, in an enquiry held by such person and in such manner as may be prescribed, a Pradhan or Up-Pradhan is prima facie found to have committed financial and other irregularities such Pradhan or Up-Pradhan shall cease to exercise and perform the financial and administrative powers and functions, which shall, until he is exonerated of the charges in the final enquiry, be exercised and performed by a Committee consisting of thre members of Gram Panchayat appointed by the State Government. ]9 (gg) [***]10 [Provided that- ---- 1. Added by sub-section (4) of section 76 of U. P. Act No. II of 1955. 2. Del. by section 5(1) of U. P. Act No. 19 of 1957. 3. Add. by section 5 (1) (ii) ibid. 4. Add. by section 5 (1) (iii) ibid. 5. Subs. by section 13 (1) of U. P. Act No. 3 of 1973. 6. Subs. by section 49 (a) (ii) of U. P. Act No. 9 of 1994. 7. Subs. by Section 49 (a) (iii) (a) ibid. 8. Deleted by Section 49 (a) (iii) (a) ibid. 9. Subs. by Section 49 (a) (iii) (c) ibid. 10. Del. by Section 49 (a) (iv) ibid. 11. Added by section 3 of U. P. Act No. 21 of 1998. [The United Provinces Panchayat Raj Act, 1947] [Section 95A-96] (i) no action shall be taken under clause (f), clause (g) [***]7 except after giving to the body or person concerned a reason able opportunity of showing cause against the action proposed ; (ii) [***]8 ]4 (h) [***]6 [(2) A person removed under sub-clauses (iii) and (iv) of clause (g) of sub- section (i) of this section shall not be entitled to be re-elected or re-appointed to any office under this Act for a period of five years or such lesser period as the State Government may order in any case. (3) No order made by the State Government under this section shall be called in question in any court. (4) Where any [***]9 [[Gram Panchayat]5, Joint Committee or Bhumi Prabandhak Samiti]3 is [dissolved]10 the State Government may appoint such person or persons to exercise and perform the powers and duties thereof as it may deem fit.]2 [95-A (1) If at any time it appears to the State Government that a [Gram Sabha]5 or a [Gram Panchayat]5 has made default in performing a duty imposed on it by or under this or any other enactment, the State Government may by order in writing fix a period for the performance of that duty. (2) If the duty is not performed within the period so fixed, the State Government may direct such authority as may be specified to perform it and may further direct that the expenses, if any, of performing the duty shall be paid from the [Gram Sabha]5 Fund and thereupon the person having the custody of the fund 132 shall pay the amount from such fund.]1 Prohibition of 96 (1) The prescribed authority or any other officer specially empowered in this certain behalf by the State Government on information received or on his own initiative, - proceedings may by order in writing prohibit the execution or further execution of a resolution or order passed or made under this or any other enactment by a [Gram Sabha]5, [Gram Panchayat]5 or a joint committee, or any officer or servant thereof if in his opinion such resolution or order is of a nature as to cause or likely to cause obstruction, annoyance or injury to the public or to any class or body of persons lawfully employed, or danger to human life, health or safety, or riot or affray. It may prohibit the doing or continuance by any person of any act in pursuance of or under cover of such resolution or order. 1. Added by section 7 of U. P. Act 6 of 1952. 2. Added by sub-section (5) of section 76 of U. P. Act No. II of 1955. 3. Subs. by Schedule VIII (ii) of U. P. Act No. 33 of 1961. 4. Subs. by Section 13 (3) of U. P. Act No. 3 of 1973. 5. Subs. by section 2 of U. P. Act No. 9 of 1994. 6. Deleted by Section 49 (a) (iv) (a) ibid. 7. Subs. by Section 49 (a) (vi) ibid. 8. Subs. by Section 49 (a)(vii) ibid. 9. Del. by Section 49 (b) (i) ibid. 10. Subs. by Section 49 (b) (ii) ibid. [The United Provinces Panchayat Raj Act, 1947] [Section 96A-98] (2) Where an order is made under sub-section (1) a copy thereof, with a statement of the reasons for making it. shall forthwith be forwarded by the prescribed authority or the aforesaid officer to the State Government which may after calling for an explanation from the [Gram Sabha]3, [Gram Panchayat]3, joint committee or the officer or servant thereof and considering the explanation, if any made by it, rescind, modify or confirm the orders. (3) Where the execution or further execution of a resolution or order is prohibited by an order made under sub-section (1) and continuing in force, it shall be the duty of the [Gram Sabha]3, [Gram Panchayat]3 or the joint. committee or any officer or servant thereof, if so required by the authority making such order to take any action which it would have been entitled to take, if the resolution or order had never been made or passed and which is necessary for preventing any person from doing or continuing to do anything under cover of the resolution or order, of which the further execution is prohibited. [Delegation of 96-A The State Government may delegate all or any of its powers under this Act to powers by any officer or authority subordinate to it subject to such conditions and restrictions State as it may deem fit to impose.]1 Government CHAPTER VIII PENALTIES AND PROCEDURE Penalty for 97 Whoever contravenes any provision of this Act [except the provisions of infringement section 12-BCA or section 12-BCC]6 shall be punishable, unless otherwise - of the provi- prescribed, with fine, which may extend to [five hundred rupees]4, and when the sions of the breach is a continuing one with a further fine which may extend to [fifth rupees]4 Act for every day after the first conviction during which an offender is proved to have persisted in the offence. 133 Penalty for 97-A Whoever contravenes any order made under section 12-BCA or section 12- contravention BCC, shall be punishable with imprisonment for a term which may extend to one of any order year or with fine or with both.]7 regarding requisition Infringement 98 In making a rule the State Government, and in making a by-law the [Gram of rules and Panchayat]3 [with the sanction of the prescribed authority, may]2 direct, that a - by-laws breach of it shall be punishable with fine which may extend to [five hundred rupees]5, and when the breach is a continuing one with a further fine which may extend to [fifth rupees]5 for every day after the date of the first conviction during which the offender is proved to have persisted in the offence. 1. Added by section 7 of U. P. Act X of 1950· 2. Substituted by section 77 of U. P. Act no. II of 1955. 3. Subs. by section 2 of U. P. Act No. 9 of 1994. 4. Subs. by section 50 ibid. 5. Subs. by section 51 ibid. 6. Subs. by section 6 of U. P. Act No. 29 of 1995. 7. Add. by section 7 ibid. [The United Provinces Panchayat Raj Act, 1947] [Section 99-102] Penalty for 99 (1) Whoever removes, displaces or makes an alteration in or otherwise tampering with interference With any pavement, gutter or other material of a public street, or any - the [Gram fence, Wall or post thereof, or a lamp post or bracket, direction post, stand post, Panchayat]6 ’s hydrant, or other such [property of the Gram Panchayat without is written property sanction]4 or other lawful authority shall be punishable With fine which may extend to [one thousand rupees.]5 (2) If through any act, neglect, or default on his part, a person has incurred a penalty imposed by sub-section (1) and has caused any damage to the property of a [Gram Panchayat]6, the person-incurring such penalty shall be liable to make good such damages as well as to pay Such penalty, and the damages may be recovered from the offender in the prescribed manner. Disobedience 100- If a notice has been given to a person under the provisions of this Act or of to notice any rule or by-law made thereunder to a person requiring him to execute a work in issued respect of any property, movable or immovable, public or private, or to provide or do or refrain from doing anything within a time specified in the notice, and such person fails to comply with the notice, then- (a) the [Gram Panchayat]3 may cause such work to be executed or such thing to be provided or done, and may recover all expenses incurred by it on such account from the said person in the prescribed manner [as arrears of land revenue]1 : (b) such person shall also be liable on conviction before the [Nyaya Panchayat]2 to a fine which may extend to [five hundred rupees]7 and in case of continuing breach, of a further fine which may extend to [fifty rupees]7 or each day after the date of the first conviction during which the offender is proved to have persisted in the offence. 134 Notice not to 101- No notice shall be invalid on account of any defect or omission in its form. be invalid Appeals 102- (1) Any person aggrieved by an order or direction made by a [Gram Panchayat]3 under the Act or under any rule or by-law may, unless otherwise prescribed, within 30 days from the date of such direction or order, exclusive of the time requisite for obtaining a copy thereof appeal to the prescribed authority which may vary, set aside or confirm the said order or direction and may also award costs to or against the person filing the appeal. (2) The prescribed authority may, if it thinks fit, extend the period allowed by sub-section (1) for appeal, (3) The decision of the prescribed authority under sub-section (1) shall be final and shall not be questioned in any Court of law. 1. Substituted by section 78 (1) of U. P. Act no. II of 1955. 2. Substituted by section 78 (2) ibid. 3. Subs. by section 2 of U. P. Act No. 9 of 1994. 4. Subs. by section 52 (a) (i) ibid. 5. Subs. by section 52 (b) (ii) ibid. 6. Subs. by section 52(b) ibid. 7. Subs. by section 53 ibid. [The United Provinces Panchayat Raj Act, 1947] [Section 103-105] Suspension of 103- When an appeal has been filed against an order or direction in section 102 any prosecution in proceeding to enforce such order or direction and any prosecution for the breach certain cases thereof may, by order of the prescribed authority, be suspended pending the decision of the appeal, and if such order or direction is set aside on appeal, disobedience thereof shall not be deemed to be an offence. Power to 104- (1) Subject to any rule made in this behalf a [Gram Panchayat]3 may, either compound before or after the institution of any criminal case, compound an offence against offences this Act or any rule or by-law made thereunder on payment of such sum in cash to the [Gram Panchayat]3 as may be prescribed. (2) When an offence has been compounded the offender, if in custody, shall be discharged and no further proceedings shall be taken against him in respect of the offence so compounded. All sums paid by way of composition under this section shall be credited to the [Gaon Fund.]1 Entry and 105- The [Pradhan]2 of the [Gram Panchayat]3 and, if authorized in this behalf by inspection the [Gram Panchayat]3, any other member, officer or servant of the [Gram Panchayat]3 may enter into or upon any building or land, with or without assistants or workmen, in order to make an inspection or surveyor to execute a work which a [Gram Panchayat]3 is authorized by this Act or by rules or by-laws made thereunder, to make or execute, or which it is necessary for a [Gram Panchayat]3 for any of the purposes or in pursuance of any of the provisions of this Act or of rules or by-laws, to make or execute : Provided that- 135 (a) except when it is in this Act or rules or by-laws otherwise expressly provided, no such entry shall be made between sunset and sunrise, and (b) except when it is in this Act or in rules or by-laws other wise expressly provided, no building which is used as a human dwelling shall be so entered except with the consent of the occupier thereof and without giving the said occupier not less than four hours' previous written notice of the intention to make such entry, and (c) sufficient notice shall in every instance be given even when any premises can otherwise be entered without notice to enable the inmates of an apartment appropriated for females to remove to some part of the premises where their privacy shall not be disturbed, and (d) due regard shall always be had to the social and religious usages of the occupants of the premises entered. 1. Substituted by section 79 of U. P. Act No. II of 1955. 2. Substituted by section 82 ibid. 3. Subs. by section 2 of U. P. Act No. 9 of 1994. [The United Provinces Panchayat Raj Act, 1947] [Section 106-108] Suits against 106 [(1) No suit or other legal proceeding shall be instituted against a [Gram [Gram Sabha]4 Sabha]4 or [Gram Panchayat]4 [or Bhumi Prabandhak Samiti or against member - has, Gaon or officer or servant thereof or of Nyaya Panchayat]3 or against any person acting Panchyats, the under the direction of any of these bodies or persons for any thing done or officers, or the purporting to have been done in official capacity under this Act, Until the officers and expiration of two months next after notice in writing has been, in the case of a servants of [Gram Sabha]4 or [Gram Panchayat]4 delivered in or left at the office of the [Gram Nyaya Panchayat]4 concerned and in the case of a member, officer or servant or any panchayats person acting under his direction or the direction of the [Gram Sabha]4 , [Gram Panchayat]4 or Nyaya Panchayat delivered to him or left at his office or place of abode, explicitly stating the cause of action, the nature of the relief sought, the amount of compensation, if any claimed and the name and place of abode of the intending plaintiff and the plaint shall contain a statement that such notice has been so delivered or left.]1 (2) No action such as is described in sub-section (1) shall be commenced otherwise than within six months next after the accrual of the cause of action. Protection to 107- (1) The provisions of the Judicial Officer's Protection Act, 1850, shall apply [Gram to the members of Nyaya Panchayat. Panchayat]4 and Nyay (2) No civil case or prosecution shall be entertained in any court against a Adalat 18 of [Gram Panchayat]4 or any member or officer thereof or any person acting under its 1950 or his direction in respect of anything in good faith done or intended to be done under this Act or any rule or by-laws made thereunder. Validity of [107-A Except as otherwise provided under this Act, a [Gram Sabha]4, [Gram proceedings Panchayat]4 or any committee thereof, shall have power to act, notwithstanding any vacancy in the membership or defect or irregularity in the enrolment of a 136 member thereof, and any proceedings in any [Gram Sabha]4, [Gram Panchayat]5 or committee shall be valid notwithstanding that there was any defect or irregularity in the enrolment of any member or that some person, who was not entitled so to do, sat or voted or otherwise took part in the proceedings, provided, however, that at least two-thirds of the persons present at the time of the act being done were not disqualified to be members.]2 Powers and 108- Every police officer shall give immediate information to [Gram Panchayat]4 duties of police of an offence coming to his knowledge which has been committed against this Act in respect of or any rule or by-law made there under and shall assist all members and servants of offences and the [Gram Panchayat]4 and Nyaya Panchayat in the exercise of their lawful assistance to authority. Panchayats 1. Substituted by section 81 of U.P. Act no II of 1955. 2. Added by sect. 82 ibid. 3. Subs. by Schedule VIII (II) of U. P. Act No. 33 of 1961. 4. Subs. by section 2 of U. P. Act No. 9 of 1994. 5. Subs. by section 54 ibid. [The United Provinces Panchayat Raj Act, 1947] [Section 109-110] 109- If any dispute arises [as to the jurisdiction of a Nyaya Panchayat or]1 between two or more [Gram Panchayats]6 or between a [Gram Panchayat]6 and the town area or a municipal board or a Zila Parishad, it shall be referred to the prescribed authority whose decision shall be final and shall not be questioned in any court of law. Custody and [ 109-A (1) Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in any other mode of provisions of this Act— proof of record (a) all records of a Gram Panchayat shall be in the sucsody of its [Pradhan]8 ; (b) the [Pradhan/]9 shall give to a person, on an application and on payment of such fee as may be prescribed, a copy of any such records and certify it as a true copy under his signature and seal of the Gram Panchayat. [(c) Secretary of the Gram Panchayat Shall be responsible for proper maintenance and making entries in the records”]10 (2) A duly certified copy of any record of a Gram Panchayat shall be received as prima facie evidence of the matters therein recorded in every case, where and to the same extent as the original record would, if produced, have been admissible to prove such matters.]7 CHAPTER IX RULES, BY-LAWS AND REPEALS Power of State 110- [(1) The State Government may by notification in the Gazette make rules for Government to carrying out the purposes of this Act.]4 make rules (2) In particular and without prejudice to the generality of the foregoing power such rules may provide for-- (i) any matter for which power to make provision is conferred expressly 137 or by implication on the State Government by this Act, [(ii) the establishment of [Gram Sabha]6 or Nyaya Panchyat or the constitution of [Gram Panchayat]6; ]3 2[(ii-a) qualifications for the Up-Pradhan ; 2[(ii-b) distribution of assets and liabilities of [Gram Panchayats]6 and Nyaya Panchayats consequent upon a change in their circles; [(ii-c) presentation and disposal of election petitions and applications for revision under section 12-C;]5 1. Added by section 83 of U. P. Act II of 1955. 2. Subs. by section 85 (1) (a) ibid 3. Subs. by section 15 (a) of U. P. Act no. 15 of 1960. 4. Sub. by section 14 (i) of U. P. Act no. 3, 1973. 5. Subs. by section 43 (a) of U. P. Act No. 37 of 1978. 6. Subs. by section 2 of U. P. Act No. 9 of 1994. 7. Chapter-II of substituted by section 5 of U.P. Act No. 33 of 1999. 8. Subs. by section 2 (1) of Uttarakhand Act No. 26 of 2003. 9. Ins. by section 2 (2) ibid. 10. Added by section 2 (3) ibid. [The United Provinces Panchayat Raj Act, 1947] [Section 110] 2[(ii-d) taking of oath by Pradhan, Up-Pradhan, members of [Gram Panchayats]5, Panch, Sahayak Sarpanch and Sarpanch ; 2[(ii-e) filing of resignation by Pradhan, Up-Pradhan, membelrs of [Gram Panchayats]5, Panch, Sahayak Sarpanch and Sarpanch ; 1[(ii-f) holding of general elections and bye-elections [(ii-g) the appointment of Punches of Nyaya Panchayat ;]6 1[(ii-h) grant of leave for absence to office bearers of [Gram Panchayat]4 and Nyaya Pahchayat; and 1[(ii-i) the carrying out of duties of the Pradhan and the Up Pradhan in their absence for any cause ; (iii) the time and place of the meetings of' [Gaon Sabha]4, [Gram Panchayat]4 and Nyaya Panchayats, the manner of convening meetings and giving notice thereof; (iv) the conduct of proceedings including the asking of questions by members at meetings and the adjournment of meetings and also minute books of meetings ; (v) the establishment of committees and the determination of all matters relating to the constitution and procedure of such committees; (vi) the suspension and removal of office-bearers ; (vii) the records and registers that shall be maintained by [Gram Panchayats]4 and Nyaya Panchayats and the form in which they are to be ; [(vii-a) periodical revision and amendment of [Gram Sabha]4 and [Gram Panchayat]4 registers;]1 (viii) the action to be taken on the occurrence of a vacancy in the 138 executive committee, joint committee, any other committee and Nyaya Panchayats; (ix) the authority by which disputes in relation to appointments to executive committee, joint committee any other committee or Nyaya Panchayat may be decided and the procedure to be followed therein; (x) the amount and nature of security to be furnished by a servant of the [Gram Panchayat]4 [or Nyaya Panohayat]2 from whom it is deemed expedient to require security; [(xi) appointment, qualifications, supervisions, dismissale discharge, removal or other punishment and other matters relating to the conditions of service, leave, transfer, pay an privileges of the servants of the [Gram Panchayat]5 and the Nyaya Panchayat and their rights of appeal ;]3 1. Added by section 85 (1) (a) and (b) of U. P. Act II of 1955. 2. Add by section 85 (1) (c) ibid. 3. Added by section 85 (1) (d) ibid. 4. Subs. by section 2 of U. P. Act No. 9 of 1994. 5. Subs. by section 11 of U. P. Act no. 21 of 1995. [The United Provinces Panchayat Raj Act, 1947] [Section 110] 139 (xii) management and regulation of provident fund for the servants of [Gram Panchayats]7 [and Nyaya Panchayat]1 if the system of provident fund is adopted by any [Gram Panchayat]7 ; (xiii) the establishment, maintenance and management of primary schools and the construction and repair of buildings thereof ; (xiv) the establishment, administration and control of libraries, reading rooms, dispensaries entrusted to a joint committee, the construction and repairs of buildings connected therewith and the supply of medicine and medical assistance to the poor inhabitant of the [Panchayat area]8; (xv) the discovery, removal and destruction of water hyacinth, [grass, weed or other wild growth]2 on any land, premises or water, the construction of fences and barriers for checking its movements and the cost incurred in carrying out such work; (xvi) action in regard to the sanitation, conservancy, drainage, buildings, public streets and water supply and the prohibition of public nuisance ; [(xvi-a) the carrying out of functions and duties of [Gram Panchayat]7 as mentioned in sections 15, 16 and 17;]3 (xvii) the framing of annual estimates of income and expenditure and ear- marking [of]4 fund for specific purposes; (xviii) the returns to be submitted by [Gram Panchayat]7 and Nyaya Panchayats, the form in which they are to be, the authorities to which and the time when they shall be submitted ; (xix) the levy of taxes and licence fees, the authority, by which and the manner in which the taxes may be assessed and the authority to which an appeal from an assessment order may be made ; [(xix-a) collection of State and other dues by [Gram Panchayats]7 and remuneration to be paid therefor ;]5 (xx) the method and time of payment of taxes and other dues, the procedure of recovery and the authority whose assistance may be taken by [Gram Panchayats]7 in the recovery of taxes and dues ; (xxi) the method of account keeping of [Gram Panchayats]7 [and Nays Pachayat]6 ; (xxii) the maintenance of public buildings and nazul land, (xxiii) the formalities to be observed when transferring any property and the manner in which a deed of contract may be executed by a [Gram Panchayat]7 ; 1. Added by section 85 (1) (e) of U· P. Act II of 1955 2. Added by section 85 (1) (f) ibid. 3. Added by section 85 (1) (g) ibid. 4. Added by section 85 (1) (h) ibid. 5. Added by section 85 (1) (i) ibid 6. Added by section 85 (1) (j) ibid. 7. Subs. by section 2 of U. P. Act No. 9 of 1994. 8. Subs. by section 56 (a) (i) ibid. [The United Provinces Panchayat Raj Act, 1947] [Section 110] 140 (xxiv) powers of auditors, inspecting and superintending authorities to hold inquiries, summoning and examining witnesses, compelling the production of documents and all other matters connected with audit inspection and superintendence, (xxv) the issue, service or execution of summons, notices and other processes of Nyaya Panchayat and issue and service of notices by [Gram Panchayats]3 ; [(xxv-a) issue of commissions for examination of witnesses;]1 [(xxv-b) institution of cases where a Sarpanch refuses to entertain;]1 (xxvi) the transfer by a Nyaya Panchayat of summons and other processes to another Nyaya Panchayat or any court for service or execution ; (xxvii) the fees to be levied by Nyaya Panchayats for institution of suits and cases for issue of processes, for obtaining copies of documents and other matters; (xxviii) the court-fees and other fees payable where a Nyaya Panchayat, with the consent of parties, entertains a civil case which is otherwise beyond its jurisdiction ; (xxix) the procedure for execution of decrees, orders and sentence passed by Nyaya Panchayats ; (xxx) the allotment by [Gram Panchayats]3 of funds for the performance by Nyaya Panchayats of their duties under this Act and the extent to which fees paid to Nyaya Panchayats may be appropriated by [Gram Panchayats]3 ; (xxxi) the powers that may be exercised by Zila Parishad or any prescribed authority or the discharge of their obligations under this Act and the manner in which such powers may be exercised ; (xxxii) the procedure to be observed in the making of by laws by prescribed authority for [Gram Panchayats]3 or by [Gram Panchayats]3 ; [(xxxiii) the prescribing and printing of forms and registers generally relating to any matter under this Act or rules made thereunder; ]2 (xxxiv) the, submission for approval of plans, designs, specifications and estimates ; (xxxv) the duties, powers and functions of village volunteer force ; 1. Added by section 85 (1) (k) of UP. Act II of 1955. 2. Subs. by section 85 (1) (l) ibid. 3. Subs. by section 2 of U. P. Act No. 9 of 1994. [The United Provinces Panchayat Raj Act, 1947] [Section 111] (xxxvi) the submission of annual reports by [Gram Panchayats]4, [Nyaya 141 Panchayats]1 and their review ; (xxxvii) persons, other than members of [Gram Panchayats]4, who may be present in an advisory capacity in meetings of [Gram Panchayats]4 ; (xxxviii) channel of correspondence between a [Gram Panchayat]4 and Nyaya Panchayat and other authorities ; (xxxix) disposal of assets and liabilities of [Gram Sabhas or a Gram Panchayats]5 or Nyaya Panchayats on its abolition ; (xl) the action to be taken on the inclusion of the whole or part of the loeal area of any [City]3 municipality, notified area, town area or cantonment, and the manner in which the assets and liabilities of the [Gram Panchayat]4 may be disposed of in circumstances ; (xli) the conditions subject to which sums due to a [Gram Panchayat]4 may be written off as irrecoverable, and the conditions subject to which the whole or any part of a fee may be remitted; and generally for the guidance of [Gram Panchayats]4, Nyaya Panchayats, joint committees, or the committees, servants of the Crown and other authorities in any matter connected with the carrying out of the provision of this Act; [(xlii) the regulation of the election of the members of the [Gram Panchayat]4 in order to secure the adequate representation of the Scheduled Castes; 2(xliii) assistance to be given by the [Gram Panchayat]4 to Government servants on any matter affecting the general administration ; 2(xliv) powers and duties of Sahayak Sarpanch and Up Pradhan ; 2(xlv) borrowing and lending of money by [Gram Panchayats]4; 2(xlvi) the matters which are to be and may be prescribed; and (xlvii) any matter in respect of which power is conferred in section 111 on the prescribed authority to frame a by-law for a [Gram Panchayat]4.]2 (3) [***]6 Power of Zila 111- The prescribed authority may and when required by the State Government, shall Parishads to make by-laws for a [Gram Panchayat]4 within its jurisdiction consistent with the Act frame by-laws and the rules made thereunder for the purpose of promoting or maintaining the health, safety and convenience of persons residing within the jurisdiction of [Gram Panchayat]4 and for furtherance of administration of [Gram Panchayats]4 under this Act. 1. Added by section 85 (1) (m) of UP. Act II of 1955. 2. Added by section 85 (1) (p) ibid. 3. Ins. by section 73 (b) of U. P. Act no. 37 of 1978. 4. Subs. by section 2 of U. P. Act No. 9 of 1994. 5. Subs. by sect. 56 (a) (ii) ibid. 6. Omitted by section 56 (b) ibid. [The United Provinces Panchayat Raj Act, 1947] [Section 112-113] Power of 112- (1) Subject to the provisions of this Act and the rules made thereunder and [Gram Pancha- the by-laws, if any, made by the prescribed authority, a [Gram Panchayat]3 may 142 yats]3 to frame frame by-laws---- by-laws (a) to prohibit the removal or use of water for drinking purposes from any source which is likely to cause danger to health and to prohibit the doing of anything likely to contaminate any source of drinking water; (b) to prohibit or regulate the discharge of water from any drain or premises on a public street or into a river, pond, tank, well, or any other place; (c) to prevent damage to public streets and [Gram Panchayat]3 property; (d) to regulate sanitation conservancy and drainage in the area of [Gaon- Panchayat]3 ; (e) to prohibit or regulate the use of public streets or other public places by shop-keepers or other individuals or collection to market tolls on public streets; (f) to regulate the manner in which tanks, ponds and cesspools, pasture land, playground, manure pits, land for disposal of dead bodies and bathing places shall be maintained and used; [(g) to regulate any other duties or functions of the [Gram Panchayat]3 as may be directed by the prescribed authority.]1 (2) The draft of by-laws framed by [Gram Panchayats]3 shall be published in the prescribed manner. Any objections received thereto shall be considered at a meeting of the [Gram Panchayat]3 and the by laws shall then be submitted together with the objections, if any, received and the decisions taken thereon to the prescried authority. The by-laws as sanctioned by the prescribed authority shall come into force after they have been published in the prescribed manner [:]2 [Provided that the State Government at any lime rescind or modify any by-laws so approved.]2 Repeal and 113- (1) [***]5 transitory provisions [(2) On the from the date of commencement of the Uttar Pradesh Pachayat Laws (Amendment) Act, 1994, any reference to the [“Gram Sabha”]3 or [“Gram Panchayat”]3 in any rules, regulations, bye-laws, statutory instruments or any other law for the time being in force or in any document or proceedings shall be construed as a reference to the “Gram Panchayat”.]4 1. Add by section 86 (1) of U. P. Act No. 2 of 1955. 2. Add. by section 86 (2) ibid. 3. Subs. by section 2 of U. P. Act No. 9 of 1994. 4. Added by section 58 ibid. 5. Omitted by section 12 of U.P. Act No. 21, 1995. [The United Provinces Panchayat Raj Act, 1947] [Section 114-117] Casual [114- [(1)]2 Where a vacancy occurs on any body constituted under this Act by vacancies to be reason of the death resignation, removal or a voidance of the election of a member left unfilled in or other office (bearer and the) term of office of that member or other office bearer 143 certain cases would in the ordinary course of events have determined within six months of the occurrence of the vacancy, the prescribed authority may direct that the vacancy be left unfilled until the next general election under this Act. ]1 [(2) In the event of vacancies in the offices of both Pradhan and Up-Pradhan remaining unfilled by virtue of direction made under sub-section (1) the prescribed authority may by order, make such arrangements as it thinks fit for the discharge of the functions of the Pradhan till a Pradhan is elected. ]2 4[Succession 115- (1) On and from the date of commencement of the Uttar Pradesh Panchayat to property, Laws (Amendment) Act, 1994-- assets rights, liabilities and (a) all property, interest in property and assets including cash balances, obligations in wherever situate, which immediately before such date were vested in the certain cases [Gram Sabha]3 shall vest in and be held by the Gram Panchayat for the purposes of this Act; and (b) all rights, liabilities and obligations of the aforesaid [Gram Sabha]3 whether arising out of ay contract or otherwise, existing immediately before such date, shall be the rights, liabilities and obligations of the Gram Panchayat. (2) Where any doubt or dispute arises as to whether any property, interest or asset has vested in a Gram Panchayat under sub-section (1), or any right, liability or obligation has become the right, liability or obligation of a Gram Panchayat such doubt or dispute whall be referred in the manner prescribed to the State Government whose decision shall unless superseded by any decision of a court of law, be final. Sums due 116- All sums due to the [Gram Sabha]3, whether on account of any tax or any other account, shall be recovery, it shall be competent for the Gram Panchayat to take any measure of institute any proceeding which it would have been open to the [Gram Sabha]3 to take or institute, if the Uttar Pradesh Panchayat Laws (Amendment) Act, 1994 had not come into force. Debts, obliga- 117- (1) All debts and obligation incurred and all contracts made by or on behalf of tions, contracts the [Gram Sabha]3 before the date referred in sub-section (1) of section 115 and and pending subsisting on the said date shall be Gram Panchayat in exercise of the powers proceedings conferred on it by this Act and shall continue in operation accordingly. 1. Add by section 87 of U. P. Act no. 2 of 1955. 2. Renumbered and Ins. by section 9 of U.P. Act No. 6 of 1969. 3. Subs. by section 2 of U. P. Act No. 9 of 1994. 4. Added by section 59 ibid. [The United Provinces Panchayat Raj Act, 1947] [Section 118-119] (2) All proceedings pending before any authority of the said [Gram Sabha]1 on the said date, which under the provisions of this Act, are required to be instituted before or undertaken by the Gram Panchayat and all other such proceedings shall, 144 so far as may be, be transferred to and continued by such authority before or by whom they have to be instituted or undertaken under the provisions of this Act. (3) All appeals pending before any authority of the said [Gram Sabha]1 on the said date shall so for as may be practicable be disposed of, as if there was a Gram Panchayat when they were filed. (4) All prosecutions instituted by or on behalf of the said [Gram Sabha]1 and all suits and other leal prceeding instituted by or against the said [Gram Sabha]1 or any officer of the said [Gram Sabha]1 pending on the said date, shall be continued by or against the Gram Panchayat or the officer as the case may be, as if there was a Gram Panchayat constituted when such prosecution, suit or proceeding was instituted. Provision until 118- Notwithstanding anything in this Act, during the period between the the constitu- commencement of the Uttar Pradesh Panchayat Laws (Amendment) Act, 1994 and tion of Gram the constitution of the Gram Panchayat [for the first time under this Act as amended Panchayats by the Uttar Pradesh Panchayat Laws (Amendment) Act, 1994]3, the Gaon Panchayat and its Pradhan, Up-Pradhan and members shall respectively exercise perform and discharge the powers, functions and duties of the Gram Panchayat and its Pradhan, Up-Pradhan and members and shall be deemed respectively to be the Gram Panchayat and its Prashan, Up-Pradhan and members. Power to 119- (1) If any difficulty arises in giving effect to the provisions of this Act, or by remove reason of anything contained in this Act to any other enactment for the time being difficulties in force, the State Government may, as occasion requires, by notified order direct that this Act, shall have effect subject to such adaptations, whether by way of modifications, addition or omission, as it may deem to be necessary and expedient. (2) No order under sub-section (1) shall be made after the expiration of the period of two years from the commencement of the Uttar Pradesh Panchayat Laws (Amendment) Act, 1994. (3) The provisions made by any order under sub-section (1) shall have effect as if enacted in this Act and any such order may be made so as to be retrospective to any date not earlier than the date of commencement of the Uttar Pradesh Panchayat Laws (Amendment) Act, 1994. (4) Every order made under sub-section (1) shall be laid as soon as may be, before, both the Houses of State Legislature and the provisions of sub-section (1) of section 23-A of the Uttar Pradesh General Clauses Act, 1904 shall apply as they apply in respect of rules made by the State Government under any Uttar Pradesh Act.]2 1. Substituted by section 2 of U. P. Act No. 9 of 1994. 2. Added by section 59 ibid. 3. Added by section 13 of U. P. Act No. 21 of 1995. [The United Provinces Panchayat Raj Act, 1947] [Schedule] SCHEDULE 145 (See section 68) Description of suits Period of Time from which period limitation begins to run 1. For money due on a 3 years When the money became contract due to the plaintiff. 2. For the recovery of Ditto. When the plaintiff became movable property or the entitled to the delivery of value there of. the movable property. 3. For compensation for Ditto. When the movable property wrongfully taking or was wrongfully taken or injuring a movable when injury was done to it. property. 4. For damages caused by 6 months When the damage was cattle tresspass. caused by the cattle trespass.