The Civil Aviation (Operation of Aircraft-General Aviation Aeroplanes) Regulations, 2018

These Regulations may be cited as the Civil Aviation (Operation of Aircraft—General Aviation—Aeroplanes) Regulations.

AI-assisted research synopsis — verify against the official legal text below.

Jurisdiction: Kenya
Instrument: Notice
Citation: Legal Notice 165 of 2018
Version: Undated source snapshot
Language: en

Source attribution: Source: Kenya Law

Statute overview

About this statute

These Regulations may be cited as the Civil Aviation (Operation of Aircraft—General Aviation—Aeroplanes) Regulations. Section 2 provides interpretation and mentions "unlawful seizure of aircraft in flight". Section 10 sets requirements for flight preparation including pre-flight checks, meteorological minima for VFR, criteria the Authority must set for estimated time of use of an aerodrome, rules about flights in icing conditions and oxygen availability. Section 11 sets rules for in‑flight procedures including when flights and instrument approaches may or may not be continued, reporting of hazardous weather and conditions, crew seat and harness requirements, oxygen use, operator procedures for cabin crew and passenger safeguarding, fuel monitoring and fuel-state declarations, and approval of instrument approach procedures. The pilot-in-command must ensure the operation, safety and security of the aeroplane and the safety of all crew, passengers and cargo, and must notify the nearest appropriate authority promptly of accidents causing serious injury, death or substantial damage.

Read the provisions Ask with citations

Search within this statute

Search all stored provisions in this version.

Legal text

Provisions of The Civil Aviation (Operation of Aircraft-General Aviation Aeroplanes) Regulations, 2018

Showing 116 of 116

Part I

PRELIMINARY PROVISIONS

1
PRELIMINARY PROVISIONS - 1. Citation.

AI-assisted research summary: These Regulations may be cited as the Civil Aviation (Operation of Aircraft—General Aviation—Aeroplanes) Regulations.

Section 1. Citation. Section These Regulations may be cited as the Civil Aviation (Operation of Aircraft—General Aviation—Aeroplanes) Regulations.
2
PRELIMINARY PROVISIONS - 2. Interpretation.

AI-assisted research summary: Section 2 provides interpretation and mentions "unlawful seizure of aircraft in flight".

Section 2. Interpretation. Section unlawful seizure of aircraft in flight;

Part II

GENERAL AVIATION REGULATIONS

10
GENERAL AVIATION REGULATIONS - 10. Flight preparation.

AI-assisted research summary: Section 10 sets requirements for flight preparation including pre-flight checks, meteorological minima for VFR, criteria the Authority must set for estimated time of use of an aerodrome, rules about flights in icing conditions and oxygen availability.

Section 10. Flight preparation. Section 10(1)(a) the aeroplane is airworthy, duly registered and that appropriate certificates with respect thereto are aboard the aeroplane; Section 10(1)(b) the instruments and equipment installed in the aeroplane are appropriate, taking into account the expected flight conditions; Section 10(1)(c) any necessary maintenance has been performed in accordance with Regulations 39, 40, and 41; Section 10(1)(d) the mass of the aeroplane and centre of gravity location are such that the flight can be conducted safely, taking into account the flight conditions expected; Section 10(1)(e) any load carried is properly distributed and safely secured; and Section 10(1)(f) the aeroplane operating limitations, contained in the flight manual, or its equivalent, will not be exceeded. Section 10(2) The pilot-in-command should have sufficient information on climb performance with all engines operating to enable determination of the climb gradient that can be achieved during the departure phase for the existing take-off conditions and intended take-off technique. Section 10(3)(a) a study of available current weather reports and forecasts; and Section 10(3)(b) the planning of an alternative course of action to provide for the eventuality that the flight cannot be completed as planned, because of weather conditions. Section 10(4) VFR flights shall not be commenced unless current meteorological reports or a combination of current reports and forecasts indicate that the meteorological conditions along the route or that part of the route to be flown under VFR will, at the appropriate time, be such as to enable compliance with these rules. Section 10(5)(a) take off from the departure aerodrome unless the meteorological conditions, at the time of use, are at or above the aerodrome operating minima for that operation; and Section 10(5)(b) take off or continue beyond the point of in-flight re-planning unless at the aerodrome of intended landing or at each alternate aerodrome to be selected in compliance with subregulation (6), current meteorological reports or a combination of current reports and forecasts indicate that the meteorological conditions will be, at the estimated time of use, at or above the aerodrome operating minima for that operation. Section 10(6) The Authority shall establish criteria to be used for the estimated time of use of an aerodrome including a margin of time. Section 10(7) A flight to be operated in known or expected icing conditions shall not be commenced unless the aeroplane is certificated and equipped to cope with such conditions. Section 10(8) A flight to be planned or expected to operate in suspected or known ground icing conditions shall not take off unless the aeroplane has been inspected for icing and, if necessary, has been given appropriate de-icing or anti-icing treatment. Accumulation of ice or other naturally occurring contaminants shall be removed so that the aeroplane is kept in an airworthy condition prior to take-off. Section 10(9)(a) when the flight is conducted in accordance with the instrument flight rules and a destination alternate aerodrome is not required in accordance with subregulation (5) or when the flight is to an isolated aerodrome, flight to the aerodrome of intended landing, and after that, have a final reserve fuel for at least 45 minutes at normal cruising altitude; or Section 10(9)(b) when the flight is conducted in accordance with the instrument flight rules and a destination alternate aerodrome is required, flight to the aerodrome of intended landing, then to an alternate aerodrome, and after that, have a final reserve fuel for at least 45 minutes at normal cruising altitude; or Section 10(9)(c) when the flight is conducted in accordance with day VFR, flight to the aerodrome of intended landing, and after that, have a final reserve fuel for at least 30 minutes at normal cruising altitude; or Section 10(9)(d) when the flight is conducted in accordance with night VFR, flight to the aerodrome of intended landing and thereafter have a final reserve fuel for at least 45 minutes at normal cruising altitude. Section 10(10) The use of fuel after flight commencement for purposes other than originally intended during pre-flight planning shall require a re-analysis and, if applicable, adjustment of the planned operation. Section 10(11) An aeroplane shall not be re-fuelled when passengers are embarking, on board or disembarking unless it is attended by the pilotin-command or other qualified personnel ready to initiate and direct an evacuation of the aeroplane by the most practical and expeditious means available. Section 10(12) When re-fuelling with passengers embarking, on board or disembarking, two-way communications should be maintained by the aeroplane’s intercommunication system or other suitable means between the ground crew supervising the re-fuelling and the pilot-in-command or other qualified personnel required by subregulation (9). Section 10(13) The pilot-in-command shall ensure that breathing oxygen is available to crew members and passengers in sufficient quantities for all flights at such altitudes where a lack of oxygen might result in impairment of the faculties of crew members or harmfully affect passengers. Absolute pressureMetresFeet700 hPa3, 00010, 000620 hPa4, 00013, 000376 hPa7, 60025, 000
11
GENERAL AVIATION REGULATIONS - 11. In-flight procedures.

AI-assisted research summary: Section 11 sets rules for in‑flight procedures including when flights and instrument approaches may or may not be continued, reporting of hazardous weather and conditions, crew seat and harness requirements, oxygen use, operator procedures for cabin crew and passenger safeguarding, fuel monitoring and fuel-state declarations, and approval of instrument approach procedures.

Section 11. In-flight procedures. Section 11(1) A flight shall not be continued towards the aerodrome of intended landing, unless the latest available information indicates that at the expected time of arrival, a landing can be effected at that aerodrome or at least one destination alternate aerodrome, in compliance with the operating minima established in regulation (9) (2). Section 11(2) An instrument approach shall not be continued below 300 m (1 000 ft) above the aerodrome elevation or into the final approach segment unless the reported visibility or controlling RVR is at or above the aerodrome operating minimum. Section 11(3) If, after entering the final approach segment or after descending below 300 m (1 000 ft) above the aerodrome elevation, the reported visibility or controlling RVR falls below the specified minimum, the approach may be continued to DA/H or MDA/H. In any case, an aeroplane shall not continue its approach-to-land beyond a point at which the limits of the aerodrome operating minima would be infringed. Section 11(4) When weather conditions likely to affect the safety of other aircraft are encountered, they shall be reported as soon as possible. Section 11(5) Hazardous flight conditions encountered, other than those associated with meteorological conditions, should be reported to the appropriate aeronautical station as soon as possible and the reports so rendered shall give such details as may be pertinent to the safety of other aircraft. Section 11(6) During take-off and landing all flight crew members required to be on flight deck duty shall be at their stations. Section 11(7) During en route all flight crew members required to be on flight deck duty shall remain at their stations except when their absence is necessary for the performance of duties in connection with the operation of the aeroplane or for physiological needs. Section 11(8) All flight crew members shall keep their seat belts fastened when at their stations. Section 11(9) When safety harnesses are provided, any flight crew member occupying a pilot’s seat shall keep the safety harness fastened during the take-off and landing phases; all other flight crew members shall keep their safety harnesses fastened during the take-off and landing phases unless the shoulder straps interfere with the performance of their duties, in which case the shoulder straps may be unfastened but the seat belt must remain fastened. Section 11(10) All flight crew members, when engaged in performing duties essential to the safe operation of an aeroplane in flight, shall use breathing oxygen continuously whenever the circumstances prevail for which supply has been prescribed in accordance with these Regulations. Section 11(11) An operator shall establish procedures to ensure cabin crew are safeguarded so as to ensure reasonable probability of their retaining consciousness during any emergency descent which may be necessary in the event of loss of pressurization and, in addition, they should have such means of protection as will enable them to administer first aid to passengers during stabilized flight following the emergency. Section 11(12) Passengers shall be safeguarded by such devices or operational procedures as will ensure reasonable probability of their surviving the effects of hypoxia in the event of loss of pressurization. Section 11(13) The pilot-in-command shall monitor the amount of usable fuel remaining on board to ensure it is not less than the fuel required to proceed to an aerodrome where a safe landing can be made with the planned final reserve fuel remaining. Section 11(14) The pilot-in-command shall advise ATC of a minimum fuel state by declaring MINIMUM FUEL when, having committed to land at a specific aerodrome, the pilot calculates that any change to the existing clearance to that aerodrome, or other air traffic delays, may result in landing with less than the planned final reserve fuel. Section 11(15) The pilot-in-command shall declare a situation of fuel emergency by broadcasting MAYDAY MAYDAYMAYDAY FUEL, when the calculated usable fuel estimated to be available upon landing at the nearest aerodrome where a safe landing can be made is less than the planned final reserve fuel. Section 11(16) One or more instrument approach procedures designed to support instrument approach operations shall be approved and promulgated by the State in which the aerodrome is located to serve each instrument runway or aerodromeutilized for instrument flight operations. Section 11(17) Aeroplanes operated in accordance with the instrument flight rules shall comply with the instrument approach procedures approved by the State in which the aerodrome is located.
12
GENERAL AVIATION REGULATIONS - 12. Duties of pilot-in-command.

AI-assisted research summary: The pilot-in-command must ensure the operation, safety and security of the aeroplane and the safety of all crew, passengers and cargo, and must notify the nearest appropriate authority promptly of accidents causing serious injury, death or substantial damage.

Section 12. Duties of pilot-in-command. Section 12(1) The pilot-in-command shall be responsible for the operation, safety and security of the aeroplane and the safety of all crew members, passengers and cargo on board. Section 12(2)(a) shall not be commenced if any flight crew member is incapacitated from performing duties by any cause such as injury, sickness, fatigue, the effects of any psychoactive substance; and Section 12(2)(b) shall not be continued beyond the nearest suitable aerodrome when flight crew members' capacity to perform functions is significantly reduced by impairment of faculties from causes such as fatigue, sickness or lack of oxygen. Section 12(3) The pilot-in-command shall be responsible for notifying the nearest appropriate authority by the quickest available means of any accident involving the aeroplane, resulting in serious injury or death of any person or substantial damage to the aeroplane or property.
13
GENERAL AVIATION REGULATIONS - 13. Cabin baggage (take-off and landing)

AI-assisted research summary: The pilot-in-command must ensure that all baggage taken into the passenger cabin is securely stowed.

Section 13. Cabin baggage (take-off and landing) Section The pilot-in-command shall ensure that all baggage carried onto an aeroplane and taken into the passenger cabin is securely stowed.
14
GENERAL AVIATION REGULATIONS - 14. Aeroplane perfomance operating limitations.

AI-assisted research summary: Section 14 sets operating limitations for aeroplanes, requires visual presentation of Authority‑prescribed operating limitations in the aeroplane before a flight is commenced, and requires the pilot‑in‑command to ensure performance allows safe take‑off and departure.

Section 14. Aeroplane perfomance operating limitations. Section 14(1)(a) in compliance with the terms of its airworthiness certificate or equivalent approved document; Section 14(1)(b) within the operating limitations prescribed by the Authority; and Section 14(1)(c) if applicable, within the mass limitations imposed by compliance with the applicable noise certificate issued by the Authority, unless otherwise authorised in exceptional circumstances for a certain aerodrome or a runway where there is no noise disturbance problem, by the competent authority of the State in which the aerodrome is situated. Section 14(2) A flight shall not be commenced unless placards, listings, instrument markings, or combinations thereof, containing those operating limitations prescribed by the Authority for visual presentation, are displayed in the aeroplane. Section 14(3) The pilot-in-command shall determine that aeroplane performance will permit the take-off and departure to be carried out safely.
15
GENERAL AVIATION REGULATIONS - 15. Aeroplane instruments, equipment and flight documents.

AI-assisted research summary: An aeroplane may not fly unless it has the instruments, equipment and flight documents required by the regulations installed or carried as appropriate.

Section 15. Aeroplane instruments, equipment and flight documents. Section In addition to the minimum equipment necessary for the issuance of a certificate of airworthiness, an aeroplane shall not fly unless the instruments, equipment and flight documents prescribed in the regulations hereunder are installed or carried, as appropriate, in aeroplanes according to the aeroplane use and to the circumstances under which the flight is to be conducted. The prescribed instruments and equipment, including their installation, shall be acceptable to the Authority.
16
GENERAL AVIATION REGULATIONS - 16. Aeroplanes on all flights.

AI-assisted research summary: Section 16 lists equipment and documentation requirements and recommendations for aeroplanes on all flights, including instruments enabling flight path control, first-aid kit, pilot and passenger compartment specifications, flight manual and other documents, charts and journey log, spare fuses when accessible in flight, fire-extinguishing-agent standards for certain certificated aeroplanes, and safety harnesses for flight crew seats.

Section 16. Aeroplanes on all flights. Section 16(1) An aeroplane shall be equipped with instruments which will enable the flight crew to control the flight path of the aeroplane, carry out any required procedural manoeuvres and observe the operating limitations of the aeroplane in the expected operating conditions. Section 16(2)(a) an accessible first-aid kit; Section 16(2)(b) the pilot's compartment; and Section 16(2)(b)(i) the pilot's compartment; and Section 16(2)(b)(ii) each passenger compartment that is separate from the pilot's compartment and that is not readily accessible to the flight crew; Section 16(2)(c) person over the age of 24 months; and Section 16(2)(c)(i) person over the age of 24 months; and Section 16(2)(c)(ii) seat and restraining belts for each berth; Section 16(2)(d) the flight manual or other documents or information concerning any operating limitations prescribed for the aeroplane by the Authority, required for the application of regulation 15; Section 16(2)(d)(i) the flight manual or other documents or information concerning any operating limitations prescribed for the aeroplane by the Authority, required for the application of regulation 15; Section 16(2)(d)(ii) any specific approval issued by the Authority, if applicable, for the operation(s) to be conducted; Section 16(2)(d)(iii) current and suitable charts for the route of the proposed flight and all routes along which it is reasonable to expect that the flight may be diverted; and Section 16(2)(d)(iv) the journey log book for the aeroplane; and Section 16(2)(e) where the aeroplane is fitted with fuses that are accessible in flight, spare electrical fuses of appropriate ratings for replacement of those fuses. Section 16(3) Any agent used in a built-in fire extinguisher for each lavatory disposal receptacle for towels, paper or waste in an aeroplane for which the individual certificate of airworthiness is first issued on or after 31st December, 2011 and any extinguishing agent used in a portable fire extinguisher in an aeroplane for which the individual certificate of airworthiness is first issued on or after the 31 st December, 2018 shall meet the applicable minimum requirements in accordance with the Third Schedule to the Civil Aviation (Instruments and Equipment) Regulations. Section 16(4) Aeroplanes on all flights should be equipped with the ground-air signal codes for searchand rescue purposes. Section 16(5) Aeroplanes on all flights should be equipped with a safety harness for each flight crew member seat.
17
GENERAL AVIATION REGULATIONS - 17. Marking of break-in points.

AI-assisted research summary: Markings for break-in by rescue crews in emergency situations must conform to the requirements in the Civil Aviation (Aircraft Nationality and Registration Marks) Regulations.

Section 17. Marking of break-in points. Section Marking for break-in by rescue crews in emergency situations shall conform to the requirements outlined in the Civil Aviation (Aircraft Nationality and Registration Marks) Regulations.
18
GENERAL AVIATION REGULATIONS - 18. All aeroplanes operated as VFR flights.

AI-assisted research summary: All aeroplanes operated as VFR flights.

Section 18. All aeroplanes operated as VFR flights. Section magnetic heading;
19
GENERAL AVIATION REGULATIONS - 19. Aeroplanes on flights over water.

AI-assisted research summary: The pilot-in-command of an aeroplane on an extended flight over water must assess ditching survival risks and consider operating environment and conditions.

Section 19. Aeroplanes on flights over water. Section 19(1)(a) one life jacket, or equivalent individual floatation device, for each person on board, stowed in a position readily accessible from the seat or berth; Section 19(1)(b) equipment for making the sound signals prescribed in the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea, where applicable; Section 19(1)(c) one anchor; and Section 19(1)(d) one sea anchor (drogue), when necessary to assist in maneuvering. Section 19(2)(a) flying en route over water beyond gliding distance from the shore; or Section 19(2)(b) taking off or landing at an aerodrome where, in the opinion of the pilot-in-command, the take-off or approach path is so disposed over water that in the event of a mishap there would be a likelihood of a ditching. Section 19(3) All aeroplanes operated on extended flights over water shall be equipped with, at a minimum, one life jacket or equivalent individual floatation device for each person on board, stowed in a position easily accessible from the seat or berth of the person for whose use it is provided. Section 19(4) The pilot-in-command of an aeroplane operated on an extended flight over water shall determine the risks to survival of the occupants of the aeroplane in the event of a ditching. Section 19(5) The pilot-in-command shall take into account the operating environment and conditions such as, but not limited to, sea state and sea and air temperatures, the distance from land suitable for making an emergency landing, and the availability of search and rescue facilities. Section 19(6)(a) life-saving rafts in sufficient numbers to carry all persons on board, stowed so as to facilitate their ready use in emergency, provided with such life-saving equipment, including means of sustaining life, as is appropriate to the flight to be undertaken and in accordance with the Civil Aviation (Instrument and Equipment) Regulations; and Section 19(6)(b) equipment for making the distress signals described in the Civil Aviation (Rules of Air) Regulations.
20
GENERAL AVIATION REGULATIONS - 20. Aeroplanes on flights over designated land areas.

AI-assisted research summary: Aeroplanes operating across designated land areas must be equipped with signaling devices and life-saving equipment appropriate to the area overflown.

Section 20. Aeroplanes on flights over designated land areas. Section Aeroplane, when operated across land areas which have been designated by the Authority concerned as areas in which search and rescue would be especially difficult, shall be equipped with such signaling devices and life-saving equipment (including means of sustaining life) as may be appropriate to the area overflown.
21
GENERAL AVIATION REGULATIONS - 21. Aeroplanes on high altitude flights.

AI-assisted research summary: Aeroplanes intended for high-altitude flights must be equipped with oxygen storage and dispensing apparatus that can store and dispense the oxygen supplies required in regulation 9.

Section 21. Aeroplanes on high altitude flights. Section 21(1) Aeroplanes intended to be operated at high altitudes shall be equipped with oxygen storage and dispensing apparatus capable of storing and dispensing the oxygen supplies required in regulation 9. Section 21(2) Pressurised aeroplanes for which the individual certificate of airworthiness was first issued on or after the 1st January, 1990 shall not be operated at flight altitudes at which the atmospheric pressure is less than 376 hPa unless it is equipped with a device to provide positive warning to the flight crew of any dangerous loss of pressurisation.
22
GENERAL AVIATION REGULATIONS - 22. All aeroplanes operated in accordance with the instrument flight rules.

AI-assisted research summary: Section 22. All aeroplanes operated in accordance with the instrument flight rules.

Section 22. All aeroplanes operated in accordance with the instrument flight rules. Section magnetic heading (standby compass);
23
GENERAL AVIATION REGULATIONS - 23. Aeroplanes when operated at night.

AI-assisted research summary: References equipment specified in regulation 22 for aeroplanes when operated at night.

Section 23. Aeroplanes when operated at night. Section the equipment specified in regulation 22;
24
GENERAL AVIATION REGULATIONS - 24. Aeroplanes complying with the noise certification.

AI-assisted research summary: A person must not operate an aeroplane unless a document showing noise certification, as required by the Civil Aviation (Airworthiness) Regulations, is carried on board.

Section 24. Aeroplanes complying with the noise certification. Section A person shall not operate an aeroplane unless there is carried on board a document attesting noise certification in accordance with the Civil Aviation (Airworthiness) Regulations.
25
GENERAL AVIATION REGULATIONS - 25. Mach number indicator.

AI-assisted research summary: A person must not operate an aeroplane with speed limits expressed in Mach number unless the aeroplane has a means to display Mach number.

Section 25. Mach number indicator. Section A person shall not operate an aeroplane with speed limitations expressed in terms of Mach number unless the aeroplane is equipped with a means of displaying Mach number.
26
GENERAL AVIATION REGULATIONS - 26. Aeroplanes required to be equipped with Ground Proximity Warning Systems (GPWS).

AI-assisted research summary: Persons must not operate certain turbine-engined aeroplanes over 5 700 kg or carrying more than nine passengers unless they are fitted with a GPWS with forward-looking terrain avoidance; the GPWS must automatically warn flight crew of hazardous proximity to the surface.

Section 26. Aeroplanes required to be equipped with Ground Proximity Warning Systems (GPWS). Section 26(1) A person shall not operate a turbine-engined aeroplane of maximum certificated take-off mass in excess of 5 700 kg or authorized to carry more than nine passengers unless the aeroplane is equipped with a ground proximity warning system which has a forward-looking terrain avoidance function. Section 26(2) The ground proximity warning system required in subregulation (1) shall provide automatically a timely and distinctive warning to the flight crew when the aeroplane is in potentially hazardous proximity to the earth’s surface. Section 26(3)(a) excessive descent rate; Section 26(3)(b) excessive altitude loss after take-off or go-around; and Section 26(3)(c) unsafe terrain clearance. Section 26(4)(a) excessive descent rate; Section 26(4)(b) excessive terrain closure rate; Section 26(4)(c) excessive altitude loss after take-off or go-around; Section 26(4)(d) unsafe terrain clearance while not in landing configuration; Section 26(4)(e) gear not locked down; Section 26(4)(f) flaps not in a landing position; and
27
GENERAL AVIATION REGULATIONS - 27. Emergency Locator Transmitter (ELT).

AI-assisted research summary: Section 27. Emergency Locator Transmitter (ELT). Section at least one ELT of any type;

Section 27. Emergency Locator Transmitter (ELT). Section at least one ELT of any type;
28
GENERAL AVIATION REGULATIONS - 28. Microphones.

AI-assisted research summary: When operating under instrument flight rules, all flight crew members on flight deck duty must communicate using boom or throat microphones below the transition level or altitude.

Section 28. Microphones. Section When operating under the instrument flight rules all flight crew members required to be on flight deck duty shall communicate through boom or throat microphones below the transition level or altitude.
29
GENERAL AVIATION REGULATIONS - 29. Aeroplanes required to be equipped with a pressure-altitude reporting transponder.

AI-assisted research summary: Persons are prohibited from operating aeroplanes unless the aeroplane is equipped with a pressure-altitude reporting transponder that operates in accordance with specified Civil Aviation Regulations; VFR flights are similarly prohibited unless equipped, subject to Authority exemption.

Section 29. Aeroplanes required to be equipped with a pressure-altitude reporting transponder. Section 29(1) A person shall not operate an aeroplane unless the aeroplane is equipped with a pressure-altitude reporting transponder which operates in accordance with the Civil Aviation (Instrument and Equipment) Regulations and Civil Aviation (Surveillance and Collision Avoidance Systems) Regulations. Section 29(2) Unless exempted by the Authority, no person shall undertake VFR flights with an aeroplane unless the aeroplane is equipped with a pressure-altitude reporting transponder which operates in accordance with the Civil Aviation (Instrument and Equipment) Regulations and Civil Aviation (Surveillance and Collision Avoidance Systems) Regulations.
3
GENERAL AVIATION REGULATIONS - 3. Applicability.

AI-assisted research summary: The Regulations apply to general aviation operations with aeroplanes described in Part II and Part III.

Section 3. Applicability. Section These Regulations shall be applicable to general aviation operations with aeroplanes as described in Part II and Part III.
30
GENERAL AVIATION REGULATIONS - 30. Aeroplanes equipped with automatic landing systems, a Head-Up Display (HUD) or equivalent displays, Enhanced Vision Systems (EVS), Synthetic Vision Systems (SVS) or Combined Vision Systems (CVS).

AI-assisted research summary: Section 30. Aeroplanes equipped with automatic landing systems, a Head-Up Display (HUD) or equivalent displays, Enhanced Vision Systems (EVS), Synthetic Vision Systems (SVS) or Combined Vision Systems (CVS). Section 30(1) The Authority

Section 30. Aeroplanes equipped with automatic landing systems, a Head-Up Display (HUD) or equivalent displays, Enhanced Vision Systems (EVS), Synthetic Vision Systems (SVS) or Combined Vision Systems (CVS). Section 30(1) The Authority shall establish acriteria for the safe operations of aeroplanes equipped with automatic landing systems, a HUD or equivalent displays, EVS, SVS or CVS, or any combination of those systems into a hybrid system. Section 30(2)(a) the equipment meets the appropriate airworthiness certification requirements; Section 30(2)(b) the operator or owner has carried out a safety risk assessment associated with the operations supported by the automatic landing systems, a HUD or equivalent displays, EVS, SVS or CVS; Section 30(2)(c) the operator or owner has established and documented the procedures for the use of, and training requirements for, automatic landing systems, a HUD or equivalent displays, EVS, SVS or CVS.
31
GENERAL AVIATION REGULATIONS - 31. Flight data recorders and aircraft data recording system

AI-assisted research summary: Requires specific FDR types to record defined flight parameters; for aeroplanes with type-certification applications on or after 1 January 2016 FDRs must record pilot inputs at up to 0.125-second intervals; all FDRs must retain at least the last 25 hours of recorded information; lists disallowed older FDR types.

Section 31. Flight data recorders and aircraft data recording system Section 31(1)(a) types I and IA FDRs shall record the parameters required to determine accurately the aeroplane flight path, speed, attitude, engine power, configuration and operation; and Section 31(1)(b) type II FDRs shall record the parameters required to determine accurately the aeroplane flight path, speed, attitude, engine power and configuration of lift and drag devices. Section 31(2) A person shall not operate an aeroplane for which the application for type certification is submitted to a Contracting State on or after the 1 st January 2016, and which are required to be fitted with an FDR shall record the pilot input or control surface position and primary controls (pitch, roll, yaw) parameters at a maximum recording interval of 0.125 seconds. Section 31(3)(a) engraving metal foil FDRs; Section 31(3)(b) analogue FDRs using frequency modulation (FM); Section 31(3)(c) photographic film FDRs; and Section 31(3)(d) magnetic tape FDRs. Section 31(4) All FDRs shall be capable of retaining the information recorded during at least the last 25 hours of their operation.
32
GENERAL AVIATION REGULATIONS - 32. Cockpit voice recorders and cockpit audio recording systems.

AI-assisted research summary: Section 32: Magnetic tape and wire CVRs are prohibited; all CVRs must be capable of retaining at least the last 30 minutes of recorded information (subsection (2)) and at least the last two hours of recorded information (subsection (3)).

Section 32. Cockpit voice recorders and cockpit audio recording systems. Section 32(1) Magnetic tape and wire CVRs are prohibited. Section 32(2) All CVRs shall be capable of retaining the information recorded during at least the last 30 minutes of their operation. Section 32(3) All CVRs shall be capable of retaining the information recorded during at least the last two hours of their operation.
33
GENERAL AVIATION REGULATIONS - 33. Applicability of data link recorders.

AI-assisted research summary: Aeroplanes first issued with an individual certificate of airworthiness on or after 1 January 2016 that use the data link applications listed in 5.1.2 and are required to carry a Cockpit Voice Recorder (CVR) must record all data link communications messages; aeroplanes modified on or after 1 January 2016 to install and use those applications and required to carry a CVR must also record those messages.

Section 33. Applicability of data link recorders. Section 33(1) All aeroplanes for which the individual certificate of airworthiness is first issued on or after the 1st January, 2016, which utilize any of the data link communications applications listed in 5.1.2 of the Third Schedule and are required to carry a Cockpit Voice Recorder (CVR), shall record on a flight recorder all data link communications messages. Section 33(2) All aeroplanes which are modified on or after 1 st January 2016 to install and utilize any of the data link communications applications listed in 5.1.2 of the Third Schedule and are required to carry a CVR shall record on a flight recorder the data link communications messages. Section 33(3) Data link recording shall be able to be correlated to the recorded cockpit audio. Section 33(4) The minimum recording duration shall be equal to the duration of the CVR.
34
GENERAL AVIATION REGULATIONS - 34. Flight recorders: General.

AI-assisted research summary: The pilot-in-command or the owner or operator must, as far as possible, preserve all flight recorder records and associated recorders after an accident or incident and keep them in safe custody pending their disposition under the Civil Aviation (Aircraft Accident and Incident) Regulations.

Section 34. Flight recorders: General. Section 34(1) Flight recorders shall be constructed, located and installed so as to provide maximum practical protection for the recordings in order that the recorded information may be preserved, recovered and transcribed and flight recorders shall meet the prescribed crashworthiness and fire protection specifications. Section 34(2) Flight recorders shall not be switched off during flight time. Section 34(3) To preserve flight recorder records, flight recorders shall be deactivated upon completion of flight time following an accident or incident and the flight recorders shall not be reactivated before their disposition. Section 34(4) The pilot-in-command or the owner or operator, shall ensure, to the extent possible, in the event the aeroplane becomes involved in an accident or incident, the preservation of all related flight recorder records, and if necessary the associated flight recorders, and their retention in safe custody pending their disposition as determined in accordance with Civil Aviation (Aircraft Accident and Incident) Regulations. Section 34(5) Operational checks and evaluations of recordings from the flight recorder systems shall be conducted to ensure the continued serviceability of the recorders.
35
GENERAL AVIATION REGULATIONS - 35. Electronic Flight Bags (EFBs).

AI-assisted research summary: Pilots, operators or owners must ensure portable Electronic Flight Bags (EFBs) do not impair aeroplane systems or the ability to operate the aeroplane, and must assess risks, set procedures and training, and ensure backup information for failures; the Authority must set operational criteria; operators/owners must meet additional EFB operational requirements.

Section 35. Electronic Flight Bags (EFBs). Section 35(1) Where portable Electronic Flight Bags (‘EFBs’) are used on board an aeroplane, the pilot-in-command or the operator or owner shall ensure that they do not affect the performance of the aeroplane systems, equipment or the ability to operate the aeroplane. Section 35(2)(a) assess the safety risk(s) associated with each EFB function; Section 35(2)(b) establish the procedures for the use of, and training requirements for, the device and each EFB function; and Section 35(2)(c) ensure that, in the event of an EFB failure, sufficient information is readily available to the flight crew for the flight to be conducted safely. Section 35(3) The Authority shall establish criteria for the operational use of EFB functions to be used for the safe operation of aeroplanes. Section 35(4)(a) the EFB equipment and its associated installation hardware, including interaction with aeroplane systems if applicable, meet the appropriate airworthiness certification requirements; Section 35(4)(b) the operator or owner has assessed the risks associated with the operations supported by the EFB function(s); Section 35(4)(c) the operator or owner has established requirements for redundancy of the information (if appropriate) contained in and displayed by the EFB function(s); Section 35(4)(d) the operator or owner has established and documented procedures for the management of the EFB function(s) including any databases it may use; and Section 35(4)(e) the operator or owner has established and documented the procedures for the use of, and training requirements for, the EFB function(s).
36
GENERAL AVIATION REGULATIONS - 36. Communication equipment.

AI-assisted research summary: Various types of aeroplanes shall be provided with radio communication equipment meeting prescribed specifications and capabilities; the Authority must establish criteria where RCP specifications for PBC are prescribed.

Section 36. Communication equipment. Section 36(1) An aeroplane to be operated in accordance with the instrument flight rules or at night shall be provided with radio communication equipment in accordance with the Kenya Civil Aviation (Instrument and Equipment) Regulations and such equipment shall be capable of conducting two-way communication with those aeronautical stations and on those frequencies prescribed by the Authority. Section 36(2) When compliance with regulation 37 requires that more than one communication equipment unit be provided, each shall be independent of the other or others to the extent that a failure in any one will not result in failure of any other. Section 36(3) An aeroplane to be operated in accordance with VFR, but as a controlled flight, shall, unless exempted by the appropriate authority, be provided with radio communication equipment capable of conducting two-way communication at any time during flight with such aeronautical stations and on such frequencies as may be prescribed by the appropriate Authority. Section 36(4) An aeroplane to be operated on a flight to which the provisions of Regulation 20 or 21 apply shall, unless exempted by the Authority, be provided with radio communication equipment capable of conducting two-way communication at any time during flight with such aeronautical stations and on such frequencies as may be prescribed by the Authority. Section 36(5) The radio communication equipment required in accordance with regulation 37 shall provide for communication on the aeronautical emergency frequency 121.5 MHz. Section 36(6)(a) be provided with communication equipment which will enable it to operate in accordance with the prescribed RCP specification(s); Section 36(6)(b) have information relevant to the aeroplane RCP specification capabilities listed in the flight manual or other aeroplane documentation approved by the State of Design or the Authority; and Section 36(6)(c) where the aeroplane is operated in accordance with a MEL, have information relevant to the aeroplane RCP specification capabilities included in the MEL. Section 36(7) The Authority shall establish criteria for operations where an RCP specification for PBC has been prescribed.
37
GENERAL AVIATION REGULATIONS - 37. Navigation equipment.

AI-assisted research summary: Sets equipment, documentation and monitoring requirements for aeroplanes and requires the Authority to set approvals, criteria and monitoring processes for navigation and RVSM operations.

Section 37. Navigation equipment. Section 37(1)(a) in accordance with its flight plan; and Section 37(1)(b) in accordance with the requirements of air traffic services; Section 37(2)(a) be provided with navigation equipment which will enable it to operate in accordance with the prescribed navigation specification(s); and Section 37(2)(b) have information relevant to the aeroplane navigation specification capabilities listed in the flight manual or other aeroplane documentation approved by the State of Design or the Authority; and Section 37(2)(c) where the aeroplane is operated in accordance with a MEL, have information relevant to the aeroplane navigation specification capabilities included in the MEL. Section 37(3) The Authority shall establish criteria for operations where a navigation specification for PBN has been prescribed. Section 37(4)(a) normal and abnormal procedures including contingency procedures; Section 37(4)(b) flight crew qualification and proficiency requirements, in accordance with the appropriate navigation specifications; Section 37(4)(c) training for relevant personnel consistent with the intended operations; and Section 37(4)(d) appropriate maintenance procedures to ensure continued airworthiness, in accordance with the appropriate navigation specifications. Section 37(5) The Authority shall issue a specific approval for operations based on PBN authorization required (AR) navigation specifications. Section 37(6)(a) continuously provides indications to the flight crew of adherence to or departure from track to the required degree of accuracy at any point along that track; and Section 37(6)(b) has been authorized by the Authority for the MNPS operations concerned. Section 37(7)(a) indicating to the flight crew the flight level being flown; Section 37(7)(a)(i) indicating to the flight crew the flight level being flown; Section 37(7)(a)(ii) automatically maintaining a selected flight level; Section 37(7)(a)(iii) providing an alert to the flight crew when a deviation occurs from the selected flight level. The threshold for the alert shall not exceed ±90 m (300 ft); and Section 37(7)(a)(iv) automatically reporting pressure-altitude; Section 37(7)(b) is authorized by the Authority for operation in the airspace concerned; and Section 37(7)(c) demonstrates a vertical navigation performance in accordance with Second Schedule. Section 37(8)(a) the vertical navigation performance capability of the aeroplane satisfies the requirements specified in Second Schedule; Section 37(8)(b) the owner or operator has instituted appropriate procedures in respect of continued airworthiness (maintenance and repair) practices and programmes; and Section 37(8)(c) the owner or operator has instituted appropriate flight crew procedures for operations in RVSM airspace. Section 37(9)(a) receiving the reports of height-keeping performance issued by the monitoring agencies established in accordance with Civil Aviation (Air Navigation Services) Regulations; and Section 37(9)(b) taking immediate corrective action for individual aircraft, or aircraft type groups, identified in such reports as not complying with the height-keeping requirements for operation in airspace where RVSM is applied Section 37(10) The Authority shall establish a requirement which ensures that a minimum of two aeroplanes of each aircraft type grouping of the owner or operator have their height-keeping performance monitored, at least once every two years or within intervals of 1 000 flight hours per aeroplane, whichever period is longer. Section 37(11) If an owner or operator aircraft type grouping consists of a single aeroplane, monitoring of that aeroplane shall be accomplished within the specified period. Section 37(12) The Authority, shall establish provisions and procedures which ensure that appropriate action will be taken in respect of aircraft and owners or operators found to be operating in RVSM airspace without a valid RVSM approval. Section 37(13) The aeroplane shall be sufficiently provided with navigation equipment to ensure that, in the event of the failure of one item of equipment at any stage of the flight, the remaining equipment will enable the aeroplane to navigate in accordance with subregulation (1) and where applicable subregulation (2), (6) and (7). Section 37(14) On flights in which it is intended to land in instrument meteorological conditions, an aeroplane shall be provided with radio equipment capable of receiving signals providing guidance to a point from which a visual landing can be effected and this equipment shall be capable of providing such guidance for each aerodrome at which it is intended to land in instrument meteorological conditions and for any designated alternate aerodromes.
38
GENERAL AVIATION REGULATIONS - 38. Surveillance equipment.

AI-assisted research summary: People must not operate an aeroplane unless it has surveillance equipment that enables compliance with air traffic services; the Authority must establish criteria where an RSP specification for PBS is prescribed.

Section 38. Surveillance equipment. Section 38(1) A person shall not operate an aeroplane unless the aeroplane is provided with surveillance equipment that will enable it to operate in accordance with the requirements of air traffic services. Section 38(2)(a) the aeroplane in addition to the requirements specified in subregulation (1) is provided with surveillance equipment which will enable it to operate in accordance with the prescribed RSP specification(s); Section 38(2)(b) has information relevant to the aeroplane RSP specification capabilities listed in the flight manual or other aeroplane documentation approved by the State of Design or the Authority; and Section 38(2)(c) where the aeroplane is operated in accordance with a MEL, has information relevant to the aeroplane RSP specification capabilities included in the MEL. Section 38(3) The Authority shall establish criteria for operations where an RSP specification for PBS has been prescribed. Section 38(4)(a) normal and abnormal procedures, including contingency procedures; Section 38(4)(b) flight crew qualification and proficiency requirements, in accordance with appropriate RSP specifications; Section 38(4)(c) a training programme for relevant personnel consistent with the intended operations; and Section 38(4)(d) appropriate maintenance procedures to ensure continued airworthiness, in accordance with appropriate RSP specifications. Section 38(5)(a) receiving the reports of observed surveillance performance issued by monitoring programmes established in accordance with Civil Aviation(Air Traffic Services) Regulations, 2018; and Section 38(5)(b) taking immediate corrective action for individual aircraft, aircraft types or operators, identified in such reports as not complying with the RSP specification(s).
39
GENERAL AVIATION REGULATIONS - 39. Owner’s maintenance responsibilities.

AI-assisted research summary: Owners (and operators in some rules) must keep aeroplanes airworthy, ensure necessary equipment is serviceable, keep the certificate of airworthiness valid, not operate unless maintenance and release-to-service meet an Authority-acceptable system, and ensure maintenance follows an Authority-acceptable programme; when release-to-service is not issued by an approved organisation, the signer should be licensed under personnel licensing regulations.

Section 39. Owner’s maintenance responsibilities. Section 39(1)(a) the aeroplane is maintained in an airworthy condition; Section 39(1)(b) the operational and emergency equipment necessary for an intended flight is serviceable; and Section 39(1)(c) the certificate of airworthiness of the aeroplane remains valid. Section 39(2) The owner or operator shall not operate the aeroplane unless it is maintained and released to service under a system acceptable to the Authority. Section 39(3) When the certificate of release to service is not issued by an approved maintenance organization in accordance with the Civil Aviation (Airworthiness Regulations), the person signing the certificate of release to service should be licensed in accordance with Civil Aviation (Personnel Licensing Regulations). Section 39(4) The owner or operator shall ensure that the maintenance of the aeroplane is performed in accordance with a maintenance programme acceptable to the Authority.
4
GENERAL AVIATION REGULATIONS - 4. Compliance with laws, regulations and procedures.

AI-assisted research summary: Persons and entities must comply with Kenyan laws, regulations, and procedures.

Section 4. Compliance with laws, regulations and procedures. Section comply with the Kenyan laws, regulations, and procedures;
40
GENERAL AVIATION REGULATIONS - 40. Maintenance records.

AI-assisted research summary: Maintenance records must include the items listed in (a)–(f); records in (a)–(e) must be kept for at least 90 days after permanent withdrawal of the unit, records in (f) for at least one year after signing the certificate of release to service; records must be made available on temporary change of owner/operator and transferred on permanent change of owner/operator.

Section 40. Maintenance records. Section 40(1)(a) the total time in service (hours, calendar time and cycles, as appropriate) of the aeroplane and all life-limited components; Section 40(1)(b) the current status of compliance with all applicable mandatory continuing airworthiness information; Section 40(1)(c) appropriate details of modifications and repairs; Section 40(1)(d) the time in service (hours, calendar time and cycles, as appropriate) since the last overhaul of the aeroplane or its components subject to a mandatory overhaul life; Section 40(1)(e) the current status of the aeroplane's compliance with the maintenance programme; and Section 40(1)(f) the detailed maintenance records to show that all requirements for the signing of a certificate of release to service have been met. Section 40(2) The records in subregulation (1)(a) to (e) shall be kept for a minimum period of 90 days after the unit to which they refer has been permanently withdrawn from service and the records in subregulation (1)(f) for a minimum period of one year after the signing of the certificate of release to service. Section 40(3) In the event of a temporary change of owner or operator, the records shall be made available to the new owner or operator. In the event of any permanent change of owner or operator, the records shall be transferred to the new owner or operator.
41
GENERAL AVIATION REGULATIONS - 41. Modifications and repairs.

AI-assisted research summary: People must not perform modifications or repairs to an aircraft unless those works comply with airworthiness requirements acceptable to the Authority; operators must prepare reports of each major modification or major repair and submit and keep copies available for inspection.

Section 41. Modifications and repairs. Section 41(1) A person shall not perform modifications and repairs to an aircraft unless those modification and repairs comply with airworthiness requirements acceptable to the Authority. Section 41(2)(a) establish the procedures to ensure that records supporting compliance with the airworthiness requirements are retained; Section 41(2)(b) ensure that major repairs or major modifications are carried out in accordance with technical data acceptable to the Authority; Section 41(2)(c) promptly, upon completion of a major modification or major repair, prepare a report of each major modification or major repair of an airframe, aircraft engine, propeller or appliance of an aircraft operated by the operator; and Section 41(2)(d) submit a copy of each report of a major modification and repair to the Authority and keep a copy of each report of a major repair and modification available for inspection.
42
GENERAL AVIATION REGULATIONS - 42. Certificate of release to service.

AI-assisted research summary: Certificate of release to service.

Section 42. Certificate of release to service.
43
GENERAL AVIATION REGULATIONS - 43. Composition of the flight crew.

AI-assisted research summary: A person must not operate an aeroplane unless the flight crew's number and composition meet or exceed what is specified in the flight manual or other documents linked to the certificate of airworthiness.

Section 43. Composition of the flight crew. Section A person shall not operate an aeroplane unless the number and composition of the flight crew are not be less than that specified in the flight manual or other documents associated with the certificate of airworthiness.
44
GENERAL AVIATION REGULATIONS - 44. Qualifications.

AI-assisted research summary: The pilot-in-command of an aeroplane equipped with ACAS II must ensure each flight crew member is trained to competency in using ACAS II and avoiding collisions.

Section 44. Qualifications. Section 44(1)(a) ensure that each flight crew member holds a valid licence issued by the Authority, or if issued by another Contracting State, rendered valid by the Authority; Section 44(1)(b) ensure that flight crew members are properly rated; and Section 44(1)(c) be satisfied that flight crew members have maintained competency. Section 44(2) The pilot-in-command of an aeroplane equipped with an airborne collision avoidance system (ACAS II) shall ensure that each flight crew member has been appropriately trained to competency in the use of ACAS II equipment and the avoidance of collision.
45
GENERAL AVIATION REGULATIONS - 45. Flight manual.

AI-assisted research summary: A person must not operate an aircraft within or over Kenya unless they comply with the operating limitations set out in subregulation (1); subregulation (1) lists acceptable flight documentation (an Aeroplane Flight Manual accepted by the Authority, or an accepted Pilot Operating Handbook or Owner’s manual, markings and placards, or combination) that provide the pilot-in-command with necessary limitations for safe operation.

Section 45. Flight manual. Section 45(1)(a) a current Aeroplane Flight Manual accepted by the Authority; or Section 45(1)(b) a current accepted Pilot Operating Handbook or Owner’s manual, markings and placards, or any combination thereof which provide the pilot-in-command with the necessary limitations for safe operation. Section 45(2) A person shall not operate an aircraft within or over Kenya without complying with the operating limitations specified in subregulation (1). Section 45(3) The Aeroplane Flight Manual shall be updated by implementing changes made mandatory by the Authority.
46
GENERAL AVIATION REGULATIONS - 46. Journey log book.

AI-assisted research summary: The operator must ensure a journey log book is kept for every aeroplane engaged in air navigation and that specified particulars of the aeroplane, its crew and each journey are entered.

Section 46. Journey log book. Section 46(1) The operator shall ensure a journey log book is maintained for every aeroplane engaged in air navigation in which particulars of the aeroplane, its crew and each journey is entered. Section 46(2)(a) aeroplane nationality and registration; Section 46(2)(b) date; Section 46(2)(c) crew member names and duty assignments; Section 46(2)(d) departure and arrival points and times; Section 46(2)(e) purpose of flight; Section 46(2)(f) observations regarding the flight; and Section 46(2)(g) signature of the pilot-in-command.
47
GENERAL AVIATION REGULATIONS - 47. Records of emergency and survival equipment carried.

AI-assisted research summary: The owner of an aeroplane, or operator, must at all times have available lists of the emergency and survival equipment on board for immediate communication to rescue coordination centres.

Section 47. Records of emergency and survival equipment carried. Section The owner of an aeroplane, or operator, shall at all times have available for immediate communication to rescue coordination centres, lists containing information on the emergency and survival equipment carried on board the aeroplane. The information shall include, as applicable, the number, colour and type of life rafts and pyrotechnics, details of emergency medical supplies, water supplies and the type and frequencies of the emergency portable radio equipment.
48
GENERAL AVIATION REGULATIONS - 48. Security of aereoplane.

AI-assisted research summary: The pilot-in-command must be responsible for the security of the aeroplane during its operation.

Section 48. Security of aereoplane. Section The pilot-in-command shall be responsible for the security of the aeroplane during its operation.
49
GENERAL AVIATION REGULATIONS - 49. Reporting acts of unalawful interference.

AI-assisted research summary: After an act of unlawful interference, the pilot-in-command must submit a written report of the act to the designated local Authority.

Section 49. Reporting acts of unalawful interference. Section Following an act of unlawful interference, the pilot-incommand shall submit a report in writing of such an act to the designated local Authority.
5
GENERAL AVIATION REGULATIONS - 5. Dangerous goods.

AI-assisted research summary: The Authority can grant and issue dangerous goods permits (ad hoc or block) and may impose conditions; applications must be submitted with required information and a completed dangerous goods transport document before shipment.

Section 5. Dangerous goods. Section 5(1)(a) the Authority has granted to the operator a dangerous goods permit, subject to such conditions as the Authority finds it fit, to carry dangerous goods on board its aeroplane; and Section 5(1)(b) the provisions approved by the Authority and any conditions to which such approval may be subject; and Section 5(1)(b)(i) the provisions approved by the Authority and any conditions to which such approval may be subject; and Section 5(1)(b)(ii) in accordance with the Technical Instructions for the Safe Transport of Dangerous Goods by Air approved and published by the Authority in compliance with the decisions of the Council of the International Civil Aviation Organisation for the time being in force. Section 5(2)(a) be submitted to the Authority for consideration before the proposed date of shipment; and Section 5(2)(b) contain the information required by the Authority and the duly completed dangerous goods transport document at the time the application is made. Section 5(3) The Authority may issue a dangerous goods permit for the carriage of dangerous goods on a single return flight (ad hoc permit) or on more than 10 return flights over a period of 6 months (block permit). Section 5(4)(a) required to be aboard the aeroplane in accordance with the relevant airworthiness requirements and operating regulations or that are authorised by the State of the operator to meet special requirements; Section 5(4)(b) required to provide, during flight, medical aid to a patient; Section 5(4)(c) required to provide, during flight, veterinary aid or a humane killer for an animal; Section 5(4)(d) required to provide, during flight, aid in connection with search and rescue operations; Section 5(4)(e) permitted for carriage by passengers or crew members; Section 5(4)(f) intended for use or sale during the flight in question; Section 5(4)(g) vehicles carried in aeroplane designed or modified for vehicle ferry operations; or Section 5(4)(h) required for the propulsion of the means of transport or the operation of its specialised equipment during transport such as refrigeration units or that are required in accordance with any operating regulations such as fire extinguishers.
6
GENERAL AVIATION REGULATIONS - 6. Use of psychoactive substances.

AI-assisted research summary: Flight crew members and safety-sensitive personnel must not perform safety-related functions while under the influence of any psychoactive substance that impairs performance.

Section 6. Use of psychoactive substances. Section 6(1) A member of a flight crew shall not perform any function specified in the privileges applicable to his licence if he is under the influence of any psychoactive substance which may render him unable to perform such functions in a safe and proper manner. Section 6(2) Safety-sensitive personnel shall not undertake any function while under the influence of any psychoactive substance, by reason of which human performance is impaired.
7
GENERAL AVIATION REGULATIONS - 7. Specific approvals.

AI-assisted research summary: Section 7. Specific approvals.

Section 7. Specific approvals.
8
GENERAL AVIATION REGULATIONS - 8. Operating facilities.

AI-assisted research summary: The pilot-in-command must not commence a flight unless they have ascertained by every reasonable means that the required ground or water facilities (including communication facilities and navigation aids) are adequate for the type of operation.

Section 8. Operating facilities. Section The pilot-in-command shall ensure that a flight will not be commenced unless it has been ascertained by every reasonable means available that the ground or water facilities including communication facilities and navigation aids available and directly required for such flight, for the safe operation of the aeroplane, are adequate for the type of operation under which the flight is to be conducted.
9
GENERAL AVIATION REGULATIONS - 9. Operational management.

AI-assisted research summary: The pilot-in-command must set aerodrome operating minima and ensure passengers are briefed and secured; the Authority may approve certain operational credits.

Section 9. Operational management. Section 9(1)(a) has been duly authorized by the owner or in the case where it is leased the lessee, or a designated agent; Section 9(1)(b) is fully competent to taxi the aeroplane; Section 9(1)(c) is qualified to use the radio if radio communications are required; and Section 9(1)(d) has received instructions from a competent person with respect of aerodrome layout, and where appropriate, information on routes, signs, marking, lights, ATC signals and instructions, phraseology and procedures, and is able to conform to the operational standards required for safe aeroplane movement at the aerodrome. Section 9(2) The pilot-in-command shall establish aerodrome operating minima in accordance with criteria specified by the Authority, for each aerodrome to be used in operations. Such minima shall not be lower than any that may be established for such aerodromes by the State of the Aerodrome, except when specifically approved by that State. Section 9(3) The Authority may approve operational credit(s) for operations with aeroplanes equipped with automatic landing systems, a HUD or equivalent displays, EVS, SVS or CVS. Such approvals shall not affect the classification of the instrument approach procedure. Section 9(4)(a) type A– a minimum descent height or decision height at or above 75 m (250 ft); and Section 9(4)(b) Category I (CAT I): a decision height not lower than 60 m (200 ft) and with either a visibility not less than 800 m or a runway visual range not less than 550 m; Section 9(4)(b)(i) Category I (CAT I): a decision height not lower than 60 m (200 ft) and with either a visibility not less than 800 m or a runway visual range not less than 550 m; Section 9(4)(b)(ii) Category II (CAT II): a decision height lower than 60 m (200 ft) but not lower than 30 m (100 ft) and a runway visual range not less than 300 m; Section 9(4)(b)(iii) Category IIIA (CAT IIIA): a decision height lower than 30 m (100 ft) or no decision height and a runway visual range not less than 175 m; Section 9(4)(b)(iv) Category IIIB (CAT IIIB): a decision height lower than 15 m (50 ft) or no decision height and a runway visual range less than 175 m but not less than 50 m; and Section 9(4)(b)(v) Category IIIC (CAT IIIC): no decision height and no runway visual range limitations. Section 9(5) The operating minima for 2D instrument approach operations using instrument approach procedures shall be determined by establishing a minimum descent altitude (MDA) or minimum descent height (MDH), minimum visibility and, if necessary, cloud conditions. Section 9(6) The operating minima for 3D instrument approach operations using instrument approach procedures shall bedetermined by establishing a Decision Altitude (DA) or Decision Height (DH) and the minimum visibility or RVR. Section 9(7)(a) seat belts; Section 9(7)(b) emergency exits; Section 9(7)(c) life jackets, if the carriage of life jackets is prescribed; Section 9(7)(d) oxygen dispensing equipment if the use of oxygen is anticipated; and Section 9(7)(e) other emergency equipment provided for individual use, including passenger emergency briefing cards. Section 9(8) The pilot-in-command shall ensure that all persons on board are aware of the location and general manner of use of the principal emergency equipment carried for collective use. Section 9(9) In an emergency during flight, the pilot-in-command shall ensure that passengers are instructed in such emergency action as may be appropriate to the circumstances. Section 9(10) The pilot-in-command shall ensure that, during take-off and landing and whenever considered necessary by reason of turbulence or any emergency occurring during flight, all persons on board an aeroplane shall be secured in their seats by means of the seat belts or harnesses provided.

Part III

LARGE AND TURBOJET AEROPLANES

50
LARGE AND TURBOJET AEROPLANES - 50. Applicability.

AI-assisted research summary: Applicability.

Section 50. Applicability.
51
LARGE AND TURBOJET AEROPLANES - 51. Compliance with laws, requlations and procedures.

AI-assisted research summary: Operators must ensure employees and crew know and follow applicable laws, that pilots and relevant crew are familiar with laws and procedures for their duties, that the pilot-in-command is responsible for operational control (described in the operations manual), that the pilot-in-command has search-and-rescue information on board, and that crew can use the required radiotelephony language.

Section 51. Compliance with laws, requlations and procedures. Section 51(1) The operator shall ensure that all employees know that they must comply with the laws, regulations and procedures of those States in which operations are conducted. Section 51(2) The operator shall ensure that all pilots are familiar with the laws, regulations and procedures, pertinent to the performance of their duties, prescribed for the areas to be traversed, the aerodromes to be used and the air navigation facilities relating thereto and the operator shall ensure that other members of the flight crew are familiar with such of these laws, regulations and procedures as are pertinent to the performance of their respective duties in the operation of the aeroplane. Section 51(3) The pilot-in-command shall be responsible for operational control and the operator shall describe the operational control system in the operations manual and identify the roles and responsibilities of those involved with the system. Section 51(4) The operator shall ensure that the pilot-in-command has available on board the aeroplane all the essential information concerning the search and rescue services in the area over which the aeroplane shall be flown. Section 51(5) The operator shall ensure that flight crew members demonstrate the ability to speak and understand the language used for aeronautical radiotelephony communications as specified in Civil Aviation (Personnel Licensing) Regulations.
52
LARGE AND TURBOJET AEROPLANES - 52. Safety management.

AI-assisted research summary: Safety management.

Section 52. Safety management.
53
LARGE AND TURBOJET AEROPLANES - 53. Operating facilities.

AI-assisted research summary: The operator must ensure a flight is not commenced unless required ground or water facilities, including communications and navigation aids, are adequate for the type of operation.

Section 53. Operating facilities. Section The operator shall ensure that a flight will not be commenced unless it has been ascertained by every reasonable means available that the ground or water facilities including communication facilities and navigation aids available and directly required on such flight, for the safe operation of the aeroplane, are adequate for the type of operation under which the flight is to be conducted.
54
LARGE AND TURBOJET AEROPLANES - 54. Operational management.

AI-assisted research summary: Section 54 requires operators to perform multiple operational management duties (notify foreign operating base States, provide and maintain an operations manual, instruct personnel, issue climb performance information, prohibit simulated emergencies with passengers, require checklists, set aerodrome minima, implement fatigue management, inform passengers about emergency equipment, instruct passengers in emergencies, and ensure passengers are secured during critical phases).

Section 54. Operational management. Section 54(1) If an operator has an operating base in a country other than Kenya, the operator shall notify that State in which the operating base is located. Section 54(2) Upon notification in accordance with subregulation (1), safety and security oversight shall be coordinated between the State in which the operating base is located and the Authority Section 54(3) The operator shall provide, for the use and guidance of personnel concerned, an operations manual containing all the instructions and information necessary for operations personnel to perform their duties and the operations manual shall be amended or revised as is necessary to ensure that the information contained therein is kept up to date and all such amendments or revisions shall be issued to all personnel that are required to use this manual. Section 54(4) The operator shall ensure that all operations personnel are properly instructed in their particular duties and responsibilities and the relationship of such duties to the operation as a whole. Section 54(5) The operator shall issue operating instructions and provide information on aeroplane climb performance with all engines operating to enable the pilot-in-command to determine the climb gradient that can be achieved during the departure phase for the existing take-off conditions and intended take-off technique and this information shall be included in the operations manual. Section 54(6) The operator shall ensure that when passengers are being carried, no emergency or abnormal situations shall be simulated. Section 54(7) Checklists shall be used by flight crews prior to, during and after all phases of operations, and in emergencies, to ensure compliance with the operating procedures contained in the aircraft operating manual and the aeroplane flight manual or other documents associated with the certificate of airworthiness and otherwise in the operations manual and the design and utilization of checklists shall observe Human Factors principles and the operator shall specify, for flights which are to be conducted in accordance with the instrument flight rules, the method of establishing terrain clearance altitudes. Section 54(8) The operator shall establish aerodrome operating minima, in accordance with criteria specified by the Authority, for each aerodrome to be used in operations and such minima shall not be lower than any that may be established for such aerodromes by the State of the Aerodrome, except when specifically approved by that State. Section 54(9) The operator shall establish and implement a fatigue management programme that ensures that all operator personnel involved in the operation and maintenance of aircraft do not carry out their duties when fatigued and the programme shall address flight and duty times and be included in the operations manual. Section 54(10)(a) seat belts; Section 54(10)(b) emergency exits; Section 54(10)(c) life jackets, if the carriage of life jackets is prescribed; Section 54(10)(d) oxygen dispensing equipment, if the provision of oxygen for the use of passengers is prescribed; and Section 54(10)(e) other emergency equipment provided for individual use, including passenger emergency briefing cards. Section 54(11) The operator shall ensure that all persons on board are aware of the location and general manner of use of the principal emergency equipment carried for collective use. Section 54(12) The operator shall ensure that in an emergency during flight, passengers are instructed in such emergency action as may be appropriate to the circumstances. Section 54(13) The operator shall ensure that during take-off and landing and whenever considered necessary, by reason of turbulence or any emergency occurring during flight, all passengers on board an aeroplane are secured in their seats by means of the seat belts or harnesses provided.
55
LARGE AND TURBOJET AEROPLANES - 55. Flight preprations.

AI-assisted research summary: Section 55 mandates pre-flight checks and fuel planning: operators must ensure aeroplane airworthiness, performance data and flight planning procedures; they must make climb-performance information available; operators must establish fuel policies; pilots must ensure sufficient usable fuel and declare minimum fuel or fuel emergency when thresholds are reached; refuelling with passengers aboard is prohibited unless properly supervised.

Section 55. Flight preprations. Section 55(1)(a) the aeroplane is airworthy, duly registered and that appropriate certificates with respect thereto are aboard the aeroplane; Section 55(1)(b) the instruments and equipment installed in the aeroplane are appropriate, taking into account the expected flight conditions; Section 55(1)(c) any necessary maintenance has been performed in accordance with Regulations 76 to 80; Section 55(1)(d) the mass of the aeroplane and centre of gravity location are such that the flight can be conducted safely, taking into account the flight conditions expected; Section 55(1)(e) any load carried is properly distributed and safely secured; and Section 55(1)(f) the aeroplane operating limitations, contained in the flight manual, or its equivalent, is not exceeded. Section 55(2) The operator shall make available sufficient information on climb performance with all engines operating to enable determination of the climb gradient that can be achieved during the departure phase for the existing take-off conditions and intended take-off technique. Section 55(3) The operator shall specify flight planning procedures to provide for the safe conduct of the flight based on considerations of aeroplane performance, other operating limitations and relevant expected conditions on the route to be followed and at the aerodromes concerned and these procedures shall be included in the operations manual. Section 55(4) A take-off alternate aerodrome shall be selected and specified in the flight plan if either the meteorological conditions at the aerodrome of departure are below the applicable aerodrome landing minima for that operation or if it would not be possible to return to the aerodrome of departure for other reasons. Section 55(5)(a) or aeroplanes with two engines, one hour of flight time at a one-engine-inoperative cruising speed, determined from the aircraft operating manual, calculated in ISA and still-air conditions using the actual take-off mass; or Section 55(5)(b) for aeroplanes with three or more engines two hours of flight time at an all engines operating cruising speed, determined from the aircraft operating manual, calculated in ISA and still-air conditions using the actual take-off mass. Section 55(6) For an aerodrome to be selected as a take-off alternate the available information shall indicate that, at the estimated time of use, the conditions will be at or above the applicable aerodrome operating minima for that operation. Section 55(7) An aeroplane shall carry a sufficient amount of usable fuel to complete the planned flight safely and to allow for deviations from the planned operation. Section 55(8)(a) provided by the aeroplane manufacturer; or Section 55(8)(a)(i) provided by the aeroplane manufacturer; or Section 55(8)(a)(ii) if available, current aeroplane-specific data derived from a fuel consumption monitoring system; and Section 55(8)(b) anticipated aeroplane mass; Section 55(8)(b)(i) anticipated aeroplane mass; Section 55(8)(b)(ii) notices to airmen; Section 55(8)(b)(iii) current meteorological reports or a combination of current reports and forecasts; Section 55(8)(b)(iv) air traffic services procedures, restrictions and anticipated delays and Section 55(8)(b)(v) the effects of deferred maintenance items or configuration deviations. Section 55(9)(a) taxi fuel, which shall be the amount of fuel expected to be consumed before take-off taking into account local conditions at the departure aerodrome and auxiliary power unit (APU) fuel consumption; Section 55(9)(b) trip fuel, which shall be the amount of fuel required to enable the aeroplane to fly from take-off until landing at the destination aerodrome taking into account the operating conditions of subregulation (5)(b); Section 55(9)(c) contingency fuel, which shall be the amount of fuel required to compensate for unforeseen factors and it shall be not less than five per cent of the planned trip fuel; Section 55(9)(d) inform a missed approach at the destination aerodrome; Section 55(9)(d)(i) inform a missed approach at the destination aerodrome; Section 55(9)(d)(ii) climb to the expected cruising altitude; Section 55(9)(d)(iii) fly the expected routing; Section 55(9)(d)(iv) descend to the point where the expected approach is initiated; and Section 55(9)(d)(v) conduct the approach and landing at the destination alternate aerodrome; or Section 55(9)(e) where a flight is operated without a destination alternate aerodrome, the amount of fuel required to enable the aeroplane to fly for 15 minutes at holding speed at 450 m (1500 ft) above destination aerodrome elevation in standard conditions; or Section 55(9)(f) for a reciprocating engine aeroplane, the amount of fuel required to fly for 45 minutes plus 15 per cent of the flight time planned to be spent at cruising level, including final reserve fuel, or two hours, whichever is less; or Section 55(9)(f)(i) for a reciprocating engine aeroplane, the amount of fuel required to fly for 45 minutes plus 15 per cent of the flight time planned to be spent at cruising level, including final reserve fuel, or two hours, whichever is less; or Section 55(9)(f)(ii) for a turbine-engined aeroplane, the amount of fuel required to fly for two hours at normal cruise consumption above the destination aerodrome, including final reserve fuel; Section 55(9)(g) for a reciprocating engine aeroplane, the amount of fuel required to fly for 45 minutes; or Section 55(9)(g)(i) for a reciprocating engine aeroplane, the amount of fuel required to fly for 45 minutes; or Section 55(9)(g)(ii) for a turbine-engined aeroplane, the amount of fuel required to fly for 30 minutes at holding speed at 450 m (1 500 ft) above aerodrome elevation in standard conditions; Section 55(9)(h) additional fuel, which shall be the supplementary amount of fuel required to enable the aircraft to descend as necessary and proceed to land at an alternate aerodrome in the event of engine failure or loss of pressurization based on the assumption that such a failure occurs at the most critical point along the route; and Section 55(9)(i) discretionary fuel, which shall be the extra amount of fuel to be carried at the discretion of the pilot-in-command. Section 55(10) Operators should determine one final reserve fuel value for each aeroplane type and variant in their fleet rounded up to an easily recalled figure. Section 55(11) The use of fuel after flight commencement for purposes other than originally intended during pre-flight planning shall require a re-analysis and, if applicable, adjustment of the planned operation. Section 55(12) The operator shall establish policies and procedures to ensure that in-flight fuel checks and fuel management are performed. Section 55(13) The pilot-in-command shall continually ensure that the amount of usable fuel remaining on board is not less than the fuel required to proceed to an aerodrome where a safe landing can be made with the planned final reserve fuel remaining upon landing. Section 55(14) The pilot-in-command shall request delay information from ATC when unanticipated circumstances may result in landing at the destination aerodrome with less than the final reserve fuel plus any fuel required to proceed to an alternate aerodrome or the fuel required to operate to an isolated aerodrome. Section 55(15) The pilot-in-command shall advise ATC of a minimum fuel state by declaring MINIMUM FUEL when, having committed to land at a specific aerodrome, the pilot calculates that any change to the existing clearance to that aerodrome may result in landing with less than the planned final reserve fuel. Section 55(16) The pilot-in-command shall declare a situation of fuel emergency by broadcasting MAYDAY MAYDAYMAYDAY FUEL when the calculated usable fuel estimated to be available upon landing at the nearest aerodrome where a safe landing can be made is less than the planned final reserve fuel. Section 55(17)(a) en-route alternate aerodromes are identified; and Section 55(17)(b) the pilot-in-command has access to current information on the identified en-route alternate aerodromes, including operational status and meteorological conditions. Section 55(18) An aeroplane shall not be re-fuelled when passengers are embarking, on board or disembarking unless it is properly attended by qualified personnel ready to initiate and direct an evacuation of the aeroplane by the most practical and expeditious means available. Section 55(19) When re-fuelling with passengers embarking, on board or disembarking, two-way communication shall be maintained by the aeroplane's intercommunication system or other suitable means between the ground crew supervising the re-fuelling and the qualified personnel on board the aeroplane. Section 55(20)(a) all crew members and 10 per cent of the passengers for any period in excess of 30 minutes that the pressure in compartments occupied by them will be between 700 hPa and 620 hPa; and Section 55(20)(b) the crew and passengers for any period that the atmospheric pressure in compartments occupied by them will be less than 620 hPa; Section 55(21) A flight to be operated with a pressurized aeroplane shall not be commenced unless a sufficient quantity of stored breathing oxygen is carried to supply all the crew members and passengers, as is appropriate to the circumstances of the flight being undertaken, in the event of loss of pressurization, for any period that the atmospheric pressure in any compartment occupied by them would be less than 700 hPa and in addition, when an aeroplane is operated at flight altitudes at which the atmospheric pressure is less than 376 hPa, or which, if operated at flight altitudes at which the atmospheric pressure is more than 376 hPa and cannot descend safely within four minutes to a flight altitude at which the atmospheric pressure is equal to 620 hPa, there shall be no less than a 10-minute supply for the occupants of the passenger compartment.
56
LARGE AND TURBOJET AEROPLANES - 56. In-flight procedures.

AI-assisted research summary: Requires operators to include instrument-approach procedures in the aircraft operating manual; requires flight crew to use breathing oxygen when required and to have quick-donning oxygen masks available on certain pressurized aeroplanes; recommends pilots consider specific climb/descent rates to avoid ACAS II advisories.

Section 56. In-flight procedures. Section 56(1) In the aircraft operating manual recommended the operator shall include operating procedures for conducting instrument approaches. Section 56(2) All flight crew members, when engaged in performing duties essential to the safe operation of an aeroplane in flight, shall usebreathing oxygen continuously whenever the circumstances prevail for which its supply has been required in or under regulation 11(5). Section 56(3) All flight crew members of pressurized aeroplanes operating above an altitude where the atmospheric pressure is less than 376 hPa shall have available at the flight duty station a quick-donning type of oxygen mask which will readily supply oxygen upon demand. Section 56(4) Unless otherwise specified in an air traffic control instruction, to avoid unnecessary airborne collision avoidance system (ACAS II) resolution advisories in aircraft at or approaching adjacent altitudes or flight levels, pilots should consider using appropriate procedures to ensure that a rate of climb or descent of less than 8 m/s or 1500 ft/min (depending on the instrumentation available) is achieved throughout the last 300 m (1 000 ft) of climb or descent to the assigned altitude or flight level, when made aware of another aircraft at or approaching an adjacent altitude or flight level.
57
LARGE AND TURBOJET AEROPLANES - 57. Duties of pilot-in-command.

AI-assisted research summary: Requires the pilot-in-command to follow specified checklists, notify authorities of serious accidents, report defects to the operator at flight termination, and be responsible for the journey log book or general declaration; if the pilot is incapacitated the operator must notify authorities.

Section 57. Duties of pilot-in-command. Section 57(1) The pilot-in-command shall ensure that the checklists specified in regulation (54) (7) are complied with in detail. Section 57(2) The pilot-in-command shall be responsible for notifying the nearest appropriate authority by the quickest available means of any accident involving the aeroplane, resulting in serious injury or death of any person or substantial damage to the aeroplane or property and in the event that the pilot-in-command is incapacitated the operator shall take the forgoing action. Section 57(3) The pilot-in-command shall be responsible for reporting all known or suspected defects in the aeroplane, to the operator, at the termination of the flight. Section 57(4) The pilot-in-command shall be responsible for the journey log book or the general decclaration containing the information listed in regulation 40.
58
LARGE AND TURBOJET AEROPLANES - 58. Cabin baggage (take-off and landing).

AI-assisted research summary: Section 58 is titled "Cabin baggage (take-off and landing)."

Section 58. Cabin baggage (take-off and landing).
59
LARGE AND TURBOJET AEROPLANES - 59. Applicability.

AI-assisted research summary: Standards apply to aeroplanes over 5,700 kg certificated on or after 13 June 1960; aeroplanes must be operated within their certificate and approved flight manual limits; the Authority must take precautions to maintain safety; a person must not commence a flight unless flight manual performance information shows compliance with subregulations (2) to (5).

Section 59. Applicability. Section 59(1) The Standards contained in subregulations (2) to (5) of this regulation are applicable to aeroplanes over 5 700 kg certificated on or after 13 June 1960, in accordance with Civil Aviation (Airworthiness) Regulations. Section 59(2) An aeroplane shall be operated in compliance with the terms of its certificate of airworthiness and within the approved operating limitations contained in its flight manual. Section 59(3) The Authority shall take such precautions as are reasonably possible to ensure that the general level of safety contemplated by these provisions is maintained under all expected operating conditions, including those not covered specifically by the provisions of this Part. Section 59(4) A person shall not commence a flight unless the performance information provided in the flight manual indicates that subregulations (2) to (5) can be complied with for the flight to be undertaken. Section 59(5) In applying the Standards of this Part, account shall be taken of all factors that significantly affect the performance of the aeroplane (such as: mass, operating procedures, the pressure altitude appropriate to the elevation of the aerodrome, temperature, wind, runway gradient and condition of runway, that is, presence of slush, water or ice, for landplanes, water surface condition for seaplanes) and such factors shall be taken into account directly as operational parameters or indirectly by means of allowances or margins, which may be provided in the scheduling of performance data or in the comprehensive and detailed code of performance in accordance with which the aeroplane is being operated.
60
LARGE AND TURBOJET AEROPLANES - 60. Mass limitations take off.

AI-assisted research summary: Section 60 sets mass limits for take-off and requires the pilot in command to ensure safety margins for engine failure, runway length accounting, continued flight to suitable aerodromes, and safe landing within available landing distance.

Section 60. Mass limitations take off. Section 60(1) The mass of the aeroplane at the start of take-off shall not exceed the mass at which subregulation (2) is complied with, or the mass at which subregulation (3) and subregulation (4) are complied with, allowing for expected reductions in mass as the flight proceeds, and for such fuel jettisoning as is envisaged in applying subregulation (3) and subregulation (4) and, in respect of alternate aerodromes. Section 60(2) In no case shall the mass at the start of take-off exceed the maximum take-off mass specified in the flight manual for the pressure altitude appropriate to the elevation of the aerodrome, and if used as a parameter to determine the maximum take-off mass, any other local atmospheric condition. Section 60(3) In no case shall the estimated mass for the expected time of landing at the aerodrome of intended landing and at any destination alternate aerodrome, exceed the maximum landing mass specified in the flight manual for the pressure altitude appropriate to the elevation of those aerodromes, and if used as a parameter to determine the maximum landing mass, any other local atmospheric condition. Section 60(4) In no case shall the mass at the start of take-off, or at the expected time of landing at the aerodrome of intended landing and at any destination alternate aerodrome, exceed the relevant maximum masses at which compliance has been demonstrated with the Civil Aviation (Airworthiness) Regulations, unless otherwise authorized in exceptional circumstances for a certain aerodrome or a runway where there is no noise disturbance problem, by the competent authority of the State in which the aerodrome is situated. Section 60(5) The pilot in command shall ensure that the aeroplane is able, in the event of a critical engine failing at any point in the take-off, either to discontinue the take-off and stop within either the accelerate-stop distance available or the runway available, or to continue the take-off and clear all obstacles along the flight path by an adequate margin until the aeroplane is in a position to comply with subregulation (8). Section 60(6) The pilot in command in determining the length of the runway available, shall take account of the loss, if any, of runway length due to alignment of the aeroplane prior to take-off. Section 60(7) The pilot in command shall ensure that in the event of the critical engine becoming inoperative at any point along the route or planned diversions therefrom, to continue the flight to an aerodrome at which the standard of subregulation (9) can be met, without flying below the minimum obstacle clearance altitude at any point. Section 60(8) The pilot in command shall ensure that the aeroplane at the aerodrome of intended landing and at any alternate aerodrome, after clearing all obstacles in the approach path by a safe margin, is able to land, with assurance that it can come to a stop or, for a seaplane, to a satisfactorily low speed, within the landing distance available and allowance shall be made for expected variations in the approach and landing techniques, if such allowance has not been made in the scheduling of performance data.
61
LARGE AND TURBOJET AEROPLANES - 61. General.

AI-assisted research summary: Operators must include an Authority-approved MEL in the operations manual when an MMEL exists for the aircraft type, and must provide an aircraft operating manual for each aircraft type to operations staff and flight crew.

Section 61. General. Section 61(1) Where a Master Minimum Equipment List (MMEL) is established for the aircraft type, the operator shall include in the operations manual a Minimum Equipment List (MEL) approved by the Authority of the aeroplane which will enable the pilot-in-command to determine whether a flight may be commenced or continued from any intermediate stop should any instrument, equipment or systems become inoperative. Section 61(2) The operator shall provide operations staff and flight crew with an aircraft operating manual, for each aircraft type operated, containing the normal, abnormal and emergency procedures relating to the operation of the aircraft and the manual shall be consistent with the aircraft flight manual and checklists to be used and the design of the manual shall observe Human Factors principles.
62
LARGE AND TURBOJET AEROPLANES - 62. Aeroplanes on all flights.

AI-assisted research summary: Requirements for aeroplanes on all flights to carry specified safety, medical and operational equipment and documentation.

Section 62. Aeroplanes on all flights. Section 62(1)(a) accessible and adequate medical supplies in accordance to the Civil Aviation (Instrument and Equipment) Regulations, appropriate to the number of passengers the aeroplane is authorized to carry; Section 62(1)(b) a safety harness for each flight crew seat and the safety harness for each pilot seat which shall incorporate a device which will automatically restrain the occupant's torso in the event of rapid deceleration and the safety harness for each pilot seat shall incorporate a device to prevent a suddenly incapacitated pilot from interfering with the flight control; and Section 62(1)(c) when seat belts are to be fastened; Section 62(1)(c)(i) when seat belts are to be fastened; Section 62(1)(c)(ii) when and how oxygen equipment is to be used if the carriage of oxygen is required; Section 62(1)(c)(iii) restrictions on smoking; Section 62(1)(c)(iv) location and use of life jackets or equivalent individual flotation devices where their carriage is required; Section 62(1)(c)(v) location of emergency equipment; and Section 62(1)(c)(vi) location and method of opening emergency exits. Section 62(2)(a) the operations manual prescribed in regulation 77, or those parts of it that pertain to flight operations; Section 62(2)(b) the flight manual for the aeroplane, or other documents containing performance data required for the application of regulation 61 and any other information necessary for the operation of the aeroplane within the terms of its certificate of airworthiness, unless these data are available in the operations manual; and Section 62(2)(c) the checklists to which regulation (54) refers.
63
LARGE AND TURBOJET AEROPLANES - 63. Flight data recorders

AI-assisted research summary: Persons must not operate certain larger aeroplanes unless they are equipped with the specified type of flight data recorder (Type IA, Type I, or Type II) depending on aircraft mass and certificate issue date.

Section 63. Flight data recorders Section 63(1) A person shall not operate an aeroplane of a maximum certificated take-off mass of over 5 700 kg for which the individual certificate of airworthiness was first issued on or after the 1 st January 2005 unless the aeroplane is equipped with a Type IA FDR. Section 63(2) A person shall not operate an aeroplane of a maximum certificated take-off mass of over 27 000 kg for which the individual certificate of airworthiness was first issued on or after 1 st January 1989 unless the aeroplane is equipped with a Type I FDR. Section 63(3) All aeroplanes of a maximum certificated take-off mass of over 5 700 kg, up to and including 27 000 kg, for which the individual certificate of airworthiness is first issued on or after the 1 st January 1989, shall be equipped with a Type II FDR.
64
LARGE AND TURBOJET AEROPLANES - 64. Cockpit Voice Recorders.

AI-assisted research summary: Persons must not operate certain large turbine-engined aeroplanes unless the aircraft is equipped with a Cockpit Voice Recorder (CVR); very large aeroplanes first certificated on or after 2021 must have CVRs that retain at least the last 25 hours. Aeroplanes required to have both FDR and CVR may use two combined FDR/CVR recorders instead.

Section 64. Cockpit Voice Recorders. Section 64(1) A person shall not operate a turbine-engined aeroplane of a maximum certificated take-off mass of over 5 700 kg for which the application for type certification was submitted to a Contracting State on or after the 1 st January, 2016 and required to be operated by more than one pilot unless the aeroplane is equipped with a CVR. Section 64(2) A person shall not operate an aeroplane of a maximum certificated take-off mass of over 27 000 kg for which the individual certificate of airworthiness was first issued on or after the 1 st January, 1987 unless the aeroplane is equipped with a CVR. Section 64(3) A person shall not operate an aeroplane of a maximum certificated take-off mass of over 27 000 kg for which the individual certificate of airworthiness is first issued on or after the 1 st January 2021 unless the aeroplane is equipped with a CVR capable of retaining the information recorded during at least the last twenty-five hours of its operation. Section 64(4) All aeroplanes of a maximum certificated take-off mass over 5 700 kg, required to be equipped with an FDR and a CVR, may alternatively be equipped with two combination recorders (FDR/CVR).
65
LARGE AND TURBOJET AEROPLANES - 65. Aeroplanes on long-range over-water flights

AI-assisted research summary: Operators of aeroplanes on extended over-water flights must determine occupants' survival risks in the event of a ditching and must take into account relevant operating environment and conditions.

Section 65. Aeroplanes on long-range over-water flights Section 65(1) The operator of an aeroplane operated on an extended flight over water shall determine the risks to survival of the occupants of the aeroplane in the event of a ditching. Section 65(2) The operator shall take into account the operating environment and conditions such as, but not limited to, sea state and sea and air temperatures, the distance from land suitable for making an emergency landing, and the availability of search and rescue facilities. Section 65(3)(a) life-saving rafts in sufficient numbers to carry all persons on board, stowed so as to facilitate their ready use in emergency, provided with such lifesaving equipment, including means of sustaining life, as is appropriate to the flight to be undertaken; and Section 65(3)(b) life jackets and equivalent individual flotation device, when carried in accordance with regulation 20, shall be equippedwith a means of electric illumination for the purpose of facilitating the location of persons, except where the requirement of regulation 20 is met by the provision of individual flotation devices other than life jackets. Section 65(4)(a) be equipped with a device to provide positive warning to the flight crew of any dangerous loss of pressurization for pressurized aeroplanes intended to be operated at flight altitudes at which the atmospheric pressure is less than 376 hPa; Section 65(4)(b) be equipped with oxygen storage and dispensing apparatus capable of storing and dispensing the oxygen supplies required in regulation 9 for aeroplanes intended to be operated at flight altitudes at which the atmospheric pressure is less than 700 hPa in personnel compartments; Section 65(4)(c) be operated at flight altitudes at which the atmospheric pressure is less than 700 hPa but which is provided with means of maintaining pressures greater than 700 hPa in personnel; and Section 65(4)(d) have compartments to be provided with oxygen storage and dispensing apparatus capable of storing and dispensing the oxygen supplies required in regulation 9.
66
LARGE AND TURBOJET AEROPLANES - 66. Aeroplanes in icing conditions.

AI-assisted research summary: A person must not operate an aeroplane in icing conditions unless the aeroplane has suitable de-icing and anti-icing devices.

Section 66. Aeroplanes in icing conditions. Section A person shall not operate an aeroplane unless the aeroplane is equipped with suitable de-icing and anti-icing devices when operated in circumstances in which icing conditions are reported to exist or are expected to be encountered.
67
LARGE AND TURBOJET AEROPLANES - 67. Aeroplanes operated in accordance with the instrument flight rules.

AI-assisted research summary: Aeroplanes operated under the instrument flight rules (or when they cannot be maintained in a desired attitude without reference to one or more flight instruments) must be equipped with two independent altitude measuring and display systems.

Section 67. Aeroplanes operated in accordance with the instrument flight rules. Section In addition to the requirements contained in regulation 23, aeroplanes when operated in accordance with the instrument flight rules, or when the aeroplane cannot be maintained in a desired attitude without reference to one or more flight instruments, shall be equipped with two independent altitude measuring and display systems.
68
LARGE AND TURBOJET AEROPLANES - 68. Emergency power supply for electrically operated attitude indicating instruments.

AI-assisted research summary: Aeroplanes placed into service after 1 January 1975 must have an independent emergency power supply to operate and illuminate an attitude indicator (artificial horizon) for at least 30 minutes.

Section 68. Emergency power supply for electrically operated attitude indicating instruments. Section 68(1) Aeroplanes introduced into service after the 1 st January 1975 shall be fitted with an emergency power supply, independent of the main electrical generating system, for the purpose of operating and illuminating, for a minimum period of 30 minutes, an attitude indicating instrument (artificial horizon), clearly visible to the pilot-incommand. Section 68(2) The emergency power supply shall be automatically operative after the total failure of the main electrical generating system and clear indication shall be given on the instrument panel that the attitude indicator(s) is being operated by emergency power. Section 68(3) Aircraft with advanced cockpit automation systems (glass cockpits) shall have system redundancy that provides the flight crew with attitude, heading, airspeed and altitude indications in case of failure of the primary system or display. Section 68(4) Instruments that are used by any one pilot shall be arranged as to permit the pilot to see their indications readily from his or her station, with the minimum practicable deviation from the position and line of vision normally assumed when looking forward along the flight path.
69
LARGE AND TURBOJET AEROPLANES - 69. Pressurized aeroplanes when carrying passengers — weather-detecting equipment.

AI-assisted research summary: A person must not operate a pressurized aeroplane carrying passengers unless it has operative weather-detecting equipment capable of detecting thunderstorms where such conditions may be expected along the route (including at night or under instrument meteorological conditions).

Section 69. Pressurized aeroplanes when carrying passengers — weather-detecting equipment. Section 69(1) A person shall not operate a pressurized aeroplane when carrying passengers unless it is equipped with operative weatherdetecting equipment capable of detecting thunderstorms whenever such aeroplanes are being operated in areas where such conditions may be expected to exist along the route either at night or under instrument meteorological conditions. Section 69(2) Aeroplanes intended to be primarily operated above 15 000 m (49 000 ft) shall carry equipment to measure and indicate continuously the dose rate of total cosmic radiation being received (that is, the total of ionizing and neutron radiation of galactic and solar origin) and the cumulative dose on each flight and the display unit of the equipment shall be readily visible to a flight crew member.
70
LARGE AND TURBOJET AEROPLANES - 70. Aeroplanes carrying passengers — cabin crew seats.

AI-assisted research summary: Aeroplanes with certificates first issued on or after 1 January 1981 must have forward or rearward facing cabin crew seats with safety harnesses; those with certificates first issued before that date must have cabin crew seats near floor level and other emergency exits as required by the Authority.

Section 70. Aeroplanes carrying passengers — cabin crew seats. Section 70(1) Aeroplanes for which the individual certificate of airworthiness is first issued on or after the 1 st January, 1981, shall be equipped with a forward or rearward facing seat (within 15 degrees of the longitudinal axis of the aeroplane), fitted with a safety harness for the use of each cabin crew member required to satisfy the intent of regulation 89. Section 70(2) Aeroplanes for which the individual certificate of airworthiness was first issued before the 1st January, 1981 shall have Cabin crew seats provided in accordance with regulation 90 or regulation 91 located near floor level and other emergency exits as required by the Authority for emergency evacuation.
71
LARGE AND TURBOJET AEROPLANES - 71. Aeroplanes required to be equipped with an Airborne Collision Avoidance System (ACAS).

AI-assisted research summary: A person must not operate certain turbine-engine aeroplanes first certificated after 24 November 2005 unless the aeroplane is equipped with an Airborne Collision Avoidance System (ACAS II).

Section 71. Aeroplanes required to be equipped with an Airborne Collision Avoidance System (ACAS). Section 71(1) A person shall not operate a turbine-engine aeroplane of a maximum certificated take-off mass in excess of 15 000 kg, or authorized to carry more than 30 passengers, for which the individual airworthiness certificate was first issued after the 24th November, 2005, unless the aeroplane is equipped with an Airborne Collision Avoidance System (ACAS II). Section 71(2) All turbine-engined aeroplanes of a maximum certificated take-off mass in excess of 5 700 kg but not exceeding 15 000 kg, or authorized to carry more than 19 passengers, for which the individual airworthiness certificate is first issued after the 1 st January, 2008 shall be equipped with an Airborne Collision Avoidance System (ACAS II).
72
LARGE AND TURBOJET AEROPLANES - 72. Aeroplanes required to be equipped with a pressure-altitude reporting transponder.

AI-assisted research summary: Aeroplanes are required to be equipped with a pressure-altitude reporting transponder.

Section 72. Aeroplanes required to be equipped with a pressure-altitude reporting transponder.
73
LARGE AND TURBOJET AEROPLANES - 73. Communication equipment.

AI-assisted research summary: Section on communication equipment conducting two-way communication for aerodrome control purposes.

Section 73. Communication equipment. Section conducting two-way communication for aerodrome control purposes;
74
LARGE AND TURBOJET AEROPLANES - 74. Installation

AI-assisted research summary: Equipment installation must be arranged so that failure of any single unit (or combination of units) required for communications, navigation, or surveillance does not cause failure of another such unit.

Section 74. Installation Section The equipment installation shall be such that the failure of any single unit required for communications, navigation or surveillance purposes or any combination thereof will not result in the failure of another unit required for communications, navigation or surveillance purposes.
75
LARGE AND TURBOJET AEROPLANES - 75. Electronic navigation data management.

AI-assisted research summary: Operators of aeroplanes must not use electronic navigation data processed for air and ground application unless the Authority has approved their procedures; the Authority must ensure operators continue to monitor processes and products; operators must implement procedures to distribute and insert current and unaltered electronic navigation data to necessary aeroplanes.

Section 75. Electronic navigation data management. Section 75(1) The operator of an aeroplane shall not employ electronic navigation data products that have been processed for application in the air and on the ground unless the Authority has approved the operator's procedures for ensuring that the process applied and the products delivered have met acceptable standards of integrity and that the products are compatible with the intended function of the existing equipment. Section 75(2) The Authority shall ensure that the operator continues to monitor both the process and products. Section 75(3) The operator shall implement procedures that ensure the timely distribution and insertion of current and unaltered electronic navigation data to all necessary aeroplanes.
76
LARGE AND TURBOJET AEROPLANES - 76. Operator's maintenance resposnsibilities.

AI-assisted research summary: The operator must comply with regulation 38 and must ensure maintenance personnel receive initial and continuation training acceptable to the Authority, including human factors and coordination with other maintenance personnel and flight crew.

Section 76. Operator's maintenance resposnsibilities. Section 76(1) The operator shall comply with the requirements of regulation 38. Section 76(2) The operator shall ensure that all maintenance personnel receive initial and continuation training acceptable to the Authority and appropriate to their assigned tasks and responsibilities and this shall include human factors and coordination with other maintenance personnel and flight crew.
77
LARGE AND TURBOJET AEROPLANES - 77. Operator's maintenence control manual.

AI-assisted research summary: The operator must provide a maintenance control manual acceptable to the Authority for maintenance and operations personnel.

Section 77. Operator's maintenence control manual. Section The operator shall provide a maintenance control manual, acceptable to the Authority, as specified in regulation 86, for the use and guidance of maintenance and operations personnel. The design of the manual should observe Human Factors principles.
78
LARGE AND TURBOJET AEROPLANES - 78. Maintenance programme.

AI-assisted research summary: The operator must provide an Authority-acceptable maintenance programme with required information, ensure amendments are promptly furnished to recipients, and the programme's design and application must observe Human Factors principles.

Section 78. Maintenance programme. Section 78(1) The operator shall provide, for the use and guidance of maintenance and operational personnel concerned, a maintenance programme, acceptable to the Authority, containing the information required under regulation 87. Section 78(2) The design and application of the operator's maintenance programme shall observe Human Factors principles. Section 78(3) The operator shall ensure copies of all amendments to the maintenance programme shall be furnished promptly to all organizations or persons to whom the maintenance programme has been issued.
79
LARGE AND TURBOJET AEROPLANES - 79. Continuing airworthiness information.

AI-assisted research summary: Operators of aeroplanes must transmit continuing airworthiness information from maintenance and operational experience as required by the Civil Aviation (Airworthiness) Regulations.

Section 79. Continuing airworthiness information. Section The operator of an aeroplane, shall ensure that the information resulting from maintenance and operational experience with respect to continuing airworthiness, is transmitted as required by the Civil Aviation (Airworthiness) Regulations.
80
LARGE AND TURBOJET AEROPLANES - 80. Certificate of release to service.

AI-assisted research summary: The operator of an aeroplane must ensure a certificate of release to service is completed and signed to certify that maintenance was performed in accordance with the approved maintenance programme or other data and procedures acceptable to the Authority, and that the certificate includes specified details.

Section 80. Certificate of release to service. Section 80(1) The operator of an aeroplane shall ensure that a certificate of release to service is completed and signed, to certify that the maintenance work has been performed in accordance with the maintenance programme or other data and procedures acceptable to the Authority. Section 80(2)(a) basic details of the maintenance performed; Section 80(2)(b) the date such maintenance was completed; Section 80(2)(c) when applicable, the identity of the approved maintenance organization; and Section 80(2)(d) the identity of the person or persons signing the release.
81
LARGE AND TURBOJET AEROPLANES - 81. Composition of the flight crew.

AI-assisted research summary: Operators must designate a pilot as pilot-in-command for each flight; when a separate flight engineer’s station is part of the aeroplane design, the flight crew must include at least one flight engineer assigned to that station unless another crew member with a flight engineer licence can perform the duties without interference with regular duties.

Section 81. Composition of the flight crew. Section 81(1) The operator shall designate a pilot to act as pilot-in-command for each flight. Section 81(2) When a separate flight engineer’s station is incorporated in the design of an aeroplane, the flight crew shall include at least one flight engineer especially assigned to that station, unless the duties associated with that station can be satisfactorily performed by another flight crew member, holding a flight engineer licence, without interference with regular duties.
82
LARGE AND TURBOJET AEROPLANES - 82. Filght crew member emergency duties.

AI-assisted research summary: Operators must assign to all flight crew members the emergency functions they must perform for each type of aeroplane and must include recurrent training on those functions in the operator’s training programme.

Section 82. Filght crew member emergency duties. Section 82(1) The operator shall, for each type of aeroplane, assign to all flight crew members the necessary functions they are to perform in an emergency or in a situation requiring emergency evacuation. Section 82(2) Recurrent training in accomplishing these functions shall be contained in the operator’s training programme and shall include instruction in the use of all emergency and life-saving equipment required to be carried, and drills in the emergency evacuation of the aeroplane.
83
LARGE AND TURBOJET AEROPLANES - 83. Flight crew member training programmes.

AI-assisted research summary: The operator must establish and maintain a training programme acceptable to the Authority to ensure trainees acquire and maintain competency for assigned duties, including human performance skills.

Section 83. Flight crew member training programmes. Section 83(1) The operator shall establish and maintain a training programme, acceptable to the Authority that is designed to ensure that a person who receives training acquires and maintains the competency to perform assigned duties, including skills related to human performance. Section 83(2) Ground and flight training programmes shall be established, either through internal programmes or through a training services provider, and shall include or make reference to a syllabus for those training programmes in the company operations manual. Section 83(3) The training programme shall include training to competency for all equipment installed. Section 83(4) Flight simulators should be used to the maximum extent practicable for initial and annual recurrent training.
84
LARGE AND TURBOJET AEROPLANES - 84. Flight crew member licensing.

AI-assisted research summary: Operators must ensure flight crew hold valid licences, are properly rated and competent; provide ACAS II training where fitted; perform periodic competence checks; and may not assign pilots or co-pilots for command, take-off or landing unless they have at least three takeoffs and landings in the preceding 90 days on the same type or approved simulator.

Section 84. Flight crew member licensing. Section 84(1)(a) ensure that each flight crew member assigned to duty holds a valid licence issued by the Authority, or if issued by another Contracting State, rendered valid by the Authority; Section 84(1)(b) ensure that flight crew members are properly rated; and Section 84(1)(c) be satisfied that flight crew members are competent to carry out assigned duties. Section 84(2) The operator of an aeroplane equipped with an Airborne Collision Avoidance System (ACAS II) shall ensure that each flight crew member has been appropriately trained to competency in the use of ACAS II equipment and the avoidance of collisions. Section 84(3) The operator shall not assign a pilot to act as pilot-in-command of an aeroplane unless that pilot has made at least three takeoffs and landings within the preceding 90 days on the same type of aeroplane or in a flight simulator approved for the purpose. Section 84(4) The operator shall not assign a co-pilot to operate at the flight controls of an aeroplane during take-off and landing unless that pilot has made at least three take-offs and landings within the preceding 90 days on the same type of aeroplane or in a flight simulator approved for the purpose. Section 84(5) The operator shall ensure that piloting technique and the ability to execute emergency procedures is checked periodically in such a way as to demonstrate the pilot’s competence and where the operation may be conducted under the instrument flight rules, the operator shall ensure that the pilot’s competence to comply with such rules is demonstrated to either a check pilot of the operator or a representative of the State issuing the pilot licence.
85
LARGE AND TURBOJET AEROPLANES - 85. Flight Operations Officer/Flight Dispatcher.

AI-assisted research summary: Section 85: Flight Operations Officer/Flight Dispatcher.

Section 85. Flight Operations Officer/Flight Dispatcher.
86
LARGE AND TURBOJET AEROPLANES - 86. Operator's maintenance control manual.

AI-assisted research summary: Requires the operator's maintenance control manual to set out the means for complying with the procedures required by regulation 76(1).

Section 86. Operator's maintenance control manual. Section the means for complying with the procedures required by regulation 76(1);
87
LARGE AND TURBOJET AEROPLANES - 87. Maintenance programme.

AI-assisted research summary: Section 87 sets required content for a maintenance programme for large and turbojet aeroplanes, including tasks and intervals, structural integrity programmes when applicable, approved procedures for deviations, and approved condition monitoring and reliability programme descriptions.

Section 87. Maintenance programme. Section 87(1)(a) maintenance tasks and the intervals at which these are to be performed, taking into account the anticipated utilization of the aeroplane; Section 87(1)(b) when applicable, a continuing structural integrity programme; Section 87(1)(c) procedures for changing or deviating from paragraphs(a) and (b) above as approved by the Authority; and Section 87(1)(d) when applicable and approved by the Authority, condition monitoring and reliability programme descriptions for aircraft systems, components and engines. Section 87(2) Maintenance tasks and intervals that have been specified as mandatory in approval of the type design, or approved changes to the maintenance programme, shall be identified as such. Section 87(3) The maintenance programme shall be based on maintenance programme information made available by the State of Design or by the organization responsible for the type design, and any additional applicable experience.
88
LARGE AND TURBOJET AEROPLANES - 88. Flight recorder records.

AI-assisted research summary: Flight recorder records.

Section 88. Flight recorder records.
89
LARGE AND TURBOJET AEROPLANES - 89. Assignment of emergency duties

AI-assisted research summary: Operators must determine cabin crew requirements by aeroplane type based on seating capacity or number of passengers to enable safe evacuation, and must assign the necessary emergency functions for each aeroplane type.

Section 89. Assignment of emergency duties Section 89(1) The requirement for cabin crew for each type of aeroplane shall be determined by the operator, based on seating capacity or the number of passengers carried, in order to effect a safe and expeditious evacuation of the aeroplane, and the necessary functions to be performed in an emergency or a situation requiring emergency evacuation. Section 89(2) The operator shall assign these functions for each type of aeroplane.
90
LARGE AND TURBOJET AEROPLANES - 90. Cabin crew at emergency evacuation stations

AI-assisted research summary: When required by the Authority, cabin crew members assigned to emergency evacuation duties must occupy a seat provided in accordance with regulation 71 during take-off and landing and whenever the pilot-in-command directs.

Section 90. Cabin crew at emergency evacuation stations Section When cabin crew are required by the Authority, each cabin crew member assigned to emergency evacuation duties shall occupy a seat provided in accordance with regulation 71 during take-off and landing and whenever the pilot-in-command so directs.
91
LARGE AND TURBOJET AEROPLANES - 91. Protection of cabin crew during flight

AI-assisted research summary: Each cabin crew member must be seated with a seat belt on or, if provided, a safety harness fastened during take-off and landing and whenever directed by the pilot-in-command.

Section 91. Protection of cabin crew during flight Section Each cabin crew member shall be seated with seat belt on or, when provided, safety harness fastened during take-off and landing and whenever the pilot-in-command so directs.
92
LARGE AND TURBOJET AEROPLANES - 92. Training

AI-assisted research summary: The operator must ensure all persons complete a training programme before being assigned as cabin crew; the operator should establish and maintain a cabin crew training programme including a syllabus and human factors training.

Section 92. Training Section 92(1) The operator shall ensure that a training programme is completed by all persons before being assigned as a cabin crew member. Section 92(2) The operator should establish and maintain a cabin crew training programme that is designed to ensure that persons who receive training acquire the competency to perform their assigned duties and includes or makes reference to a syllabus for the training programme in the company operations manual and the training programme should include human factors training.
93
LARGE AND TURBOJET AEROPLANES - 93. Reporting acts of unlawful interference

AI-assisted research summary: After an act of unlawful interference, the pilot-in-command must submit a report of the act to the designated local authority.

Section 93. Reporting acts of unlawful interference Section Following an act of unlawful interference, the pilot-in-command shall submit a report of such an act to the designated local authority.
94
LARGE AND TURBOJET AEROPLANES - 94. Security programme

AI-assisted research summary: The operator must have a written security programme and ensure crew act to minimize consequences of unlawful interference; the programme must address specified elements (94(2)(a)–(f)).

Section 94. Security programme Section 94(1) The operator shall establish, implement and maintain a written operator security program that ensures crew members act in the most appropriate manner to minimize the consequences of acts of unlawful interference. Section 94(2)(a) determination of the seriousness of any occurrence; Section 94(2)(b) crew communication and coordination; Section 94(2)(c) appropriate self-defence responses; Section 94(2)(d) use of non-lethal protective devices assigned to crew members whose use is authorized by the Authority; Section 94(2)(e) cockpit procedures to protect the aircraft; and Section 94(2)(f) aircraft search procedures and guidance on least-risk bomb locations where practicable.

Part IV

EXEMPTION

95
EXEMPTION - 95. Requirement for application

AI-assisted research summary: A person may apply to the Authority for an exemption; applications must be submitted at least sixty days before the proposed effective date; the application must include contact details; the application must be accompanied by a fee specified by the Authority.

Section 95. Requirement for application Section 95(1) A person may apply to the Authority for an exemption from any of these Regulations. Section 95(2) An application for exemption shall be submitted at least sixty days in advance of the proposed effective date. Section 95(3)(a) physical address and mailing address; Section 95(3)(b) telephone number; Section 95(3)(c) fax number if available; and Section 95(3)(d) email address if available. Section 95(4) The application shall be accompanied by a fee specified by the Authority, for technical evaluation.
96
EXEMPTION - 96. Request for exemption

AI-assisted research summary: Applicants for an exemption must include specified information (items (a)–(h)); applicants seeking emergency processing must supply supporting facts explaining the delay and emergency; the Authority may deny an application if the applicant fails to justify the untimely filing.

Section 96. Request for exemption Section 96(1)(a) a citation of the specific requirement from which the applicant seeks exemption; Section 96(1)(b) an explanation of why the exemption is needed; Section 96(1)(c) a description of the type of operations to be conducted under the proposed exemption; Section 96(1)(d) the proposed duration of the exemption; Section 96(1)(e) an explanation of how the exemption would be in the public interest, that is, benefit the public as a whole; Section 96(1)(f) a detailed description of the alternative means by which the applicant will ensure a level of safety equivalent to that established by the regulation in question; Section 96(1)(g) a review and discussion of any known safety concerns with the requirement, including information about any relevant accidents or incidents of which the applicant is aware; and Section 96(1)(h) if the applicant seeks to operate under the proposed exemption outside of the Kenya airspace, the application shall indicate whether the exemption would contravene any provision of the Standards and Recommended Practices of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) as well as the Regulations pertaining to the airspace in which the operation will occur. Section 96(2) Where the applicant seeks emergency processing, the application must contain supporting facts and reasons that the application was not timely filed, and the reasons it is an emergency. Section 96(3) The Authority may deny an application if the Authority finds that the applicant has not justified the failure to apply for an exemption in a timely fashion.
97
EXEMPTION - 97. Initial review by the Authority

AI-assisted research summary: The Authority must review applications for accuracy and compliance with Regulations 95 and 96; if meritorious it must publish a detailed summary for comment and specify a comments deadline; if filing requirements are unmet it must notify the applicant and take no further action until corrected; for emergency relief it must publish the application or decision as soon as possible after processing.

Section 97. Initial review by the Authority Section 97(1) The Authority shall review the application for accuracy and compliance with the requirements of Regulations 95 and 96. Section 97(2) If the application appears on its face to satisfy the provisions of this regulation and the Authority determines that a review of its merits is justified, the Authority will publish a detailed summary of the application in the Kenya Gazette, aeronautical information circular or at least one local daily newspaper for comment and specify the date by which comments must be received by the Authority for consideration. Section 97(3) Where the filing requirements of Regulations 95 and 96 have not been met, the Authority will notify the applicant and take no further action until and unless the applicant corrects the application and re-files it in accordance with these Regulations. Section 97(4) If the request is for emergency relief, the Authority shall publish the application or the Authority’s decision as soon as possible after processing the application.
98
EXEMPTION - 98. Evaluation of the request

AI-assisted research summary: The Authority must notify the applicant by letter and publish a detailed summary of its evaluation and decision; it must publish the summary in the Aeronautical Information Circular if the exemption affects a significant population; the Authority may deny the exemption if a technical evaluation would impose a significant burden on its technical resources.

Section 98. Evaluation of the request Section 98(1)(a) determination of whether an exemption would be in the public interest; Section 98(1)(b) a determination, after a technical evaluation of whether the applicant’s proposal would provide a level of safety equivalent to that established by the regulation, although where the Authority decides that a technical evaluation of the request would impose a significant burden on the Authority’s technical resources, the Authority may deny the exemption on that basis; Section 98(1)(c) a determination of whether a grant of the exemption would contravene the applicable ICAO Standards and Recommended Practices; and Section 98(1)(d) a recommendation based on the preceding elements, of whether the request should be granted or denied, and of any conditions or limitations that should be part of the exemption. Section 98(2) The Authority shall notify the applicant by letter and publish a detailed summary of its evaluation and decision to grant or deny the request. Section 98(3) The summary referred to in subregulation (2) shall specify the duration of the exemption and any conditions or limitations of the exemption. Section 98(4) If the exemption affects a significant population of the aviation community of the Kenya the Authority shall publish the summary in the Aeronautical Information Circular.

Part V

GENERAL PROVISIONS

100
GENERAL PROVISIONS - 100. Drug and alcohol testing and reporting

AI-assisted research summary: Any person who performs any function related to operation of aircraft under these Regulations may be tested for drug or alcohol usage; testing is linked to (2)(a) testing positive, (2)(b) refusing to submit, or (2)(c) refusing to furnish or authorise release of results requested by the Authority.

Section 100. Drug and alcohol testing and reporting Section 100(1) Any person who performs any function related to operation of aircraft under these Regulations may be tested for drug or alcohol usage. Section 100(2)(a) tests positive for drug or alcohol usage; Section 100(2)(b) refuses to submit to a test; or Section 100(2)(c) refuses to furnish or to authorise the release of the test results requested by the Authority.
101
GENERAL PROVISIONS - 101. Inspection of licences and certificates

AI-assisted research summary: People who hold licences, certificates, authorisations or other required documents must present them for inspection when requested by the Authority or a person authorised by the Authority.

Section 101. Inspection of licences and certificates Section A person who holds a licence, certificate, authorisation or such other document required by these Regulations shall present it for inspection upon a request from the Authority or any person authorized by the Authority.
102
GENERAL PROVISIONS - 102. Change of name

AI-assisted research summary: Holders may apply to change the name on licences or similar documents by providing supporting legal documents; the Authority may amend and replace such documents and must return originals and endorsed replacements.

Section 102. Change of name Section 102(1) A holder of a licence, certificate, authorisation or other document issued under by the Authority may apply to change the name on a licence, certificate, authorisation or such other document. Section 102(2)(a) a court order, or other legal document verifying the name change; and Section 102(2)(b) the current licence, certificate, authorisation or such other document sought to be amended. Section 102(3) The Authority may change the licence, certificate, authorisation or such other document and issue a replacement thereof. Section 102(4) The Authority shall return to the holder the original documents specified in subregulation 2(b) and retain copies thereof and return the replaced licence, certificate or authorisation with the appropriate endorsement. Section 102(5) A licence, certificate, authorisation or such other document issued to a person under these Regulations is not transferable.
103
GENERAL PROVISIONS - 103. Change of address

AI-assisted research summary: A person must notify the Authority of a change in physical address within the time frame specified in subregulation (1); failure to notify prevents exercising the privileges of the certificate or authorisation.

Section 103. Change of address Section 103(1)(a) physical address, at least fourteen days in advance; and Section 103(1)(b) mailing address upon the change. Section 103(2) A person who does not notify the Authority of the change in the physical address within the time frame specified in subregulation (1) shall not exercise the privileges of the certificate or authorisation.
104
GENERAL PROVISIONS - 104. Replacement of documents

AI-assisted research summary: A person may apply to the Authority in the prescribed form to replace documents that are lost or destroyed.

Section 104. Replacement of documents Section A person may apply to the Authority in the prescribed form for replacement of documents issued under these Regulations if the documents are lost or destroyed.
105
GENERAL PROVISIONS - 105. Certificate suspension and revocations

AI-assisted research summary: The Authority may suspend, revoke, vary or prevent flying of certificates or persons/aircraft in the public interest; holders must surrender revoked, suspended or varied documents within 14 days.

Section 105. Certificate suspension and revocations Section 105(1) The Authority may, where it considers it to be in the public interest, suspend provisionally, pending further investigation, any certificate, approval, permission, exemption, authorisation or such other document issued, granted or having effect under these Regulations. Section 105(2) The Authority may, upon the completion of an investigation which has shown sufficient ground to its satisfaction and where it considers it to be in the public interest, revoke, suspend, or vary any certificate, approval, permission, exemption or such other document issued or granted under these Regulations. Section 105(3) The Authority may, where it considersit to be in the public interest, prevent any person or aircraft from flying. Section 105(4) A holder or any person having the possession or custody of any certificate, approval, permission, exemption or such other documents which has been revoked, suspended or varied under these Regulations shall surrender it to the Authority within 14 days from the date of revocation, suspension or variation. Section 105(5) The breach of any condition subject to which any certificate, approval, permission, exemption or any other document has been granted or issued under these Regulations shall render the document invalid during the continuance of the breach.
106
GENERAL PROVISIONS - 106. Use and retention of certificates and records

AI-assisted research summary: Prohibits a person from mutilating, altering, destroying or falsifying records required by the Regulations, and prohibits a person from purporting to issue certificates, documents or exemptions unless authorised by the Authority.

Section 106. Use and retention of certificates and records Section 106(1)(a) use any certificate, approval, permission, exemption or such other document issued or required by or under these Regulations which has been forged, altered, revoked, or suspended, or to which he is not entitled; Section 106(1)(b) forge or alter any certificate, approval, permission, exemption or such other document issued or required by or under these Regulations; Section 106(1)(c) lend any certificate, approval, permission, exemption or such other document issued or required by or under these Regulations to any other person; or Section 106(1)(d) make any false representation for the purpose of procuring for himself or any other person the issue renewal or variation of any such certificate, approval, permission or exemption or such other document. Section 106(2) During the period for which it is required under these Regulations to be preserved, a person shall not mutilate, alter, render illegible or destroy any records, or any entry made therein, required by or under these Regulations to be maintained, or knowingly make, or procure or assist in the making of, any false entry in any such record, or wilfully omit to make a material entry in such record. Section 106(3) All records required to be maintained by or under these Regulations shall be recorded in a permanent and indelible material. Section 106(4) A person shall not purport to issue any certificate, document or exemption under these Regulations unless he is authorised to do so by the Authority.
107
GENERAL PROVISIONS - 107. Reports of violation

AI-assisted research summary: Anyone who knows of a violation must report it to the Authority; the Authority will decide whether further investigation or enforcement is needed.

Section 107. Reports of violation Section 107(1) Any person who knows of a violation of the Act, any amendment thereto, or any rule, regulation, or order issued there under, shall report it to the Authority. Section 107(2) The Authority will determine the nature and type of any additional investigation or enforcement action that need be taken.
108
GENERAL PROVISIONS - 108. Enforcement of directions

AI-assisted research summary: The Authority must take enforcement action against regulated entities that fail to comply with these Regulations. Inspectors with valid delegations must take necessary action to preserve safety when an undesirable condition is detected.

Section 108. Enforcement of directions Section 108(1) The Authority shall take enforcement action on any regulated entity that fails to comply with the provisions of these Regulations. Section 108(2) Inspectors of the Authority holding valid delegations shall take necessary action to preserve safety where an undesirable condition has been detected. Section 108(3)(a) in the case of a regulated entity, imposition of operating restrictions until such a time that the existing undesirable condition has been resolved; and Section 108(3)(b) in the case of a licensed personnel, require that the individual does not exercise the privileges of the license until such a time that the undesirable condition has been resolved. Section 108(4) In carrying out the enforcement actions pursuant to the provisions of subregulation (2), the inspectors of the Authority shall invoke the powers with due care and act in good faith in the interest of preserving safety.
109
GENERAL PROVISIONS - 109. Aeronautical user fees

AI-assisted research summary: The Authority may set aeronautical fees; applicants must pay prescribed fees before applications are entertained; the Authority will not refund payments if an application is withdrawn, ceases to have effect, or is refused.

Section 109. Aeronautical user fees Section 109(1) The Authority may notify the fees to be charged in connection with the issue, validation, renewal, extension or variation of any certificate, licence or such other document, including the issue of a copy thereof, or the undergoing of any examination, test, inspection or investigation or the grant of any permission or approval, required by, or for the purpose of these Regulations any orders, notices or proclamations made there under. Section 109(2) Upon an application being made in connection with which any fee is chargeable in accordance with the provisions of subregulation (1), the applicant shall be required, before the application is entertained, to pay the prescribed fees. Section 109(3) If, after that payment has been made, the application is withdrawn by the applicant or otherwise ceases to have effect or is refused, the Authority, shall not refund any payment made.
110
GENERAL PROVISIONS - 110. Application of regulations to Government and visiting forces, etc.

AI-assisted research summary: These Regulations apply to non-military aircraft and the department or authority managing such an aircraft is treated as its operator (and, for Government aircraft, as owner); naval, military and air force authorities and visiting forces and their property are exempt to the same extent as if they were part of Kenya's military.

Section 110. Application of regulations to Government and visiting forces, etc. Section 110(1) These Regulations shall apply to aircraft, not being a military aircraft belonging to or exclusively employed in the service of the Government, and for the purposes of such application, the department or other authority for the time being responsible for management of the aircraft shall be deemed to be the operator of the aircraft, and in the case of an aircraft belonging to the Government, to be the owner of the interest of the Government in the aircraft. Section 110(2) Except as otherwise expressly provided, the naval, military and air force authorities and member of any visiting force and property held or used for the purpose of such a force shall be exempt from the provision of these regulations to the same extent as if the visiting force formed part of the military force of the Kenya.
111
GENERAL PROVISIONS - 111. Extra-territorial application of Regulations

AI-assisted research summary: Regulations that apply to aircraft registered in Kenya apply to those aircraft wherever they may be.

Section 111. Extra-territorial application of Regulations Section in so far as they apply, whether by express reference or otherwise, to aircraft registered in Kenya, apply to such aircraft wherever they may be;
112
GENERAL PROVISIONS - 112. Flights over any foreign country

AI-assisted research summary: Operators or pilots of Kenyan-registered aircraft flying over a foreign State must not allow the aircraft to be used for purposes prejudicial to that States security, public order, public health or safety of air navigation; limited defences apply for lack of knowledge and certain authorised directions.

Section 112. Flights over any foreign country Section 112(1) The operator or pilot-in-command of an aircraft registered in the Kenya (or, if the operator’s principal place of business or permanent residence is in the Kenya, any other aircraft) which is being flown over any foreign State shall not allow that aircraft to be used for a purpose which is prejudicial to the security, public order or public health of, or to the safety of air navigation in relation to that State. Section 112(2) A person does not contravene subregulation (1) if that person neither knew nor had reasons to suspect that the aircraft was being or was to be used for a purpose referred to in subregulation (1). Section 112(3)(a) the flight has not been duly authorised; or Section 112(3)(b) there are reasonable grounds for the appropriate aeronautical authorities to believe that the aircraft is being or will be used for a purpose which is prejudicial to the security, public order or public health of, or to the safety of air navigation in relation to that State, unless the lives of persons on board or the safety of the aircraft would thereby be endangered. Section 112(4) A person does not contravene subregulation (3) if he neither knew nor suspected that the directions were being given by the appropriate aeronautical authorities. Section 112(5) The requirement in subregulation (3) shall not prejudice the need to comply with other requirements or directions of aeronautical authority. Section 112(6) In this regulation “appropriate aeronautical authorities” includes any person, whether a member of a country’s military or civil authorities, authorised under the law of the foreign State to issue directions to aircraft flying over that State.
99
GENERAL PROVISIONS - 99. Possession of the licence

AI-assisted research summary: Licence holders must keep the licence, certificate, authorisation or other document in their physical possession or at the work site while exercising its privileges; flight crew of foreign registered aircraft must hold and possess a valid licence, certificate or authorisation when exercising its privileges.

Section 99. Possession of the licence Section 99(1) A holder of a licence, certificate or authorisation or other document issued by the Authority shall have in his physical possession or at the work site when exercising the privileges of that licence, certificate, authorisation or such other document. Section 99(2) A flight crew of a foreign registered aircraft shall hold a valid licence, certificate or authorisation and have in his physical possession or at the work site when exercising the privileges of that licence, certificate or authorisation.

Part VI

GENERAL PROVISIONS

113
GENERAL PROVISIONS - 113. Contravention of Regulations

AI-assisted research summary: A person who breaches these Regulations may have their licence, certificate, approval, authorization, exemption or other document revoked or suspended.

Section 113. Contravention of Regulations Section A person who contravenes any provision of these Regulations may have his licence, certificate, approval, authorization, exemption or other document revoked or suspended.
114
GENERAL PROVISIONS - 114. Appeals to the Tribunal

AI-assisted research summary: A person aggrieved by a decision of the Authority under these regulations may appeal to the tribunal within twenty one days.

Section 114. Appeals to the Tribunal Section A person who is aggrieved with the decision of the Authority under these regulations may within twenty one days appeal to the tribunal.
115
GENERAL PROVISIONS - 115. Offences

AI-assisted research summary: Operators and pilots are treated as having contravened aircraft-related provisions unless they prove no consent and they exercised due diligence; certain contraventions are classified as A or B with fines and/or imprisonment specified, and other contraventions carry fines that increase on repeat conviction.

Section 115. Offences Section 115(1) If any provision of these Regulations, is contravened in relation to an aircraft, the operator of that aircraft and the pilot in command, if the operator or the pilot in command is not the person who contravened that provision shall, without prejudice to the liability of any other person under these Regulations for that contravention, be deemed to have contravened that provision unless he or she proves that the contravention occurred without his consent or connivance and that he or she exercised all due diligence to prevent the contravention. Section 115(2) A person who contravenes any provision specified as an “A” provision in the Fifth Schedule to these Regulations commits an offence and is liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding one million shillings for each offence and or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding one year or to both. Section 115(3) A person who contravenes any provision specified as a “B” provision in the Fifth Schedule to these Regulations commits an offence and is liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding two million shillings for each offence and or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding three years or to both. Section 115(4) A person who contravenes any provision of these Regulations not being a provision referred to in the Fifth Schedule to these Regulations commits an offence and is liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding two million shillings, and in the case of a second or subsequent conviction for the like offence to a fine not exceeding four million shillings.
116
GENERAL PROVISIONS - 116. Transitional

AI-assisted research summary: Persons carrying out activities affected by these Regulations at commencement must, within one year (or longer if the Cabinet Secretary allows by Gazette notice), either comply with the Regulations' requirements or stop those activities.

Section 116. Transitional Section 116(1) A licence, certificate, permit or authorization issued or granted by the Authority before the commencement of these Regulations shall remain operational until it expires or is revoked, annulled or replaced. Section 116(2) Notwithstanding any other provision of these Regulations, a person who at the commencement of these Regulations, is carrying out any acts, duties or operations affected by these Regulations shall, within one (1) year from the date of commencement, or within such longer time that the Cabinet Secretary may, by notice in the Gazette prescribe, comply with the requirements of these Regulations or cease to carry out such acts, duties or operations.

Provision text is displayed from LexChat’s stored statute record. Use the official source links to verify amendments, commencement, and current legal force.

About this LexChat collection

Publisher and coverage

LexChat is published by Esheria. Coverage reflects the legislation currently mapped from identified source collections; it may be incomplete, delayed, or later corrected. The official source controls where it differs from this research page.

AI and research method

AI-generated material is explicitly labelled and published only through LexChat's quality controls. It is a research aid, not the source document.

Corrections and reporting

Report a source mismatch, factual issue, personal-data concern, or licensing question to support@esheria.co.ke. Include this page's URL and the supporting official source so the record can be reviewed, corrected, restricted, or withdrawn.

Legal-information disclaimer

LexChat provides legal information and research tools, not legal advice. Verify currency, status, citations, and jurisdiction with authoritative sources and a qualified professional where appropriate.

The Civil Aviation (Operation of Aircraft-General Aviation Aeroplanes) Regulations, 2018

About this statute

Search within this statute

Provisions of The Civil Aviation (Operation of Aircraft-General Aviation Aeroplanes) Regulations, 2018

PRELIMINARY PROVISIONS

GENERAL AVIATION REGULATIONS

LARGE AND TURBOJET AEROPLANES

EXEMPTION

GENERAL PROVISIONS

GENERAL PROVISIONS

Ask AI about this statute

Sign in to ask AI about this statute