Regulation No: 2025/R-25 MCAR-2 Rules of the Air

` Volume: 54 Issue: 35 Date: 21 Shaaban 1446 – 20 February 2025 Thursday Regulation No: 2025/R-25 MCAR-2 Rules of the Air • For publication of regulations and The President’s Office guidelines in the Gazette, send to Boduthakurufaanu Magu legalaffairs@po.gov.mv Male, Maldives’ Phone: 3336211 Mobile: 7242885 Website: www.gazette.gov.mv Volume: 54 Issue No: 35 Regulation No: 2025/R-25 Government Gazette Maldives Civil Aviation Authority Republic of Maldives Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR-2 Rules of the Air Issue 4.00, 20 February 2025 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR 2 – Rules of the Air Maldives Civil Aviation Authority Foreword Foreword Maldives Civil Aviation Authority, in exercise of the powers conferred on it under Articles 5 and 6 of the Maldives Civil Aviation Authority Act 2/2012 has developed this Regulation. This Regulation shall be cited as ‘MCAR 2 – Rules of the Air’ and shall come into force on 20th February 2025. Existing aviation requirements in the field of Air Navigation as listed in MCAR-2 Rules of the Air dated 15th January 2025 will be repealed as of 20th February 2025. Definitions of the terms and abbreviations used in this Regulation, unless the context requires otherwise, are in MCAR-1 Definitions and Abbreviations. Issue: 4.00 ii 20 February 2025 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR 2 – Rules of the Air Maldives Civil Aviation Authority List of Amendments List of Amendments Rev # Date Remarks Issue 1.00 2009-11-01 Initial issue Issue 2.00 2014-09-01 Incorporated ICAO Annex 2, 10th Edition Amendment 43 Incorporated ICAO Annex 2, 11th Edition (from Amendment 44- Issue 3.00 2025-01-15 48) Issue 4.00 2025-02-20 Changes to 5.1.2 of Chapter 5 and 5.2.2 of Appendix 1 Issue: 4.00 iii 20 February 2025 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR 2 – Rules of the Air Maldives Civil Aviation Authority List of Effective Pages List of Effective Pages Chapter Part Page Amendment Date Foreword ii Issue: 4.00 20 Feb 2025 List of Amendments iii Issue: 4.00 20 Feb 2025 List of Effective Pages iv-v Issue: 4.00 20 Feb 2025 Table of Contents vi-vii Issue: 4.00 20 Feb 2025 Chapter 1 Definitions 7 Issue: 4.00 20 Feb 2025 Chapter 2 Applicability of the Rules of the Air 8-9 Issue: 4.00 20 Feb 2025 Chapter 3 General Rules 10-25 Issue: 4.00 20 Feb 2025 Chapter 4 Visual flight rules 26-27 Issue: 4.00 20 Feb 2025 Chapter 5 Instrument flight rules 28-29 Issue: 4.00 20 FEB 2025 Appendix 1 Signals 30-50 Issue: 4.00 20 Feb 2025 Appendix 2 Interception of Civil Aircraft 51-52 Issue: 4.00 20 Feb 2025 Appendix 3 Table of cruising levels 53-57 Issue: 4.00 20 Feb 2025 Appendix 4 Remotely piloted Aircraft systems 58-61 Issue: 4.00 20 Feb 2025 Appendix 5 Unmanned Free Balloons 62-67 Issue: 4.00 20 Feb 2025 Attachment 1 Interception of Civil Aircraft 68-73 Issue: 4.00 20 Feb 2025 Attachment 2 Unlawful Interference 74 Issue: 4.00 20 Feb 2025 Issue: 4.00 iv 20 February 2025 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR 2 – Rules of the Air Maldives Civil Aviation Authority Table of Contents Table of Contents Foreword -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ii List of Amendments ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ iii List of Effective Pages ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ iv Table of Contents -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------v CHAPTER 1 DEFINITIONS 7 CHAPTER 2 APPLICABILITY OF THE RULES OF THE AIR 8 2.1 Territorial application of the rules of the air ----------------------------------------------------- 8 2.2 Compliance with the rules of the air ---------------------------------------------------------------- 8 2.3 Responsibility for compliance with the rules of the air --------------------------------------- 8 2.4 Authority of pilot-in-command of an aircraft ---------------------------------------------------- 9 2.5 Problematic use of psychoactive substances ---------------------------------------------------- 9 CHAPTER 3 GENERAL RULES 10 3.1 Protection of persons and property --------------------------------------------------------------- 10 3.2 Avoidance of collisions --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 12 3.3 Flight plans -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 16 3.4 Signals -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 18 3.5 Time ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 19 3.6 Air traffic control service ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 19 3.7 Unlawful interference ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 23 3.8 Interception ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 24 3.9 VMC visibility and distance from cloud minima ------------------------------------------------ 24 CHAPTER 4 VISUAL FLIGHT RULES 26 CHAPTER 5 INSTRUMENT FLIGHT RULES 28 5.1 Rules applicable to all IFR flights -------------------------------------------------------------------- 28 5.2 Rules applicable to IFR flights within controlled airspace ---------------------------------- 28 5.3 Rules applicable to IFR flights outside controlled airspace -------------------------------- 29 APPENDIX 1 SIGNALS 30 1 DISTRESS AND URGENCY SIGNALS ----------------------------------------------------------------- 30 2 SIGNALS FOR USE IN THE EVENT OF INTERCEPTION ----------------------------------------- 31 3 VISUAL SIGNALS USED TO WARN AN UNAUTHORIZED AIRCRAFT FLYING IN, OR ABOUT TO ENTER A RESTRICTED, PROHIBITED OR DANGER AREA ---------------------- 32 4 SIGNALS FOR AERODROME TRAFFIC --------------------------------------------------------------- 33 Issue: 4.00 v 20 February 2025 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR 2 – Rules of the Air Maldives Civil Aviation Authority Table of Contents 5 MARSHALLING SIGNALS -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 36 6 STANDARD EMERGENCY HAND SIGNALS -------------------------------------------------------- 48 APPENDIX 2 INTERCEPTION OF CIVIL AIRCRAFT 51 1 ACTION BY INTERCEPTED AIRCRAFT --------------------------------------------------------------- 51 2 RADIO-COMMUNICATION DURING INTERCEPTION ------------------------------------------ 51 APPENDIX 3 TABLE OF CRUISING LEVELS 53 APPENDIX 4 REMOTELY PILOTED AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS 58 1 General operating rules -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 58 2 Certificates and licensing ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 58 3 Request for authorization ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 59 APPENDIX 5 UNMANNED FREE BALLOONS 62 1 CLASSIFICATION OF UNMANNED FREE BALLOONS------------------------------------------- 62 2 GENERAL OPERATING RULES ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 62 3 OPERATING LIMITATIONS AND EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS ---------------------------- 64 4 TERMINATION --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 65 5 FLIGHT NOTIFICATION ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 65 6 POSITION RECORDING AND REPORTS ------------------------------------------------------------ 67 ATTACHMENT A - INTERCEPTION OF CIVIL AIRCRAFT 68 ATTACHMENT B - UNLAWFUL INTERFERENCE 74 Issue: 4.00 vi 20 February 2025 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR 2 – Rules of the Air Maldives Civil Aviation Authority Chapter 1 – Definition CHAPTER 1 DEFINITIONS Definitions of the terms and abbreviations used in this regulation, unless the context requires otherwise, are in MCAR-1 Definitions and Abbreviations. Note 1— Throughout the text of this document the term “service” is used as an abstract noun to designate functions, or service rendered; the term “unit” is used to designate a collective body performing a service. Current flight plan (CPL). The flight plan, that reflects changes to the filed flight plan, if any, by subsequent ATC clearances. Filed flight plan (FPL or eFPL). The latest flight plan as submitted by pilot, an operator or a designated representative, for use by ATS units. Note. — The FPL denotes a filed flight plan exchanged using aeronautical fixed service while eFPL denotes a filed flight plan exchanged using FF-ICE services. The eFPL allows for the exchange of additional information not contained within the FPL. Flight plan. Specified information relative to an intended flight or portion of a flight of an aircraft. Note 1. — The term flight plan may be prefixed by the words “preliminary”, “filed”, “current” or “operational” to indicate the context and different stages of a flight. Note 2. — When the word “message” is used as a suffix to this term, it denotes the content and format of the flight plan data as transmitted. Issue: 4.00 7 20 February 2025 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR 2 – Rules of the Air Maldives Civil Aviation Authority Chapter 2 – Applicability of the Rules of the Air CHAPTER 2 APPLICABILITY OF THE RULES OF THE AIR 2.1 Territorial application of the rules of the air 2.1.1 The rules of the air contained in this MCAR, shall apply to all aircraft flying over Maldivian Territory and aircraft bearing the Maldivian nationality and registration marks, wherever they may be, to the extent that they do not conflict with the rules published by the State having jurisdiction over the territory overflown. 2.1.2 The Rules of the Air as contained in the Annex 2 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation shall apply, without exception to aircraft engaged in flight operations over those portions of high seas for which the responsibility for the provision of ATS has been delegated to Maldives under the Regional Air Navigation Agreement. Note 1. — The phrase “regional air navigation agreement” refers to an agreement approved by the Council of ICAO normally on the advice of a Regional Air Navigation Meeting. 2.1.3 The “Appropriate ATS Authority” within the territory of Maldives and over those portions of high seas where Maldives has accepted the responsibility for provision of air traffic services pursuant to regional air navigation agreement is the relevant authority designated by Maldives Civil Aviation Authority. 2.2 Compliance with the rules of the air 2.2.1 A pilot in command of an aircraft either in flight or on the movement area of an aerodrome shall comply with the general rules and, in addition, when in flight, shall comply with either the: a) the visual flight rules; or b) the instrument flight rules 2.2.2 A pilot in command of an aircraft shall, when operating under visual flight rules or instrument flight rules in classified air traffic services airspaces, comply with the requirements specified for such airspaces 2.2.3 A pilot may elect to fly in accordance with instrument flight rules in visual meteorological conditions or may be required to do so by the appropriate ATS authority. 2.3 Responsibility for compliance with the rules of the air 2.3.1 Responsibility of pilot-in-command 2.3.1.1 The pilot-in-command of an aircraft shall, whether manipulating the controls or not, be responsible for the operation of the aircraft in accordance with these Regulations, except that the pilot-in-command may depart from these Regulations in circumstances that render such departure absolutely necessary in the interests of safety. 2.3.1.2 Nothing in these rules relating to right of way, or action to be taken by a pilot-in- command of an aircraft shall exonerate a pilot from the consequences of any neglect to maintain a proper look out or neglect of any precaution required by the practice of good airmanship. Issue: 4.00 8 20 February 2025 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR 2 – Rules of the Air Maldives Civil Aviation Authority Chapter 2 – Applicability of the Rules of the Air 2.3.2 Pre-flight action 2.3.2.1 The pilot-in-command of an aircraft before beginning a flight, shall become familiar with all available information appropriate to the intended operation. 2.3.2.2 The pilot-in-command shall in addition to 2.3.3.1, include a careful study of available current weather reports and forecasts, for flights away from the vicinity of an aerodrome and for all flights flying in accordance with instrument flight rules, taking into consideration fuel requirements and an alternative course of action if the flight cannot be completed as planned. 2.4 Authority of pilot-in-command of an aircraft 2.4.1 The pilot-in-command of an aircraft shall have final authority as to the disposition of the aircraft while in command. 2.5 Problematic use of psychoactive substances 2.5.1 A safety-sensitive person whose function is critical to the safety of aviation shall not undertake that function while under the influence of any psychoactive substance, by reason of which human performance is impaired. 2.5.2 A person referred to in 2.5.1 shall not engage in any kind of problematic use of substances. 2.5.3 A person shall not act as a member of a flight crew of an aircraft while under the influence of intoxicating liquor or narcotics, or drugs, or medication. Issue: 4.00 9 20 February 2025 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR 2 – Rules of the Air Maldives Civil Aviation Authority Chapter 3 – General Rules CHAPTER 3 GENERAL RULES 3.1 Protection of persons and property 3.1.1 Negligent or reckless operation of aircraft. 3.1.1.1 A person shall not willfully operate an aircraft, negligently or recklessly, in a manner so as to endanger life or property of others. 3.1.2 Minimum heights 3.1.2.1 Aircraft shall not be flown over the congested areas of cities, towns or settlements or over an open-air assembly of persons, unless at such a height as will permit, in the event of an emergency arising, a landing to be made without undue hazard to persons or property on the surface, except when necessary for take-off or landing, or except by permission from the CAA. Note – See 4.6 for minimum heights for VFR flights and 5.1.2 for minimum levels for IFR flights. 3.1.3 Cruising levels 3.1.3.1 The cruising levels at which a flight or a portion of a flight is to be conducted shall be in terms of: a) Flight levels, for flights at or above the lowest usable flight level or, where applicable, above the transition altitude b) Altitudes, for flights below the lowest usable flight level or, where applicable, at or below the transition altitude. 3.1.4 Dropping and Spraying 3.1.4.1 Nothing shall be dropped or sprayed from an aircraft in flight except under conditions prescribed by the CAA and as indicated by the relevant information, advice and/ or clearance from the Air Traffic Services Unit. 3.1.5 Towing 3.1.5.1 No aircraft or object shall be towed by an aircraft, except in accordance with requirements prescribed by the CAA and as indicated by the relevant information, advice and/ or clearance from the Air Traffic Services Unit. 3.1.6 Parachute descents 3.1.6.1 Parachute descents, other than emergency descents, shall not be made except under conditions prescribed by the CAA and as indicated by the relevant information, advice and/ or clearance from the Air Traffic Services Unit. 3.1.6.2 Parascending parachute operations shall not be performed unless permitted by and conducted in accordance with the written specifications of the CAA. 3.1.7 Acrobatic flight 3.1.7.1 A person shall not fly an aircraft acrobatically except under conditions prescribed by the CAA and as indicated by relevant information, advice or clearance from the appropriate air traffic services unit. Issue: 4.00 10 20 February 2025 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR 2 – Rules of the Air Maldives Civil Aviation Authority Chapter 3 – General Rules 3.1.7.2 A person shall not operate an aircraft— a) in acrobatic flight— 1. over any city, town or settlement; 2. over an open-air assembly of persons; 3. below an altitude of 1,500 feet above the surface; or 4. when the flight visibility is less than five kilometers; or b) in manoeuvres exceeding a bank of sixty degrees or pitch of thirty degrees from level flight attitude unless all occupants of the aircraft are wearing parachutes packed by a qualified parachute rigger in the past twelve months. 3.1.8 Formation flights 3.1.8.1 An aircraft shall not be flown in such proximity to other aircraft as to create a collision hazard and shall not be flown in formation with one or more other aircraft except by prearrangement among the pilots-in-command of the aircraft taking part in the flight and, for formation flight in controlled airspace, in accordance with the conditions prescribed by the appropriate ATS Authority. These conditions shall include the following: a) the formation operates as a single aircraft with regard to navigation and position reporting; b) separation between aircraft in the flight shall be the responsibility of the flight leader and the pilots-in-command of the other aircraft in the flight and shall include periods of transition when aircraft are manoeuvring to attain their own separation within the formation and during join-up and breakaway; and c) a distance not exceeding 1 km (0.5 NM) laterally and longitudinally and 30 m (100 ft) vertically from the flight leader shall be maintained by each aircraft. 3.1.9 Remotely piloted aircraft 3.1.9.1 A person shall operate a remotely piloted aircraft in such a manner as to minimize hazards to persons, property or other aircraft and in accordance with the conditions specified in Appendix 4. 3.1.10 Unmanned free balloons 3.1.10.1 A person shall operate an unmanned free balloon in such a manner as to minimize hazards to persons, property, or other aircraft and in accordance with the conditions specified in Appendix 5. 3.1.11 Prohibited areas and restricted areas 3.1.11.1 An Aircraft shall not be flown in a prohibited, or in a restricted area within Maldives, particulars of which have been duly published either in the Aeronautical Information Publication, Notice to Airmen, or communicated by an Air Traffic Services unit by any other mean except in accordance with the conditions of the restrictions or by permission of CAA. Issue: 4.00 11 20 February 2025 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR 2 – Rules of the Air Maldives Civil Aviation Authority Chapter 3 – General Rules 3.2 Avoidance of collisions The pilot in command of aircraft is responsible for taking avoidance action and such other action including manoeuvres based on resolution advisories provided by Airborne Collision Avoidance System (ACAS) equipment to avert collision. Note 1 – Operating procedures for use of ACAS detailing the responsibilities of the pilot-in- command are contained in PANS-OPS (Doc 8168), Volume I, Part III, Section 3, Chapter 3. Note 2 – Carriage requirements for ACAS equipment are addressed in MCAR AIR OPS. 3.2.1 Proximity 3.2.1.1 A person shall not operate an aircraft in such proximity to other aircraft as to create a collision hazard. 3.2.2 Right-of-way The pilot-in-command of an aircraft that has the right-of-way shall maintain the aircraft heading and speed. 3.2.2.1 An aircraft that is obliged by the following rules to keep out of the way of another shall avoid passing over, or under, and shall not cross ahead of the other aircraft unless crossing well clear and takes into account the effect of aircraft wake turbulence. 3.2.2.2 Approaching head-on: When two aircraft are approaching head-on or approximately so and there is danger of collision, each shall alter its heading to the right. 3.2.2.3 Converging: When two aircraft are converging at approximately the same level, the aircraft that has the other on its right shall give way, except as follows: a) power-driven heavier-than-air aircraft shall give way to airships, gliders and balloons; b) airships shall give way to gliders and balloons; c) gliders shall give way to balloons; d) power-driven aircraft shall give way to aircraft which are seen to be towing other aircraft or objects. 3.2.2.4 Overtaking: An overtaking aircraft is an aircraft that approaches another from the rear on a line forming an angle of less than 70 degrees with the plane of symmetry of the latter, i.e. is in such a position with reference to the other aircraft that at night it should be unable to see either of the aircraft’s left (port) or right (starboard) navigation lights. An aircraft that is being overtaken has the right-of-way and the overtaking aircraft, whether climbing, descending or in horizontal flight, shall keep out of the way of the other aircraft by altering its heading to the right, and no subsequent change in the relative positions of the two aircraft shall absolve the overtaking aircraft from this obligation until it is entirely past and clear. 3.2.2.5 Landing: 3.2.2.5.1 An aircraft in flight, or operating on the ground or water, shall give way to aircraft landing or in the final stages of an approach to land. 3.2.2.5.2 When two or more heavier-than-air aircraft are approaching an aerodrome for the purpose of landing; aircraft at the higher level shall give way to aircraft at the lower level, Issue: 4.00 12 20 February 2025 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR 2 – Rules of the Air Maldives Civil Aviation Authority Chapter 3 – General Rules but the latter shall not take advantage of this rule to cut in, in front of another which is in the final stages of an approach to land, or to overtake that aircraft. Nevertheless, power-driven heavier-than-air aircraft shall give way to gliders. 3.2.2.5.3 Emergency landing: An aircraft that is aware that another is compelled to land shall give way to that aircraft. 3.2.2.6 Taking off: An aircraft taxiing on the manoeuvring area of an aerodrome shall give way to aircraft taking off or about to take off. 3.2.2.7 Surface movement of aircraft: 3.2.2.7.1 In case of danger of collision between two aircraft taxiing on the movement area of an aerodrome the following shall apply: a) When two aircraft are approaching head on, or approximately so, each shall stop or where practicable alter its course to the right so as to keep well clear; b) When two aircraft are on a converging course, the one which has the other on its right shall give way; c) An aircraft which is being overtaken by another aircraft shall have the right-of-way and the overtaking aircraft shall keep well clear of the other aircraft. Note. — For the description of an overtaking aircraft see 3.2.2.4. 3.2.2.7.2 An aircraft taxiing on the maneuvering area shall stop and hold at all runway-holding positions unless otherwise authorized by the aerodrome control tower. Note – For runway-holding position markings and related signs, see MCAA Air Safety Circular No. ASC 139-5. 3.2.2.7.3 An aircraft taxiing on the manoeuvring area shall stop and hold at all lighted stop bars and may proceed further when the lights are switched off. 3.2.3 Lights to be displayed by aircraft Note 1 – The characteristics of lights intended to meet the requirements of 3.2.3 for aeroplanes are specified in ICAO Annex 8 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation. Specifications for navigation lights for aeroplanes are contained in the Appendices to Parts I and II of ICAO Annex 6 to the convention on International Civil Aviation. Detailed technical specifications for lights for aeroplanes are contained in Volume II, Part A, Chapter 4 of the Airworthiness Manual (Doc 9760) and for helicopters in Part A, Chapter 5 of that document. Note 2 – In the context of 3.2.3.2 c) and 3.2.3.4 a) an aircraft is understood to be operating when it is taxiing or being towed or is stopped temporarily during the course of taxiing or being towed. 3.2.3.1 An aircraft in flight shall display light as provided by 3.2.3.5, from sunset to sunrise or during any other period which may be prescribed by the CAA: a) anti-collision lights intended to attract attention to the aircraft; and b) navigation lights intended to indicate the relative path of the aircraft to an observer and other lights shall not be displayed if they are likely to be mistaken for these lights. Issue: 4.00 13 20 February 2025 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR 2 – Rules of the Air Maldives Civil Aviation Authority Chapter 3 – General Rules Note – Lights fitted for other purposes, such as landing lights and airframe floodlights, may be used in addition to the anti-collision lights to enhance aircraft conspicuity. 3.2.3.2 Except as provided by 3.2.3.5, from sunset to sunrise or during any other period prescribed by the CAA: a) all aircraft moving on the movement area of an aerodrome shall display navigation lights intended to indicate the relative path of the aircraft to an observer and other lights shall not be displayed if they are likely to be mistaken for these lights; b) unless stationary and otherwise adequately illuminated, all aircraft on the movement area of an aerodrome shall display lights intended to indicate the extremities of their structure; c) all aircraft operating on the movement area of an aerodrome shall display lights intended to attract attention to the aircraft; and d) all aircraft on the movement area of an aerodrome whose engines are running shall display lights which indicate that fact. Note.— If suitably located on the aircraft, the navigation lights referred to in 3.2.3.1 b) may also meet the requirements of 3.2.3.2 b). Red anti-collision lights fitted to meet the requirements of 3.2.3.1 a) may also meet the requirements of 3.2.3.2 c) and 3.2.3.2 d) provided they do not subject observers to harmful dazzle. 3.2.3.3 Except as provided by 3.2.3.5, all aircraft in flight and fitted with anti-collision lights to meet the requirement of 3.2.3.1 a) shall display such lights also outside the period specified in 3.2.3.1. 3.2.3.4 Except as provided by 3.2.3.5, all aircraft: a) operating on the movement area of an aerodrome and fitted with anti-collision lights to meet the requirement of 3.2.3.2 c); or b) on the movement area of an aerodrome and fitted with lights to meet the requirement of 3.2.3.2 d); shall display such lights also outside the period specified in 3.2.3.2. 3.2.3.5 A pilot shall be permitted to switch off or reduce the intensity of any flashing lights fitted to meet the requirements of 3.2.3.1, 3.2.3.2, 3.2.3.3 and 3.2.3.4 if they do or are likely to: a) adversely affect the satisfactory performance of duties; or b) subject an outside observer to harmful dazzle. 3.2.4 Simulated Instrument flights A person shall not operate an aircraft in simulated instrument flight conditions unless: a) fully functioning dual controls are installed in the aircraft; and b) A qualified pilot occupies a control seat to act as safety pilot for the person who is flying under simulated instrument conditions. c) the safety pilot has adequate vision forward and to each side of the aircraft, or a competent observer in communication with the safety pilot shall occupy a position Issue: 4.00 14 20 February 2025 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR 2 – Rules of the Air Maldives Civil Aviation Authority Chapter 3 – General Rules in the aircraft from which the observer’s field of vision adequately supplements the vision of the safety pilot. 3.2.5 Operation on and in the vicinity of an aerodrome 3.2.5.1 A pilot in command of an aircraft operating on, or in the vicinity of an aerodrome shall, whether or not within an aerodrome traffic zone: a) observe other aerodrome traffic for the purpose of avoiding collision; b) conform with or avoid the pattern of traffic formed by other aircraft in operation; c) make all turns to the left, when approaching for a landing and after taking off, unless otherwise instructed; d) land and take off into the wind unless safety, the runway configuration, or air traffic considerations determine that a different direction is preferable. Note 1. — See 3.6.5.1. 3.2.6 Water operations Note – In addition to the provisions of 3.2.6.1 of this MCAR, rules set forth in the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea, developed by the International Conference on Revision of the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea (London, 1972) may be applicable in certain cases. 3.2.6.1 When two aircraft or an aircraft and a vessel are approaching one another and there is a risk of collision, the aircraft shall proceed with careful regard to existing circumstances and conditions including the limitations of the respective craft. 3.2.6.1.1 Converging: An aircraft which has another aircraft or a vessel on its right shall give way so as to keep well clear. 3.2.6.1.2 Approaching head-on: An aircraft approaching another aircraft or a vessel head-on or approximately so, shall alter its heading to the right to keep well clear. 3.2.6.1.3 Overtaking: The aircraft or vessel, which is being overtaken, has the right of way, and the one overtaking shall alter its heading to keep well clear. 3.2.6.1.4 Landing and taking off: Aircraft landing on or taking off from the water shall keep well clear of all vessels and avoid impeding their navigation. 3.2.6.2 Lights to be displayed by aircraft on the water. Between sunset and sunrise or such other period between sunset and sunrise as may be prescribed by the CAA, all aircraft on the water shall display lights as required by the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea (revised 1972) unless it is impractical for them to do so, in which case they shall display lights as closely similar as possible in characteristics and position to those required by the International Regulations. Note 1 – Specifications for lights to be shown by aeroplanes on the water are contained in the Appendices to Parts I and II of ICAO Annex 6 to the convention on International Civil Aviation. Issue: 4.00 15 20 February 2025 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR 2 – Rules of the Air Maldives Civil Aviation Authority Chapter 3 – General Rules Note 2 – The International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea specify that the rules concerning lights shall be complied with from sunset to sunrise. Any lesser period between sunset and sunrise established in accordance with 3.2.6.3 cannot, therefore, be applied in areas where the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea apply, e.g. on the high seas. 3.3 Flight plans 3.3.1 Submission of a flight plan 3.3.1.1 Information relative to an intended flight or portion of a flight, to be provided to air traffic services units, shall be in the form of a flight plan. 3.3.1.2 A flight plan shall be submitted prior to operating a) any flight or portion thereof to be provided with air traffic control service; b) any IFR flight within advisory airspace; c) any flight within or into designated area, or along designated routes, to facilitate the provision of flight information, alerting and search and rescue services; d) For any flight within or into designated areas, or along designated routes, when so required by the appropriate ATS authority to facilitate coordination with appropriate military units or with air traffic services units in adjacent States in order to avoid the possible need for interception for identification; e) Any flight across international borders. Note – The term “flight plan” is used to mean variously, full information on all items comprised in the flight plan description, covering the whole route of a flight, or limited information required when the purpose is to obtain a clearance for a minor portion of a flight such as to cross an airway, to take off from, or to land at a controlled aerodrome. 3.3.1.3 Unless otherwise prescribed by the appropriate ATS authority, a flight plan shall be submitted, before departure, to an air traffic services reporting office or, during flight, transmitted to the appropriate air traffic services unit or air-ground control radio station. 3.3.1.4 Unless otherwise prescribed by the appropriate ATS authority, a flight plan for a flight to be provided with air traffic control service or air traffic advisory service shall be submitted at least sixty minutes before departure, or, if submitted during flight, at a time which will ensure its receipt by the appropriate air traffic services unit at least ten minutes before the aircraft is estimated to reach: a) the intended point of entry into a control area or advisory area; or b) the point of crossing an airway or advisory route. 3.3.2 Contents of a flight plan 3.3.2.1 A flight plan shall comprise information regarding such of the following items as are considered relevant by CAA: — Aircraft identification Issue: 4.00 16 20 February 2025 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR 2 – Rules of the Air Maldives Civil Aviation Authority Chapter 3 – General Rules — Flight rules and type of flight — Number and type(s) of aircraft and wake turbulence category — Equipment — Departure aerodrome (see Note 1) — Estimated off-block time (see Note 2) — Cruising speed(s) — Cruising level(s) — Route to be followed — Destination aerodrome and total estimated elapsed time — Alternate aerodrome(s) — Fuel endurance — Total number of persons on board — Emergency and survival equipment — Other information. Note 1 – For flight plans submitted during flight, the information provided in respect of this item will be an indication of the location from which supplementary information concerning the flight may be obtained, if required. Note 2 – For flight plans submitted during flight, the information to be provided in respect of this item will be the time over the first point of the route to which the flight plan relates. Note 3 – The term “aerodrome” where used in the flight plan is intended to cover also sites other than aerodromes which may be used by certain types of aircraft, e.g. helicopters or balloons. 3.3.3 Completion of a flight plan 3.3.3.1 Whatever the purpose for which it is submitted, a flight plan shall contain information, as applicable, on relevant items up to and including “Alternate aerodrome(s)” regarding the whole route or the portion thereof for which the flight plan is submitted. 3.3.3.2 It shall, in addition, contain information, as applicable, on all other items when so prescribed by the appropriate ATS authority or when otherwise deemed necessary by the person submitting the flight plan. 3.3.4 Changes to a flight plan 3.3.4.1 Subject to the provisions of 3.6.2.2, all changes to a flight plan submitted for an IFR flight, or a VFR flight operated as a controlled flight, shall be reported as soon as practicable to the appropriate air traffic services unit. For other VFR flights, significant changes to a flight plan shall be reported as soon as practicable to the appropriate air traffic services unit. Note – Information submitted prior to departure regarding fuel endurance or total number of persons carried on board, if incorrect at time of departure, constitutes a significant change to the flight plan and as such must be reported. Issue: 4.00 17 20 February 2025 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR 2 – Rules of the Air Maldives Civil Aviation Authority Chapter 3 – General Rules 3.3.5 Closing a flight plan 3.3.5.1 Unless otherwise prescribed by the appropriate ATS authority, a report of arrival shall be made in person, by radiotelephony or via data link at the earliest possible moment after landing, to the appropriate air traffic services unit at the arrival aerodrome, by any flight for which a flight plan has been submitted covering the entire flight or the remaining portion of a flight to the destination aerodrome. 3.3.5.2 When a flight plan has been submitted only in respect of a portion of a flight, other than the remaining portion of a flight to destination, it shall, when required, be closed by an appropriate report to the relevant air traffic services unit. 3.3.5.3 When no air traffic services unit exists at the arrival aerodrome, the arrival report, when required, shall be made as soon as practicable after landing and by the quickest means available to the nearest air traffic services unit. 3.3.5.4 When communication facilities at the arrival aerodrome are known to be inadequate and alternate arrangements for the handling of arrival reports on the ground are not available, the following action shall be taken. a) Immediately prior to landing the aircraft shall, if practicable, transmit to the appropriate air traffic services unit, a message comparable to an arrival report, where such a report is required. b) Normally, this transmission shall be made to the aeronautical station serving the air traffic services unit in charge of the flight information region in which the aircraft is operated. 3.3.5.5 Arrival reports made by aircraft shall contain the following elements of information: a) aircraft identification; b) departure aerodrome; c) destination aerodrome (only in the case of a diversionary landing); d) arrival aerodrome; e) time of arrival. Note – Whenever an arrival report is required, failure to comply with these provisions may cause serious disruption in the air traffic services and incur great expense in carrying out unnecessary search and rescue operations. 3.4 Signals 3.4.1 Upon observing or receiving any of the signals given in Appendix 1 of this MCAR, pilot- in-command of an aircraft shall take such action as may be required by the interpretation of the signal given in that Appendix and shall take such actions as may be required by such signals. 3.4.2 The signals of Appendix 1 shall, when used, have the meaning indicated therein. They shall be used only for the purpose indicated and no other signals likely to be confused with them shall be used. Issue: 4.00 18 20 February 2025 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR 2 – Rules of the Air Maldives Civil Aviation Authority Chapter 3 – General Rules 3.4.3 A marshaller shall be responsible for providing standard marshalling signals to aircraft in a clear and precise manner using the signals shown in Appendix 1. 3.4.4 No person shall guide an aircraft unless trained, qualified and approved by the aerodrome operator to carry out the functions of a signalman. 3.4.5 The marshaller shall wear a distinctive fluorescent identification vest to allow the flight crew to identify that he or she is the person responsible for the marshalling operation. 3.4.6 Daylight-fluorescent wands, table-tennis bats or gloves shall be used for all signalling by all participating ground staff during daylight hours. Illuminated wands shall be used at night or in low visibility. 3.5 Time 3.5.1 Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) shall be used and shall be expressed in hours and minutes and, when required, seconds of the 24-hour day beginning at midnight. 3.5.2 A time check shall be obtained prior to operating a controlled flight and at such other times during the flight as may be necessary. 3.5.3 Wherever time is utilized in the application of data link communications, it shall be accurate to within 1 second of UTC. 3.6 Air traffic control service 3.6.1 Air traffic control clearances 3.6.1.1 An air traffic control clearance shall be obtained prior to operating a controlled flight, or a portion of a flight as a controlled flight. Such clearance shall be requested through the submission of a flight plan to an air traffic control unit. Note 1 – A flight plan may cover only part of a flight, as necessary, to describe that portion of the flight or those manoeuvres which are subject to air traffic control. A clearance may cover only part of a current flight plan, as indicated in a clearance limit or by reference to specific manoeuvres such as taxiing, landing or taking off. Note 2 – If an air traffic control clearance is not satisfactory to a pilot-in-command of an aircraft, the pilot-in-command may request and, if practicable, will be issued an amended clearance. 3.6.1.2 Whenever an aircraft has requested a clearance involving priority, a report explaining the necessity for such priority shall be submitted, if requested by the appropriate air traffic control unit. 3.6.1.3 The appropriate air traffic control units shall be so notified by the insertion in the flight plan of information concerning the revised route, where known, and the revised destination if prior to departure it is anticipated that depending on fuel endurance and subject to re-clearance in flight, a decision may be taken to proceed to a revised destination aerodrome. 3.6.1.4 An aircraft operated on a controlled aerodrome shall not taxi on the manoeuvring area without clearance from the aerodrome control tower and shall comply with any instructions given by that unit. Issue: 4.00 19 20 February 2025 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR 2 – Rules of the Air Maldives Civil Aviation Authority Chapter 3 – General Rules 3.6.2 Adherence to flight plan 3.6.2.1 Except as provided for in 3.6.2.4, an aircraft shall adhere to the current flight plan, or the applicable portion of a current flight plan submitted for a controlled flight unless: a) a request for a change has been made and clearance obtained from the appropriate air traffic control unit, or b) an emergency situation arises which necessitates immediate action by the aircraft, in which event as soon as circumstances permit, after such emergency authority is exercised, the appropriate air traffic services unit shall be notified of the action taken and that this action has been taken under emergency authority. 3.6.2.1.1 Unless otherwise authorized by the appropriate ATS authority, or directed by the appropriate air traffic control unit, controlled flights shall, in so far as practicable: a) when on an established ATS route, operate along the defined centre line of that route; or b) when on any other route, operate directly between the navigation facilities and/or points defining that route. 3.6.2.1.2 Subject to the overriding requirement in 3.6.2.1.1, an aircraft operating along an ATS route segment defined by reference to very high frequency Omni-directional radio ranges shall change over for its primary navigation guidance from the facility behind the aircraft to that ahead of it at, or as close as operationally feasible to, the changeover point, where established. 3.6.2.1.3 Deviation from the requirements in 3.6.2.1.1 shall be notified to the appropriate air traffic services unit. 3.6.2.2 Deviations from the current flight plan. In the event that a controlled flight inadvertently deviates from its current flight plan, the following action shall be taken: a) Deviation from track: if the aircraft is off track, action shall be taken forthwith to adjust the heading of the aircraft to regain track as soon as practicable. b) Deviation from ATC assigned Mach number/indicated airspeed: the appropriate air traffic services unit shall be informed immediately. c) Deviation from Mach number/true airspeed: if the sustained Mach number/true airspeed at cruising level varies or is expected to vary by plus or minus Mach 0.2 or more, or plus or minus 19 Km/h (10 kt) true airspeed or more from the current flight plan, the appropriate air traffic services unit shall be so informed. d) Change in time estimate: except where ADS-C is activated and serviceable in airspace where ADS-C services are provided, if the time estimate for the next applicable reporting point, flight information region boundary or destination aerodrome, whichever comes first, is found to be in error in excess of 2 minutes from that previously notified to air traffic services, or such other period of time as is prescribed by the ATS provider or on the basis of air navigation regional agreements, a revised estimated time shall be notified as soon as possible to the appropriate air traffic services unit. Issue: 4.00 20 20 February 2025 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR 2 – Rules of the Air Maldives Civil Aviation Authority Chapter 3 – General Rules 3.6.2.2.1 When an ADS agreement is in place, the air traffic services unit (ATSU) shall be informed automatically via data link whenever changes occur beyond the threshold values stipulated by the ADS event contract. 3.6.2.3 Change requests. Requests for flight plan changes shall include information as indicated hereunder: a) Change of cruising level: aircraft identification; requested new cruising level and cruising speed at this level, revised time estimates (when applicable) at subsequent flight information region boundaries. b) Change of Mach number/true airspeed: aircraft identification; requested Mach number/true airspeed. c) Change of route:: 1. Destination unchanged: aircraft identification; flight rules; description of new route of flight including related flight plan data beginning with the position from which requested change of route is to commence; revised time estimates; any other pertinent information. 2. Destination changed: aircraft identification; flight rules; description of revised route of flight to revised destination aerodrome including related flight plan data, beginning with the position from which requested change of route is to commence; revised time estimates; alternate aerodrome(s); any other pertinent information. 3.6.2.4 Weather deterioration below the VMC. A VFR flight operated as a controlled flight, when it becomes evident that flight in VMC in accordance with its current flight plan will not be practicable shall: a) request an amended clearance enabling the aircraft to continue in VMC to destination or to an alternative aerodrome, or to leave the airspace within which an ATC clearance is required; or b) if no clearance in accordance with a) can be obtained, continue to operate in VMC and notify the appropriate ATC unit of the action being taken either to leave the airspace concerned or to land at the nearest suitable aerodrome; or c) if operated within a control zone, request authorization to operate as a special VFR flight; or d) request clearance to operate in accordance with the instrument flight rules. 3.6.3 Position reports 3.6.3.1 Unless exempted by the appropriate ATS authority or by the appropriate air traffic services unit under conditions specified by that authority, a controlled flight shall report to the appropriate air traffic services unit, as soon as possible: a) the time and level of passing each designated compulsory reporting point, together with any other required information. b) Position reports shall similarly be made in relation to additional points when requested by the appropriate air traffic services unit. In the absence of designated reporting points, Issue: 4.00 21 20 February 2025 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR 2 – Rules of the Air Maldives Civil Aviation Authority Chapter 3 – General Rules c) position reports shall be made at intervals specified by the appropriate air traffic services unit. 3.6.3.1.1 Controlled flights providing position information to the appropriate air traffic services unit via data link communications shall only provide voice position reports when requested. 3.6.4 Termination of control A controlled flight shall, except when landing at a controlled aerodrome, advise the appropriate ATC unit as soon as it ceases to be subject to air traffic control service.

3.6.5 Communications 3.6.5.1 An aircraft operated as a controlled flight shall maintain continuous air-ground voice communication watch on the appropriate communication channel of, and establish two-way communication as necessary with, the appropriate air traffic control unit, except as may be prescribed by the appropriate ATS authority in respect of aircraft forming part of aerodrome traffic at a controlled aerodrome. Note 1 – The requirement for an aircraft to maintain an air-ground voice communication watch remains in effect after CPDLC has been established. 3.6.5.2 Communication failure. a) If a communication failure precludes compliance with 3.6.5.1, the aircraft shall comply with the voice communication failure procedures in accordance with MCAR 171 and with such of the following procedures as are appropriate. b) The aircraft shall attempt to establish communications with the appropriate air traffic control unit using all other available means. In addition, c) The aircraft, when forming part of the aerodrome traffic at a controlled aerodrome, shall keep a watch for such instructions as may be issued by visual signals. 3.6.5.2.1 An aircraft in visual meteorological conditions shall: a) continue to fly in visual meteorological conditions; land at the nearest suitable aerodrome; and report its arrival by the most expeditious means to the appropriate air traffic control unit; b) if considered advisable, complete an IFR flight in accordance with 3.6.5.2.2. 3.6.5.2.2 the aircraft shall if in instrument meteorological conditions or when the pilot of an IFR flight considers it inadvisable to complete the flight in accordance with 3.6.5.2.1 a): a) maintain the last assigned speed and level, or minimum flight altitude if higher, for a period of 20 minutes following the aircraft’s failure to report its position over a compulsory reporting point and thereafter adjust level and speed in accordance with the filed flight plan unless otherwise prescribed on the basis of regional air navigation agreement, in airspace where radar is not used in the provision of air traffic control; b) in airspace where radar is used in the provision of air traffic control, maintain the last assigned speed and level, or minimum flight altitude if higher, for a period of 7 minutes following: Issue: 4.00 22 20 February 2025 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR 2 – Rules of the Air Maldives Civil Aviation Authority Chapter 3 – General Rules 1. the time the last assigned level or minimum flight altitude is reached; or 2. the time the transponder is set to Code 7600; or 3. the aircraft’s failure to report its position over a compulsory reporting point; Whichever is later, and thereafter adjust level and speed in accordance with the filed flight plan; c) when being radar vectored or having been directed by ATC to proceed offset using RNAV without a specified limit, rejoin the current flight plan route no later than the next significant point, taking into consideration the applicable minimum flight altitude; d) proceed according to the current flight plan route to the appropriate designated navigation aid or fix serving the destination aerodrome and, when required to ensure compliance with e) below, hold over this aid or fix until commencement of descent; e) commence descent from the navigation aid or fix specified in d) at, or as close as possible to, the expected approach time last received and acknowledged; or, if no expected approach time has been received and acknowledged, at, or as close as possible to, the estimated time of arrival resulting from the current flight plan; f) complete a normal instrument approach procedure as specified for the designated navigation aid or fix; and g) land, if possible, within 30 minutes after the estimated time of arrival specified in e) or the last acknowledged expected approach time, whichever is later. Note 1 – The provision of air traffic control service to other flights operating in the airspace concerned will be based on the premise that an aircraft experiencing communication failure will comply with the rules in 3.6.5.2.2. 3.7 Unlawful interference 3.7.1 An aircraft which is being subjected to unlawful interference shall endeavour to notify the appropriate ATS unit of this fact, any significant circumstances associated therewith and any deviation from the current flight plan necessitated by the circumstances, in order to enable the Air Traffic Service unit to give priority to the aircraft and to minimize conflict with other aircraft. 3.7.2 The pilot-in-command of an aircraft subjected to unlawful interference, shall attempt to land as soon as practicable at the nearest suitable aerodrome or at a dedicated aerodrome assigned by appropriate authority unless considerations aboard the aircraft dictate otherwise. 3.7.3 A pilot-in-command shall, when and if possible, operate the secondary surveillance radar Mode A Code 7500 to indicate that the aircraft is being subjected to unlawful interference or secondary surveillance radar Mode A, Code 7700 to indicate that it is threatened by grave and imminent danger and requires immediate assistance. 3.7.4 The pilot-in-command of an aircraft subjected to unlawful interference shall when unable to notify an air traffic service unit shall attempt to continue flying on the assigned Issue: 4.00 23 20 February 2025 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR 2 – Rules of the Air Maldives Civil Aviation Authority Chapter 3 – General Rules track and at the assigned cruising level at least until able to notify an air traffic service unit or until within radar or ADS-B coverage. 3.7.5 The pilot-in-command of an aircraft subjected to unlawful interference, and which must depart from its assigned track or its assigned cruising level without being able to notify an air traffic service unit shall— a) attempt to broadcast warnings on the VHF channel in use or on the designated emergency frequency unless considerations aboard the aircraft dictate otherwise; b) proceed at a level which differs from the cruising levels normally used for IFR flight by— 1. 500 ft when flying in an area where vertical separation minimum of 1000 ft is applied 2. 1000 ft in an area where vertical separation minimum of 2000 ft is applied Note 1 – Requirements for State authorities with respect to aircraft on the ground that are subject to unlawful interference are contained in ICAO Annex 17 to the convention on International Civil Aviation, Chapter 5, 5.2.4 3.8 Interception Note – The word “interception” in this context does not include intercept and escort service provided, on request, to an aircraft in distress, in accordance with Volumes II and III of the International Aeronautical and Maritime Search and Rescue (IAMSAR) Manual (Doc 9731). 3.8.1 Interception of civil aircraft shall be in compliance with these regulations and the Article 3(d) of the Convention on International Civil Aviation. 3.8.2 Subject to 3.10.1 the Authority shall undertake due regard for the safety of navigation of civil aircraft. 3.8.3 The pilot-in-command of a civil aircraft, when intercepted, shall comply with the requirements on Maldives AIP ENR 1.12 Interception of Civil Aircraft. 3.8.4 All civil aircraft of Maldives registry or operated by Maldivian operator(s) shall comply with the interception orders from other states. 3.9 VMC visibility and distance from cloud minima VMC visibility and distance from cloud minima are contained in Table 3-1. Airspace Flight Altitude band Distance from cloud class visibility At and above 3 050 m 1500 horizontally A***B C D E F G 8 km (10 000 ft) AMSL 300 m (1 000 ft) vertically Below 3 050 m (10 000 ft) AMSL and above 900 m (3 1 500 m horizontally 000 ft) AMSL, or above 300 m A***B C D E F G 5 km 300 m (1 000 ft) vertically (1 000 ft) above terrain whichever is the higher Issue: 4.00 24 20 February 2025 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR 2 – Rules of the Air Maldives Civil Aviation Authority Chapter 3 – General Rules At and below 900 m (3 000 A***B C D E 1 500 m horizontally 5 km ft) AMSL, or 300 m (1 000 ft) 300 m (1 000 ft) vertically above terrain, whichever is F G Clear of cloud and with the 5 km** the higher surface in sight Table 3-1 (see 4.1) * When the height of the transition altitude is lower than 3 050 m (10 000 ft) AMSL, FL 100 shall be used in lieu of 10 000 ft. ** When so prescribed by the CAA: a) flight visibilities reduced to not less than 1 500 m may be permitted for flights operating: 1. at speeds that, in the prevailing visibility, will give adequate opportunity to observe other traffic or any obstacles in time to avoid collision; or 2. in circumstances in which the probability of encounters with other traffic would normally be low, e.g. in areas of low volume traffic and for aerial work at low levels. b) HELICOPTERS may be permitted to operate in less than 1 500 m flight visibility, if manoeuvred at a speed that will give adequate opportunity to observe other traffic or any obstacles in time to avoid collision. c) ***The VMC minima in Class A airspace are included for guidance to pilots and do not imply acceptance of VFR flights in Class A airspace. Issue: 4.00 25 20 February 2025 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR 2 – Rules of the Air Maldives Civil Aviation Authority Chapter 4 – Visual Flight Rules CHAPTER 4 VISUAL FLIGHT RULES 4.1 VFR flights shall be conducted so that the aircraft is flown in conditions of visibility and distance from clouds equal to or greater than those specified in Table 3-1, except when operating as a special VFR flight, 4.2 VFR flights shall not take off or land at an aerodrome within a control zone, or enter the aerodrome traffic zone or traffic pattern: a) when the ceiling is less than 450 m (1 500 ft); or b) when the ground visibility is less than 5 km. Except when a clearance is obtained from an air traffic control unit. 4.3 The appropriate ATS authority shall prescribe the conditions that govern the operations of VFR flights between sunset and sunrise, or such other period between sunset and sunrise. 4.4 Unless authorized by the appropriate ATS authority VFR flights shall not be operated: a) above FL 200; b) at transonic or supersonic speeds 4.5 Authorization for VFR flights to operate above FL 290 shall not be granted in areas where a vertical separation minimum of 300 m (1 000 ft) is applied above FL 290. 4.6 Except when necessary for take-off or landing, or except by permission from the CAA, a VFR flight shall not be flown: a) over the congested areas of cities, towns or settlements or over an open-air assembly of persons at a height less than 300 m (1 000 ft) above the highest obstacle within a radius of 600 m from the aircraft; b) elsewhere than as specified in 4.6 a), at a height less than 150 m (500 ft) above the ground or water. 4.7 Except where otherwise indicated in air traffic control clearances or specified by the appropriate ATS authority, VFR flights in level cruising flight when operated above 900 m (3 000 ft) from the ground or water shall be conducted at a cruising level appropriate to the track as specified in the tables of cruising levels in Appendix 3 of this Regulation Manual. 4.8 VFR flights shall comply with the provisions of 3.6: a) when operated within Classes B, C and D airspace; b) when forming part of aerodrome traffic at controlled aerodromes; or c) when operated as special VFR flights. 4.9 A VFR flight operating within or into areas, or along routes, designated by appropriate ATS authority in accordance with 3.3.1.2 c) or d) shall maintain continuous air-ground voice communication watch on the appropriate communication channel of, and report its position as necessary to, the air traffic services unit providing flight information service. Issue: 4.00 26 20 February 2025 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR 2 – Rules of the Air Maldives Civil Aviation Authority Chapter 4 – Visual Flight Rules 4.10 An aircraft operated in accordance with the visual flight rules which wishes to change to compliance with the instrument flight rules shall: a) if a flight plan was submitted, communicate the necessary changes to be effected to its current flight plan; or b) when so required by 3.3.1.2, submit a flight plan to the appropriate air traffic services unit and obtain a clearance prior to proceeding IFR when in controlled airspace. Issue: 4.00 27 20 February 2025 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR 2 – Rules of the Air Maldives Civil Aviation Authority Chapter 5 – Instrument Flight Rules CHAPTER 5 INSTRUMENT FLIGHT RULES 5.1 Rules applicable to all IFR flights 5.1.1 Aircraft equipment A pilot-in-command of an aircraft shall ensure that the aircraft is equipped with suitable instruments and with navigation equipment appropriate to the route to be flown. 5.1.2 Minimum levels Except when necessary for take-off or landing, or except when specifically authorized, an IFR flight shall be flown at a level which is not below the minimum flight altitude established by the State whose territory is overflown, or where no such minimum flight altitude has been established: a) over high terrain or in mountainous areas, at a level which is at least 600 m (2 000 ft) above the highest obstacle located within 8 km of the estimated position of the aircraft; b) elsewhere than as specified in a), at a level which is at least 300 m (1000 ft) above the highest obstacle located within 8 km of the estimated position of the aircraft. Note 1 – The estimated position of the aircraft will take account of the navigational accuracy which can be achieved on the relevant route segment, having regard to the navigational facilities available on the ground and in the aircraft. 5.1.3 Change from IFR flight to VFR flight 5.1.3.1 A pilot-in-command of an aircraft electing to change the conduct of its flight from compliance with the instrument flight rules to compliance with the visual flight rules shall, if a flight plan was submitted, notify the appropriate air traffic services unit specifically that the IFR flight is cancelled and communicate thereto the changes to be made to its current flight plan. 5.1.3.2 When a pilot of an aircraft operating under the instrument flight rules is flying in or encounters visual meteorological conditions, he/she shall not cancel its IFR flight unless it is anticipated, and intended, that the flight will be continued for a reasonable period of time in uninterrupted visual meteorological conditions. 5.2 Rules applicable to IFR flights within controlled airspace 5.2.1 IFR flights shall comply with the provisions of 3.6 when operating in controlled airspace. 5.2.2 An IFR flight operating in cruising flight in controlled airspace shall be flown at a cruising level, or, if authorized to employ cruise climb techniques, between two levels or above a level, selected from a) the table of cruising levels in Appendix 3; or b) a modified table of cruising levels, when so prescribed in accordance with Appendix 3 for flight above FL 410; Issue: 4.00 28 20 February 2025 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR 2 – Rules of the Air Maldives Civil Aviation Authority Chapter 5 – Instrument Flight Rules c) except that the correlation of levels to track prescribed therein shall not apply whenever otherwise indicated in air traffic control clearances or specified by the appropriate ATS authority in Aeronautical Information Publications. 5.3 Rules applicable to IFR flights outside controlled airspace 5.3.1 Cruising levels A pilot-in-command of an IFR flight operating in level cruising flight outside of controlled airspace shall fly the aircraft at a cruising level appropriate to its track as specified in: a) the table of cruising levels in Appendix 3, except when otherwise specified by CAA for flight at or below 900 m (3 000 ft) above mean sea level, or b) a modified table of cruising levels, when so prescribed in accordance with Appendix 3 for flight above FL 410. Note – This provision does not preclude the use of cruise climb techniques by aircraft in supersonic flight. 5.3.2 Communications A pilot-in-command of an IFR flight operating outside controlled airspace but within or into areas, or along routes, designated by the appropriate ATS authority in accordance with 3.3.1.2 c) or d) shall maintain an air-ground voice communication watch on the appropriate communication channel and establish two-way communication, as necessary, with the air traffic services unit providing flight information service. 5.3.3 Position reports A pilot-in-command of an IFR flight operating outside controlled airspace shall report position as specified in 3.8.3 for controlled flights when required by the appropriate ATS authority to: - submit a flight plan, - maintain an air-ground voice communication watch on the appropriate communication channel and establish two-way communication, as necessary, with the air traffic services unit providing flight information service, Note – Aircraft electing to use the air traffic advisory service whilst operating IFR within specified advisory airspace are expected to comply with the provisions of 3.6, except that the flight plan and changes thereto are not subjected to clearances and that two-way communication will be maintained with the unit providing the air traffic advisory service. Issue: 4.00 29 20 February 2025 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR 2 – Rules of the Air Maldives Civil Aviation Authority Appendix 1 – Signals APPENDIX 1 SIGNALS (Note – See Chapter 3, 3.4 of this MCAR) 1 DISTRESS AND URGENCY SIGNALS Note 1 – None of the provisions in this section shall prevent the use, by an aircraft in distress, of any means at its disposal to attract attention, make known its position and obtain help. Note 2 – For full details of telecommunication transmission procedures for the distress and urgency signals, see ICAO Annex 10, Volume II, Chapter 5. Note 3 – For details of the search and rescue visual signals, see ICAO Annex 12 to the convention International Civil Aviation. 1.1 Distress Signals The following signals used either together or separately, mean that grave and imminent danger threatens, and immediate assistance is requested: a) a signal made by radiotelegraphy or by any other signaling method consisting of the group SOS (. . . ____. . . in the Morse Code); b) a radiotelephony distress signal consisting of the spoken word MAYDAY; c) a distress message sent via data link which transmits the intent of the word MAYDAY; d) rockets or shells throwing red lights, fired one at a time at short intervals; e) a parachute flare showing a red light. Note – Article 41 of the ITU Radio Regulations (Nos. 3268, 3270 and 3271 refer) provides information on the alarm signals for actuating radiotelegraph and radiotelephone auto-alarm systems: 3268 The radiotelegraph alarm signal consists of a series of twelve dashes sent in one minute, the duration of each dash being four seconds and the duration of the interval between consecutive dashes one second. It shall be transmitted by hand but its transmission shall be by means of an automatic instrument. 3270 The radiotelephone alarm signal consists of two substantially sinusoidal audio frequency tones transmitted alternately. One tone shall have a frequency of 2 200 Hz and the other a frequency of 1 300 Hz, the duration of each tone being 250 milliseconds. 3271 The radiotelephone alarm signal, when generated by automatic means, shall be sent continuously for a period of at least thirty seconds but not exceeding one minute; when generated by other means, the signal shall be sent as continuously as practicable over a period of approximately one minute. Issue: 4.00 30 20 February 2025 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR 2 – Rules of the Air Maldives Civil Aviation Authority Appendix 1 – Signals 1.2 Urgency Signals 1.2.1. The following signals, used either together or separately, mean that an aircraft wishes to give notice of difficulties which compel it to land without requiring immediate assistance: a) the repeated switching on and off of the landing lights; or b) the repeated switching on and off of the navigation lights in such manner as to be distinct from flashing navigation lights. 1.2.2. The following signals, used either together or separately, mean that an aircraft has a very urgent message to transmit concerning the safety of a ship, aircraft or other vehicle, or of some person on board or within sight: a) a signal made by radiotelegraphy or by any other signalling method consisting of the group XXX; b) a radiotelephony urgency signal consisting of the spoken words PAN, PAN; c) an urgency message sent via data link which transmits the intent of the words PAN, PAN. 2 SIGNALS FOR USE IN THE EVENT OF INTERCEPTION 2.1 Signals initiated by intercepting aircraft and responses by intercepted aircraft. Series INTERCEPTING – Aircraft Signals Meaning INTERCEPTED Aircraft Meaning Responds 1 DAY or NIGHT – Rocking aircraft and flashing You have DAY or NIGHT – Rocking Understood, navigational lights at irregular intervals (and been aircraft, flashing navigational will comply. landing lights in the case of a helicopter) from a intercepted, lights at irregular intervals and position slightly above and ahead of, and normally follow me. following. to the left of, the intercepted aircraft (or to the right if the intercepted aircraft is a helicopter) and, after Note – Additional action acknowledgement, a slow level turn, normally to requires to be taken by the left (or to the right in the case of a helicopter) intercepted aircraft is on the desired heading. prescribed in Chapter 3, 3.8. Note 1 – Meteorological conditions or terrain may require the intercepting aircraft to reverse the positions and direction of turn given above in Series 1. Note 2 – If the intercepted aircraft is not able to keep pace with the intercepting aircraft, the latter is expected to fly a series of race-track pattern and to rock the aircraft each time it passes the intercepted aircraft. 2 DAY or NIGHT – An abrupt breakaway manoeuvre DAY or NIGHT – Rocking the Understood, from the intercepted aircraft consisting of a You may aircraft. will comply. climbing turn of 90 degrees or more without proceed. crossing the line of flight of the intercepted aircraft. Issue: 4.00 31 20 February 2025 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR 2 – Rules of the Air Maldives Civil Aviation Authority Appendix 1 – Signals 3 DAY or NIGHT – Lowering landing gear (if fitted), Land at this DAY or NIGHT – Lowering Understood, showing steady landing lights and overflying aerodrome. landing gear, (if fitted), will comply. runway in use or, if the intercepted aircraft is a showing steady landing lights helicopter, overflying the helicopter landing area. and following the intercepting In the case of helicopters, the intercepting aircraft and, if, after overflying helicopter makes a landing approach, coming to the runway in use or hover near to the landing area. helicopter landing area, landing is considered safe, proceed to land. 2.2 Signals initiated by intercepted aircraft and responses by intercepting aircraft Series INTERCEPTING – Aircraft Signals Meaning INTERCEPTED Aircraft Meaning Responds 4 DAY or NIGHT — Raising landing gear (if fitted) and DAY or NIGHT — If it is desired flashing landing lights while passing over runway Aerodrome that the intercepted aircraft Understood, in use or helicopter landing area at a height you have follow the intercepting aircraft follow me. exceeding 300 m (1 000 ft) but not exceeding 600 designated to an alternate aerodrome, the m (2 000 ft) (in the case of a helicopter, at a height is intercepting aircraft raises its exceeding 50 m (170 ft) but not exceeding 100 m inadequate. landing gear (if fitted) and uses (330 ft)) above the aerodrome level, and continuing the Series 1 signals prescribed to circle runway in use or helicopter landing area. for intercepting aircraft. If unable to flash landing lights, flash any other lights available. If it is decided to release the intercepted aircraft, the Understood, intercepting aircraft uses the you may Series 2 signals prescribed for proceed. intercepting aircraft 5 DAY or NIGHT — Regular switching on and off of all DAY or NIGHT — Use Series 2 Understood available lights but in such a manner as to be Cannot signals prescribed for distinct from flashing lights. comply. intercepting aircraft. 6 DAY or NIGHT — Irregular flashing of all available In distress. DAY or NIGHT — Use Series 2 Understood lights. signals prescribed for intercepting aircraft. 3 VISUAL SIGNALS USED TO WARN AN UNAUTHORIZED AIRCRAFT FLYING IN, OR ABOUT TO ENTER A RESTRICTED, PROHIBITED OR DANGER AREA By day and by night, a series of projectiles discharged from the ground at intervals of 10 seconds, each showing, on bursting, red and green lights or stars will indicate to an unauthorized aircraft that it is flying in or about to enter a restricted, prohibited or danger area, and that the aircraft is to take such remedial action as may be necessary. Issue: 4.00 32 20 February 2025 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR 2 – Rules of the Air Maldives Civil Aviation Authority Appendix 1 – Signals 4 SIGNALS FOR AERODROME TRAFFIC 4.1 Light and pyrotechnic signals 4.1.1 Instructions 4.1.2 Acknowledgement by an aircraft a) When in flight: 1. during the hours of daylight: - by rocking the aircraft’s wings; Note – This signal shall not be expected on the base and final legs of the approach. 2. during the hours of darkness: - by flashing on and off twice the aircraft’s landing lights or, if not so equipped, by switching on and off twice its navigation lights. b) When on the ground: 1. during the hours of daylight: Issue: 4.00 33 20 February 2025 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR 2 – Rules of the Air Maldives Civil Aviation Authority Appendix 1 – Signals - by moving the aircraft’s ailerons or rudder; 2. during the hours of darkness: - by flashing on and off twice the aircraft’s landing lights or, if not so equipped, by switching on and off twice its navigation lights. 4.2 Visual ground signals Note – For details of visual ground aids, see ICAO Annex 14 to the convention on International Civil Aviation. 4.2.1 Prohibition of landing A horizontal red square panel with yellow diagonals (Figure A1-2) when displayed in a signal area indicates that landings are prohibited and that the prohibition is liable to be prolonged. Figure A1-2 4.2.2 Need for special precautions while approaching or landing A horizontal red square panel with one yellow diagonal (Figure A1-3) when displayed in a signal area indicates that owing to the bad state of the manoeuvring area, or for any other reason, special precautions must be observed in approaching to land or in landing. Figure A1-3 4.2.3 Use of runways and taxiways 4.2.3.1 A horizontal white dumb-bell (Figure A1-4) when displayed in a signal area indicates that aircraft are required to land, take off and taxi on runways and taxiways only. Figure A1-4 4.2.3.2 The same horizontal white dumb-bell as in 4.2.3.1 but with a black bar placed perpendicular to the shaft across each circular portion of the dumb-bell (Figure A1-5) when displayed in a signal area indicates that aircraft are required to land and take off Issue: 4.00 34 20 February 2025 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR 2 – Rules of the Air Maldives Civil Aviation Authority Appendix 1 – Signals on runways only, but other manoeuvres need not be confined to runways and taxiways. Figure A1-5 4.2.4 Closed runways or taxiways Crosses of a single contrasting colour, yellow or white (Figure A1-6), displayed horizontally on runways and taxiways or parts thereof indicate an area unfit for movement of aircraft. Figure A1-6 4.2.5 Directions for landing or take-off 4.2.5.1 A horizontal white or orange landing T (Figure A1-7) indicates the direction to be used by aircraft for landing and take-off, which shall be in a direction parallel to the shaft of the T towards the cross arm. Note – When used at night, the landing T is either illuminated or outlined in white lights. Figure A1-7 4.2.5.2 A set of two digits (Figure A1-8) displayed vertically at or near the aerodrome control tower indicates to aircraft on the manoeuvring area the direction for take-off, expressed in units of 10 degrees to the nearest 10 degrees of the magnetic compass. Figure A1-8 4.2.6 Right-hand traffic When displayed in a signal area, or horizontally at the end of the runway or strip in use, a right-hand arrow of conspicuous colour (Figure A1-9) indicates that turns are to be made to the right before landing and after take-off. Issue: 4.00 35 20 February 2025 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR 2 – Rules of the Air Maldives Civil Aviation Authority Appendix 1 – Signals Figure A1-9 4.2.7 Air traffic services reporting office The letter C displayed vertically in black against a yellow background (Figure A1-10) indicates the location of the air traffic services reporting office. Figure A1-10 4.2.8 Glider flights in operation A double white cross displayed horizontally (Figure A1-11) in the signal area indicates that the aerodrome is being used by gliders and that glider flights are being performed. Figure A1-11 5 MARSHALLING SIGNALS 5.1 From a signalman to an aircraft Note 1 – These signals are designed for use by the signalman, with hands illuminated as necessary to facilitate observation by the pilot, and facing the aircraft in a position: a) for fixed-wing aircraft, on left side of aircraft, where best seen by the pilot; and b) for helicopters, where the signalman can best be seen by the pilot. Note 2 – The meaning of the relevant signals remains the same if bats, illuminated wands or torchlights are held. Note 3 – The aircraft engines are numbered, for the signalman facing the aircraft, from right to left (i.e. No. 1 engine being the port outer engine). Note 4 – Signals marked with an asterisk (*) are designed for use to hovering helicopters. Issue: 4.00 36 20 February 2025 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR 2 – Rules of the Air Maldives Civil Aviation Authority Appendix 1 – Signals Note 5 – References to wands may also be read to refer to daylight-fluorescent table- tennis bats or gloves (daytime only). Note 6 – References to the signalman may also be read to refer to marshaller. 5.1.1 Prior to using the following signals, the signalman shall ascertain that the area within which an aircraft is to be guided is clear of objects which the aircraft, in complying with 3.4.1, might otherwise strike. Note – The design of many aircraft is such that the path of the wing tips, engines and other extremities cannot always be monitored visually from the flight deck while the aircraft is being manoeuvred on the ground. Issue: 4.00 37 20 February 2025 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR 2 – Rules of the Air Maldives Civil Aviation Authority Appendix 1 – Signals Issue: 4.00 38 20 February 2025 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR 2 – Rules of the Air Maldives Civil Aviation Authority Appendix 1 – Signals Issue: 4.00 39 20 February 2025 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR 2 – Rules of the Air Maldives Civil Aviation Authority Appendix 1 – Signals Issue: 4.00 40 20 February 2025 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR 2 – Rules of the Air Maldives Civil Aviation Authority Appendix 1 – Signals Issue: 4.00 41 20 February 2025 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR 2 – Rules of the Air Maldives Civil Aviation Authority Appendix 1 – Signals Issue: 4.00 42 20 February 2025 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR 2 – Rules of the Air Maldives Civil Aviation Authority Appendix 1 – Signals Issue: 4.00 43 20 February 2025 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR 2 – Rules of the Air Maldives Civil Aviation Authority Appendix 1 – Signals Issue: 4.00 44 20 February 2025 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR 2 – Rules of the Air Maldives Civil Aviation Authority Appendix 1 – Signals Issue: 4.00 45 20 February 2025 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR 2 – Rules of the Air Maldives Civil Aviation Authority Appendix 1 – Signals Issue: 4.00 46 20 February 2025 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR 2 – Rules of the Air Maldives Civil Aviation Authority Appendix 1 – Signals Issue: 4.00 47 20 February 2025 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR 2 – Rules of the Air Maldives Civil Aviation Authority Appendix 1 – Signals 5.2 From the pilot of an aircraft to a signalman Note 1 – These signals are designed for use by a pilot in the cockpit with hands plainly visible to the signalman, and illuminated as necessary to facilitate observation by the signalman. Note 2 – The aircraft engines are numbered in relation to the signalman facing the aircraft, from right to left (i.e. No. 1 engine being the port outer engine). 5.2.1 Brakes Note – The moment the fist is clenched or the fingers are extended indicates, respectively, the moment of brake engagement or release. a) Brakes engaged: raise arm and hand, with fingers extended, horizontally in front of face, then clench fist. b) Brakes released: raise arm, with fist clenched, horizontally in front of face, then extend fingers. 5.2.2 Chocks c) Insert chocks: arms extended, palms outwards, move hands inwards to cross in front of face. d) Remove chocks: hands crossed in front of face, palms outwards, move arms outwards. 5.2.3 Ready to start engine(s) Raise the appropriate number of fingers on one hand indicating the number of the engine to be started. 5.3 Technical/servicing communication signals 5.3.1 Manual signals shall only be used when verbal communication is not possible with respect to technical/servicing communication signals. 5.3.2 Signalmen shall ensure that an acknowledgement is received from the flight crew with respect to technical/servicing communication signals. Note – The technical/servicing communication signals are included in Appendix 1 to standardize the use of hand signals used to communicate to flight crews during the aircraft movement process that relate to servicing or handling functions. 6 STANDARD EMERGENCY HAND SIGNALS The following hand signals are established as the minimum required for emergency communication between the aircraft rescue and firefighting (ARFF) incident commander/ARFF firefighters and the cockpit and/or cabin crews of the incident aircraft. ARFF emergency hand signals shall be given from the left front side of the aircraft for the flight crew. Note.— In order to communicate more effectively with the cabin crew, emergency hand signals may be given by ARFF firefighters from other positions. Issue: 4.00 48 20 February 2025 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR 2 – Rules of the Air Maldives Civil Aviation Authority Appendix 1 – Signals Issue: 4.00 49 20 February 2025 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR 2 – Rules of the Air Maldives Civil Aviation Authority Appendix 1 – Signals Issue: 4.00 50 20 February 2025 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR 2 – Rules of the Air Maldives Civil Aviation Authority Appendix 2 – Interception of Civil Aircraft APPENDIX 2 INTERCEPTION OF CIVIL AIRCRAFT (Note – See Chapter 3, 3.8 of this MCAR) 1 ACTION BY INTERCEPTED AIRCRAFT 1.1 An aircraft which is intercepted by another aircraft shall immediately: a) follow the instructions given by the intercepting aircraft, interpreting and responding to visual signals in accordance with the specifications in Appendix 1; b) notify, if possible, the appropriate air traffic services unit; c) attempt to establish radio-communication with the intercepting aircraft or with the appropriate intercept control unit, by making a general call on the emergency frequency 121.5 MHz, giving the identity of the intercepted aircraft and the nature of the flight; and if no contact has been established and if practicable, repeating this call on the emergency frequency 243 MHz; d) if equipped with SSR transponder, select Mode A, Code 7700, unless otherwise instructed by the appropriate air traffic services unit. e) if equipped with ADS-B or ADS-C, select the appropriate emergency functionality, if available, unless otherwise instructed by the appropriate air traffic services unit. 1.2 If any instructions received by radio from any sources conflict with those given by the intercepting aircraft by visual signals, the intercepted aircraft shall request immediate clarification while continuing to comply with the visual instructions given by the intercepting aircraft. 1.3 If any instructions received by radio from any sources conflict with those given by the intercepting aircraft by radio, the intercepted aircraft shall request immediate clarification while continuing to comply with the radio instructions given by the intercepting aircraft. 2 RADIO-COMMUNICATION DURING INTERCEPTION If radio contact is established during interception but communication in a common language is not possible, attempts shall be made to convey instructions, acknowledgement of instructions and essential information by using the phrases and pronunciations in Table A2-1 and transmitting each phrase twice: Issue: 4.00 51 20 February 2025 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR 2 – Rules of the Air Maldives Civil Aviation Authority Appendix 2 – Interception of Civil Aircraft Table A2-1 Phrases for use by INTERCEPTING aircraft Phrases for use by INTERCEPTED aircraft Phrase Pronunciation¹ Meaning Phrase Pronunciation¹ Meaning CALL What is your call CALL SIGN KOL SA-IN My call sign is KOL SA-IN SIGN sign? (call sign)² (call sign) (call sign) Understood FOLLOW FOL-LO Follow me WILCO VILL-KO Will comply Descend for DESCEND DEE-SEND CAN NOT KANN NOTT Unable to comply landing YOU Land at this Repeat your YOU LAAND REPEAT REE-PEET LAND aerodrome instruction You may PROCEED PRO-SEED AM LOST AM LOSST Position unknown proceed MAYDAY MAYDAY I am in distress I have been HIJACK³ HI-JACK hijacked LAND LAAND I request to land at (place (place name) (place name) name) DESCEND DEE-SEND I require descent 1. In the second column, syllables to be emphasized are underlined. 2. The call sign required to be given is that used in radiotelephony communications with air traffic services units and corresponding to the aircraft identification in the flight plan. 3. Circumstances may not always permit, nor make desirable, the use of the phrase “HIJACK”. Issue: 4.00 52 20 February 2025 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR 2 – Rules of the Air Maldives Civil Aviation Authority Appendix 3 – Table of Cruising Levels APPENDIX 3 TABLE OF CRUISING LEVELS The cruising levels to be observed when so required by this MCAR are as follows: RVSM — FEET a) Within Male’ FIR in accordance with conditions specified in the regional air navigation agreement, a vertical separation minimum (VSM) of 300 m (1 000 ft) is applied between FL 290 and FL 410 inclusive:* TRACK** From 000 degrees to 179 degrees*** From 180 degrees to 359 degrees*** IFR Flights Level VFR Flights Level IFR Flights Level VFR Flights Level FL Feet Metres FL Feet Metre FL Feet Metre FL Feet Metre s s s 010 1 000 300 - - - 020 2 000 600 - - - 030 3 000 900 035 3 500 1 050 040 4 000 1 200 045 4 500 1 350 050 5 000 1 500 055 5 500 1 700 060 6 000 1 850 065 6 500 2 000 070 7 000 2 150 075 7 500 2 300 080 8 000 2 450 085 8 500 2 600 090 9 000 2 750 095 9 500 2 900 100 10 000 3 050 105 10 500 3 200 110 11 000 3 350 115 11 500 3 500 120 12 000 3 650 125 12 500 3 800 130 13 000 3 950 135 13 500 4 100 140 14 000 4 250 145 14 500 4 400 150 15 000 4 550 155 15 500 4 700 160 16 000 4 900 165 16 500 5 050 170 17 000 5 200 175 17 500 5 350 180 18 000 5 500 185 18 500 5 650 190 19 000 5 800 195 19 500 5 950 200 20 000 6 100 205 20 500 6 250 210 21 000 6 400 215 21 500 6 550 220 22 000 6 700 225 22 500 6 850 230 23 000 7 000 235 23 500 7 150 240 24 000 7 300 245 24 500 7 450 250 25 000 7 600 255 25 500 7 750 260 26 000 7 900 265 26 500 8 100 270 27 000 8 250 275 27 500 8 400 280 28 000 8 550 285 28 500 8 700 290 29 000 8 850 300 30 000 9 150 310 31 000 9 450 320 32 000 9 750 330 33 000 10 050 340 34 000 10 350 350 35 000 10 650 360 36 000 10 950 370 37 000 11 300 380 38 000 11 600 390 39 000 11 900 400 40 000 12 200 410 41 000 12 500 430 43 000 13 100 450 45 000 13 700 470 47 000 14 350 490 49 000 14 950 510 51 000 15 550 etc. etc. etc. etc. etc. etc. * Except when, on the basis of regional air navigation agreements, a modified table of cruising levels based on a nominal vertical separation minimum of 1000 ft (300 m) is prescribed for use, under specified conditions, by aircraft operating above FL 410 within designated portions of the airspace. ** Magnetic track, or in polar areas at latitudes higher than 70 degrees and within such extensions to those areas as may be prescribed by the appropriate ATS authorities, grid tracks as determined by a network of lines parallel to the Greenwich Meridian superimposed on a polar stereographic chart in which the direction towards the North Pole is employed as the Grid North. Issue: 4.00 53 20 February 2025 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR 2 – Rules of the Air Maldives Civil Aviation Authority Appendix 3 – Table of Cruising Levels *** Except where, on the basis of regional air navigation agreements, from 090 to 269 degrees and from 270 to 089 degrees is prescribed to accommodate predominant traffic directions and appropriate transition procedures to be associated therewith are specified. Note.— Guidance material relating to vertical separation is contained in the Manual on Implementation of a 300 m (1 000 ft)Vertical Separation Minimum Between FL 290 and FL 410 Inclusive (Doc 9574). RVSM — METRES a) in areas where metres are used for altitude and where, in accordance with regional air navigation agreements, a vertical separation minimum of 300 m is applied between 8 900 m and 12 500 m inclusive:* TRACK** From 000 degrees to 179 degrees*** From 180 degrees to 359 degrees*** IFR Flights Level VFR Flights Level IFR Flights Level VFR Flights Level FL Feet Metre FL Feet Metre FL Feet Metre FL Feet Metres s s s 010 1 000 1 000 - - - 0060 600 2 000 - - – 030 3 000 3 000 0105 1 050 3 500 0120 1 200 3 900 0135 4 500 1 350 050 5 000 4 900 0165 1 650 5 400 0180 1 800 5 900 0195 6 500 2 000 070 7 000 6 900 0225 2 250 7 400 0240 2 400 7 900 0255 8 500 2 600 090 9 000 8 900 0285 2 850 9 400 0300 3 000 9 800 0315 10 500 3 200 110 11 000 10 800 0345 3 450 11 300 0360 3 600 11 800 0375 12 500 3 800 130 13 000 12 800 0405 4 050 13 300 0420 4 200 13 800 0435 14 500 4 400 150 15 000 14 800 0465 4 650 15 500 0480 4 800 15 700 0495 16 500 5 050 170 17 000 16 700 0525 5 250 17 200 0540 5 400 17 700 0555 18 500 5 650 190 19 000 18 700 0585 5 850 19 200 0600 6 000 19 700 0615 20 500 6 250 210 21 000 20 700 0645 6 450 21 200 0660 6 600 21 700 0675 22 500 6 850 230 23 000 22 600 0705 7 050 23 100 0720 7 200 23 600 0735 24 500 7 450 250 25 000 24 600 0765 7 650 25 100 0780 7 800 25 600 0795 26 500 8 100 270 27 000 26 600 0825 8 250 27 100 0840 8 400 27 600 0855 28 500 8 700 290 29 000 29 100 0920 9 200 30 100 330 33 000 31 100 0980 9800 32 100 370 37 000 33 100 1040 10 400 34 100 410 41 000 35 100 1100 11 000 36 100 450 45 000 37 100 1160 11 600 38 100 490 49 000 39 100 1220 12 200 40 100 010 1 000 41 100 1310 13 100 43 000 030 3 000 44 900 1430 14 300 46 900 050 5 000 48 900 1550 15 500 50 900 etc. etc. etc. etc. * Except when, on the basis of regional air navigation agreements, a modified table of cruising levels based on a nominal vertical separation minimum of 1000 ft (300 m) is prescribed for use, under specified conditions, by aircraft operating above FL 410 within designated portions of the airspace. ** Magnetic track, or in polar areas at latitudes higher than 70 degrees and within such extensions to those areas as may be prescribed by the appropriate ATS authorities, grid tracks as determined by a network of lines parallel to the Issue: 4.00 54 20 February 2025 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR 2 – Rules of the Air Maldives Civil Aviation Authority Appendix 3 – Table of Cruising Levels Greenwich Meridian superimposed on a polar stereographic chart in which the direction towards the North Pole is employed as the Grid North. *** Except where, on the basis of regional air navigation agreements, from 090 to 269 degrees and from 270 to 089 degrees is prescribed to accommodate predominant traffic directions and appropriate transition procedures to be associated therewith are specified. Note.— Guidance material relating to vertical separation is contained in the Manual on Implementation of a 300 m (1 000 ft)Vertical Separation Minimum Between FL 290 and FL 410 Inclusive (Doc 9574). Issue: 4.00 55 20 February 2025 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR 2 – Rules of the Air Maldives Civil Aviation Authority Appendix 3 – Table of Cruising Levels Non-RVSM — FEET a) in other areas where feet are the primary unit of measurement for altitude: TRACK** From 000 degrees to 179 degrees*** From 180 degrees to 359 degrees*** IFR Flights Level VFR Flights Level IFR Flights Level VFR Flights Level Standard Metres Feet Standa Metres Feet Standar Metre Feet Standard Metre Feet Metric rd d Metric Metric s s Metric 010 1 000 300 – – – 020 2 000 600 – – – 030 3 000 900 035 3 500 1 050 040 4 000 1 200 045 4 500 1 350 050 5 000 1 500 055 5 500 1 700 060 6 000 1 850 065 6 500 2 000 070 7 000 2 150 075 7 500 2 300 080 8 000 2 450 085 8 500 2 600 090 9 000 2 750 095 9 500 2 900 100 10 000 3 050 105 10 500 3 200 110 11 000 3 350 115 11 500 3500 120 12 000 3 650 125 12 500 3 800 130 13 000 3 950 135 13 500 4 100 140 14 000 4 250 145 14 500 4 400 150 15 000 4 550 155 15 500 4 700 160 16 000 4 900 165 16 500 5 050 170 17 000 5 200 175 17 500 5 350 180 18 000 5 500 185 18 500 5 650 190 19 000 5 800 195 19 500 5 950 200 20 000 6 100 205 20 500 6 250 210 21 000 6 400 215 21 500 6 550 220 22 000 6 700 225 22 500 6 850 230 23 000 7 000 235 23 500 7 150 240 24 000 7 300 245 24 500 7 450 250 25 000 7 600 255 25 500 7 750 260 26 000 7 900 265 26 500 8 100 270 27 000 8 250 275 27 500 8 400 280 28 000 8 550 285 28 500 8 700 290 29 000 8 850 300 30 000 9 150 310 31 000 9 450 320 32 000 9 750 330 33 000 10 050 340 34 000 10 350 35 000 10 650 360 36 000 10 950 350 370 37 000 11 300 380 38 000 11 390 39 000 11 900 400 40 000 12 200 600 410 41 000 12 500 420 42 000 12 430 43 000 13 100 440 44 000 13 400 800 450 45 000 13 700 460 46 000 14 470 47 000 14 350 480 48 000 14 650 000 490 49 000 14 950 500 50 000 15 510 51 000 15 550 520 52 000 15 850 250 etc. etc. etc. etc. etc. etc. ** Magnetic track, or in polar areas at latitudes higher than 70 degrees and within such extensions to those areas as may be prescribed by the appropriate ATS authorities, grid tracks as determined by a network of lines parallel to the Greenwich Meridian superimposed on a polar stereographic chart in which the direction towards the North Pole is employed as the Grid North. *** Except where, on the basis of regional air navigation agreements, from 090 to 269 degrees and from 270 to 089 degrees is prescribed to accommodate predominant traffic directions and appropriate transition procedures to be associated therewith are specified. Note.— Guidance material relating to vertical separation is contained in the Manual on Implementation of a 300 m (1 000 ft)Vertical Separation Minimum Between FL 290 and FL 410 Inclusive (Doc 9574). Issue: 4.00 56 20 February 2025 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR 2 – Rules of the Air Maldives Civil Aviation Authority Appendix 3 – Table of Cruising Levels Non-RVSM — METRES b) in other areas where metres are the primary unit of measurement for altitude:

TRACK** From 000 degrees to 179 degrees*** From 180 degrees to 359 degrees*** IFR Flights Level VFR Flights Level IFR Flights Level VFR Flights Level FL Feet Metre FL Feet Metre FL Feet Metre FL Feet Metres s s s 0030 300 1 000 – – – 0060 600 2 000 – – – 0090 900 3 000 0105 1 050 3 500 0120 1 200 3 900 0135 1 350 4 400 0150 1 500 4 900 0165 1 650 5 400 0180 1 800 5 900 0195 1 950 6 400 0210 2 100 6 900 0225 2 250 7 400 0240 2 400 7 900 0255 2 550 8 400 0270 2 700 8 900 0285 2 850 9 400 0300 3 000 9 800 0315 3 150 10 300 0330 3 300 10 800 0345 3 450 11 300 0360 3 600 11 800 0375 3 750 12 300 0390 3 900 12 800 0405 4 050 13 300 0420 4 200 13 800 0435 4 350 14 300 0450 4 500 14 800 0465 4 650 15 300 0480 4 800 15 700 0495 4 950 16 200 0510 5 100 16 700 0525 5 250 17 200 0540 5 400 17 700 0555 5 550 18 200 0570 5 700 18 700 0585 5 850 19 200 0600 6 000 19 700 0615 6 150 20 200 0630 6 300 20 700 0645 6 450 21 200 0660 6 600 21 700 0675 6 750 22 100 0690 6 900 22 600 0705 7 050 23 100 0720 7 200 23 600 0735 7 350 24 100 0750 7 500 24 600 0765 7 650 25 100 0780 7 800 25 600 0795 7 950 26 100 0810 8 100 26 600 0825 8 250 27 100 0840 8 400 27 600 0855 8 550 28 100 0890 8 900 29 100 0920 9 200 30 100 0950 9 500 31 100 0980 9 800 32 100 1010 10 100 33 100 1040 10 400 34 100 1070 10 700 35 100 1100 11 000 36 100 1130 11 300 37 100 1160 11 600 38 100 1190 11 900 39 100 1220 12 200 40 100 1250 12 500 41 100 1280 12 800 42 100 1310 13 100 43 000 1370 13 400 44 000 1370 13 700 44 900 1400 14 000 46 100 1430 14 300 46 900 1460 14 600 47 900 1490 14 900 48 900 1520 15 200 49 900 1550 15 500 50 900 1580 15 800 51 900 etc. etc. etc. etc. etc. etc. etc. etc. etc. etc. etc. etc. ** Magnetic track, or in polar areas at latitudes higher than 70 degrees and within such extensions to those areas as may be prescribed by the appropriate ATS authorities, grid tracks as determined by a network of lines parallel to the Greenwich Meridian superimposed on a polar stereographic chart in which the direction towards the North Pole is employed as the Grid North. *** Except where, on the basis of regional air navigation agreements, from 090 to 269 degrees and from 270 to 089 degrees is prescribed to accommodate predominant traffic directions and appropriate transition procedures to be associated therewith are specified. Note.— Guidance material relating to vertical separation is contained in the Manual on Implementation of a 300 m (1 000 ft)Vertical Separation Minimum Between FL 290 and FL 410 Inclusive (Doc 9574). Issue: 4.00 57 20 February 2025 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR 2 – Rules of the Air Maldives Civil Aviation Authority Appendix 4 – Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems APPENDIX 4 REMOTELY PILOTED AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS Note.— See Chapter 3, 3.1.9 of this MCAR Note – The Manual on Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems (RPAS) (DOC 10019), contains explanatory information related to remotely piloted aircraft systems. 1 General operating rules 1.1 Unless otherwise stated in any other MCAR, a remotely piloted aircraft system (RPAS) shall not be operated without appropriate authorization from the CAA. 1.2 An RPA shall not be operated across the territory of another State without special authorization issued by each State in which the flight is to operate. This authorization may be in the form of agreements between the States involved. 1.3 An RPA shall not be operated over the high seas without prior coordination with the appropriate ATS authority. 1.4 The authorization and coordination referred to in 1.2 and 1.3 shall be obtained prior to take-off if there is reasonable expectation, when planning the operation, that the aircraft may enter the airspace concerned. 1.5 An RPAS shall be operated in accordance with conditions specified by the State of Registry, the State of the Operator, if different, and the State(s) in which the flight is to operate. 1.6 Flight plans shall be submitted in accordance with Chapter 3 of this MCAR or as otherwise mandated by the State(s) in which the flight is to operate. 1.7 RPAS shall meet the performance and equipment carriage requirements for the specific airspace in which the flight is to operate. 2 Certificates and licensing Note 1.—ICAO Assembly Resolution A41-10 Appendix C resolves that pending the coming into force of international Standards respecting particular categories, classes or types of aircraft, certificates issued or rendered valid, under national regulations, by the Contracting State in which the aircraft is registered shall be recognized by other Contracting States for the purposes of flight over their territories, including landings and take-offs. Note 2.— Notwithstanding ICAO Assembly Resolution A41-10, Article 8 of the Chicago Convention assures each Contracting State of the absolute sovereignty over the authorization for RPA operations over its territory. 2.1 Until 25 November 2026, an RPAS shall be approved, taking into account the interdependencies of the components, in accordance with national regulations and in a manner that is consistent with the provisions of related MCARs. In addition, unless otherwise stated in any other MCAR: Issue: 4.00 58 20 February 2025 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR 2 – Rules of the Air Maldives Civil Aviation Authority Appendix 4 – Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems a) an RPA shall have a certificate of airworthiness issued in accordance with national regulations and in a manner that is consistent with the provisions of Annex 8 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation; and b) the associated RPAS components specified in the type design shall be certificated and maintained in accordance with national regulations and in a manner that is consistent with the provisions of related Annexes to the Convention on International Civil Aviation. As of 26 November 2026, An RPAS shall be approved, taking into account the interdependencies of the components, in accordance with national regulations and in a manner that is consistent with the provisions of related Annexes to the Convention on International Civil Aviation. In addition: a) an RPA shall have a certificate of airworthiness issued in accordance with the provisions of Annex 8 to the convention on International Civil Aviation; and b) the associated RPAS components specified in the type design shall be certificated and maintained in accordance with the provisions of related Annexes to the Convention on International Civil Aviation 2.2 Unless otherwise stated in any other MCAR, an operator shall have an RPAS operator certificate issued in accordance with national regulations and in a manner that is consistent with the provisions of Annex 6, Part IV to the Convention on International Civil Aviation . 2.3 Unless otherwise stated in any other MCAR, remote pilots shall be licensed or have their licences rendered valid, in accordance with the provisions of Annex 1 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation. 3 Request for authorization 3.1 The request for authorization referred to in 1.2 above shall be made to the appropriate authorities of the State(s) in which the RPA will operate not less than seven days before the date of the intended flight unless otherwise specified by the State. 3.2 Unless otherwise stated in any other MCAR, the request for authorization shall include the following: a) name and contact information of the operator; b) RPA characteristics (type of aircraft, maximum certificated take-off mass, number of engines, wing span); c) copy of certificate of registration; d) aircraft identification to be used in radiotelephony, if applicable; e) copy of the certificate of airworthiness; f) copy of the RPAS operator certificate; g) copy of the remote pilot(s) licence; h) copy of the aircraft radio station licence, if applicable; Issue: 4.00 59 20 February 2025 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR 2 – Rules of the Air Maldives Civil Aviation Authority Appendix 4 – Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems i) description of the intended operation (to include type of operation or purpose), flight rules, visual line-of-sight (VLOS) operation if applicable, date of intended flight(s), point of departure, destination, cruising speed(s), cruising level(s), route to be followed, duration/frequency of flight; j) take-off and landing requirements; k) RPA performance characteristics, including: 1. operating speeds; 2. typical and maximum climb rates; 3. typical and maximum descent rates; 4. typical and maximum turn rates; 5. other relevant performance data (e.g. limitations regarding wind, icing, precipitation); and 6. maximum aircraft endurance; l) communications, navigation and surveillance capabilities: 1. aeronautical safety communications frequencies and equipment, including: i. ATC communications, including any alternate means of communication; ii. command and control links (C2) including performance parameters and designated operational coverage area; iii. communications between remote pilot and RPA observer, if applicable; 2. navigation equipment; and 3. surveillance equipment (e.g. SSR transponder, ADS-B out); m) detect and avoid capabilities; n) emergency procedures, including: 1. communications failure with ATC; 2. C2 failure; and 3. remote pilot/RPA observer communications failure, if applicable; o) number and location of remote pilot stations as well as handover procedures between remote pilot stations, if applicable; p) document attesting noise certification that is consistent with the provisions of Annex 16, Volume 1 to the convention on International Civil Aviation, if applicable; q) confirmation of compliance with national security standards in a manner that is consistent with the provisions of Annex 17 to the convention on International Civil Aviation, to include security measures relevant to the RPAS operation, as appropriate; r) payload information/description; and s) proof of adequate insurance/liability coverage. Issue: 4.00 60 20 February 2025 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR 2 – Rules of the Air Maldives Civil Aviation Authority Appendix 4 – Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems 3.3 When certificates or other documents identified in 3.2 above are issued in a language other than English, an English translation shall be included. 3.4 After authorization has been obtained from the appropriate State(s), air traffic services notification and coordination shall be completed in accordance with the requirements of the State(s). Note. — A request for authorization does not satisfy the requirement to file a flight plan with the air traffic services units. 3.5 Changes to the authorization shall be submitted for consideration to the appropriate State(s). If the changes are approved, all affected authorities shall be notified by the operator. 3.6 In the event of a flight cancellation, the operator or remote pilot shall notify all appropriate authorities as soon as possible. Issue: 4.00 61 20 February 2025 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR 2 – Rules of the Air Maldives Civil Aviation Authority Appendix 5 – Unmanned Free Balloons APPENDIX 5 UNMANNED FREE BALLOONS (Note – See Chapter 3, 3.1.10 of this MCAR) 1 CLASSIFICATION OF UNMANNED FREE BALLOONS Unmanned free balloons shall be classified as: a) light: an unmanned free balloon which carries a payload of one or more packages with a combined mass of less than 4 kg, unless qualifying as a heavy balloon in accordance with c) 2), 3) or 4) below; or b) medium: an unmanned free balloon which carries a payload of two or more packages with a combined mass of 4 kg or more, but less than 6 kg, unless qualifying as a heavy balloon in accordance with c) 2), 3) or 4) below; or c) heavy: an unmanned free balloon which carries a payload which: 1. has a combined mass of 6 kg or more; or 2. includes a package of 3 kg or more; or 3. includes a package of 2 kg or more with an area density of more than 13 g per square centimeter; or 4. uses a rope or other device for suspension of the payload that requires an impact force of 230 N or more to separate the suspended payload from the balloon. Note 1 – The area density referred to in c) 3) is determined by dividing the total mass in grams of the payload package by the area in square centimeters of its smallest surface. Note 2 – See Figure A5-1 2 GENERAL OPERATING RULES 2.1 An unmanned free balloon shall not be operated without appropriate authorization from the MCAA from where the launch is made. 2.2 An unmanned free balloon, other than a light balloon used exclusively for meteorological purposes and operated in the manner prescribed by MCAA, shall not be operated across the territory of another State without appropriate authorization from the other State concerned. 2.3 The authorization referred to in 2.2 shall be obtained prior to the launching of the balloon if there is reasonable expectation, when planning the operation, that the balloon may drift into airspace over the territory of another State. Such authorization may be obtained for a series of balloon flights or for a particular type of recurring flight, e.g. atmospheric research balloon flights. 2.4 An unmanned free balloon shall be operated in accordance with conditions specified by MCAA and the State(s) expected to be overflown. Issue: 4.00 62 20 February 2025 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR 2 – Rules of the Air Maldives Civil Aviation Authority Appendix 5 – Unmanned Free Balloons Issue: 4.00 63 20 February 2025 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR 2 – Rules of the Air Maldives Civil Aviation Authority Appendix 5 – Unmanned Free Balloons 2.5 An unmanned free balloon shall not be operated in such a manner that impact of the balloon, or any part thereof, including its payload, with the surface of the earth, creates a hazard to persons or property not associated with the operation. 2.6 A heavy unmanned free balloon shall not be operated over the high seas without prior coordination with the appropriate ATS authority. 3 OPERATING LIMITATIONS AND EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS 3.1 A heavy unmanned free balloon shall not be operated without authorization from the appropriate ATS authority at or through any level below 18 000 m (60 000 ft) pressure- altitude at which: a) there are clouds or obscuring phenomena of more than four oktas coverage; or b) the horizontal visibility is less than 8 km. 3.2 A heavy or medium unmanned free balloon shall not be released in a manner that will cause it to fly lower than 300 m (1 000 ft) over the congested areas of cities, towns or settlements or an open-air assembly of persons not associated with the operation. 3.3 A heavy unmanned free balloon shall not be operated unless: a) it is equipped with at least two payload flight termination devices or systems, whether automatic or operated by telecommand, that operate independently of each other; b) for polyethylene zero-pressure balloons, at least two methods, systems, devices, or combinations thereof, that function independently of each other are employed for terminating the flight of the balloon envelope; Note.— Super-pressure balloons do not require these devices as they quickly rise after payload discharge and burst without the need for a device or system designed to puncture the balloon envelope. In this context a super-pressure balloon is a simple non-extensible envelope capable of withstanding a differential of pressure, higher inside than out. It is inflated so that the smaller night-time pressure of the gas still fully extends the envelope. Such a super-pressure balloon will keep essentially constant level until too much gas diffuses out of it. c) the balloon envelope is equipped with either a radar reflective device(s) or radar reflective material that will present an echo to surface radar operating in the 200 MHz to 2 700 MHz frequency range, and/or the balloon is equipped with such other devices as will permit continuous tracking by the operator beyond the range of ground-based radar. 3.4 A heavy unmanned free balloon shall not be operated under the following conditions: a) in an area where ground-based SSR equipment is in use, unless it is equipped with a secondary surveillance radar transponder, with pressure-altitude reporting capability, which is continuously operating on an assigned code, or which can be turned on when necessary by the tracking station; or b) in an area where ground-based ADS-B equipment is in use, unless it is equipped with an ADS-B transmitter, with pressure-altitude reporting capability, which is Issue: 4.00 64 20 February 2025 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR 2 – Rules of the Air Maldives Civil Aviation Authority Appendix 5 – Unmanned Free Balloons continuously operating or which can be turned on when necessary by the tracking station. 3.5 An unmanned free balloon that is equipped with a trailing antenna that requires a force of more than 230 N to break it at any point shall not be operated unless the antenna has coloured pennants or streamers that are attached at not more than 15 m intervals. 3.6 A heavy unmanned free balloon shall not be operated below 18 000 m (60 000 ft) pressure-altitude between sunset and sunrise or such other period between sunset and sunrise (corrected to the altitude of operation) as may be prescribed by the appropriate ATS authority, unless the balloon and its attachments and payload, whether or not they become separated during the operation, are lighted. 3.7 A heavy unmanned free balloon that is equipped with a suspension device (other than a highly conspicuously coloured open parachute) more than 15 m long shall not be operated between sunrise and sunset below 18 000 m (60 000 ft) pressure-altitude unless the suspension device is coloured in alternate bands of high conspicuity colours or has coloured pennants attached. 4 TERMINATION The operator of a heavy unmanned free balloon shall activate the appropriate termination devices required by 3.3 a) and b) above: a) when it becomes known that weather conditions are less than those prescribed for the operation; b) if a malfunction or any other reason makes further operation hazardous to air traffic or to persons or property on the surface; or c) prior to unauthorized entry into the airspace over another State’s territory. 5 FLIGHT NOTIFICATION 5.1 Pre-flight notification 5.1.1 Early notification of the intended flight of an unmanned free balloon in the medium or heavy category shall be made to the appropriate air traffic services unit not less than seven days before the date of the intended flight. 5.1.2 Notification of the intended flight shall include such of the following information as may be required by the appropriate air traffic services unit: a) balloon flight identification or project code name; b) balloon classification and description; c) SSR code, aircraft address or NDB frequency as applicable; d) operator’s name and telephone number; e) launch site; f) estimated time of launch (or time of commencement and completion of multiple launches); Issue: 4.00 65 20 February 2025 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR 2 – Rules of the Air Maldives Civil Aviation Authority Appendix 5 – Unmanned Free Balloons g) number of balloons to be launched and the scheduled interval between launches (if multiple launches); h) expected direction of ascent; i) cruising level(s) (pressure-altitude); j) the estimated elapsed time to pass 18 000 m (60 000 ft) pressure-altitude or to reach cruising level if at or below 18 000 m (60 000 ft), together with the estimated location; Note – If the operation consists of continuous launchings, the time to be included is the estimated time at which the first and the last in the series will reach the appropriate level (e.g. 122136Z–130330Z). k) the estimated date and time of termination of the flight and the planned location of the impact/recovery area. In the case of balloons carrying out flights of long duration, as a result of which the date and time of termination of the flight and the location of impact cannot be forecast with accuracy, the term “long duration” shall be used. Note.— If there is to be more than one location of impact/recovery, each location is to be listed together with the appropriate estimated time of impact. If there is to be a series of continuous impacts, the time to be included is the estimated time of the first and the last in the series (e.g. 070330Z–072300Z). 5.1.3 Any changes in the pre-launch information notified in accordance with 5.1.2 above shall be forwarded to the air traffic services unit concerned not less than 6 hours before the estimated time of launch, or in the case of solar or cosmic disturbance investigations involving a critical time element, not less than 30 minutes before the estimated time of the commencement of the operation. 5.2 Notification of launch Immediately after a medium or heavy unmanned free balloon is launched the operator shall notify the appropriate air traffic services unit of the following: a) balloon flight identification; b) launch site; c) actual time of launch; d) estimated time at which 18 000 m (60 000 ft) pressure altitude will be passed, or the estimated time at which the cruising level will be reached if at or below 18 000 m (60 000 ft), and the estimated location; and e) any changes to the information previously notified in accordance with 5.1.2 g) and h). 5.3 Notification of cancellation The operator shall notify the appropriate air traffic services unit immediately it is known that the intended flight of a medium or heavy unmanned free balloon, previously notified in accordance with 5.1, has been cancelled. Issue: 4.00 66 20 February 2025 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR 2 – Rules of the Air Maldives Civil Aviation Authority Appendix 5 – Unmanned Free Balloons 6 POSITION RECORDING AND REPORTS 6.1 The operator of a heavy unmanned free balloon operating at or below 18 000 m (60 000 ft.) pressure-altitude shall monitor the flight path of the balloon and forward reports of the balloon’s position as requested by air traffic services. Unless air traffic services require reports of the balloon’s position at more frequent intervals, the operator shall record the position every 2 hours. 6.2 The operator of a heavy unmanned free balloon operating above 18 000 m (60 000 ft) pressure-altitude shall monitor the flight progress of the balloon and forward reports of the balloon’s position as requested by air traffic services. Unless air traffic services require reports of the balloon’s position at more frequent intervals, the operator shall record the position every 24 hours. 6.3 If a position cannot be recorded in accordance with 6.1 and 6.2, the operator shall immediately notify the appropriate air traffic services unit. This notification shall include the last recorded position. The appropriate air traffic services unit shall be notified immediately when tracking of the balloon is re-established. 6.4 One hour before the beginning of planned descent of a heavy unmanned free balloon, the operator shall forward to the appropriate ATS unit the following information regarding the balloon: a) the current geographical position; b) the current level (pressure-altitude); c) the forecast time of penetration of 18 000 m (60 000 ft) pressure-altitude, if applicable; d) the forecast time and location of ground impact. 6.5 The operator of a heavy or medium unmanned free balloon shall notify the appropriate air traffic services unit when the operation is ended. Issue: 4.00 67 20 February 2025 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR 2 – Rules of the Air Maldives Civil Aviation Authority Attachment A – Interception of Civil Aircraft ATTACHMENT A - INTERCEPTION OF CIVIL AIRCRAFT (Note – See Chapter 3, 3.8 of this MCAR and associated Note) Note – In the interest of completeness, the substance of the provisions in Appendix 2 to the MCAR is incorporated in this Attachment. 1. General 1.1 Interception of civil aircraft shall be avoided and shall be undertaken only as a last resort. If undertaken, the interception shall be limited to determining the identity of the aircraft, unless it is necessary to return the aircraft to its planned track, direct it beyond the boundaries of national airspace, guide it away from a prohibited, restricted or danger area or instruct it to effect a landing at a designated aerodrome. Practice interception of civil aircraft is not to be undertaken. 1.2 To eliminate or reduce the need for interception of civil aircraft, it is important that: a) all possible efforts be made by intercept control units to secure identification of any aircraft which may be a civil aircraft, and to issue any necessary instructions or advice to such aircraft, through the appropriate air traffic services units. To this end, it is essential that means of rapid and reliable communications between intercept control units and air traffic services units be established and that agreements be formulated concerning exchanges of information between such units on the movements of civil aircraft, in accordance with the provisions of ICAO Annex 11 to the convention on International Civil Aviation; b) areas prohibited to all civil flights and areas in which civil flight is not permitted without special authorization by the State be clearly promulgated in Aeronautical Information Publications (AIP) in accordance with the provisions of ICAO Annex 15 to the convention on International Civil Aviation, together with the risk, if any, of interception in the event of penetration of such areas. When delineating such areas in close proximity to promulgated ATS routes, or other frequently used tracks, States shall take into account the availability and overall systems accuracy of the navigation systems to be used by civil aircraft and their ability to remain clear of the delineated areas; c) the establishment of additional navigation aids be considered where necessary to ensure that civil aircraft are able safely to circumnavigate prohibited or, as required, restricted areas. 1.3 To eliminate or reduce the hazards inherent in interceptions undertaken as a last resort, all possible efforts shall be made to ensure coordinated actions by the pilots and ground units concerned. To this end, it is essential that steps be taken to ensure that: a) all pilots of civil aircraft be made fully aware of the actions to be taken by them and the visual signals to be used, as specified in Chapter 3 and Appendix 1 of this MCAR; b) operators or pilots-in-command of civil aircraft implement the provisions in ICAO Annex 6, Parts I, II and III to the convention on International Civil Aviation, regarding Issue: 4.00 68 20 February 2025 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR 2 – Rules of the Air Maldives Civil Aviation Authority Attachment A – Interception of Civil Aircraft the capability of aircraft to communicate on 121.5 MHz and the availability of interception procedures and visual signals on board aircraft; c) all air traffic services personnel be made fully aware of the actions to be taken by them in accordance with the provisions of ICAO Annex 11, Chapter 2 to the convention on International Civil Aviation, and the PANS-ATM (Doc 4444); d) all pilots-in-command of intercepting aircraft be made aware of the general performance limitations of civil aircraft and of the possibility that intercepted civil aircraft may be in a state of emergency due to technical difficulties or unlawful interference; e) clear and unambiguous instructions be issued to intercept control units and to pilots-in-command of potential intercepting aircraft, covering interception manoeuvres, guidance of intercepted aircraft, action by intercepted aircraft, air-to- air visual signals, radio communication with intercepted aircraft, and the need to refrain from resorting to the use of weapons; Note – See paragraphs 3 to 8. f) intercept control units and intercepting aircraft be provided with radiotelephony equipment compatible with the technical specifications of ICAO Annex 10, Volume I to the convention on International Civil Aviation, so as to enable them to communicate with intercepted aircraft on the emergency frequency 121.5 MHz; g) secondary surveillance radar and/or ADS-B facilities be made available to the extent possible to permit intercept control units to identify civil aircraft in areas where they might otherwise be intercepted. Such facilities shall permit recognition of aircraft identity and immediate recognition of any emergency or urgency conditions. 2. Interception manoeuvres 2.1 A standard method shall be established for the manoeuvring of aircraft intercepting a civil aircraft in order to avoid any hazard for the intercepted aircraft. Such method shall take due account of the performance limitations of civil aircraft, the need to avoid flying in such proximity to the intercepted aircraft that a collision hazard may be created and the need to avoid crossing the aircraft’s flight path or to perform any other manoeuvre in such a manner that the wake turbulence may be hazardous, particularly if the intercepted aircraft is a light aircraft. 2.2 An aircraft equipped with an airborne collision avoidance system (ACAS), which is being intercepted, may perceive the interceptor as a collision threat and thus initiate an avoidance manoeuvre in response to an ACAS resolution advisory. Such a manoeuvre might be misinterpreted by the interceptor as an indication of unfriendly intentions. It is important, therefore, that pilots of intercepting aircraft equipped with a secondary surveillance radar (SSR) transponder suppress the transmission of pressure-altitude information (in Mode C replies or in the AC field of Mode S replies) within a range of at least 37 km (20 NM) of the aircraft being intercepted. This prevents the ACAS in the intercepted aircraft from using resolution advisories in respect of the interceptor, while the ACAS traffic advisory information will remain available. Issue: 4.00 69 20 February 2025 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR 2 – Rules of the Air Maldives Civil Aviation Authority Attachment A – Interception of Civil Aircraft 2.3 Manoeuvres for visual identification The following method shall be used for the manoeuvring of intercepting aircraft for the purpose of visually identifying a civil aircraft: Phase I The intercepting aircraft shall approach the intercepted aircraft from astern. The element leader, or the single intercepting aircraft, shall normally take up a position on the left (port) side, slightly above and ahead of the intercepted aircraft, within the field of view of the pilot of the intercepted aircraft, and initially not closer to the aircraft than 300 m. Any other participating aircraft shall stay well clear of the intercepted aircraft, preferably above and behind. After speed and position have been established, the aircraft shall, if necessary, proceed with Phase II of the procedure. Phase II The element leader, or the single intercepting aircraft, shall begin closing in gently on the intercepted aircraft, at the same level, until no closer than absolutely necessary to obtain the information needed. The element leader, or the single intercepting aircraft, shall use caution to avoid startling the flight crew or the passengers of the intercepted aircraft, keeping constantly in mind the fact that manoeuvres considered normal to an intercepting aircraft may be considered hazardous to passengers and crews of civil aircraft. Any other participating aircraft shall continue to stay well clear of the intercepted aircraft. Upon completion of identification, the intercepting aircraft shall withdraw from the vicinity of the intercepted aircraft as outlined in Phase III. Phase III The element leader, or the single intercepting aircraft, shall break gently away from the intercepted aircraft in a shallow dive. Any other participating aircraft shall stay well clear of the intercepted aircraft and rejoin their leader. 2.4 Manoeuvres for navigational guidance 2.4.1 If, following the identification manoeuvres in Phase I and Phase II above, it is considered necessary to intervene in the navigation of the intercepted aircraft, the element leader, or the single intercepting aircraft, shall normally take up a position on the left (port) side, slightly above and ahead of the intercepted aircraft, to enable the pilot-in- command of the latter aircraft to see the visual signals given. 2.4.2 It is indispensable that the pilot-in-command of the intercepting aircraft be satisfied that the pilot-in-command of the intercepted aircraft is aware of the interception and acknowledges the signals given. If repeated attempts to attract the attention of the pilot-in-command of the intercepted aircraft by use of the Series 1 signal in Appendix 1, Section 2 of this MCAR, are unsuccessful, other methods of signalling may be used for this purpose, including as a last resort the visual effect of the reheat/afterburner, provided that no hazard is created for the intercepted aircraft. 2.5 It is recognized that meteorological conditions or terrain may occasionally make it necessary for the element leader, or the single intercepting aircraft, to take up a position on the right (starboard) side, slightly above and ahead of the intercepted aircraft. In such case, the pilot-in-command of the intercepting aircraft must take Issue: 4.00 70 20 February 2025 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR 2 – Rules of the Air Maldives Civil Aviation Authority Attachment A – Interception of Civil Aircraft particular care that the intercepting aircraft is clearly visible at all times to the pilot-in- command of the intercepted aircraft. 3. Guidance of an intercepted aircraft 3.1 Navigational guidance and related information shall be given to an intercepted aircraft by radiotelephony, whenever radio contact can be established. 3.2 When navigational guidance is given to an intercepted aircraft, care must be taken that the aircraft is not led into conditions where the visibility may be reduced below that required to maintain flight in visual meteorological conditions and that the manoeuvres demanded of the intercepted aircraft do not add to already existing hazards in the event that the operating efficiency of the aircraft is impaired. 3.3 In the exceptional case where an intercepted civil aircraft is required to land in the territory overflown, care must also be taken that: a) the designated aerodrome is suitable for the safe landing of the aircraft type concerned, especially if the aerodrome is not normally used for civil air transport operations; b) the surrounding terrain is suitable for circling, approach and missed approach manoeuvres; c) the intercepted aircraft has sufficient fuel remaining to reach the aerodrome; d) if the intercepted aircraft is a civil transport aircraft, the designated aerodrome has a runway with a length equivalent to at least 2 500 m at mean sea level and a bearing strength sufficient to support the aircraft; and e) whenever possible, the designated aerodrome is one that is described in detail in the relevant Aeronautical Information Publication. 3.4 When requiring a civil aircraft to land at an unfamiliar aerodrome, it is essential that sufficient time be allowed it to prepare for a landing, bearing in mind that only the pilot- in-command of the civil aircraft can judge the safety of the landing operation in relation to runway length and aircraft mass at the time. 3.5 It is particularly important that all information necessary to facilitate a safe approach and landing be given to the intercepted aircraft by radiotelephony. 4. Action by intercepted aircraft The Standards in Appendix 2, Section 2 of this MCAR, specify as follows: “2.1 An aircraft which is intercepted by another aircraft hall immediately: a) follow the instructions given by the intercepting aircraft, interpreting and responding to visual signals in accordance with the specifications in Appendix 1 of this MCAR; b) notify, if possible, the appropriate air traffic services unit; c) attempt to establish radio-communication with the intercepting aircraft or with the appropriate intercept control unit, by making a general call on the emergency frequency 121.5 MHz, giving the identity of the intercepted aircraft and the nature Issue: 4.00 71 20 February 2025 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR 2 – Rules of the Air Maldives Civil Aviation Authority Attachment A – Interception of Civil Aircraft of the flight; and if no contact has been established and if practicable, repeating this call on the emergency frequency 243 MHz; d) if equipped with SSR transponder, select Mode A, Code 7700, unless otherwise instructed by the appropriate air traffic services unit. e) if equipped with ADS-B or ADS-C, select the appropriate emergency functionality, if available, unless otherwise instructed by the appropriate air traffic services unit. “2.2 If any instructions received by radio from any sources conflict with those given by the intercepting aircraft by visual signals, the intercepted aircraft shall request immediate clarification while continuing to comply with the visual instructions given by the intercepting aircraft. “2.3 If any instructions received by radio from any sources conflict with those given by the intercepting aircraft by radio, he intercepted aircraft shall request immediate clarification while continuing to comply with the radio instructions given by the intercepting aircraft.” 5. Air-to-air visual signals The visual signals to be used by intercepting and intercepted aircraft are those set forth in Appendix 1 to this MCAR. It is essential that intercepting and intercepted aircraft adhere strictly to those signals and interpret correctly the signals given by the other aircraft, and that the intercepting aircraft pay particular attention to any signals given by the intercepted aircraft to indicate that it is in a state of distress or urgency. 6. Radio communication between the intercept control unit or the intercepting aircraft and the intercepted aircraft 6.1 When an interception is being made, the intercept control unit and the intercepting aircraft shall: a) first attempt to establish two-way communication with the intercepted aircraft in a common language on the emergency frequency 121.5 MHz, using the call signs “INTERCEPT CONTROL”, “INTERCEPTOR (call sign)” and “INTERCEPTED AIRCRAFT” respectively; and b) failing this, attempt to establish two-way communication with the intercepted aircraft on such other frequency or frequencies as may have been prescribed by the appropriate ATS unit(s). 6.2 If radio contact is established during interception but communication in a common language is not possible, attempts must be made to convey instructions, acknowledgement of instructions and essential information by using the phrases and pronunciations in Table A-1 and transmitting each phrase twice. Phrases for use by INTERCEPTING aircraft Phrases for use by INTERCEPTED aircraft Issue: 4.00 72 20 February 2025 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR 2 – Rules of the Air Maldives Civil Aviation Authority Attachment A – Interception of Civil Aircraft Phrase Pronunciation1 Meaning Phrase Pronunciation1 Meaning CALL SIGN KOL SA-IN My call sign is (call sign) CALL SIGN KOL SA-IN What is your call sign? (call sign)2 (call sign) FOLLOW FOL-LO Follow me WILCO VILL-KO Understood DESCEND DEE-SEND Descend for landing Will comply YOU LAND YOU LAAND Land at this aerodrome CAN NOT KANN NOTT Unable to comply PROCEED PRO-SEED You may proceed REPEAT REE-PEET Repeat your instruction AM LOST AM LOSST Position unknown MAYDAY MAYDAY I am in distress HIJACK3 HI-JACK I have been hijacked LAND LAAND I request to land at (place name) (place name) (place name) DESCEND DEE-SEND I require descent 1. In the second column, syllables to be emphasized are underlined. 2. The call sign required to be given is that used in radiotelephony communications with air traffic services units and corresponding to the aircraft identification in the flight plan. 3. Circumstances may not always permit, nor make desirable, the use of the phrase “HIJACK”. 7. Refraining from the use of weapons The use of tracer bullets to attract attention is hazardous, and it is expected that measures will be taken to avoid their use so that the lives of persons on board and the safety of aircraft will not be endangered. 8. Coordination between intercept control units and air traffic services units It is essential that close coordination be maintained between an intercept control unit and the appropriate air traffic services unit during all phases of an interception of an aircraft which is, or might be, a civil aircraft, in order that the air traffic services unit is kept fully informed of the developments and of the action required of the intercepted aircraft. Issue: 4.00 73 20 February 2025 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR 2 – Rules of the Air Maldives Civil Aviation Authority Attachment B – Unlawful Interference ATTACHMENT B - UNLAWFUL INTERFERENCE 1. General The following procedures are intended as guidance for use by aircraft when unlawful interference occurs, and the aircraft is unable to notify an ATS unit of this fact. 2. Procedures 2.1 If the pilot-in-command cannot proceed to an aerodrome in accordance with the rules in Chapter 3, 3.7.2, he/she should attempt to continue flying on the assigned track and at the assigned cruising level at least until able to notify an ATS unit or until within radar or ADS-B coverage. 2.2 When an aircraft subjected to an act of unlawful interference must depart from its assigned track or its assigned cruising level without being able to make radiotelephony contact with ATS, the pilot-in-command should, whenever possible: a) attempt to broadcast warnings on the VHF channel in use or the VHF emergency frequency, and other appropriate channels, unless considerations aboard the aircraft dictate otherwise. Other equipment such as on-board transponders and data links should also be used when it is advantageous to do so and circumstances permit; and b) proceed in accordance with applicable special procedures for in-flight contingencies, where such procedures have been established and promulgated in the Regional Supplementary Procedures (Doc 7030); or c) if not applicable, regional procedures have been established, proceed at a level which differs from the cruising levels normally used for IFR flight by: 1) 150 m (500 ft) in an area where a vertical separation minimum of 300 m (1 000 ft) is applied; or 2) 300 m (1 000 ft) in an area where a vertical separation minimum of 600 m (2 000 ft) is applied. ______________________ Issue: 4.00 74 20 February 2025