Maldives Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR-1 Definitions and Abbreviations

` ަމޯހ 2015 ުރަބްނެވޮނ 16 - 1437 ުރަފަޞ 4 :ުޚީރާތ 298 :ުދަދައ 44 :ްމުއިލޮވ 2015/R-193 :ުރަބްނަނ ުދިއާވަގ Maldives Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR-1 Definitions and Abbreviations ިއާހަވުދ ަމޯހ ެގްއެއާތްފަހ ެމްނޮކ ީނާރުކުޢިއާޝ ިއަގުޓެޒެގ ްއަތުލޫސުއ ިއާކަތުދިއާވަގ • ް ސީފޮއ ެގާޔްއިރޫހްމުޖްލުސީއަރ .ެވެއުހަވުދ ިތަފްސާރުބ ު ގަމުނާފުރުކަތުޑޮބ ް އަތުލޫސުއ ިއާކަތުދިއާވަގ ާވްއުނޮފ ްށަމުރުކުޢިއާޝ ިއަގުޓެޒެގ ެގުހަވުދ ަމޯހ • ުރުދްނެމ ެގުހަވުދ ިތަފްސާރުބ ެގާތްފަހ ީރުކ ،ީކަތުގަވ ުހަފ ެމްނެއ ެގުމުވްއުނޮފ ެ ޖްއާރިހެވިދ ،ެލާމ ާވްއުނޮފ ްށަމުރުކުޢިއާޝ ިއަގުޓެޒެގ ެގުހަވުދ ިތަފްސާރުބ ިދައ .ެވެންނިރުކ ެގ 12:00 ެގާތުފަހ ާދްނުމަގނިހ ،ީކަތުގަވ ުހަފެމްނެއ ެގުމުވްއުނޮފ ްއަތުލޫސުއ ިއާކަތުދިއާވަގ 333 6334 :ުނޯފ .ެވެންނިރުކ ެގ 12:00 ުރުދްނެމ ެގުހަވުދ ަރާގްނައ 331 0274 :ްސްކެފ ީނާވްއުނޮފ ިދެއ ްށަމުނިދްށޮކުޢިއާޝ ިއަގުޓެޒެގ ްއަތުލޫސުއ ިއާކަތުދިއާވަގ • .ެވެށައ legalaffairs@po.gov.mv www.gazette.gov.mv :ްޓިއަސްބެވ Maldives Civil Aviation Authority Republic of Maldives Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR-1 Definitions and Abbreviations Issue 2, Amendment 1, 16 November 2015 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR–1 Definitions and Abbreviations Civil Aviation Authority Foreword Foreword Maldives Civil Aviation Authority, in exercise of the powers conferred on it under Articles 5 and 6 of the Maldives Civil Aviation Act 2/2012 has adopted this Regulation. This Regulation shall be cited as MCAR-1 Definitions and Abbreviations and shall come in to force on 16 November 2015. This regulation contains the definitions of the terms used in other civil aviation regulations issued by the Maldives Civil Aviation Authority. Existing definitions and abbreviations in the field of civil aviation as listed in MCAR-1 Definitions and Abbreviations dated 05 June 2014 will be repealed as from 16 November 2015. Issue: 2, Amendment: 1 i 16 November 2015 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR–1 Definitions and Abbreviations Civil Aviation Authority List of Amendments List of Amendments Rev # Date Remarks 1ssue 1 Amendment 0 2008-07-02 Initial issue 1ssue 1 Amendment 1 2008-10-27 1ssue 1 Amendment 2 2008-12-28 1ssue 1 Amendment 3 2009-12-31 1ssue 1 Amendment 4 2010-01-05 1ssue 2 Amendment 0 2014-06-05 Second Issue 1ssue 2 Amendment 1 2015-11-16 Issue: 2, Amendment: 1 ii 16 November 2015 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR–1 Definitions and Abbreviations Civil Aviation Authority List of Effective Pages List of Effective Pages Section Page Amendment Date Foreword i Issue: 2, Amendment: 1 16 November 2015 List of Amendments ii Issue: 2, Amendment: 1 16 November 2015 List of Effective Pages iii Issue: 2, Amendment: 1 16 November 2015 Table of Contents iv Issue: 2, Amendment: 1 16 November 2015 MCAR-1.1 General Definitions 1-1– 1-73 Issue: 2, Amendment: 1 16 November 2015 MCAR-1.2 Abbreviations & Symbols 2-1 Issue: 2, Amendment: 1 16 November 2015 Issue: 2, Amendment: 1 iii 16 November 2015 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR–1 Definitions and Abbreviations Civil Aviation Authority Table of Contents Table of Contents Foreword ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1 List of Amendments ............................................................................................................................................................................... ii List of Effective Pages ............................................................................................................................................................................ iii Table of Contents .................................................................................................................................................................................. iv MCAR-1.1 GENERAL DEFINITIONS ................................................................................................................... 1-1 MCAR-1.2 ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS .................................................................................................. 2-1 Issue: 2, Amendment: 1 iv 16 November 2015 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR–1 Definitions and Abbreviations Civil Aviation Authority General Definitions MCAR-1.1 General Definitions Accelerate-stop distance The length of the take-off run available plus the length of stopway, if such available (ASDA) stopway is declared available by the State of the aerodrome and is capable of bearing the mass of the aeroplane under the prevailing operating conditions Acceptable means of Non-binding standards adopted by CAA to illustrate means to establish compliance (AMC) compliance with this Regulation and its Implementing Rules Acceptance checklist A document used to assist in carrying out a check on the external appearance of packages of dangerous goods and their associated documents to determine that all appropriate requirements have been met with Accepted/Acceptable Not objected to by CAA as suitable for the purpose intended. (Source: Annex III to regulation (EC) No 1899/2006 of the European parliament and of the council of 12 December 2006) Accepting unit Air traffic control unit next to take control of an aircraft Accident An occurrence associated with the operation of an aircraft which, in the case of a manned aircraft, takes place between the time any person boards the aircraft with the intention of flight until such time as all such persons have disembarked, or in the case of an unmanned aircraft, takes place between the time the aircraft is ready to move with the purpose of flight until such time as it comes to rest at the end of the flight and the primary propulsion system is shut down, in which: (a) a person is fatally or seriously injured as a result of: 1. being in the aircraft, or 2. direct contact with any part of the aircraft, including parts which have become detached from the aircraft, or 3. direct exposure to jet blast, except when the injuries are from natural causes, self-inflicted or inflicted by other persons, or when the injuries are to stowaways hiding outside the areas normally available to the passengers and crew; or (b) the aircraft sustains damage or structural failure which: 1. adversely affects the structural strength, performance or flight characteristics of the aircraft, and 2. would normally require major repair or replacement of the affected component, except for engine failure or damage, when the damage is limited to a Issue: 2, Amendment: 1 1-1 16 November 2015 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR–1 Definitions and Abbreviations Civil Aviation Authority General Definitions single engine, (including its cowlings or accessories), to propellers, wing tips, antennas, probes, vanes, tires, brakes, wheels, fairings, panels, landing gear doors, windscreens, the aircraft skin (such as small dents or puncture holes), or for minor damages to maintain rotor blades, tail rotor blades, landing gear, and those resulting from hail or bird strike (including holes in the radome); or (c) the aircraft is missing or is completely inaccessible. Note: An aircraft is considered to be missing when the official search has been terminated and the wreckage has not been located. Accident Investigation Appointed by the Minister for Civil Aviation and empowered to conduct an Coordination Committee aircraft accident/incident investigation under the control of the investigator- (AICC) in-charge Acclimatised That a crew member is considered to be acclimatised to a 2-hour wide time zone surrounding the local time of his/her point of departure. When the local time of the place where a duty commences differs by more than 2 hours from that at the place where a duty ends, the crew member is considered to be acclimatised in accordance with the values in the table below for the calculation of the maximum daily FDP. Time difference (h) between reference time and local time Time elapsed since reporting at reference time where the crew member starts the subsequent duty <48 48-71:59 71-95:59 96-119:59 ≥120 <4 B D D D D ≤6 B X D D D ≤9 B X X D D ≤12 B X X X D ‘B’ means acclimatised to the local time of the departure time zone, ‘D’ means acclimatised to the local time where the crew member starts his/her subsequent duty, and ‘X’ means that a crew member is in an unknown state of acclimatisation Accommodation For the purpose of standby and split duty, a quiet and comfortable place not open to the public with the ability to control light and temperature, equipped with adequate furniture that provides a crew member with a possibility to sleep, with enough capacity to accommodate all crew members present at the same time and with access to food and drink. Accredited medical The conclusion reached by one or more medical experts acceptable CAA conclusion for the purposes of the case concerned, in consultation with flight operations or other experts as necessary. Accredited Representative A person designated by a State, on the basis of his or her qualifications, for the purpose of participating in an investigation conducted by another State. Issue: 2, Amendment: 1 1-2 16 November 2015 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR–1 Definitions and Abbreviations Civil Aviation Authority General Definitions Accuracy A degree of conformance between the estimated or measured value and the true value. Note: For measured positional data the accuracy is normally expressed in terms of a distance from a stated position within which there is a defined confidence of the true position falling. Acrobatic flight Manoeuvres intentionally performed by an aircraft involving an abrupt change in its attitude, an abnormal attitude, or an abnormal variation in speed. Adequate aerodrome An aerodrome on which the aircraft can be operated, taking account of the applicable performance requirements and runway characteristics ADS-C agreement A reporting plan which establishes the conditions of ADS-C data reporting (i.e. data required by the air traffic services unit and frequency of ADS-C reports which have to be agreed to prior to using ADS-C in the provision of air traffic services). Note: The terms of the agreement will be exchanged between the ground system and the aircraft by means of a contract, or a series of contracts. Advection The horizontal transfer of air mass properties by the velocity field of the atmosphere Advection fog Fog which forms in the lower part of a warm moist air mass moving over a colder surface (land or water). Adviser A person appointed by a State, on the basis of his or her qualifications, for the purpose of assisting its accredited representative in an investigation. Advisory airspace An airspace of defined dimensions, or designated route, within which air traffic advisory service is available. Advisory route A designated route along which air traffic advisory service is available. Aerial work An aircraft operation in which an aircraft is used for specialized services such as agriculture, construction, photography, surveying, observation and patrol, search and rescue, aerial advertisement, etc. Aerobatic flight An intentional manoeuvre involving an abrupt change in an aircraft’s attitude, an abnormal attitude, or abnormal acceleration, not necessary for normal flight or for instruction for licences or ratings other than the aerobatic rating Aerodrome A defined area on land or water (including any buildings, installations and equipment) intended to be used either wholly or in part for the arrival, departure and surface movement of aircraft. Aerodrome climatological Concise summary of specified meteorological elements at an aerodrome, Issue: 2, Amendment: 1 1-3 16 November 2015 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR–1 Definitions and Abbreviations Civil Aviation Authority General Definitions summary based on statistical data. Aerodrome climatological Table providing statistical data on the observed occurrence of one or more table. meteorological elements at an aerodrome Aerodrome control service Air traffic control service for aerodrome traffic. Aerodrome control tower A unit established to provide air traffic control service to aerodrome traffic. Aerodrome elevation. The elevation of the highest point of the landing area. Aerodrome mapping data Data collected for the purpose of compiling aerodrome mapping (AMD). information. Note.— Aerodrome mapping data are collected for purposes that include the improvement of the user’s situational awareness, surface navigation operations, training, charting and planning. Aerodrome mapping A collection of aerodrome mapping data organized and arranged as a database (AMDB). structured data set. Aerodrome An office designated to provide meteorological service for aerodromes meteorological office serving international air navigation. Aerodrome A station designated to make observations and meteorological reports for meteorological station use in international air navigation. Aerodrome operating The limits of usability of an aerodrome for: minima (a) take-off, expressed in terms of runway visual range and/or visibility and, if necessary, cloud conditions; (b) landing in precision approach and landing operations, expressed in terms of visibility and/or runway visual range and decision altitude/height (DA/H) as appropriate to the category of the operation; (c) landing in approach and landing operations with vertical guidance, expressed in terms of visibility and/or runway visual range and decision altitude/height (DA/H); and (d) landing in non-precision approach and landing operations, expressed in terms of visibility and/or runway visual range, minimum descent altitude/height (MDA/H) and, if necessary, cloud conditions. Aerodrome reference The designated geographical location of an aerodrome. point. Aerodrome traffic. All traffic on the maneuvering area of an aerodrome and all aircraft flying in the vicinity of an aerodrome. Note: An aircraft is in the vicinity of an aerodrome when it is in, entering or leaving an aerodrome traffic circuit. Aeronautical chart A representation of a portion of the Earth, its culture and relief, specifically Issue: 2, Amendment: 1 1-4 16 November 2015 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR–1 Definitions and Abbreviations Civil Aviation Authority General Definitions designated to meet the requirements of air navigation. Aircraft stand. A designated area on an apron intended to be used for parking an aircraft. Aeronautical data A representation of aeronautical facts, concepts or instructions in a formalized manner suitable for communication, interpretation or processing. Aeronautical fixed service A telecommunication service between specified fixed points provided (AFS). primarily for the safety of air navigation and for the regular, efficient and economical operation of air services. Aeronautical fixed A worldwide system of aeronautical fixed circuits provided, as part of the telecommunication aeronautical fixed service, for the exchange of messages and/or digital data network (AFTN) between aeronautical fixed stations having the same or compatible communications characteristics. Aeronautical Information A notice containing information that does not qualify for the origination of Circular (AIC). a NOTAM or for inclusion in the AIP, but which relates to flight safety, air navigation, technical, administrative or legislative matters. Aeronautical information The dynamic, integrated management of aeronautical information through management (AIM) the provision and exchange of quality-assured digital aeronautical data in collaboration with all parties. Aeronautical Information A publication issued by or with the authority of a State and containing Publication (AIP) aeronautical information of a lasting character essential to air navigation. Aeronautical information A service established within the defined area of coverage responsible for Service (AIS) the provision of aeronautical data and aeronautical information necessary for the safety, regularity and efficiency of air navigation. Aeronautical information. Information resulting from the assembly, analysis and formatting of aeronautical data. Aeronautical mobile A mobile service between aeronautical stations and aircraft stations, or service (RR S1.32). between aircraft stations, in which survival craft stations may participate; emergency position-indicating radio beacon stations may also participate in this service on designated distress and emergency frequencies. Aeronautical station (RR A land station in the aeronautical mobile service. In certain instances, an S1.81). aeronautical station may be located, for example, on board ship or on a platform at sea. Aeronautical A station in the aeronautical telecommunication service. telecommunication station Aeroplane A power-driven heavier-than-air aircraft, deriving its lift in flight chiefly from aerodynamic reactions on surfaces which remain fixed under given conditions of flight. Aeroplane required to be A type of aeroplane which is required to be operated with a co-pilot as Issue: 2, Amendment: 1 1-5 16 November 2015 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR–1 Definitions and Abbreviations Civil Aviation Authority General Definitions operated with a co-pilot specified in the flight manual or by the air operator certificate Aided night vision imaging In the case of NVIS operations, that portion of a visual flight rules (VFR) system (NVIS) flight flight performed at night when a crew member is using night vision goggles (NVG) AIP Amendment Permanent changes to the information contained in the AIP. AIP Supplement Temporary changes to the information contained in the AIP which are published by means of special pages. Aircraft Any machine that can derive support in the atmosphere from the reactions of the air other than the reactions of the air against the earth’s surface. Air defence identification Special designated airspace of defined dimensions within which aircraft are zone (ADIZ). required to comply with special identification and/or reporting procedures additional to those related to the provision of air traffic services (ATS). Air ground communication Two-way communication between aircraft and stations or locations on the surface of the earth. Air mass. An extensive body of the atmosphere in which physical properties, particularly temperature and humidity, exhibit only small and continuous differences in the horizontal. It may extend over an area of several million square kilometres and over a height of several kilometres Air operator certificate A certificate authorizing an operator to carry out specified commercial air (AOC) transport operations Air report A report from an aircraft in flight prepared in conformity with requirements for position, and operational and/or meteorological reporting. Note: - Details of the AIREP form are given in the PANS-ATM (ICAO Doc 4444). Air taxi operation For the purpose of flight time and duty time limitations, non-scheduled on demand commercial air transport operations with an aeroplane with a maximum operational passenger seating configuration (MOPSC) of 19 or less Air taxiing. Movement of a helicopter/VTOL above the surface of an aerodrome, normally in ground effect and at a ground speed normally less than 37 km/h (20 kt). Note: The actual height may vary, and some helicopters may require air- taxiing above 8 m (25 ft) AGL to reduce ground effect turbulence or provide clearance for cargo sling loads. Air taxiway. A defined path on the surface established for the air taxiing of helicopters. Air temperature. (Also termed surface temperature in meteorology). The ambient Issue: 2, Amendment: 1 1-6 16 November 2015 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR–1 Definitions and Abbreviations Civil Aviation Authority General Definitions temperature indicated by a thermometer exposed to the air but sheltered from direct solar radiation. The temperature indicated by a thermometer placed in an instrument shelter 1.5 to two meters above ground. Air traffic advisory service A service provided within advisory airspace to ensure separation, in so far as practical, between aircraft which are operating on IFR flight plans. Air traffic control Authorization for an aircraft to proceed under conditions specified by an clearance. air traffic control unit. Note 1: For convenience, the term “air traffic control clearance” is frequently abbreviated to “clearance” when used in appropriate contexts. Note 2: The abbreviated term “clearance” may be prefixed by the words “taxi”, “take-off”, “departure”, “en route”, “approach” or “landing” to indicate the particular portion of flight to which the air traffic control clearance relates. Air traffic control service. A service provided for the purpose of: (a) preventing collisions: 1. between aircraft, and 2. on the maneuvering area between aircraft and obstructions; and (b) expediting and maintaining an orderly flow of air traffic. Air traffic control unit. A generic term meaning variously, area control centre, approach control unit or aerodrome control tower. Air traffic flow A service established with the objective of contributing to a safe, orderly management (ATFM). and expeditious flow of air traffic by ensuring that ATC capacity is utilized to the maximum extent possible and that the traffic volume is compatible with the capacities declared by the appropriate ATS authority. Air traffic management The dynamic, integrated management of air traffic and airspace (including air (ATM). traffic services, airspace management and air traffic flow management) — safely, economically and efficiently — through the provision of facilities and seamless services in collaboration with all parties and involving airborne and ground-based functions. Air traffic service. A generic term meaning variously, flight information service, alerting service, air traffic advisory service, air traffic control service (area control service, approach control service or aerodrome control service). Air traffic services Airspaces of defined dimensions alphabetically designated, within which airspaces. specific types of flights may operate and for which air traffic services and rules of operation are specified. Note: ATS airspaces are classified as Class A to G as described in MCAR 11, 2.6. Issue: 2, Amendment: 1 1-7 16 November 2015 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR–1 Definitions and Abbreviations Civil Aviation Authority General Definitions Air traffic services A unit established for the purpose of receiving reports concerning air traffic reporting office services and flight plans submitted before departure. Note: An air traffic services reporting office may be established as a separate unit or combined with an existing unit, such as another air traffic services unit, or a unit of the aeronautical information service. Air traffic services unit A generic term meaning variously, air traffic control unit, flight information centre or air traffic services reporting office. Air traffic. All aircraft in flight or operating on the maneuvering area of an aerodrome. Air transit route A defined path on the surface established for the air transiting of helicopters. AIRAC An acronym (aeronautical information regulation and control) signifying a system aimed at advance notification, based on common effective dates, of circumstances that necessitate significant changes in operating practices. Airborne Entirely supported by aerodynamic forces. (Source: EASA Executive Director (ED) Decision 2003/11/RM dated 05/11/2003- CS definitions) Airborne collision An aircraft system based on secondary surveillance radar (SSR) transponder avoidance system (ACAS). signals which operate independently of ground based equipment to provide advice to the pilot on potential conflicting aircraft that are equipped with SSR transponders. Aircraft Any machine that can derive support in the atmosphere from the reactions of the air other than the reactions of the air against the earth’s surface. Aircraft — category Classification of aircraft according to specified basic characteristics, e.g. aeroplane, helicopter, glider, free balloon Aircraft — type of All aircraft of the same basic design including all modifications thereto except those modifications which result in a change in handling or flight characteristics. Aircraft avionics A term designating any electronic device — including its electrical part — for use in an aircraft, including radio, automatic flight control and instrument systems Aircraft certificated for A type of aircraft which CAA has determined, during the certification single-pilot operation process, can be operated safely with a minimum crew of one pilot Aircraft observation The evaluation of one or more meteorological elements made from an aircraft in flight. Aircraft operations A manual, containing normal, abnormal and emergency procedures, manual checklists, limitations, performance information, details of the aircraft Issue: 2, Amendment: 1 1-8 16 November 2015 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR–1 Definitions and Abbreviations Civil Aviation Authority General Definitions systems and other material relevant to the operation of the aircraft Aircraft required to be A type of aircraft that is required to be operated with a co-pilot, as operated with a co-pilot specified in the flight manual or by the air operator certificate Aircraft stand A designated area on an apron intended to be used for parking an aircraft. Aircrew Flight crew and cabin crew Airframe The fuselage, booms, nacelles, cowlings, fairings, aerofoil surfaces (including rotors but excluding propellers and rotating aerofoils of engines), and landing gear of an aircraft and their accessories and controls. (Source: EASA Executive Director (ED) Decision 2003/11/RM dated 05/11/2003- CS definitions) Air-ground control radio An aeronautical telecommunication station having primary responsibility for station handling communications pertaining to the operation and control of aircraft in a given area. Airmanship The consistent use of good judgment and well developed knowledge, skills and attitudes to accomplish flight objectives AIRMET information. Information issued by a meteorological watch office concerning the occurrence or expected occurrence of specified en-route weather phenomena which may affect the safety of low-level aircraft operations and which was not already included in the forecast issued for low-level flights in the flight information region concerned or sub-area thereof. Airport duty A pre-notified and defined period of time during which a crew member is required by the operator to be at the airport immediately available to receive an assignment for a flight, positioning or other duty Airship A power-driven lighter-than-air aircraft Airway A control area or portion thereof established in the form of a corridor. AIS product Aeronautical data and aeronautical information provided in the form of the elements of the Integrated Aeronautical Information Package (except NOTAM and PIB), including aeronautical charts, or in the form of suitable electronic media. ALERFA The code word used to designate an alert phase. Alert phase. A situation wherein apprehension exists as to the safety of an aircraft and its occupants. Alerting post. Any facility intended to serve as an intermediary between a person reporting an emergency and a rescue coordination centre or rescue subcentre. Issue: 2, Amendment: 1 1-9 16 November 2015 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR–1 Definitions and Abbreviations Civil Aviation Authority General Definitions Alerting service. A service provided to notify appropriate organizations regarding aircraft in need of search and rescue aid, and assist such organizations as required. Alternate Aerodrome An aerodrome to which an aircraft may proceed when it becomes either impossible or inadvisable to proceed to or to land at the aerodrome of intended landing where the necessary services and facilities are available, where aircraft performance requirements can be met and which is operational at the expected time of use. Alternate aerodromes include the following: Take-of alternate: An alternate aerodrome at which an aircraft can land should this become necessary shortly after take-off and it is not possible to use the aerodrome of departure. En-route alternate: An adequate aerodrome along the route, which may be required at the planning stage. (Source: European Commission Regulation (EU) No. 965/2012 dated 25 October 2012) ETOPS en-route alternate: A suitable and appropriate alternate aerodrome at which an aeroplane would be able to land after experiencing an engine shut-down or other abnormal or emergency condition while en route in an ETOPS operation. Destination alternate: An alternate aerodrome to which an aircraft may proceed should it become either impossible or inadvisable to land at the aerodrome of intended landing. Note: - The aerodrome from which a flight departs may also be an en- route or a destination alternate aerodrome for that flight. Alternative means of Those means that propose an alternative to an existing acceptable means of compliance. compliance or those that propose new means to establish compliance with civil aviation regulations for which no associated AMC have been adopted by CAA Altimetry system error The difference between the altitude indicated by the altimeter display, (ASE) assuming a correct altimeter barometric setting, and the pressure altitude corresponding to the undisturbed ambient pressure Altitude The vertical distance of a level, a point or an object considered as a point, measured from mean sea level. Anemometer Instrument which measures wind speed or wind speed and direction. Cup anemometer is used to measure the wind speed from the speed of rotation of a windmill which consist of 3 or 4 hemispherical or conical cups, each fixed to the ends of horizontal arms attached to a vertical axis. Byram anemometer is a variety of the cup anemometer. Counting anemometer Issue: 2, Amendment: 1 1-10 16 November 2015 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR–1 Definitions and Abbreviations Civil Aviation Authority General Definitions has cups or a fan whose rotation is transmitted to a technical counter which integrates directly the air movement speed. Hand anemometer is small portable anemometer held at arm's length by an observer making a wind speed measurement. Pressure tube anemometer (Dines anemometer) is an instrument which derives wind speed from measurements of the dynamic wind pressures. Wind blowing into a tube develops a pressure greater than the static pressure, while wind blowing across a tube develops a pressure less than the static. This pressure difference is proportional to the square of the wind speed. Aneroid barometer An instrument for measuring atmospheric pressure. It is constructed on the following principles: an aneroid capsule (Vidie capsule, which is a thin, disk- shaped box or capsule, usually metallic) is partially evacuated of gas, and is restrained from collapsing by an external or internal spring. The deflection of the spring will be nearly proportional to the difference between the internal and external pressures. Magnification of the spring deflection is obtained both by connecting capsules in series and by mechanical linkages. Anticipated operating Those conditions which are known from experience or which can be conditions reasonably envisaged to occur during the operational life of the aircraft taking into account the operations for which the aircraft is made eligible, the conditions so considered being relative to the meteorological state of the atmosphere, to the configuration of terrain, to the functioning of the aircraft, to the efficiency of personnel and to all the factors affecting safety in flight. Anticipated operating conditions do not include: (a) those extremes which can be effectively avoided by means of operating procedures; and (b) those extremes which occur so infrequently that to require the Standards to be met in such extremes would give a higher level of airworthiness than experience has shown to be necessary and practical. Anti-icing in the case of ground procedures, A procedure that provides protection against the formation of frost or ice and accumulation of snow on treated surfaces of the aircraft for a limited period of time (hold-over time) Application Manipulation and processing of data in support of user requirements (ISO 19104*). Approach and landing Instrument approach and landing operations are classified as follows: operations using instrument approach procedures Non-precision approach and landing operations. An instrument approach and landing which utilizes lateral guidance but does not utilize vertical guidance Approach and landing operations with vertical guidance. An instrument approach and landing which utilizes lateral and vertical guidance but does not meet the requirements established for precision approach and landing Issue: 2, Amendment: 1 1-11 16 November 2015 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR–1 Definitions and Abbreviations Civil Aviation Authority General Definitions operations. Precision approach and landing operations. An instrument approach and landing using precision lateral and vertical guidance with minima as determined by the category of operation. Note.— Lateral and vertical guidance refers to the guidance provided either by: (a) a ground-based navigation aid; or (b) computer generated navigation data. Categories of precision approach and landing operations: Category I (CAT I) operation. A precision instrument approach and landing with a decision height not lower than 60 m (200 ft) and with either a visibility not less than 800 m or a runway visual range not less than 550 m. Category II (CAT II) operation. A precision instrument approach and landing with a decision height lower than 60 m (200 ft), but not lower than 30 m (100 ft), and a runway visual range not less than 350 m. Category IIIA (CAT IIIA) operation. A precision instrument approach and landing with: (a) decision height lower than 30 m (100 ft) or no decision height; and (b) a runway visual range not less than 200 m. Category IIIB (CAT IIIB) operation. A precision instrument approach and landing with: (a) a decision height lower than 15 m (50 ft) or no decision height; and (b) a runway visual range less than 200 m but not less than 50 m. Category IIIC (CAT IIIC) operation. A precision instrument approach and landing with no decision height and no runway visual range limitations. Note.— Where decision height (DH) and runway visual range (RVR) fall into different categories of operation, the instrument approach and landing operation would be conducted in accordance with the requirements of the most demanding category (e.g. an operation with a DH in the range of CAT IIIA but with an RVR in the range of CAT IIIB would be considered a CAT IIIB operation or an operation with a DH in the range of CAT II but with an RVR in the range of CAT I would be considered a CAT II operation). Approach control service Air traffic control service for arriving or departing controlled flights. Approach control unit A unit established to provide air traffic control service to controlled flights arriving at, or departing from, one or more aerodromes. Issue: 2, Amendment: 1 1-12 16 November 2015 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR–1 Definitions and Abbreviations Civil Aviation Authority General Definitions Approach procedure with an instrument approach which utilises lateral and vertical guidance, but vertical guidance (APV) does not meet the requirements established for precision approach and operation landing operations, with a decision height (DH) not lower than 250 ft and a runway visual range (RVR) of not less than 600 m (Source: European Commission Regulation (EU) No. 800/2013 dated 14 August 2013) Appropriate ATS The relevant authority designated by the State responsible for providing air authority traffic services in the airspace concerned. Appropriate authority (a) Regarding flight over the high seas: The relevant authority of the State of Registry. (b) Regarding flight other than over the high seas: The relevant authority of the State having sovereignty over the territory being overflown. Approved (by CAA) Documented (by CAA) as suitable for the purpose intended. (Source: Annex III to regulation (EC) No 1899/2006 of the European parliament and of the council of 12 December 2006) Approved training Training conducted under special curricula and supervision approved by CAA. Approved training An organization approved by CAA to conduct approved training organization Apron A defined area, on a land aerodrome, intended to accommodate aircraft for purposes of loading or unloading passengers, mail or cargo, fuelling, parking or maintenance. Apron management A service provided to regulate the activities and the movement of aircraft service and vehicles on an apron. Area control centre A unit established to provide air traffic control service to controlled flights in control areas under its jurisdiction. Area control service Air traffic control service for controlled flights in control areas. Area Minimum Altitude The minimum altitude to be used under instrument meteorological (AMA) conditions (IMC) that will provide a minimum obstacle clearance within a specified area, normally formed by parallels and meridians. Area navigation (RNAV) A method of navigation which permits aircraft operation on any desired flight path within the coverage of ground or space based navigation aids or within the limits of the capability of self-contained aids, or a combination of these. Note – Area navigation includes performance based navigation as well as other operations that do not meet the definition of performance-based navigation. Issue: 2, Amendment: 1 1-13 16 November 2015 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR–1 Definitions and Abbreviations Civil Aviation Authority General Definitions Area navigation route An ATS route established for the use of aircraft capable of employing area navigation. Arrival routes Routes identified in an instrument approach procedure by which aircraft may proceed from the en-route phase of flight to an initial approach fix. Assemble A process of merging data from multiple sources into a database and establishing a baseline for subsequent processing. Note.— The assemble phase includes checking the data and ensuring that detected errors and omissions are rectified. Assessment The conclusion on the medical fitness of a person based on the evaluation of the person’s medical history and/or aero-medical examinations as required in this Part and further examinations as necessary, and/or medical tests such as, but not limited to, ECG, blood pressure measurement, blood testing, X-ray Atmosphere The envelope of air surrounding the Earth and bound to it more or less permanently by virtue of the Earth's gravitational attraction; the system whose chemical properties, dynamic motions, and physical processes constitute the subject matter of meteorology. Atmosphere, International The atmosphere defined in ICAO Document 7488/2. Standard (Source: EASA Executive Director (ED) Decision 2003/11/RM dated 05/11/2003- CS definitions) Atmospheric Pressure. Pressure (force per unit area) exerted by the atmosphere on any surface by virtue of its weight; it is equivalent to the weight of a vertical column of air extending above a surface of unit area to the outer limit of the atmosphere. Atmospheric radiation Longwave (infrared) radiation emitted by or being propagated through the atmosphere. ATS route A specified route designed for channeling the flow of traffic as necessary for the provision of air traffic services. Note 1: The term “ATS route” is used to mean variously, airway, advisory route, controlled or uncontrolled route, arrival or departure route, etc. Note 2: An ATS route is defined by route specifications which include an ATS route designator, the track to or from significant points (waypoints), distance between significant points, reporting requirements and, as determined by the appropriate ATS authority, the lowest safe altitude. ATS surveillance service A term used to indicate a service provided directly by means of an ATS surveillance system ATS surveillance system A generic term meaning variously, ADS-B, PSR, SSR or any comparable Issue: 2, Amendment: 1 1-14 16 November 2015 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR–1 Definitions and Abbreviations Civil Aviation Authority General Definitions ground-based system that enables the identification of aircraft Note — A comparable ground-based system is one that has been demonstrated, by comparative assessment or other methodology, to have a level of safety and performance equal to or better than monopoles SSR. Augmented flight crew A flight crew which comprises more than the minimum number required to operate the aircraft, allowing each flight crew member to leave his/her assigned post and be replaced by another appropriately qualified flight crew member for the purpose of in-flight rest Authorised Person A person authorised by CAA, either generally or specifically, to have access to any aircraft involved in an accident or incident. Automatic Dependent A means by which aircraft, aerodrome vehicles and other objects can Surveillance Broadcast automatically transmit and/or receive data such as identification, position (ADS-B). and additional data, as appropriate, in a broadcast mode via a data link. Automatic Dependent A means by which the terms of an ADS-C agreement will be exchanged Surveillance Contract between the ground system and the aircraft, via a data link, specifying under (ADS-C). what conditions ADS-C reports would be initiated, and what data would be contained in the reports. Note: The abbreviated term “ADS contract” is commonly used to refer to ADS event contract, ADS demand contract, ADS periodic contract or an emergency mode. Automatic terminal The automatic provision of current, routine information to arriving and information service (ATIS) departing aircraft throughout 24 hours or a specified portion thereof: Data link-automatic terminal information service (D-ATIS). The provision of ATIS via data link. Voice-automatic terminal information service (Voice-ATIS). The provision of ATIS by means of continuous and repetitive voice broadcasts. Auxiliary Power Unit Any gas turbine-powered unit delivering rotating shaft power, compressor (APU) air, or both which is not intended for direct propulsion of an aircraft. (Source: EASA Executive Director (ED) Decision 2003/11/RM dated 05/11/2003- CS definitions) Balloon A non-power-driven lighter-than-air aircraft Balloon empty mass The mass determined by weighing the balloon with all the installed equipment a specified in the AFM. (Source: European Commission Regulation (EU) No. 379/2014 dated 24 April 2014) Bare Earth Surface of the Earth including bodies of water and permanent ice and snow, Issue: 2, Amendment: 1 1-15 16 November 2015 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR–1 Definitions and Abbreviations Civil Aviation Authority General Definitions and excluding vegetation and man-made objects. Barograph A recording barometer. Either daily or weekly barographs are used. Barometer An instrument for measuring atmospheric pressure. There are two types of barometers which are commonly used in meteorology: the mercury barometer and the aneroid barometer Base turn A turn executed by the aircraft during the initial approach between the end of the outbound track and the beginning of the intermediate or final approach track. The tracks are not reciprocal. Note: Base turns may be designated as being made either in level flight or while descending, according to the circumstances of each individual procedure. Basic instrument training A defined hardware and software combination, which has obtained a BITD device model (BITD qualification model) Break A period of time within an FDP, shorter than a rest period, counting as duty and during which a crew member is free of all tasks Briefing Oral commentary on existing and/or expected meteorological conditions. CAA Maldives Civil Aviation Authority Cabin crew member A crew member who performs, in the interest of safety of passengers, duties assigned by the operator or the pilot-in-command of the aircraft, but who shall not act as a flight crew member Calendar Discrete temporal reference system that provides the basis for defining temporal position to a resolution of one day (ISO 19108*). Canopy Bare Earth supplemented by vegetation height. Category I (CAT I) A precision instrument approach and landing using an instrument landing approach operation system (ILS), microwave landing system (MLS), GLS (ground-based augmented global navigation satellite system (GNSS/GBAS) landing system), precision approach radar (PAR) or GNSS using a satellite-based augmentation system (SBAS) with a decision height (DH) not lower than 200 ft and with a runway visual range (RVR) not less than 550 m for aeroplanes and 500 m for helicopters (Source: European Commission Regulation (EU) No. 965/2012 dated 25 October 2012) Category II (CAT II) a precision instrument approach and landing operation using ILS or MLS operation with: (a) DH below 200 ft but not lower than 100 ft; and (b) (b) RVR of not less than 300 m. Issue: 2, Amendment: 1 1-16 16 November 2015 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR–1 Definitions and Abbreviations Civil Aviation Authority General Definitions (Source: European Commission Regulation (EU) No. 965/2012 dated 25 October 2012) Category IIIA (CAT IIIA) a precision instrument approach and landing operation using ILS or MLS operation with: (a) (a) DH lower than 100 ft; and (b) (b) RVR not less than 200 m. (Source: European Commission Regulation (EU) No. 965/2012 dated 25 October 2012) Category IIIB (CAT IIIB) a precision instrument approach and landing operation using ILS or MLS operation with: (a) (a) DH lower than 100 ft, or no DH; and (b) (b) RVR lower than 200 m but not less than 75 m. (Source: European Commission Regulation (EU) No. 965/2012 dated 25 October 2012) Category A With respect to helicopters. A multi-engined helicopter designed with engine and system isolation features specified in the applicable airworthiness codes and capable of operations using take-off and landing data scheduled under a critical engine failure concept that assures adequate designated surface area and adequate performance capability for continued safe flight or safe rejected take-off in the event of engine failure; Category B With respect to helicopters. A single-engined or multi-engined helicopter that does not meet category A standards. Category B helicopters have no guaranteed capability to continue safe flight in the event of an engine failure, and unscheduled landing is assumed Causes Actions, omissions, events, conditions, or a combination thereof, which led to the accident or incident. Ceiling The height above the ground or water of the base of the lowest layer of cloud below 6 000 metres (20 000 feet) covering more than half the sky. Certificate Any approval, licence or other document issued as the result of certification. (Source: Regulation (EC) No 216/2008 of the European parliament and of the council of 20 February 2008) Certification Any form of recognition that a product, part or appliance, organisation or person complies with the applicable requirements, as well as the issuance of the relevant certificate attesting such compliance. (Source: Regulation (EC) No 216/2008 of the European parliament and of the council of 20 February 2008) Certification specifications Technical standards adopted by CAA indicating means to show compliance (CS) with civil aviation regulations and which can be used by an organisation for Issue: 2, Amendment:

1 1-17 16 November 2015 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR–1 Definitions and Abbreviations Civil Aviation Authority General Definitions the purpose of certification Certifying Staff Personnel responsible for the release of an aircraft or a component after maintenance. (Source: Commission regulation (EC) No 2042/2003of 20 November 2003) Change-over point The point at which an aircraft navigating on an ATS route segment defined by reference to very high frequency omni directional radio ranges is expected to transfer its primary navigational reference from the facility behind the aircraft to the next facility ahead of the aircraft. Note: Change-over points are established to provide the optimum balance in respect of signal strength and quality between facilities at all levels to be used and to ensure a common source of azimuth guidance for all aircraft operating along the same portion of a route segment. Chicago Convention The Convention on International Civil Aviation and its Annexes, signed in Chicago on 7 December 1944. (Source: (EC) No 216/2008 of the European parliament and of the council of 20 February 2008) Circling The visual phase of an instrument approach to bring an aircraft into position for landing on a runway/FATO that is not suitably located for a straight-in approach Cirrocumulus (CC) A principal high-level cloud type (cloud genus), appearing as a thin, white patch or layer of cloud without shading, composed of very small elements in the form of grains, ripples, etc., merged or separated, and more or less regularly arranged; most of the elements have an apparent width of less than one degree. Cirrostratus (CS) A principal high-level cloud type (cloud genus), appearing as a transparent, whitish cloud veil of fibrous (hair-like) or smooth appearance, totally or partially covering the sky, and often producing halo phenomena, either partial or complete. Cirrus (CI) A principal high-level cloud type (cloud genus), appearing as a detached clouds in the form of white, delicate filaments or white or mostly white patches or narrow bands. These clouds have a fibrous (hair-like) appearance, or a silky sheen, or both. Because cirrus elements are too narrow, they do not produce a complete circular halo. Civil Aircraft Any aircraft on the civil register of a State, other than those which that State treats as being in the service of the State, either permanently or temporarily. Clear sky Sky with a total cloud cover of less than one okta (or one-tenth in the United States). Issue: 2, Amendment: 1 1-18 16 November 2015 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR–1 Definitions and Abbreviations Civil Aviation Authority General Definitions Clearance limit The point to which an aircraft is granted an air traffic control clearance. Clearway A defined rectangular area on the ground or water under the control of the appropriate authority, selected or prepared as a suitable area over which an aeroplane may make a portion of its initial climb to a specified height; Clearway A defined rectangular area on the ground or water under the control of the appropriate authority, selected or prepared as a suitable area over which an aeroplane may make a portion of its initial climb to a specified height. Climate Synthesis of weather conditions in a given area, characterized by long-term statistics (mean values, variances, probabilities of extreme values, etc.) of the meteorological elements in that area. Polar climate (arctic climate) is generally the climate of a geographical polar region, most commonly taken to be a climate which is too cold to support the growth of trees. Cloud A hydrometeor consisting of a visible aggregate of minute particles of liquid water or ice, or both, suspended in the free air and usually not touching the Earth's surface. It may also include larger particles of liquid water or ice (precipitation particles) and non-aqueous liquid or solid particles such as those present in fumes, smoke and dust (aerosols). Cloudiness is the same as cloud cover; but usually it is used in a very general sense. Cloud amount (cover) That portion of the sky cover which is attributed to clouds. The unit of measurement is the okta or tenths (meaning one-eighth or one-tenth) of the sky dome as seen by the observer. Cloud base The height of the base of the lowest observed or forecast cloud element in the vicinity of an aerodrome or operating site or within a specified area of operations, normally measured above aerodrome elevation or, in the case of offshore operations, above mean sea level Cloud of operational A cloud with the height of cloud base below 1500 m (5000 ft) or below the significance highest minimum sector altitude, whichever is greater, or a cumulonimbus cloud or a towering cumulus cloud at any height. Code share An arrangement under which an operator places its designator code on a flight operated by another operator, and sells and issues tickets for that flight Colour safe The ability of an applicant to readily distinguish the colours used in air navigation and correctly identify aviation coloured lights Command and control (C2) The data link between the remotely piloted aircraft and the remote pilot link. station for the purposes of managing the flight. Commander As used with respect to aircraft operations, is defined in MCAR-OPS 1. (Source: JAR-1) Issue: 2, Amendment: 1 1-19 16 November 2015 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR–1 Definitions and Abbreviations Civil Aviation Authority General Definitions Commercial air transport An aircraft operation to transport passengers, cargo or mail for (CAT) operation remuneration or other valuable consideration Commercial operation Any operation of an aircraft, in return for remuneration or other valuable consideration, which is available to the public or, when not made available to the public, which is performed under a contract between an operator and a customer, where the latter has no control over the operator. (Source: (EC) No 216/2008 of the European parliament and of the council of 20 February 2008) Competency A combination of skills, knowledge and attitudes required to perform a task to the prescribed standard. Competency element An action that constitutes a task that has a triggering event and a terminating event that clearly defines its limits, and an observable outcome Competency unit A discrete function consisting of a number of competency elements Complex motor-powered (a) an aeroplane: aircraft — with a maximum certificated take-off mass exceeding 5 700 kg, or — certificated for a maximum passenger seating configuration of more than nineteen, or — certificated for operation with a minimum crew of at least two pilots, or — equipped with (a) turbojet engine(s) or more than one turboprop engine, or (b) a helicopter certificated: — for a maximum take-off mass exceeding 3 175 kg, or — for a maximum passenger seating configuration of more than nine, or — for operation with a minimum crew of at least two pilots, or (c) a tilt rotor aircraft (Source: (EC) No 216/2008 of the European parliament and of the council of 20 February 2008) Component Any engine, propeller, part or appliance. (Source: Commission regulation (EC) No 2042/2003of 20 November 2003) Condensation The physical process by which a vapour becomes a liquid or solid; the opposite to evaporation. In meteorological usage, this term is applied only to transformation from vapour to liquid; any process in which a solid forms directly from its vapour is termed sublimation, as is the reverse process. Conference Communication facilities whereby direct speech conversation may be communications conducted between three or more locations simultaneously. Confidence level The probability that the true value of a parameter is within a certain interval around the estimate of its value. Issue: 2, Amendment: 1 1-20 16 November 2015 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR–1 Definitions and Abbreviations Civil Aviation Authority General Definitions Note.— The interval is usually referred to as the accuracy of the estimate. Configuration (as applied A particular combination of the positions of the moveable elements, such to the aeroplane). as wing flaps and landing gear, etc., that affect the aerodynamic characteristics of the aeroplane Configuration deviation A list established by the organization responsible for the type design with list (CDL) the approval of the State of Design which identifies any external parts of an aircraft type which may be missing at the commencement of a flight, and which contains, where necessary, any information on associated operating limitations and performance correction. Congested area in relation to a city, town or settlement, any area which is substantially used for residential, commercial or recreational purposes Consultation Discussion with a meteorologist or another qualified person of existing and/or expected meteorological conditions relating to flight operations; a discussion includes answers to questions. Contaminated runway A runway of which more than 25 % of the runway surface area within the required length and width being used is covered by the following: (a) surface water more than 3 mm (0,125 in) deep, or by slush, or loose snow, equivalent to more than 3 mm (0,125 in) of water; (b) snow which has been compressed into a solid mass which resists further compression and will hold together or break into lumps if picked up (compacted snow); or (c) ice, including wet ice; Contingency fuel. The fuel required to compensate for unforeseen factors that could have an influence on the fuel consumption to the destination aerodrome Continuing airworthiness All the processes ensuring that, at any time in its operating life, the aircraft complies with the airworthiness requirements in force and is in a condition for safe operation. (Source: Commission regulation (EC) No 2042/2003 of 20 November 2003) Continuing oversight The tasks to be conducted to verify that the conditions under which a certificate has been granted continue to be fulfilled at any time during its period of validity, as well as the taking of any safeguard measure. (Source: Regulation (EC) No 216/2008 of the European parliament and of the council of 20 February 2008) Continuous descent final A technique, consistent with stabilised approach procedures, for flying the final- approach (CDFA) approach segment of a non-precision instrument approach procedure as a continuous descent, without level-off, from an altitude/height at or above the final approach fix altitude/height to a point approximately 15 m (50 ft) above the landing runway threshold or the point where the flare manoeuvre shall begin for Issue: 2, Amendment: 1 1-21 16 November 2015 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR–1 Definitions and Abbreviations Civil Aviation Authority General Definitions the type of aircraft flown. Contour line A line on a map or chart connecting points of equal elevation. Control area A controlled airspace extending upwards from a specified limit above the earth. Control zone A controlled airspace extending upwards from the surface of the earth to a specified upper limit. Controlled aerodrome An aerodrome at which air traffic control service is provided to aerodrome traffic. Note: The term “controlled aerodrome” indicates that air traffic control service is provided to aerodrome traffic but does not necessarily imply that a control zone exists. Controlled airspace An airspace of defined dimensions within which air traffic control service is provided in accordance with the airspace classification. Note: Controlled airspace is a generic term which covers ATS airspace Classes A, B, C, D and E as described in MCAR 11, 2.6. Controlled flight Any flight which is subject to an air traffic control clearance. Controller-pilot data link A means of communication between controller and pilot, using data link for communications (CPDLC) ATC communications. Convection Atmospheric motions that are predominantly vertical, resulting in vertical transport and mixing of atmospheric properties; distinguished from advection Convection cloud Cumuliform cloud which forms in the atmosphere as a result of convection. Such clouds are also called clouds of vertical development. A cloud that has its base in the low height range but extends upward into the middle or high altitudes. Conversion report A report on the basis of which a licence may be converted into a Part- FCL/MCAR-66 licence Converted meteorological A value, equivalent to an RVR, which is derived from the reported visibility (CMV) meteorological visibility. (Source: European Commission Regulation (EU) No. 965/2012 dated 25 October 2012) Co-pilot A pilot serving in any piloting capacity other than as pilot-in-command or commander, but excluding a pilot who is on board the aircraft for the sole purpose of receiving flight instruction for a licence or rating. (Source: JAR-1) Issue: 2, Amendment: 1 1-22 16 November 2015 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR–1 Definitions and Abbreviations Civil Aviation Authority General Definitions Credit Recognition of alternative means or prior qualifications Credit report A report on the basis of which prior experience or qualifications may be recognised Crew member A person assigned by an operator to duty on an aircraft during a flight duty period. Critical Engine The engine whose failure would most adversely affect the performance or handling qualities of an aircraft. (Source: EASA Executive Director (ED) Decision 2003/11/RM dated 05/11/2003- CS definitions) Critical phases of flight In the case of aeroplanes means the take-off run, the take-off flight path, the final approach, the missed approach, the landing, including the landing roll, and any other phases of flight as determined by the pilot-in-command or commander In the case of helicopters means taxiing, hovering, take-off, final approach, missed approach, the landing and any other phases of flight as determined by the pilot-in-command or commander Cross-country A flight between a point of departure and a point of arrival following a pre- planned route using standard navigation procedures. Cruise climb An aeroplane cruising technique resulting in a net increase in altitude as the aeroplane mass decreases. Cruise relief pilot A flight crew member who is assigned to perform pilot tasks during cruise flight, to allow the pilot in- command or a co-pilot to obtain planned rest Cruising level A level maintained during a significant portion of a flight. Culture All man-made features constructed on the surface of the Earth, such as cities, railways and canals. Cumulonimbus (CB) A principal cloud type (cloud genus) of vertical development. Exceptionally dense and vertically developed clouds, occurring either as isolated clouds or as a line or wall of clouds with separated upper portions. These clouds appear as mountains or huge towers, at least a part of the upper portions of which are usually smooth, fibrous, or striated, and almost flattened. This part often spreads out in the form of anvil (incus) or vast plume. Under the base of cumulonimbus, which is very dark, there frequently exists virga, precipitation, and low, ragged clouds, either merged with it or not. Its precipitation is often heavy and always of a showery nature. Cumulus A principal low-level cloud type (cloud genus) in the form of individual, detached elements which are generally dense and possess sharp non-fibrous outlines. These elements develop vertically, appearing as rising mounds, domes, or towers, the upper parts of which often resembles a cauliflower. Issue: 2, Amendment: 1 1-23 16 November 2015 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR–1 Definitions and Abbreviations Civil Aviation Authority General Definitions The sunlit parts of these clouds are mostly brilliant white; their bases are relatively dark and nearly horizontal. Near the horizon the vertical development of cumulus often causes the individual clouds to appear merged. If precipitation occurs, it is usually of a showery nature. Current flight plan The flight plan, including changes, if any, brought about by subsequent clearances. Cyclic redundancy check A mathematical algorithm applied to the digital expression of data that (CRC) provides a level of assurance against loss or alteration of data. Cyclone (Depression, low, Area in the atmosphere, wherein the pressures are lower than those of the low pressure area) surrounding region at the same level. It is represented on a synoptic chart by a system of isobars at a specified altitude level (or a system of contours at a specified pressure level) which enclose relatively low values of pressure (or altitude). In its development a cyclone usually has the following phases. A wave (young) cyclone forms and moves along a front. Mature cyclone has well-developed warm sectors and both cold and warm fronts. Occluded cyclone is that within which there has developed an occluded front. Cyclonic circulation Atmospheric circulation associated with a cyclone (depression, low pressure area). It is counter clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere. Damp lease A lease arrangement whereby a lessor provides an aircraft with partial crew to the lessee. (Source: Singapore CAA Advisory Circular AC AOC-8(2)) Damp runway A runway where the surface is not dry, but when the moisture on it does not give it a shiny appearance; Danger area. An airspace of defined dimensions within which activities dangerous to the flight of aircraft may exist at specified times. Dangerous goods Articles or substances which are capable of posing a risk to health, safety, property or the environment and which are shown in the list of dangerous goods in the Technical Instructions or which are classified according to those Instructions Note — Dangerous goods are classified in ICAO Annex 18, Chapter 3 Dangerous goods accident An occurrence associated with and related to the transport of dangerous goods by air which results in fatal or serious injury to a person or major property damage Dangerous goods incident (a) an occurrence other than a dangerous goods accident associated with and related to the transport of dangerous goods by air, not necessarily occurring on board an aircraft, which results in injury to a person, property damage, fire, breakage, spillage, leakage of fluid or radiation or other evidence that the Issue: 2, Amendment: 1 1-24 16 November 2015 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR–1 Definitions and Abbreviations Civil Aviation Authority General Definitions integrity of the packaging has not been maintained (b) any occurrence relating to the transport of dangerous goods which seriously jeopardises an aircraft or its occupants Data link communications A form of communication intended for the exchange of messages via a data link. Data link-automatic The provision of ATIS via data link. terminal information service (D-ATIS) Data product Data set or data set series that conforms to a data product specification (ISO 19131*). Data product specification Detailed description of a data set or data set series together with additional information that will enable it to be created, supplied to and used by another party (ISO 19131). Note:- A data product specification provides a description of the universe of discourse and a specification for mapping the universe of discourse to a data set. It may be used for production, sales, end-use or other purpose. Data quality A degree or level of confidence that the data provided meets the requirements of the data user in terms of accuracy, resolution and integrity. Data set Identical collection of data (ISO19101). Data set series Collection of data sets sharing the same product specification (ISO 191 15*). Datum Any quantity or set of quantities that may serve as a reference or basis for the calculation of other quantities (ISO 19104*). Decision altitude (DA) or A specified altitude or height in the precision approach or approach with decision height (DH) vertical guidance at which a missed approach must be initiated if the required visual reference to continue the approach has not been established. Note 1 — Decision altitude (DA) is referenced to mean sea level and decision height (DH) is referenced to the threshold elevation. Note 2 — The required visual reference means that section of the visual aids or of the approach area which should have been in view for sufficient time for the pilot to have made an assessment of the aircraft position and rate of change of position, in relation to the desired flight path. In Category III operations with a decision height the required visual reference is that specified for the particular procedure and operation. Note 3 — For convenience where both expressions are used they may be Issue: 2, Amendment: 1 1-25 16 November 2015 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR–1 Definitions and Abbreviations Civil Aviation Authority General Definitions written in the form “decision altitude/ height” and abbreviated “DA/H”. Declared capacity A measure of the ability of the ATC system or any of its subsystems or operating positions to provide service to aircraft during normal activities. It is expressed as the number of aircraft entering a specified portion of airspace in a given period of time, taking due account of weather, ATC unit configuration, staff and equipment available, and any other factors that may affect the workload of the controller responsible for the airspace. Defined point after take- The point, within the take-off and initial climb phase, before which the off (DPATO) helicopter’s ability to continue the flight safely, with the critical engine inoperative, is not assured and a forced landing may be required Defined point before The point within the approach and landing phase, after which the helicopter’s landing (DPBL) ability to continue the flight safely, with the critical engine inoperative, is not assured and a forced landing may be required De-icing in the case of ground procedures. A procedure by which frost, ice, snow or slush is removed from an aircraft in order to provide uncontaminated surfaces Delayed reporting The postponement of a scheduled FDP by the operator before a crew member has left his/her place of rest Depression The same as cyclone. Design landing mass The maximum mass of the aircraft at which, for structural design purposes, it is assumed that it will be planned to land. Design take-off mass The maximum mass at which the aircraft, for structural design purposes, is assumed to be planned to be at the start of the take-off run Design taxiing mass The maximum mass of the aircraft at which structural provision is made for load liable to occur during use of the aircraft on the ground prior to the start of take-off Detect and avoid The capability to see, sense or detect conflicting traffic or other hazards and take the appropriate action. DETRESFA The code word used to designate a distress phase. Dew point (Dew-point The temperature to which a given parcel of air must be cooled at constant temperature) pressure and constant water-vapour content in order for saturation to occur. When this temperature is below 0 °C, it is called the frost point. Digital Elevation Model The representation of terrain surface by continuous elevation vales at all (DEM) intersections of a defined grid, referenced to common datum. Note.— Digital Terrain Model (DTM) is sometimes referred to as DEM. Issue: 2, Amendment: 1 1-26 16 November 2015 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR–1 Definitions and Abbreviations Civil Aviation Authority General Definitions Direct transit Special arrangements approved by the public authorities concerned by arrangements which traffic which is pausing briefly in its passage through the Contracting State may remain under their direct control. Discrete source damage Structural damage of the aeroplane that is likely to result from: impact with a bird, uncontained fan blade failure, uncontained engine failure, uncontained high-energy rotating machinery failure or similar causes. Displaced Threshold A threshold not located at the extremity of a runway Disruptive schedule A crew member’s roster comprising an FDP or a combination of FDPs starting, finishing during or encroaching any portion of the day or of the night where a crew member is acclimatised which disrupts the sleep opportunity during the optimal sleep time window. A schedule may be disruptive due to early starts, late finishes and night duties. (a) ‘Early type’ of disruptive schedule means: 1. for ‘early start’ a duty period starting in the period between 05:00 and 05:59 in the time zone to which a crew member is acclimatised; and 2. for ‘late finish’ a duty period finishing in the period between 23:00 and 01:59 in the time zone to which a crew member is acclimatised. (b) ‘Late type’ of disruptive schedule means: 1. for ‘early start’ a duty period starting in the period between 05:00 and 06:59 in the time zone to which a crew member is acclimatised; and 2. for ‘late finish’ a duty period finishing in the period between 00:00 and 01:59 in the time zone to which a crew member is acclimatised. (c) ‘Night duty’ means a duty period encroaching any portion of the period between 02:00 and 04:59 in the time zone to which the crew is acclimatised Distance DR The horizontal distance that the helicopter has travelled from the end of the take-off distance available Distress phase A situation wherein there is reasonable certainty that an aircraft and its occupants are threatened by grave and imminent danger or require immediate assistance. Ditching The forced landing of an aircraft on water. Downstream clearance A clearance issued to an aircraft by an air traffic control unit that is not the current controlling authority of that aircraft. Dry lease agreement An agreement between undertakings pursuant to which the aircraft is operated under the air operator certificate (AOC) of the lessee Issue: 2, Amendment: 1 1-27 16 November 2015 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR–1 Definitions and Abbreviations Civil Aviation Authority General Definitions Dry operating mass The total mass of the aircraft ready for a specific type of operation, excluding usable fuel and traffic load Dry runway A runway which is neither wet nor contaminated, and includes those paved runways which have been specially prepared with grooves or porous pavement and maintained to retain ‘effectively dry’ braking action even when moisture is present Dual instruction time Flight time during which a person is receiving flight instruction from a properly authorized pilot on board the aircraft Duty Any task that a crew member performs for the operator, including flight duty, administrative work, giving or receiving training and checking, positioning, and some elements of standby Duty period A period which starts when a crew member is required by an operator to report for or to commence a duty and ends when that person is free of all duties Eastward-Westward and The transition at home base between a rotation crossing 6 or more time Westward-Eastward zones in one direction and a rotation crossing 4 or more time zones in the transition opposite direction ELA1 aircraft means the following manned European Light Aircraft: (a) an aeroplane with a maximum take-off mass (MTOM) of 1200 kg or less that is not classified as complex motor-powered aircraft; (b) a sailplane or powered sailplane of 1200 kg MTOM or less; (c) a balloon with a maximum design lifting gas or hot air volume of not more than 3400 m3 for hot air balloons, 1050 m3 for gas balloons, 300 m3 for tethered gas balloons; (d) an airship designed for not more than four occupants and a maximum design lifting gas or hot air volume of not more than 3400 m3 for hot air airships and 1000 m3 for gas airships. (Source: European Commission Regulation (EU) No 1321/2014 of 26 November 2014) ELA2 aircraft means the following manned European Light Aircraft (a) an aeroplane with a Maximum Take-off Mass (MTOM) of 2000 kg or less that is not classified as complex motor-powered aircraft; (b) a sailplane or powered sailplane of 2 000 kg MTOM or less; (c) a balloon; (d) (d) a Very Light Rotorcraft with a MTOM not exceeding 600 kg which is of a simple design, designed to carry not more than two occupants, not powered by turbine and/or rocket engines; restricted to VFR day operations (Source: European Commission Regulation (EU) No. 800/2013 dated 14 August 2013) Issue: 2, Amendment: 1 1-28 16 November 2015 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR–1 Definitions and Abbreviations Civil Aviation Authority General Definitions Electronic Aeronautical An electronic device by which flight crews are enabled to execute, in a Chart Display convenient and timely manner, route planning, route monitoring and navigation by displaying required information. A FATO that is at least 3 m above the surrounding surface; Elevated final approach and take-off area (elevated FATO) Elevation The vertical distance of a point or a level, on or affixed to the surface of the earth, measured from mean sea level. Ellipsoid Height The height related to the reference ellipsoid, measured along the ellipsoidal (GEODETIC HEIGHT) outer normal through the point in question. Emergency locator A generic term describing equipment which broadcast distinctive signals on transmitter (ELT) designated frequencies and, depending on application, may be automatically activated by impact or be manually activated. An ELT may be any of the following: Automatic fixed ELT (ELT(AF)). An automatically activated ELT which is permanently attached to an aircraft. Automatic portable ELT (ELT(AP)). An automatically activated ELT which is rigidly attached to an aircraft but readily removable from the aircraft. Automatic deployable ELT (ELT(AD)). An ELT which is rigidly attached to an aircraft and which is automatically deployed and activated by impact, and, in some cases, also by hydrostatic sensors. Manual deployment is also provided. Survival ELT (ELT(S)). An ELT which is removable from an aircraft, stowed so as to facilitate its ready use in an emergency, and manually activated by survivors. Emergency phase A generic term meaning, as the case may be, uncertainty phase, alert phase or distress phase. En-route alternate (ERA) An adequate aerodrome along the route, which may be required at the aerodrome planning stage. (Source: European Commission Regulation (EU) No. 965/2012 dated 25 October 2012) Engine A unit used or intended to be used for aircraft propulsion. It consists of at least those components and equipment necessary for functioning and control, but excludes the propeller (if applicable). Enhanced vision system A system to display electronic real-time images of the external scene (EVS) achieved through the use of imaging sensors Issue: 2, Amendment: 1 1-29 16 November 2015 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR–1 Definitions and Abbreviations Civil Aviation Authority General Definitions Error An action or inaction by an operational person that leads to deviations from organizational or the operational person’s intentions or expectations. Note — See Attachment E of ICAO Annex 13 — Aircraft Accident and Incident Investigation for a description of operational personnel. Error management The process of detecting and responding to errors with countermeasures that reduce or eliminate the consequences of errors and mitigate the probability of further errors or undesired states. Note — See Attachment C to Chapter 3 of the ICAO Procedures for Air Navigation Services — Training (PANS-TRG, Doc 9868) and Circular 314 — Threat and Error Management (TEM) in Air Traffic Control for a description of undesired states. Estimated off-block time. The estimated time at which the aircraft will commence movement associated with departure. Estimated time of arrival For IFR flights, the time at which it is estimated that the aircraft will arrive over that designated point, defined by reference to navigation aids, from which it is intended that an instrument approach procedure will be commenced, or, if no navigation aid is associated with the aerodrome, the time at which the aircraft will arrive over the aerodrome. For VFR flights, the time at which it is estimated that the aircraft will arrive over the aerodrome. Examination An inspection, palpation, percussion, auscultation or other means of investigation especially for diagnosing disease Expected approach time The time at which ATC expects that an arriving aircraft, following a delay, will leave the holding fix to complete its approach for a landing. Note – The actual time of leaving the holding fix will depend upon the approach clearance. Extended range operation Any flight by an aeroplane with two turbine power-units where the flight time at the one power unit inoperative cruise speed (in ISA and still air conditions), from a point on the route to an adequate alternate aerodrome, is greater than the threshold time approved by the State of the Operator. Eye specialist An ophthalmologist or a vision care specialist qualified in optometry and trained to recognise pathological conditions, Factor of safety A design factor used to provide for the possibility of loads greater than those assumed, and for uncertainties in design and fabrication. Fatal Injury means any injury which results in death within 30 days of the accident. Issue: 2, Amendment: 1 1-30 16 November 2015 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR–1 Definitions and Abbreviations Civil Aviation Authority General Definitions Feature Abstraction of real world phenomena (ISO 19101). Feature attribute Characteristic of a feature (ISO 19101). Note:- A feature attribute has a name, a data type and a value domain associated with it. Feature operation Operation that every instance of a feature type may perform (ISO 19110*). Note.— An operation upon the feature type dam is to raise the dam. The result of this operation is to raise the level of water in the reservoir. Feature relationship Relationship that links instances of one feature type with instances of the same or a different feature type (ISO 19101*). Feature type Class of real world phenomena with common properties (ISO 19110*). Note.— In a feature catalogue, the basic level of classification is the feature type. Filed flight plan. The flight plan as filed with an ATS unit by the pilot or a designated representative, without any subsequent changes. Final approach That part of an instrument approach procedure which commences at the specified final approach fix or point, or where such a fix or point is not specified, (a) at the end of the last procedure turn, base turn or inbound turn of a racetrack procedure, if specified; or (b) at the point of interception of the last track specified in the approach procedure; and ends at a point in the vicinity of an aerodrome from which: 1. a landing can be made; or 2. a missed approach procedure is initiated. Final Approach and Take- A defined area over which the final phase of the approach manoeuvre to off Area (FATO) hover or landing is completed and from which the take-off manoeuvre is commenced. Where the FATO is to be used by performance Class 1 helicopters, the defined area includes the rejected take-off area available. Final Approach Fix or That fix or point of an instrument approach procedure where the final Point approach segment commences. Final approach segment That segment of an instrument approach procedure in which alignment and descent for landing are accomplished. Fire resistant The capability to withstand the application of heat by a flame for a period of 5 minutes. Issue: 2, Amendment: 1 1-31 16 November 2015 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR–1 Definitions and Abbreviations Civil Aviation Authority General Definitions Note — The characteristics of an acceptable flame can be found in ISO 2685. Fireproof The capability to withstand the application of heat by a flame for a period of 15 minutes. Note — The characteristics of an acceptable flame can be found in ISO 2685. Fireproof material A material capable of withstanding heat as well as or better than steel when the dimensions in both cases are appropriate for the specific purpose First aid oxygen The additional oxygen provided for the use of passengers, who do not satisfactorily recover following subjection to excessive cabin altitudes, during which they had been provided with supplemental oxygen. (Source: JAR-1) Flammable With respect to a fluid or gas, means susceptible to igniting readily or exploding. (Source: EASA Executive Director (ED) Decision 2003/11/RM dated 05/11/2003- CS definitions) Flight and Navigation A training device which represents the flight deck or cockpit environment, Procedures Trainer’ including the assemblage of equipment and computer programmes (FNPT) necessary to represent an aircraft type or class in flight operations to the extent that the systems appear to function as in an aircraft Flight crew member A pilot, flight engineer, or flight navigator assigned to duty in an aircraft during flight time. (Source: JAR-1) Flight data analysis A process of analysing recorded flight data in order to improve the safety of flight operations. Flight data monitoring The proactive and non-punitive use of digital flight data from routine (FDM) operations to improve aviation safety Flight documentation. Written or printed documents, including charts or forms, containing meteorological information for a flight. Flight duty period (FDP) A period that commences when a crew member is required to report for duty, which may include a flight or a series of flights, and finishes when the aircraft finally comes to rest and the engines are shut down, at the end of the last flight on which he/she acts as an operating crew member Flight Information Centre A unit established to provide flight information service and alerting service. Issue: 2, Amendment: 1 1-32 16 November 2015 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR–1 Definitions and Abbreviations Civil Aviation Authority General Definitions Flight Information Region An airspace of defined dimensions within which flight information service and alerting service are provided. Flight Information Service A service provided for the purpose of giving advice and information useful for the safe and efficient conduct of flights. Flight instructor (FI) An instructor with the privileges to provide training in an aircraft, in accordance with Part-FCL Flight level A surface of constant atmospheric pressure which is related to a specific pressure datum, 1013.2 hectopascals (hPa), and is separated from other such surfaces by specific pressure intervals. Note 1: A pressure type altimeter calibrated in accordance with the Standard Atmosphere: (a) when set to a QNH altimeter setting, will indicate altitude; (b) when set to a QFE altimeter setting, will indicate height above the QFE reference datum; (c) when set to a pressure of 1 013.2 hPa, may be used to indicate flight levels. Note 2: The terms “height” and “altitude”, used in Note 1 above, indicate altimetric rather than geometric heights and altitudes. Flight Manual A manual, associated with the certificate of airworthiness, containing limitations within which the aircraft is to be considered airworthy, and instructions and information necessary to the flight crew members for the safe operation of the aircraft. Flight operations A person designated by the operator to engage in the control and officer/flight dispatcher supervision of flight operations, whether licensed or not, suitably qualified in accordance with the applicable requirements, who supports, briefs and/or assists the pilot-in-command in the safe conduct of the flight Flight plan Specified information provided to air traffic services units, relative to an intended flight or portion of a flight of an aircraft. Flight procedures trainer See flight simulation training device. Flight recorder Any type of recorder installed in the aircraft for the purpose of complementing accident/incident investigation. Flight safety documents A set of interrelated documentation established by the operator, compiling system. and organizing information necessary for flight and ground operations, and comprising, as a minimum, the operations manual and the operator’s continuing airworthiness management exposition. Flight simulation training A training device which is: device (FSTD). Issue: 2, Amendment: 1 1-33 16 November 2015 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR–1 Definitions and Abbreviations Civil Aviation Authority General Definitions (a) in the case of aeroplanes, a full flight simulator (FFS), a flight training device (FTD), a flight and navigation procedures trainer (FNPT), or a basic instrument training device (BITD); (b) in the case of helicopters, a full flight simulator (FFS), a flight training device (FTD) or a flight and navigation procedures trainer (FNPT) (Source: Regulation (EC) No 216/2008 of the European parliament and of the council of 20 February 2008) Flight simulator See flight simulation training device. Flight time for aeroplanes, touring motor gliders and powered-lift, it means the total time from the moment an aircraft first moves for the purpose of taking off until the moment it finally comes to rest at the end of the flight; for helicopters, it means the total time from the moment a helicopter’s rotor blades start turning until the moment the helicopter finally comes to rest at the end of the flight, and the rotor blades are stopped; for airships, it means the total time from the moment an airship is released from the mast for the purpose of taking off until the moment the airship finally comes to rest at the end of the flight, and is secured on the mast; for sailplanes, it means the total time from the moment the sailplane commences the ground run in the process of taking off until the moment the sailplane finally comes to a rest at the end of flight; for balloons, it means the total time from the moment the basket leaves the ground for the purpose of taking off until the moment it finally comes to a rest at the end of the flight. Flight time — aeroplanes The total time from the moment an aeroplane first moves for the purpose of taking off until the moment it finally comes to rest at the end of the flight. Note. — Flight time as here defined is synonymous with the term “block to block” time or “chock to chock” time in general usage which is measured from the time an aeroplane first moves for the purpose of taking off until it finally stops at the end of the flight. Flight time — helicopters The total time from the moment a helicopter’s rotor blades start turning until the moment the helicopter finally comes to rest at the end of the flight, and the rotor blades are stopped. Flight time under All flight time during which the aircraft is being operated under the Instrument Flight Rules Instrument Flight Rules. (IFR) Issue: 2, Amendment: 1 1-34 16 November 2015 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR–1 Definitions and Abbreviations Civil Aviation Authority General Definitions Flight Training Device A full size replica of a specific aircraft type’s instruments, equipment, panels (FTD) and controls in an open flight deck area or an enclosed aircraft flight deck, including the assemblage of equipment and computer software programmes necessary to represent the aircraft in ground and flight conditions to the extent of the systems installed in the device. It does not require a force cueing motion or visual system, except in the case of helicopter FTD levels 2 and 3, where visual systems are required. Flight visibility The visibility forward from the cockpit of an aircraft in flight. Fog A hydrometeor consisting of a visible aggregate of minute water droplets (or ice crystals), suspended in the atmosphere near the Earth's surface. According to international definition, fog reduces visibility below one kilometer. Fog differs from cloud only in that the base of fog is at the Earth's surface while clouds are above the surface. When composed of ice crystals, it is termed ice fog. Forecast A statement of expected meteorological conditions for a specified time or period, and for a specified area or portion of airspace. Front In meteorology, generally, the interface or transition zone between two air masses of different density. Since the temperature distribution is the most important regulator of the atmosphere density, a front almost invariably separates air masses of different temperature. When warmer air replaces the colder, it is a warm front, and a front is a cold one when the opposite occurs. Frost The condition which exists when the temperature near the Earth's surface and Earth-bound objects falls below freezing (0 °C or 32 °F). Frost point The highest temperature at which atmospheric moisture will sublimate in the form of hoarfrost on a cooled surface. It is analogous to the dew point. FSTD qualification The level of technical ability of an FSTD as defined in the compliance document FSTD user The organisation or person requesting training, checking or testing through the use of an FSTD to an ATO Fuel ERA aerodrome An ERA aerodrome selected for the purpose of reducing contingency fuel Full Flight Simulator (FFS) A full size replica of a specific type or make, model and series aircraft flight deck, including the assemblage of all equipment and computer programmes necessary to represent the aircraft in ground and flight operations, a visual system providing an out-of-the-flight deck view, and a force cueing motion system GAMET area forecast An area forecast in abbreviated plain language for low-level flights for a flight information region or sub-area thereof, prepared by the Issue: 2, Amendment: 1 1-35 16 November 2015 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR–1 Definitions and Abbreviations Civil Aviation Authority General Definitions meteorological office designated by the MMS and exchanged with meteorological offices in adjacent flight information regions, as agreed between the meteorological authorities concerned. GBAS landing system An approach landing system using ground based augmented global (GLS) navigation satellite system (GNSS/GBAS) information to provide guidance to the aircraft based on its lateral and vertical GNSS position. It uses geometric altitude reference for its final approach slope General aviation operation An aircraft operation other than a commercial air transport operation or an aerial work operation. General circulation (global circulation, planetary circulation) of the atmosphere. Complete statistical description of atmospheric motions over the Earth. Geodesic distance The shortest distance between any two points on a mathematically defined ellipsoidal surface. Geodetic datum A minimum set of parameters required to define location and orientation of the local reference system with respect to the global reference system/frame. Geoid The equipotential surface in the gravity field of the Earth which coincides with the undisturbed mean sea level (MSL) extended continuously through the continents. Note:- The geoid is irregular in shape because of local gravitational disturbances (wind tides, salinity, current, etc.) and the direction of gravity is perpendicular to the geoid at every point. Geoid undulation The distance of the geoid above (positive) or below (negative) the mathematical reference ellipsoid. Note:- In respect to the World Geodetic System — 1984 (WGS-84) defined ellipsoid, the difference between the WGS-84 ellipsoidal height and orthometric height represents WGS-84 geoid undulation. Glide path A descent profile determined for vertical guidance during a final approach.

Glider A non-power-driven heavier-than-air aircraft, deriving its lift in flight chiefly from aerodynamic reactions on surfaces which remain fixed under given conditions of flight Glider flight time The total time occupied in flight, whether being towed or not, from the moment the glider first moves for the purpose of taking off until the moment it comes to rest at the end of the flight. Gregorian calendar Calendar in general use; first introduced in 1582 to define a year that more closely approximates the tropical year than the Julian calendar (ISO Issue: 2, Amendment: 1 1-36 16 November 2015 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR–1 Definitions and Abbreviations Civil Aviation Authority General Definitions 19108*). Note – In the Gregorian calendar, common years have 365 days and leap years 366 days divided into twelve sequential months. Gregorian calendar Calendar in general use; first introduced in 1582 to define a year that more closely approximates the tropical year than the Julian calendar (ISO 19 108). Note:- In the Gregorian calendar, common years have 365 days and leap years 366 days divided into twelve sequential months. Grid point data in digital Computer processed meteorological data for a set of regularly spaced form points on a chart, for transmission from a meteorological computer to computer in a code form suitable for automated use. Note:- In most cases, such data are transmitted on medium- or high-speed telecommunications channels. Ground emergency service Any ground emergency service personnel (such as policemen, firemen, etc.) personnel involved with helicopter emergency medical services (HEMSs) and whose tasks are to any extent pertinent to helicopter operations Ground handling Services necessary for an aircraft’s arrival at, and departure from, an airport, other than air traffic services. Ground visibility The visibility at an aerodrome as reported by an accredited observer or by automatic systems. Grounding The formal prohibition of an aircraft to take-off and the taking of such steps as are necessary to detain it Group of balloons A categorisation of balloons, taking into account the size or capacity of the envelope Guidance Material (GM) Non-binding material developed by the CAA that helps to illustrate the meaning of a requirement or specification and is used to support the interpretation of civil aviation regulations and AMC Gyroplane A heavier-than-air aircraft supported in flight by the reactions of the air on one or more rotors which rotate freely on substantially vertical axes Harness The equipment, consisting of two shoulder straps and a lap belt, which is provided to restrain a member of the flight crew against inertia loads occurring in emergency conditions. (Source: EASA Executive Director (ED) Decision 2003/11/RM dated 05/11/2003- CS definitions) Haze Fine dust or salt particles dispersed through a portion of the atmosphere; a Issue: 2, Amendment: 1 1-37 16 November 2015 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR–1 Definitions and Abbreviations Civil Aviation Authority General Definitions type of lithometeor. The particles are so small that they cannot be felt or individually seen with the naked eye, but they diminish horizontal visibility and give the atmosphere a characteristic opalescent appearance that subdues all colours. Heading The direction in which the longitudinal axis of an aircraft is pointed, usually expressed in degrees from North (true, magnetic, compass or grid). Head-up display (HUD) A display system which presents flight information to the pilot’s forward external field of view and which does not significantly restrict the external view Head-up guidance landing The total airborne system that provides head-up guidance to the pilot system (HUDLS) during the approach and landing and/or missed approach procedure. It includes all sensors, computers, power supplies, indications and controls Heavier-than-air aircraft Any aircraft deriving its lift in flight chiefly from aerodynamic forces. Height The vertical distance of a level, a point or an object considered as a point, measured from a specified datum. Helicopter A heavier-than-air aircraft supported in flight chiefly by the reactions of the air on one or more power driven rotors on substantially vertical axes. Helicopter hoist operation A technical crew member who performs assigned duties relating to the (HHO) crew member operation of a hoist Helicopter stand An aircraft stand which provides for parking a helicopter and, where air taxiing operations are contemplated, the helicopter touchdown and liftoff. Helideck A FATO located on a floating or fixed offshore structure; Heliport An aerodrome or a defined area on a structure intended to be used wholly or in part for the arrival, departure and surface movement of helicopters. HEMS crew member A technical crew member who is assigned to a HEMS flight for the purpose of attending to any person in need of medical assistance carried in the helicopter and assisting the pilot during the mission HEMS flight A flight by a helicopter operating under a HEMS approval, the purpose of which is to facilitate emergency medical assistance, where immediate and rapid transportation is essential, by carrying: (a) medical personnel; (b) medical supplies (equipment, blood, organs, drugs); or (c) ill or injured persons and other persons directly involved. HEMS operating base An aerodrome at which the HEMS crew members and the HEMS helicopter may be on stand-by for HEMS operations Issue: 2, Amendment: 1 1-38 16 November 2015 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR–1 Definitions and Abbreviations Civil Aviation Authority General Definitions HEMS operating site A site selected by the commander during a HEMS flight for helicopter hoist operations, landing and take-off. HHO flight A flight by a helicopter operating under an HHO approval, the purpose of which is to facilitate the transfer of persons and/or cargo by means of a helicopter hoist HHO offshore A flight by a helicopter operating under an HHO approval, the purpose of which is to facilitate the transfer of persons and/or cargo by means of a helicopter hoist from or to a vessel or structure in a sea area or to the sea itself HHO passenger A person who is to be transferred by means of a helicopter hoist HHO site A specified area at which a helicopter performs a hoist transfer High-level clouds Cirrus, Cirrocumulus and Cirrostratus are high-level clouds. Holding procedure A predetermined manoeuvre which keeps an aircraft within a specified airspace while awaiting further clearance. Hold-over time (HoT) The estimated time the anti-icing fluid will prevent the formation of ice and frost and the accumulation of snow on the protected (treated) surfaces of an aeroplane Home base The location, assigned by the operator to the crew member, from where the crew member normally starts and ends a duty period or a series of duty periods and where, under normal circumstances, the operator is not responsible for the accommodation of the crew member concerned Hostile environment (a) an environment in which: 1. a safe forced landing cannot be accomplished because the surface is inadequate; 2. the helicopter occupants cannot be adequately protected from the elements; 3. search and rescue response/capability is not provided consistent with anticipated exposure; or 4. there is an unacceptable risk of endangering persons or property on the ground; (b) in any case, the following areas: 1. for overwater operations, the open sea areas north of 45N and south of 45S designated by the authority of the State concerned; 2. those parts of a congested area without adequate safe forced landing areas. Hot spot A location on an aerodrome movement area with a history or potential risk of collision or runway incursion, and where heightened attention by pilots/drivers is necessary. Human Factors principles Principles which apply to aeronautical design, certification, training, operations and maintenance and which seek safe interface between the human and other system components by proper consideration to human Issue: 2, Amendment: 1 1-39 16 November 2015 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR–1 Definitions and Abbreviations Civil Aviation Authority General Definitions performance. Human performance Human capabilities and limitations which have an impact on the safety and efficiency of aeronautical operations. Humidity 1. Water vapor content of the air. 2. Some measure of the water-content of air. Hypsometric tints A succession of shades or colour gradations used to depict ranges of elevation. Icing In general, any deposit or coating of ice on an object, caused by the impingement and freezing of liquid (usually super-cooled) hydrometeors. The two basic types of icing are rime and glaze IFR The symbol used to designate the instrument flight rules. IFR conditions Weather conditions below the minimum for flight under visual flight rules. (Source: EASA Executive Director (ED) Decision 2003/11/RM dated 05/11/2003- CS definitions) IFR flight A flight conducted in accordance with the instrument flight rules. IMC The symbol used to designate instrument meteorological conditions. INCERFA The code word used to designate an uncertainty phase. Incident Incident means an occurrence other than an accident, associated with the operation of an aircraft, which affects or could affect the safety of operations. Infrared radiation Electromagnetic radiation of wavelengths approximately between 0.75 and 1000 mm. See atmospheric radiation, terrestrial radiation, long wave radiation. Initial Approach Segment That segment of an instrument approach procedure between the initial approach fix and the intermediate approach fix or, where applicable, the final approach fixes or point. Instrument A device using an internal mechanism to show visually or aurally the attitude, altitude, or operation of an aircraft or aircraft part. It includes electronic devices for automatically controlling an aircraft in flight. (Source: EASA Executive Director (ED) Decision 2003/11/RM dated 05/11/2003- CS definitions) Instrument approach A series of predetermined manoeuvres by reference to flight instruments procedure with specified protection from obstacles from the initial approach fix, or where applicable, from the beginning of a defined arrival route to a point from which a landing can be completed and thereafter, if a landing is not completed, to a position at which holding or en-route obstacle clearance Issue: 2, Amendment: 1 1-40 16 November 2015 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR–1 Definitions and Abbreviations Civil Aviation Authority General Definitions criteria apply. Instrument approach procedures are classified as follows: Non-precision approach (NPA) procedure: An instrument approach procedure which utilizes lateral guidance but does not utilize vertical guidance. Approach procedure with vertical guidance (APV): An instrument approach procedure which utilizes lateral and vertical guidance but does not meet the requirements established for precision approach and landing operations. Precision approach (PA) procedure: An instrument approach procedure using precision lateral and vertical guidance with minima as determined by the category of operation. Note – Lateral and vertical guidance refers to the guidance provided either by: a. a ground-based navigation aid; or b. computer-generated navigation data. Instrument flight time. Time during which a pilot is piloting an aircraft solely by reference to instruments and without external reference points. Instrument ground time Time during which a pilot is practising, on the ground, simulated instrument flight in a flight simulation training device approved by CAA. Instrument meteorological Meteorological conditions expressed in terms of visibility, distance from conditions (IMC) cloud, and ceiling, less than the minima specified for visual meteorological conditions. Note — The specified minima for visual meteorological conditions are contained in Chapter 4 of ICAO Annex 2. Instrument time Instrument flight time or instrument ground time. Integrated Aeronautical A package in paper, or electronic media which consists of the following Information Package elements: — AIP, including amendment service; — Supplements to the AIP; — NOTAM and PIB; — AIC; and — checklists and lists of valid NOTAM. Integrity (aeronautical A degree of assurance that an aeronautical data and its value has not been data) lost or altered since the data origination or authorized amendment. Integrity (aeronautical A degree of assurance that an aeronautical data and its value has not been Issue: 2, Amendment: 1 1-41 16 November 2015 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR–1 Definitions and Abbreviations Civil Aviation Authority General Definitions data) lost nor altered since the data origination or authorized amendment. Integrity classification Classification based upon the potential risk resulting from the use of (aeronautical data) corrupted data. Aeronautical data are classified as: (a) routine data: there is a very low probability when using corrupted routine data that the continued safe flight and landing of an aircraft would be severely at risk with the potential for catastrophe; (b) essential data: there is a low probability when using corrupted essential data that the continued safe flight and landing of an aircraft would be severely at risk with the potential for catastrophe; and (c) critical data: there is a high probability when using corrupted critical data that the continued safe flight and landing of an aircraft would be severely at risk with the potential for catastrophe. Integrity classification Classification based upon the potential risk resulting from the use of (aeronautical data) corrupted data. Aeronautical data is classified as: (a) routine data: there is a very low probability when using corrupted routine data that the continued safe flight and landing of an aircraft would be severely at risk with the potential for catastrophe; (b) essential data: there is a low probability when using corrupted essential data that the continued safe flight and landing of an aircraft would be severely at risk with the potential for catastrophe; and (c) critical data: there is a high probability when using corrupted critical data that the continued safe flight and landing of an aircraft would be severely at risk with the potential for catastrophe. Intermediate Approach That segment of an instrument approach procedure between either the Segment intermediate approach fix and the final approach fix or point, or between the end of a reversal, racetrack or dead reckoning track procedure and the final approach fix or point, as appropriate. Intermediate holding A designated position intended for traffic control at which taxiing aircraft position and vehicles shall stop and hold until further cleared to proceed, when so instructed by the aerodrome control tower. International airport Any airport designated by the Contracting State in whose territory it is situated as an airport of entry and departure for international air traffic, where the formalities incident to customs, immigration, public health, animal and plant quarantine and similar procedures are carried out. International Airways International arrangements for monitoring and providing warnings to Volcano Watch (IAVW) aircraft of volcanic ash in the atmosphere. Note:- The IAVW is based on the cooperation of aviation and non-aviation operational units using information derived from observing sources and networks that are provided by States. The watch is coordinated by ICAO Issue: 2, Amendment: 1 1-42 16 November 2015 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR–1 Definitions and Abbreviations Civil Aviation Authority General Definitions with the cooperation of other concerned international organizations. International NOTAM An office designated by a State for the exchange of NOTAM internationally. office International NOTAM An office designated by a State for the exchange of NOTAM internationally. office (NOF) International operating An agency of the kind contemplated in Article 77 of the Chicago agency Convention. Inversion In meteorology, a departure from usual (normal) decrease or increase with altitude of the value of an atmospheric property; also, the layer through which this departure occurs (the inversion layer). This term almost always refers to a temperature inversion. Investigation A process conducted for the purpose of accident and incident prevention, which includes the gathering and analysis of information, the drawing of conclusions, including the determination of causes and, when appropriate, the making of safety recommendations. Investigator-in-charge A person charged, on the basis of his or her qualifications, with the responsibility for the organisation, conduct and control of an investigation. This person shall be designated by CAA to direct the investigative activity of the Investigation Committee and over whose signature any required report is issued. Isobar A line of equal or constant pressure. It most often refers to a line drawn through all points of equal atmospheric pressure. Isogonal A line on a map or chart on which all points have the same magnetic variation for a specified epoch. Isogriv A line on a map or chart which joins points of equal angular difference between the North of the navigation grid and Magnetic North. Isotherm A line of equal or constant temperature. Jet stream Relatively strong winds concentrated within a narrow stream in the atmosphere. Generally refers to a quasi-horizontal jet stream of maximum winds embedded in the mid latitude westerly’s, and concentrated in the high troposphere. Joint rescue coordination A rescue coordination centre responsible for both aeronautical and centre (JRCC) maritime search and rescue operations. Landing area That part of a movement area intended for the landing or take-off of aircraft. Landing decision point The point used in determining landing performance from which, an engine failure (LDP) having been recognised at this point, the landing may be safely continued or a balked landing initiated Issue: 2, Amendment: 1 1-43 16 November 2015 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR–1 Definitions and Abbreviations Civil Aviation Authority General Definitions Landing direction indicator A device to indicate visually the direction currently designated for landing and for take-off. Landing distance available The length of the runway which is declared available by the State of the (LDA) aerodrome and suitable for the ground run of an aeroplane landing Landing surface That part of the surface of an aerodrome which the aerodrome authority has declared available for the normal ground or water run of aircraft landing in a particular direction. Landplane A fixed wing aircraft which is designed for taking off and landing on land and includes amphibians operated as landplanes Lapse rate The rate of change of any meteorological element with height. Large Aircraft An aircraft, classified as an aeroplane with a maximum take-off mass of more than 5700 kg, or a multi-engined helicopter. (Source: Commission regulation (EC) No 2042/2003of 20 November 2003) Level A generic term relating to the vertical position of an aircraft in flight and meaning variously, height, altitude or flight level. Licensing authority The competent authority that issued the licence, or to which a person applies for the issue of a licence, or, when a person has not yet applied for the issue of a licence, the competent authority in accordance with civil aviation regulations. Light aircraft pilot licence The leisure pilot licence (LAPL) Lighter-than-air aircraft Any aircraft supported chiefly by its buoyancy in the air. Likely In the context of the medical provisions, likely means with a probability of occurring that is unacceptable to the medical assessor. Limit loads The maximum loads assumed to occur in the anticipated operating conditions. Limitation A condition placed on the medical certificate, licence or cabin crew medical report that shall be complied with whilst exercising the privileges of the licence, or cabin crew licence Load factor The ratio of a specified load to the total weight of the aircraft. The specified load is expressed in terms of any of the following: aerodynamic forces, inertia forces, or ground or water reactions. (Source: EASA Executive Director (ED) Decision 2003/11/RM dated 05/11/2003- CS definitions) Local day A 24-hour period commencing at 00:00 local time Issue: 2, Amendment: 1 1-44 16 November 2015 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR–1 Definitions and Abbreviations Civil Aviation Authority General Definitions Local helicopter operation A commercial air transport operation of helicopters with a maximum certified take-off mass (MCTOM) over 3175 kg and a maximum operational passenger seating configuration (MOPSC) of nine or less, by day, over routes navigated by reference to visual landmarks, conducted within a local and defined geographical area specified in the operations manual Local night A period of 8 hours falling between 22:00 and 08:00 local time Logon address A specified code used for data link logon to an ATS unit. Low visibility procedures Procedures applied at an aerodrome for the purpose of ensuring safe operations (LVP) during lower than standard category I, other than standard category II, category II and III approaches and low visibility take-offs Low visibility take-off A take-off with an RVR lower than 400 m but not less than 75 m (LVTO) Lower than standard A category I instrument approach and landing operation using category I DH, with category I (LTS CAT I) an RVR lower than would normally be associated with the applicable DH but not operation lower than 400 m Low-level clouds Stratus (ST), Stratocumulus (SC), and in some degree, Nimbostratus (NS) are low clouds. LSA aircraft means a light sport aeroplane which has all of the following characteristics: (a) a Maximum Take-off Mass (MTOM) of not more than 600 kg; (b) a maximum stalling speed in the landing configuration (VS0) of not more than 45 knots Calibrated Airspeed (CAS) at the aircraft’s maximum certificated take-off mass and most critical centre of gravity; (c) a maximum seating capacity of no more than two persons, including the pilot; (d) a single, non-turbine engine fitted with a propeller; (e) a non-pressurised cabin. (Source: European Commission Regulation (EU) No 1321/2014 of 26 November 2014) Magnetic variation The angular difference between True North and Magnetic North. Note:- The value given indicates whether the angular difference is East or West of True North. Maintenance The performance of tasks required to ensure the continuing airworthiness of an aircraft, including any one or combination of overhaul, repair, inspection, replacement, modification or defect rectification of an aircraft or component, with the exception of pre-flight inspection. (Source: Commission regulation (EC) No 2042/2003of 20 November 2003) Maintenance programme A document which describes the specific scheduled maintenance tasks and their frequency of completion and related procedures, such as a reliability Issue: 2, Amendment: 1 1-45 16 November 2015 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR–1 Definitions and Abbreviations Civil Aviation Authority General Definitions programme, necessary for the safe operation of those aircraft to which it applies. Manoeuvring area That part of an aerodrome to be used for the take-off, landing and taxiing of aircraft, excluding aprons. Marking A symbol or group of symbols displayed on the surface of the movement area in order to convey aeronautical information. Master Minimum A master list (including a preamble) appropriate to an aircraft type which Equipment List (MMEL) determines those instruments, items of equipment or functions that, while maintaining the level of safety intended in the applicable airworthiness certification specifications, may temporarily be inoperative either due to the inherent redundancy of the design, and/or due to specified operational and maintenance procedures, conditions and limitations, and in accordance with the applicable procedures for continued airworthiness. (Source: Annex III to regulation (EC) No 1899/2006 of the European parliament and of the council of 12 December 2006) Maximum mass Maximum certificated take-off mass. Maximum operational The maximum passenger seating capacity of an individual aircraft, excluding passenger seating crew seats, established for operational purposes and specified in the configuration (MOPSC) operations manual. Taking as a baseline the maximum passenger seating configuration established during the certification process conducted for the type certificate (TC), supplemental type certificate (STC) or change to the TC or STC as relevant to the individual aircraft, the MOPSC may establish an equal or lower number of seats, depending on the operational constraints MCAR Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations adopted by the CAA. Medical Assessment The evidence issued by a Contracting State that the licence holder meets specific requirements of medical fitness. Medical assessor A physician qualified and experienced in the practice of aviation medicine who evaluates medical reports submitted to CAA by medical examiners. Medical examiner A physician with training in aviation medicine and practical knowledge and experience of the aviation environment, who is designated by CAA to conduct medical examinations of fitness of applicants for licences or ratings for which medical requirements are prescribed. Medical passenger A medical person carried in a helicopter during a HEMS flight, including but not limited to doctors, nurses and paramedics Metadata Data about data (ISO 19115). Note:- Data that describes and documents data. Issue: 2, Amendment: 1 1-46 16 November 2015 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR–1 Definitions and Abbreviations Civil Aviation Authority General Definitions Meteorological authority The authority providing or arranging for the provision of meteorological service for air navigation on behalf of a Contracting State. Meteorological bulletin A text comprising meteorological information preceded by an appropriate heading. Meteorological element Any one of the properties or conditions of the atmosphere which together specify the weather at a given place for any particular time (for example, air temperature, pressure, wind, humidity, thunderstorm and fog). Meteorological Meteorological report, analysis, forecast, and any other statement relating information to existing or expected meteorological conditions. Meteorological office An office designated to provide meteorological service for international air navigation. Meteorological report A statement of observed meteorological conditions related to a specified time and location. Meteorological satellite An artificial Earth satellite making meteorological observations and transmitting these observations to Earth. Microlight An aeroplane having no more than two seats, V not exceeding 35 knots so (65 KM/h) CAS, and a maximum take-off mass of no more than:  300 kg for a landplane, single seater; or  450 kg for a landplane, two-seater; or  330 kg for an amphibian or floatplane, single seater; or  495 kg for an amphibian or floatplane, two-seater, provided that a microlight capable of operating as both a floatplane and a landplane falls below both MTOM limits, as appropriate. Note: Foot-launched aircraft are excluded from this definition. (Source: JAR-1) Middle-level clouds Altocumulus (AC) and Altostratus (AS) are the middle-level clouds. Minimum descent altitude A specified altitude or height in a non-precision approach or circling (MDA) or minimum approach below which descent must not be made without the required descent height (MDH) visual reference. Note 1 — Minimum descent altitude (MDA) is referenced to mean sea level and minimum descent height (MDH) is referenced to the aerodrome elevation or to the threshold elevation if that is more than 2 m (7 ft) below the aerodrome elevation. A minimum descent height for a circling approach is referenced to the aerodrome elevation. Note 2 — The required visual reference means that section of the visual Issue: 2, Amendment: 1 1-47 16 November 2015 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR–1 Definitions and Abbreviations Civil Aviation Authority General Definitions aids or of the approach area which should have been in view for sufficient time for the pilot to have made an assessment of the aircraft position and rate of change of position, in relation to the desired flight path. In the case of a circling approach the required visual reference is the runway environment. Note 3 — For convenience when both expressions are used they may be written in the form “minimum descent altitude/ height” and abbreviated “MDA/H”. Minimum en-route The altitude for an en-route segment that provides adequate reception of altitude (MEA) relevant navigation facilities and ATS communications. Complies with the airspace structure and provides the required obstacle clearance. Minimum Equipment List A list (including a preamble) which provides for the operation of aircraft, (MEL) under specified conditions, with particular instruments, items of equipment or functions inoperative at the commencement of flight. This list is prepared by the operator for his own particular aircraft taking account of their aircraft definition and the relevant operational and maintenance conditions in accordance with a procedure approved by CAA. (Source: Annex III to regulation (EC) No 1899/2006 of the European parliament and of the council of 12 December 2006) Minimum obstacle The minimum altitude for a defined segment of flight that provides the clearance altitude (MOCA) required obstacle clearance. Minimum sector altitude The lowest altitude which may be used which will provide a minimum clearance of 300 m (1 000 ft) above all objects located in an area contained within a sector of a circle of 46 km (25 NM) radius centered on a radio aid to navigation. Missed Approach Point That point in an instrument approach procedure at or before which the (MAPT) prescribed missed approach procedure must be initiated in order to ensure that the minimum obstacle clearance is not infringed. Missed approach The procedure to be followed if the approach cannot be continued. procedure Mixed precipitation (Rain Mixed precipitation (rain and snow) Precipitation consisting of a mixture of and snow) rain and wet snow. It usually occurs when the temperature of the air layer near the ground is slightly above freezing. The British term for this mixture is sleet (which has a different meaning in the United States). Movement area That part of an aerodrome to be used for the take-off, landing and taxiing of aircraft, consisting of the maneuvering area and the apron. Multi-crew cooperation The functioning of the flight crew as a team of cooperating members led by (MCC) the pilot-in-command. Multi-pilot aircraft for aeroplanes, it means aeroplanes certificated for operation with a Issue: 2, Amendment: 1 1-48 16 November 2015 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR–1 Definitions and Abbreviations Civil Aviation Authority General Definitions minimum crew of at least two pilots; for helicopters, airships and powered-lift aircraft, it means the type of aircraft which is required to be operated with a co-pilot as specified in the flight manual or by the air operator certificate or equivalent document Multi-pilot operation for aeroplanes, it means an operation requiring at least 2 pilots using multi- crew cooperation in either multi-pilot or single-pilot aeroplanes; for helicopters, it means an operation requiring at least 2 pilots using multi- crew cooperation on multi-pilot helicopters Navigation specification A set of aircraft and flight crew requirements needed to support performance-based navigation operations within a defined airspace. There are two kinds of navigation specification: RNP specification: A navigation specification based on area navigation that includes the requirement for performance monitoring and alerting, designated by the prefix RNP, e.g. RNP 4, RNP APCH RNAV specification: A navigation specification based on area navigation that does not include the requirement for performance monitoring and alerting, designated by the prefix RNAV, e.g. RNAV 5, RNAV 1. Note – The performance – Based Navigation Manual (Doc 9613), Volume II contains detailed guidance on navigation specifications Night The hours between the end of evening civil twilight and the beginning of morning civil twilight or such other period between sunset and sunrise, as may be prescribed by the appropriate authority. Note — Civil twilight ends in the evening when the centre of the sun’s disc is 6 degrees below the horizon and begins in the morning when the centre of the sun’s disc is 6 degrees below the horizon. Night vision goggles (NVG) A head-mounted, binocular, light intensification appliance that enhances the ability to maintain visual surface references at night Night vision imaging The integration of all elements required to successfully and safely use NVGs while system (NVIS) operating a helicopter. The system includes as a minimum: NVGs, NVIS lighting, helicopter components, training and continuing airworthiness. Nimbostratus (NS) A principal cloud type (cloud genus), grey coloured and often dark, rendered diffuse by more or less continuously falling rain, snow, sleet, etc. of the ordinary varieties and not accompanied by lightning, thunder, or hail. Precipitation in most cases reaches the ground. Low, ragged clouds frequently occur below the layer, with which they may or may not merge Non-hostile environment An environment in which: Issue: 2, Amendment: 1 1-49 16 November 2015 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR–1 Definitions and Abbreviations Civil Aviation Authority General Definitions (a) a safe forced landing can be accomplished; (b) the helicopter occupants can be protected from the elements; and (c) search and rescue response/capability is provided consistent with the anticipated exposure. In any case, those parts of a congested area with adequate safe forced landing areas shall be considered non-hostile. Non-precision approach An instrument approach with a minimum descent height (MDH), or DH when (NPA) operation flying a CDFA technique, not lower than 250 ft and an RVR/CMV of not less than 750 m for aeroplanes and 600 m for helicopters NOTAM A notice distributed by means of telecommunication containing information concerning the establishment, condition or change in any aeronautical facility, service, procedure or hazard, the timely knowledge of which is essential to personnel concerned with flight operations. NVIS crew member A technical crew member assigned to an NVIS flight NVIS flight A flight under night visual meteorological conditions (VMC) with the flight crew using NVGs in a helicopter operating under an NVIS approval Observation The evaluation of one or more meteorological elements. (Metorological) Obstacle All fixed (whether temporary or permanent) and mobile objects, or parts thereof, that: (a) are located on an area intended for the surface movement of aircraft; or (b) extend above a defined surface intended to protect aircraft in flight; or (c) stand outside those defined surfaces and that have been assessed as being a hazard to air navigation. Note:- The term obstacle is used in MCAR 4 is solely for the purpose of specifying the charting of objects that are considered a potential hazard to the safe passage of aircraft in the type of operation for which the individual chart series is designed. Obstacle clearance The lowest altitude or the lowest height above the elevation of the relevant altitude (OCA) or obstacle runway threshold or the aerodrome elevation as applicable, used in clearance height (OCH) establishing compliance with appropriate obstacle clearance criteria. Note 1 — Obstacle clearance altitude is referenced to mean sea level and obstacle clearance height is referenced to the threshold elevation or in the case of non-precision approaches to the aerodrome elevation or the threshold elevation if that is more than 2 m (7 ft) below the aerodrome elevation. An obstacle clearance height for a circling approach is referenced to the aerodrome elevation. Issue: 2, Amendment: 1 1-50 16 November 2015 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR–1 Definitions and Abbreviations Civil Aviation Authority General Definitions Note 2 — For convenience when both expressions are used they may be written in the form “obstacle clearance altitude/ height” and abbreviated “OCA/H”. Obstacle Free Zone (OFZ) The airspace above the inner approach surface, inner transitional surfaces, and balked landing surface and that portion of the strip bounded by these surfaces, which is not penetrated by any fixed obstacle other than a low- mass and frangibly mounted one required for air navigation purposes. Obstacle/terrain data A defined surface intended for the purpose of collecting obstacle/terrain collection surface data. Offshore operations Operations which routinely have a substantial proportion of the flight conducted over sea areas to or from offshore locations Operating crew member A crew member carrying out his/her duties in an aircraft during a flight Operating site A site, other than an aerodrome, selected by the operator or pilot-in- command or commander for landing, take-off and/or external load operations Operation in performance An operation that, in the event of failure of the critical engine, the class 1 helicopter is able to land within the rejected take-off distance available or safely continue the flight to an appropriate landing area, depending on when the failure occurs Operation in performance An operation that, in the event of failure of the critical engine, performance is class 2 available to enable the helicopter to safely continue the flight, except when the failure occurs early during the take-off manoeuvre or late in the landing manoeuvre, in which cases a forced landing may be required Operation in performance An operation that, in the event of an engine failure at any time during the flight, a class 3 forced landing may be required in a multi-engined helicopter and will be required in a single-engined helicopter Operational control The responsibility for the initiation, continuation, termination or diversion of a flight in the interest of safety Operational flight plan The operator’s plan for the safe conduct of the flight based on considerations of aeroplane performance, other operating limitations and relevant expected conditions on the route to be followed and at the aerodromes concerned. Operational planning The planning of flight operations by an operator. Operations manual A manual containing procedures, instructions and guidance for use by operational personnel in the execution of their duties. Operator A person, organization or enterprise engaged in or offering to engage in an Issue: 2, Amendment: 1 1-51 16 November 2015 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR–1 Definitions and Abbreviations Civil Aviation Authority General Definitions aircraft operation. Ornithopter A heavier-than-air aircraft supported in flight chiefly by the reactions of the air on planes to which a flapping motion is imparted. Orthometric height Height of a point related to the geoid, generally presented as an MSL elevation. Other than standard A precision instrument approach and landing operation using ILS or MLS where category II (OTS CAT II) some or all of the elements of the precision approach category II light system are operation. not available, and with: (a) DH below 200 ft but not lower than 100 ft; and (b) RVR of not less than 350 m. Other training device An aid used for pilot training other than an FSTD that provides for training (OTD) where a complete flight deck or cockpit environment is not necessary Part-FCL licence A flight crew licence which complies with the requirements of MCAR- Aircrew Parts and Appliances Any instrument, equipment, mechanism, part, apparatus, appurtenance or accessory, including communications equipment, that is used or intended to be used in operating or controlling an aircraft in flight and is installed in or attached to the aircraft. It includes parts of an airframe, engine or propeller. (Source: Regulation (EC) No 216/2008 of the European parliament and of the council of 20 February 2008) Passenger classification Passenger classification, for the purpose of: (a) ‘adult’ means a person of an age of 12 years and above; (b) ‘child/children’ means persons who are of an age of two years and above but who are less than 12 years of age; (c) ‘infant’ means a person under the age of two years Past weather Predominant characteristic of the weather which had existed at an observing station during a given period of time (during the preceding hour or six hours), specified in the international SYNOP code. Performance class A Multi-engined aeroplanes powered by turbo-propeller engines with a maximum aeroplanes operational passenger seating configuration (MOPSC) of more than nine or a maximum take-off mass exceeding 5 700 kg, and all multi-engined turbo-jet powered aeroplanes Performance class B Aeroplanes powered by propeller engines with an MOPSC of nine or less and a aeroplanes maximum take-off mass of 5 700 kg or less Performance class C Aeroplanes powered by reciprocating engines with an MOPSC of more aeroplanes than nine or a maximum take-off mass exceeding 5 700 kg Issue: 2, Amendment: 1 1-52 16 November 2015 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR–1 Definitions and Abbreviations Civil Aviation Authority General Definitions Performance criteria Simple, evaluative statements on the required outcome of the competency element and a description of the criteria used to judge whether the required level of performance has been achieved. Pilot (to). To manipulate the flight controls of an aircraft during flight time. Pilot flying (PF) The pilot, who for the time being, is in charge of the controls of an aircraft. (Source: JAR-1) Pilot not flying (PNF) The pilot who is assisting the Pilot flying in accordance with the multi-crew co-operation concept, when the required flight crew is more than one. (Source: JAR-1) Pilot-in-command The pilot [who is] responsible for the operation and safety of an aircraft during flight time. (Source: JAR-1) Pilot-in-command under A co-pilot performing, under the supervision of the pilot-in-command, the supervision (PICUS) duties and functions of a pilot-in-command Point light A luminous signal appearing without perceptible length. Portrayal Presentation of information to humans (ISO 19117). Position (Geographical) Set of coordinates (latitude and longitude) referenced to the mathematical reference ellipsoid which define the position of a point on the surface of the Earth. Positioning The transferring of a non-operating crew member from one place to another, at the behest of the operator, excluding the time from home to the designated reporting place at home base and vice versa, as well as the time for local transfer from a place of rest to the commencement of duty and vice versa Post spacing Angular or linear distance between two adjacent elevation points. Powered sailplane An aircraft equipped with one or more engines having, with engines inoperative, the characteristics of a sailplane Powered-lift A heavier-than-air aircraft capable of vertical take-off, vertical landing, and low-speed flight, which depends principally on engine-driven lift devices or engine thrust for the lift during these flight regimes and on non-rotating aerofoil(s) for lift during horizontal flight. Powered-lift aircraft Any aircraft deriving vertical lift and in flight propulsion/lift from variable geometry rotors or engines/propulsive devices attached to or contained within the fuselage or wings. Power-unit A system of one or more engines and ancillary parts which are together necessary to provide thrust, independently of the continued operation of Issue: 2, Amendment: 1 1-53 16 November 2015 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR–1 Definitions and Abbreviations Civil Aviation Authority General Definitions any other powerunit(s), but not including short period thrust-producing devices. Precipitation Any of all of the forms of water particles, whether liquid or solid, that fall from the atmosphere and reach the ground. The forms of precipitation are: rain, drizzle, snow, snow grains, snow pellets, diamond dust, hail, and ice pellets. See also acid precipitation. Precision The smallest difference that can be reliably distinguished by a measurement process. Note.— In reference to geodetic surveys, precision is a degree of refinement in performance of an operation or a degree of perfection in the instruments and methods used when taking measurements. Precision approach An instrument approach procedure utilizing azimuth and glide path procedure information provided by ILS or PAR. Pre-flight information A presentation of current NOTAM information of operational significance, bulletin (PIB) prepared prior to flight. Pre-flight Inspection The inspection carried out before flight to ensure that the aircraft is fit for the intended flight. (Source: Commission regulation (EC) No 2042/2003of 20 November 2003) Preliminary Report The communication used for the prompt dissemination of data obtained during the early stages of the investigation. Present weather Weather at a station at the time of observation. Pressure A type of stress characterized by uniformity in all directions. In dynamics, it is that part of the stress tensor that is independent of viscosity and depends only upon the molecular motion appropriate to the local temperature and density. It is the negative of the mean of the three normal stresses, and is, therefore, a scalar quantity expressed in units of force per unit area. In meteorology, commonly used for atmospheric pressure. Pressure-altitude An atmospheric pressure expressed in terms of altitude which corresponds to that pressure in the Standard Atmosphere. Pressure-altitude An atmospheric pressure expressed in terms of altitude which corresponds to that pressure in the Standard Atmosphere. Prevailing visibility The greatest visibility value, observed in accordance with the definition of “visibility”, which is reached within at least half the horizon circle or within at least half of the surface of the aerodrome. These areas could comprise contiguous or non-contiguous sectors. Note:- This value may be assessed by human observation and/or instrumented systems. When instruments are installed, they are used to Issue: 2, Amendment: 1 1-54 16 November 2015 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR–1 Definitions and Abbreviations Civil Aviation Authority General Definitions obtain the best estimate of the prevailing visibility. Principal place of business The head office or registered office of the organisation within which the principal financial functions and operational control of the activities referred to in this Regulation are exercised Printed communications Communications which automatically provide a permanent printed record at each terminal of a circuit of all messages which pass over such circuit.

Prioritisation of ramp The dedication of an appropriate portion of the total number of ramp inspections inspections conducted by or on behalf of a competent authority on an annual basis as provided in Part-ARO Private pilot A pilot who holds a licence which prohibits the piloting of aircraft in operations for which remuneration is given, with the exclusion of instruction or examination activities, as established in Part-FCL Problematic use of The use of one or more psychoactive substances by aviation personnel in a substances way that: (a) constitutes a direct hazard to the user or endangers the lives, health or welfare of others; and/or (b) causes or worsens an occupational, social, mental or physical problem or disorder. Procedure altitude/height A specified altitude/height flown operationally at or above the minimum altitude/height and established to accommodate a stabilized descent at a prescribed descent gradient/angle in the intermediate/final approach segment. Procedure turn A manoeuvre in which a turn is made away from a designated track followed by a turn in the opposite direction to permit the aircraft to intercept and proceed along the reciprocal of the designated track. Note 1:- Procedure turns are designated “left” or “right” according to the direction of the initial turn. Note 2:- Procedure turns may be designated as being made either in level flight or while descending, according to the circumstances of each individual procedure. Product An aircraft, engine or propeller. (Source: Regulation (EC) No 216/2008 of the European parliament and of the council of 20 February 2008 Proficiency check The demonstration of skill to revalidate or renew ratings, and including such oral examination as may be required Prognostic chart A forecast of a specified meteorological element(s) for a specified time or period and a specified surface or portion of airspace, depicted graphically on a chart. Issue: 2, Amendment: 1 1-55 16 November 2015 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR–1 Definitions and Abbreviations Civil Aviation Authority General Definitions Prohibited area An airspace of defined dimensions, above the land areas or territorial waters of a State, within which the flight of aircraft is prohibited. Propeller A complete propeller including all parts attached to and rotating with the hub and blades, and all equipment required for the control and operation of the propeller. (Source: EASA Executive Director (ED) Decision 2003/11/RM dated 05/11/2003- CS definitions) Protective breathing Breathing equipment for protection against smoke, fumes and other equipment harmful gases. (Source: EASA Executive Director (ED) Decision 2003/11/RM dated 05/11/2003- CS definitions) Psychoactive substances Alcohol, opioids, cannabinoids, sedatives and hypnotics, cocaine, other psychostimulants, hallucinogens, and volatile solvents, whereas coffee and tobacco are excluded. Public interest site (PIS) A site used exclusively for operations in the public interest Qualification test guide A document designed to demonstrate that the performance and handling (QTG) qualities of an FSTD represent those of the aircraft, class of aeroplane or type of helicopter, simulated within prescribed limits and that all applicable requirements have been met. The QTG includes both the data of the aircraft, class of aeroplane or type of helicopter and FSTD data used to support the validation Quality Degree to which a set of inherent characteristics fulfils requirements (ISO 9000*). Note 1.— The term “quality” can be used with adjectives such as poor, good or excellent. Note 2.— “Inherent”, as opposed to “assigned”, means existing in something, especially as a permanent characteristic. Quality assurance Part of quality management focused on providing confidence that quality requirements will be fulfilled (ISO 9000). Quality control Part of quality management focused on fulfilling quality requirements (ISO 9000). Quality management Coordinated activities to direct and control an organization with regard to quality (ISO 9000). Quality system Documented organizational procedures and policies; internal audit of those policies and procedures; management review and recommendation for quality improvement. Issue: 2, Amendment: 1 1-56 16 November 2015 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR–1 Definitions and Abbreviations Civil Aviation Authority General Definitions Radiation Emission or transfer of energy in the form of electromagnetic waves. The process by which electromagnetic radiation is propagated through free space by virtue of joint undulatory variations in the electric and magnetic fields in space. This concept is to be distinguished from conduction and convection. Radio navigation service A service providing guidance information or position data for the efficient and safe operation of aircraft supported by one or more radio navigation aids. Radiotelephony A form of radio communication primarily intended for the exchange of information in the form of speech. Ramp inspection The inspection of aircraft, of flight and cabin crew qualifications and of flight documentation in order to verify the compliance with the applicable requirements Rated air traffic controller An air traffic controller holding a licence and valid ratings appropriate to the privileges to be exercised. Rating An authorization entered on or associated with a licence and forming part thereof, stating special conditions, privileges or limitations pertaining to such licence. RCP type A label (e.g. RCP 240) that represents the values assigned to RCP parameters for communication transaction time, continuity, availability and integrity. Rectification interval A limitation on the duration of operations with inoperative equipment Reference time The local time at the reporting point in a time zone band 2 hours wide around the local time where a crew member is acclimatised Refractive error The deviation from emmetropia measured in dioptres in the most ametropic meridian, measured by standard methods Regional Air Navigation Agreement approved by the Council of ICAO normally on the advice of a Agreement regional air navigation meeting. Rejected take-off distance The length of the final approach and take-off area declared available and suitable available (RTODAH) for helicopters operated in performance class 1 to complete a rejected take-off; Rejected take-off distance The horizontal distance required from the start of the take-off to the point required (RTODRH) where the helicopter comes to a full stop following an engine failure and rejection of the take-off at the take-off decision point Relative humidity The (dimensionless) ratio of the actual vapor pressure of the air to the saturation vapor pressure. The relative humidity is usually expressed in per cent, and can be computed from psychrometric data. See humidity. Issue: 2, Amendment: 1 1-57 16 November 2015 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR–1 Definitions and Abbreviations Civil Aviation Authority General Definitions Relief The inequalities in elevation of the surface of the Earth represented on aeronautical charts by contours, hypsometric tints, shading or spot elevations. Remote pilot A person charged by the operator with duties essential to the operation of a remotely piloted aircraft and who manipulates the flight controls, as appropriate, during flight time. Remote pilot station The component of the remotely piloted aircraft system containing the equipment used to pilot the remotely piloted aircraft. Remotely piloted aircraft A remotely piloted aircraft, its associated remote pilot station(s), the system (RPAS) required command and control links and any other components as specified in the type design. Rendering (a licence) valid The action taken by CAA, as an alternative to issuing its own licence, in accepting a licence issued by an ICAO Contracting State as the equivalent of its own licence. Renewal’ (of, e.g. a rating The administrative action taken after a rating or certificate has lapsed for or certificate) the purpose of renewing the privileges of the rating or certificate for a further specified period consequent upon the fulfilment of specified requirements Reporting point A specified geographical location in relation to which the position of an aircraft can be reported. Note;- There are three categories of reporting points: ground-based navigation aid, intersection and waypoint. In this context of this definition ,intersection is a significant point expressed as radials, bearings and /or distances from ground-based navigation aids. A reporting point can be indicated as “on request” or as “ compulsory” Required communication A statement of the performance requirements for operational performance (RCP) communication in support of specific ATM functions. Required communication A label (e.g. RCP 240) that represents the values assigned to RCP performance type (RCP parameters for communication transaction time, continuity, availability and type) integrity. Required navigation A statement of the navigation performance necessary for operation within performance (RNP) a defined airspace. Note — Navigation performance and requirements are defined for a particular RNP type and/or application. Requirement Need or expectation that is stated, generally implied or obligatory (ISO 9000*). Issue: 2, Amendment: 1 1-58 16 November 2015 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR–1 Definitions and Abbreviations Civil Aviation Authority General Definitions Note 1.— “Generally implied” means that it is custom or common practice for the organization, its customers and other interested parties, that the need or expectation under consideration is implied. Note 2.— A qualifier can be used to denote a specific type of requirement, e.g. product requirement, quality management requirement, customer requirement. Note 3.— A specified requirement is one which is stated, for example, in a document. Note 4.— Requirements can be generated by different interested parties. Rescue An operation to retrieve persons in distress, provide for their initial medical or other needs, and deliver them to a place of safety. Rescue coordination A unit responsible for promoting efficient organization of search and rescue centre (RCC) services and for coordinating the conduct of search and rescue operations within a search and rescue region. Rescue subcentre (RSC) A unit subordinate to a rescue coordination centre, established to complement the latter according to particular provisions of the responsible authorities. Reserve A period of time during which a crew is required by the operator to be available to receive an assignment for a flight, positioning or other duty with at least a 10 hour notification before the start of the assigned duty Resolution A number of units or digits to which a measured or calculated value is expressed and used. Rest facility A bunk or seat with leg and foot support that provides a crew member with a sleep opportunity on board an aircraft. Rest period A continuous, uninterrupted and defined period of time, subsequent to and/or prior to duty, during which a crew member is free of all duties and reserve. Restricted area An airspace of defined dimensions, above the land areas or territorial waters of a State, within which the flight of aircraft is restricted in accordance with certain specified conditions. Revalidation’ (of, e.g. a The administrative action taken within the period of validity of a rating or rating or certificate) certificate which allows the holder to continue to exercise the privileges of a rating or certificate for a further specified period consequent upon the fulfilment of specified requirements Reversal procedure A procedure designed to enable aircraft to reverse direction during the initial approach segment of an instrument approach procedure. The sequence may include procedure turns or base turns. Ridge (of high pressure) In meteorology, an elongated area of relatively high atmospheric pressure, almost always associated with and most clearly identified as an area of Issue: 2, Amendment: 1 1-59 16 November 2015 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR–1 Definitions and Abbreviations Civil Aviation Authority General Definitions maximum anticyclonic curvature of wind flow. RNP type A containment value expressed as a distance in nautical miles from the intended position within which flights would be for at least 95 per cent of the total flying time. Example — RNP 4 represents a navigation accuracy of plus or minus 7.4 km (4 NM) on a 95 per cent containment basis. Rotation It is a duty or a series of duties, including at least one flight duty, and rest periods out of home base, starting at home base and ending when returning to home base for a rest period where the operator is no longer responsible for the accommodation of the crew member Rotorcraft A power-driven heavier-than-air aircraft supported in flight by the reactions of the air on one or more rotors. Route sector A flight comprising take-off, departure, cruise of not less than 15 minutes, arrival, approach and landing phases Route stage A route or portion of a route flown without an intermediate landing. RPA observer A trained and competent person designated by the operator who, by visual observation of the remotely piloted aircraft, assists the remote pilot in the safe conduct of the flight. Runway A defined rectangular area on a land aerodrome prepared for the landing and take-off of aircraft. Runway strip A defined area including the runway and stopway, if provided: a. intended :to reduce the risk of damage to aircraft running off a runway; and b. to protect aircraft flying over it during take-off or landing operations. Runway visual range (RVR) The range over which the pilot of an aircraft on the centre line of a runway can see the runway surface markings or the lights delineating the runway or identifying its centre line. Runway-holding position A designated position intended to protect a runway, an obstacle limitation surface, or an ILS/MLS critical/sensitive area at which taxiing aircraft and vehicles shall stop and hold, unless otherwise authorized by the aerodrome control tower. Note – In radiotelephony phraseologies, the expression “holding point” is used to designate the runway-holding position. Safe forced landing Unavoidable landing or ditching with a reasonable expectancy of no injuries to persons in the aircraft or on the surface. Issue: 2, Amendment: 1 1-60 16 November 2015 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR–1 Definitions and Abbreviations Civil Aviation Authority General Definitions Safety management A systematic approach to managing safety, including the necessary system organizational structures, accountabilities, policies and procedures. Safety programme An integrated set of regulations and activities aimed at improving safety. Safety Recommendation A proposal of the accident investigation authority of the State conducting the investigation, based on information derived from the investigation, made with the intention of preventing accidents or incidents. Safety-sensitive personnel Persons who might endanger aviation safety if they perform their duties and functions improperly including, but not limited to, crew members, aircraft maintenance personnel and air traffic controllers. Sailplane A heavier-than-air aircraft which is supported in flight by the dynamic reaction of the air against its fixed lifting surfaces, the free flight of which does not depend on an engine Satisfactory evidence A set of documents or activities that a Contracting State accepts as sufficient to show compliance with an airworthiness requirement. Sea surface temperature Temperature of the water film at the sea surface Sea-level pressure The atmospheric pressure at mean sea level, either directly measured or, most commonly, empirically determined from the observed station pressure. Seaplane A fixed wing aircraft which is designed for taking off and landing on water and includes amphibians operated as seaplanes Search An operation normally coordinated by a rescue coordination centre or rescue subcentre using available personnel and facilities to locate persons in distress. Search and rescue aircraft An aircraft provided with specialized equipment suitable for the efficient conduct of search and rescue missions. Search and rescue facility Any mobile resource, including designated search and rescue units, used to conduct search and rescue operations. Search and rescue region An area of defined dimensions, associated with a rescue coordination (SRR) centre, within which search and rescue services are provided. Search and rescue service The performance of distress monitoring, communication, coordination and search and rescue functions, initial medical assistance or medical evacuation, through the use of public and private resources, including cooperating aircraft, vessels and other craft and installations. Search and rescue services A generic term meaning, as the case may be, rescue coordination centre, units rescue sub centre or alerting post. Issue: 2, Amendment: 1 1-61 16 November 2015 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR–1 Definitions and Abbreviations Civil Aviation Authority General Definitions Sector The time between an aircraft first moving for the purpose of taking off until it comes to rest after landing on the designated parking position. Separate runways Runways at the same aerodrome that are separate landing surfaces. These runways may overlay or cross in such a way that if one of the runways is blocked, it will not prevent the planned type of operations on the other runway. Each runway shall have a separate approach procedure based on a separate navigation aid Serious incident An incident involving circumstances indicating that an accident nearly occurred. Note 1: The difference between an accident and a serious incident lies only in the result. Serious Injury any injury, which is sustained by a person in an accident and which: (a) requires hospitalization for more than 48 hours, commencing within 7 days from the date the injury was received; (b) results in a fracture of any bone (except simple fractures of fingers, toes, or nose); (c) causes severe haemorrhages, nerve muscle, or tendon damage; (d) involves any internal organ; or (e) involves second or third degree burns, or any burns affecting more than 5 per cent of the body surface. Shoulder An area adjacent to the edge of a pavement so prepared as to provide a transition between the pavement and the adjacent surface. SIGMET information Information issued by a meteorological watch office concerning the occurrence or expected occurrence of specified en-route weather phenomena which may affect the safety of aircraft operations. Signal area An area on an aerodrome used for the display of ground signals. Significant In the context of the medical provisions, significant means to a degree or of a nature that is likely to jeopardize flight safety. Significant point A specified geographical location used in defining an ATS route or the flight path of an aircraft and for other navigation and ATS purposes. Note.— There are three categories of significant points: ground-based navigation aid, intersection and waypoint. In the context of this definition, intersection is a significant point expressed as radials, bearings and/or distances from groundbased navigation aids. Single day free of duty A time free of all duties consisting of a single day and two local nights and which may include a rest period as part of the day off. Issue: 2, Amendment: 1 1-62 16 November 2015 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR–1 Definitions and Abbreviations Civil Aviation Authority General Definitions Single-pilot aircraft An aircraft certificated for operation by one pilot Skill test The demonstration of skill for a licence or rating issue, including such oral examination as may be required Small aircraft An aircraft of a maximum certificated take-off mass of 5 700 kg or less. SNOWTAM A special series NOTAM notifying the presence or removal of hazardous conditions due to snow, ice, slush or standing water associated with snow, slush and ice on the movement area, by means of a specific format. Solar radiation The total electromagnetic radiation emitted by the Sun. Solo flight time Flight time during which a student pilot is the sole occupant of an aircraft. Special VFR flight A VFR flight cleared by air traffic control to operate within a control zone in meteorological conditions below VMC. Stabilised approach (SAp) An approach that is flown in a controlled and appropriate manner in terms of configuration, energy and control of the flight path from a pre- determined point or altitude/height down to a point 50 ft above the threshold or the point where the flare manoeuvre is initiated if higher. Standard atmosphere See ‘Atmosphere, International Standard’. (Source: EASA Executive Director (ED) Decision 2003/11/RM dated 05/11/2003- CS definitions) Standard isobaric surface An isobaric surface used on a worldwide basis for representing and analyzing the conditions in the atmosphere. Standby A pre-notified and defined period of time during which a crew member is required by the operator to be available to receive an assignment for a flight, positioning or other duty without an intervening rest period, as follows: (a) airport standby means a standby performed at the airport, which may lead to an assignment of duty; (b) other standby means a standby either at home or in a suitable accommodation, which may lead to an assignment of duty. State of Design The State having jurisdiction over the organization responsible for the type design. State of Manufacture The State having jurisdiction over the organization responsible for the final assembly of the aircraft. State of Occurrence The State in the territory of which an accident or incident occurs. State of Registry The State on whose register the aircraft is entered. Issue: 2, Amendment: 1 1-63 16 November 2015 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR–1 Definitions and Abbreviations Civil Aviation Authority General Definitions Note — In the case of the registration of aircraft of an international operating agency on other than a national basis, the States constituting the agency are jointly and severally bound to assume the obligations which, under the Chicago Convention, attach to a State of Registry. See, in this regard, the Council Resolution of 14 December 1967 on Nationality and Registration of Aircraft Operated by International Operating Agencies which can be found in Policy and Guidance Material on the Economic Regulation of International Air Transport (Doc 9587). State of the Operator The State in which the operator’s principal place of business is located or, if there is no such place of business, the operator’s permanent residence. Station declination An alignment variation between the zero degree radial of a VOR and true north, determined at the time the VOR station is calibrated. Station pressure Atmospheric pressure observed at a station. Stop-way A defined rectangular area on the ground at the end of take-off run available prepared as a suitable area in which an aircraft can be stopped in the case of an abandoned take-off. Stratocumulus (SC) A principal low-level cloud type (cloud genus), predominantly stratiform, in the form of relatively low gray and/or whitish layer, sheet or patch. Its elements are often arranged in bands or rolls that lie across the wind. Light rain, snow, or sleet may fall from stratocumulus. Stratopause The boundary layer between the stratosphere and the mesosphere at about 50 to 55 km. Stratosphere The atmospheric shell above the troposphere and below the mesosphere. It is characterized at first by isothermal conditions and then a gradual temperature increase. The composition of stratospheric air is basically the same as that of the lower atmosphere, with the addition of ozone. Stratus (ST) A principal low-level cloud type (cloud genus) in the form of a low-altitude, light to dark gray cloud layer with a rather uniform base. Stratus clouds are generally diffuse and dull. This cloud formation has little structure and looks like fog, except that it is above the ground. Stratus does not usually produce precipitation, but when it does occur it is in the form of minute particles, such as drizzle, ice crystals, or fine snow grains. Student pilot-in- A student pilot acting as pilot-in-command on a flight with an instructor command’ (SPIC) where the latter will only observe the student pilot and shall not influence or control the flight of the aircraft Substantial Damage Substantial Damage means damage or failure which adversely affects the structural strength, performance, or flight characteristics of the aircraft, and which would normally require major repair or replacement of the affected Issue: 2, Amendment: 1 1-64 16 November 2015 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR–1 Definitions and Abbreviations Civil Aviation Authority General Definitions component. For the purposes of this regulation, the following conditions are not considered “substantial damage”: (a) for multiengine aircraft: engine failure or damage limited to an engine if only one engine fails or is damaged, (b) bent fairings or cowling, dented skin, small punctured holes in the skin or fabric, (c) ground damage to rotor or propeller blades, (d) and damage to landing gear, wheels, tires, flaps, engine accessories, brakes, or wing tips. Suitable accommodation For the purpose of standby, split duty and minimum rest, a separate room, with appropriate facilities, for each crew member located in a quiet environment, equipped with a bed, sufficient ventilation, a device for regulating temperature and light intensity, and access to food and drink Supplemental oxygen The additional oxygen required to protect each occupant against the adverse effects of excessive cabin altitude and to maintain acceptable physiological conditions. (Source: EASA Executive Director (ED) Decision 2003/11/RM dated 05/11/2003- CS definitions) Surface wind Wind blowing near the Earth's surface. It is measured, by convention, at a height of 10 m above ground in an area where the distance between the anemometer and any obstruction is at least 10 times the height of the obstruction. Synoptic – scale The scale of the high- and low-pressure systems of the lower atmosphere which typical dimensions range approximately from 1000 to 2500 kilometers (synoptic-scale circulation). Synoptic analysis The study of the synoptic observation data plotted on synoptic charts aimed at analysis of the atmospheric disturbances (for example, fronts, cyclones, and anticyclones). Synoptic chart A weather chart reflecting the state of the atmosphere over a large area at a given moment. Synoptic code A code approved by the World Meteorological Organization, by which (International synoptic meteorological elements observed at the Earth's surface at synoptic times surface observation, or synop, code) are encoded in groups of five figures and transmitted internationally through the available immediate communication means. Synoptic hour Hour (UTC) determined by international agreement at which meteorological observations are made simultaneously throughout the world. The primary synoptic hours are every six hours, commencing at 00:00 UTC. Synoptic weather A surface weather observation, made at periodic times (usually at 3-hourly Issue: 2, Amendment: 1 1-65 16 November 2015 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR–1 Definitions and Abbreviations Civil Aviation Authority General Definitions observation and 6-hourly intervals specified by the World Meteorological Organization), of sky cover, state of the sky, cloud height, atmospheric pressure reduced to sea level, temperature, dew point, wind speed and direction, amount of precipitation, hydrometeors and lithometeors, and special phenomena that prevail at the time of the observation or have been observed since the previous specified observation. Take-off alternate An alternate aerodrome at which an aircraft can land should this become aerodrome necessary shortly after take-off and if it is not possible to use the aerodrome of departure Take-off decision point The point used in determining take-off performance from which, an engine (TDP) failure having been recognised at this point, either a rejected take-off may be made or a take-off safely continued Take-off distance available Iin the case of aeroplanes means the length of the take-off run available plus (TODA) the length of the clearway, if provided Take-off distance available In the case of helicopters means the length of the final approach and take- (TODAH) off area plus, if provided, the length of helicopter clearway declared available and suitable for helicopters to complete the take-off Take-off distance required Iin the case of helicopters means the horizontal distance required from the (TODRH) start of the take-off to the point at which take-off safety speed (V TOSS ), a selected height and a positive climb gradient are achieved, following failure of the critical engine being recognised at the TDP, the remaining engines operating within approved operating limits Take-off flight path The vertical and horizontal path, with the critical engine inoperative, from a specified point in the take-off for aeroplanes to 1500 ft above the surface and for helicopters to 1000 ft above the surface Take-off mass The mass including everything and everyone carried at the commencement of the take-off for helicopters and take-off run for aeroplanes Take-off run available The length of runway that is declared available by the State of the (TORA) aerodrome and suitable for the ground run of an aeroplane taking off Task specialist A crew member in commercial air transport HEMS, HHO or NVIS operations other than a flight or cabin crew member, assigned by the operator to duties in the aircraft or on the ground for the purpose of assisting the pilot during HEMS, HHO or NVIS operations, which may require the operation of specialised on-board equipment. (Source: European Commission Regulation (EU) No. 379/2014 dated 24 April 2014) Target level of safety A generic term representing the level of risk which is considered acceptable (TLS) in particular circumstances. Issue: 2, Amendment: 1 1-66 16 November 2015 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR–1 Definitions and Abbreviations Civil Aviation Authority General Definitions Taxiing Movement of an aircraft on the surface of an aerodrome under its own power, excluding take-off and landing. Taxiway A defined path on a land aerodrome established for the taxiing of aircraft and intended to provide a link between one part of the aerodrome and another, including: (a) Aircraft stand taxilane: A portion of an apron designated as a taxiway and intended to provide access to aircraft stands only. (b) Apron taxiway: A portion of a taxiway system located on an apron and intended to provide a through taxi route across the apron. (c) Rapid exit taxiway: A taxiway connected to a runway at an acute angle and designed to allow landing aeroplanes to turn off at higher speeds than are achieved on other exit taxiways thereby minimizing runway occupancy times. Technical crew member A crew member in commercial air transport HEMS, HHO or NVIS operations other than a flight or cabin crew member, assigned by the operator to duties in the aircraft or on the ground for the purpose of assisting the pilot during HEMS, HHO or NVIS operations, which may require the operation of specialised on-board equipment Technical instructions (TI) The latest effective edition of the ‘Technical instructions for the safe transport of dangerous goods by air’, including the supplement and any addenda, approved and published by the International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO). Temperature A physical quantity characterizing the mean random motion of molecules in a physical body. In other words, it is a measure of the degree of hotness or coldness of a substance. Terminal arrival altitude The lowest altitude that will provide a minimum clearance of 300 m (1 000 (TAA) ft) above all objects located in an arc of a circle defined by a 46 km (25 NM) radius centred on the initial approach fix (IAF), or where there is no IAF on the intermediate approach fix (IF), delimited by straight lines joining the extremity of the arc to the IF. The combined TAAs associated with an approach procedure shall account for an area of 360 degrees around the IF. Terminal control area A control area normally established at the confluence of ATS routes in the vicinity of one or more major aerodromes. Terrain The surface of the Earth containing naturally occurring features such as mountains, hills, ridges, valleys, bodies of water, permanent ice and snow, and excluding obstacles. Thermograph An instrument continuously recording temperature. Issue: 2, Amendment: 1 1-67 16 November 2015 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR–1 Definitions and Abbreviations Civil Aviation Authority General Definitions Thermometer An instrument for measuring temperature; in meteorology, generally used to measure the temperature of the air or the soil. Threat Events or errors that occur beyond the influence of an operational person, increase operational complexity and must be managed to maintain the margin of safety. Note — See Attachment E of ICAO Annex 13 — Aircraft Accident and Incident Investigation for a description of operational personnel. Threat management The process of detecting and responding to threats with countermeasures that reduce or eliminate the consequences of threats and mitigate the probability of errors or undesired states. Note.— See Attachment C to Chapter 3 of the ICAO Procedures for Air Navigation Services — Training (PANS-TRG, Doc 9868) and Circular 314 — Threat and Error Management (TEM) in Air Traffic Control for a description of undesired states. Threshold The beginning of that portion of the runway usable for landing. Total estimated elapsed For IFR flights, the estimated time required from take-off to arrive over time that designated point, defined by reference to navigation aids, from which it is intended that an instrument approach procedure will be commenced, or, if no navigation aid is associated with the destination aerodrome, to arrive over the destination aerodrome. For VFR flights, the estimated time required from take-off to arrive over the destination aerodrome. Total vertical error (TVE) The vertical geometric difference between the actual pressure altitude flown by an aircraft and its assigned pressure altitude (flight level). Touchdown and lift-off A load bearing area on which a helicopter may touch down or lift off. area (TLOF) Touchdown Zone The portion of a runway, beyond the threshold, where it is intended landing aeroplanes first contact the runway. Touring Motor Glider A specific class of powered sailplane having an integrally mounted, non- (TMG) retractable engine and a non-retractable propeller. It shall be capable of taking off and climbing under its own power according to its flight manual Traceability Ability to trace the history, application or location of that which is under consideration (ISO 9000*). Note. When considering product, traceability can relate to: − the origin of materials and parts; − the processing history; and − the distribution and location of the product after delivery. Track The projection on the earth’s surface of the path of an aircraft, the Issue: 2, Amendment: 1 1-68 16 November 2015 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR–1 Definitions and Abbreviations Civil Aviation Authority General Definitions direction of which path at any point is usually expressed in degrees from North (true, magnetic or grid). Traffic avoidance advice Advice provided by an air traffic services unit specifying manoeuvres to assist a pilot to avoid a collision. Traffic information Information issued by an air traffic services unit to alert a pilot to other known or observed air traffic which may be in proximity to the position or intended route of flight and to help the pilot avoid a collision. Traffic load The total mass of passengers, baggage, cargo and carry-on specialist equipment, including any ballast Transfer of control point A defined point located along the flight path of an aircraft, at which the responsibility for providing air traffic control service to the aircraft is transferred from one control unit or control position to the next. Transferring unit Air traffic control unit in the process of transferring the responsibility for providing air traffic control service to an aircraft to the next air traffic control unit along the route of flight. Transition altitude The altitude at or below which the vertical position of an aircraft is controlled by reference to altitudes. Tropause The boundary layer between the troposphere and stratosphere, where an abrupt change in temperature lapse rate usually occurs. It is defined as the lowest level at which the lapse rate decreases to 2°C km-1 or less, provided that the average lapse rate between this level and all higher levels within 2 km does not exceed 2°C km-1. Occasionally, a second tropopause may be found if the lapse rate above the first tropopause exceeds 3°C km- 1. Tropical cyclone Generic term for a non-frontal synoptic-scale cyclone originating over tropical or sub-tropical waters with organized convection and definite cyclonic surface wind circulation. Tropical Cyclone Advisory A meteorological centre designated by regional air navigation agreement to Centre (TCAC) provide advisory information to meteorological watch offices, world area forecast centres and international OPMET databanks regarding the position, forecast direction and speed of movement, central pressure and maximum surface wind of tropical cyclones. Troposphere Lower part of the atmosphere, extending from the surface up to a height varying from about 7 to 9 km at polar regions to approximately 17 km in tropics. The troposphere is characterized by decreasing temperature with height, appreciable vertical wind motion, appreciable water vapor content, and weather. Trough In meteorology, an elongated area of relatively low atmospheric pressure; Issue: 2, Amendment: 1 1-69 16 November 2015 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR–1 Definitions and Abbreviations Civil Aviation Authority General Definitions the opposite of a ridge. Type of aircraft A categorisation of aircraft requiring a type rating as determined in the operational suitability data established in accordance with Part-21, and which include all aircraft of the same basic design including all modifications thereto except those which result in a change in handling or flight characteristics Ultimate load The limit load multiplied by the appropriate factor of safety. Ultra long range Long range flights having a planned flight duration greater than 16 hours or a flight operations (ULR) duty period that exceeds 18 hours Ultraviolet radiation Electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength than visible radiation but longer than x-rays; roughly, radiation in the wavelength interval from 10 to 4000 angstroms. Unaided NVIS flight In the case of NVIS operations, that portion of a VFR flight performed at night when a crew member is not using NVG Uncertainty phase A situation wherein uncertainty exists as to the safety of an aircraft and its occupants. Undertaking Any natural or legal person, whether profit-making or not, or any official body whether having its own personality or not Unmanned free balloon A non-power-driven, unmanned, lighter-than-air aircraft in free flight. Note: Unmanned free balloons are classified as heavy, medium or light in accordance with specifications contained in MCAR 2, Appendix 4. Unstable air Air in which static instability prevails. This condition is determined by the vertical gradients of air temperature and humidity. Upper air observation An observation made in the free atmosphere either directly or indirectly Upper atmosphere The general term applied to the atmosphere above the mesopause. Upper-air chart A meteorological chart relating to a specified upper-air surface or layer of the atmosphere. V1 The maximum speed in the take-off at which the pilot must take the first action to stop the aeroplane within the accelerate-stop distance. V1 also means the minimum speed in the take-off, following a failure of the critical engine at V , at which the pilot can continue the take-off and achieve the EF required height above the take- off surface within the take-off distance Validation Confirmation, through the provision of objective evidence, that the Issue: 2, Amendment: 1 1-70 16 November 2015 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR–1 Definitions and Abbreviations Civil Aviation Authority General Definitions requirements for a specific intended use or application have been fulfilled (ISO 9000*). Vectoring Provision of navigational guidance to aircraft in the form of specific headings, based on the use of an ATS surveillance system. VEF The speed at which the critical engine is assumed to fail during take-off Verification Confirmation, through the provision of objective evidence, that specified requirements have been fulfilled (ISO 9000*). Note 1. The term “verified” is used to designate the corresponding status. Note 2. Confirmation can comprise activities such as: − performing alternative calculations; − comparing a new design specification with a similar proven design specification; − undertaking tests and demonstrations; and − reviewing documents prior to issue. VFR The symbol used to designate the visual flight rules. VFR flight A flight conducted in accordance with the visual flight rules. Visibility Visibility for aeronautical purposes is the greater of: (a) the greatest distance at which a black object of suitable dimensions, situated near the ground, can be seen and recognized when observed against a bright background; (b) the greatest distance at which lights in the vicinity of 1 000 candelas can be seen and identified against an unlit background. Note 1: The two distances have different values in air of a given extinction coefficient, and the latter b) varies with the background illumination. The former a) is represented by the meteorological optical range (MOR). Note 2: The definition applies to the observations of visibility in local routine and special reports, to the observations of prevailing and minimum visibility reported in METAR and SPECI and to the observations of ground visibility. Visual approach An approach when either part or all of an instrument approach procedure is not completed and the approach is executed with visual reference to the terrain Visual approach procedure A series of predetermined manoeuvres by visual reference, from the initial approach fix, or where applicable, from the beginning of a defined arrival route to a point from which a landing can be completed and thereafter, if a landing is not completed, a go-around procedure can be carried out. Issue: 2, Amendment: 1 1-71 16 November 2015 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR–1 Definitions and Abbreviations Civil Aviation Authority General Definitions Visual line-of-sight (VLOS) An operation in which the remote pilot or RPA observer maintains direct operation unaided visual contact with the remotely piloted aircraft. Visual meteorological Meteorological conditions expressed in terms of visibility, distance from conditions cloud, and ceiling, equal to or better than specified minima. Note: The specified minima are contained in MCAR 2, Chapter 4. Visual meteorological Meteorological conditions expressed in terms of visibility, distance from conditions (VMC) cloud, and ceiling, equal to or better than specified minima. VMC The symbol used to designate visual meteorological conditions. Voice-automatic terminal The provision of ATIS by means of continuous and repetitive voice information service broadcasts. (Voice-ATIS) Volcanic Ash Advisory A meteorological centre designated by regional air navigation agreement to Centre (VAAC) provide advisory information to meteorological watch offices, area control centres, flight information centres, world area forecast centres and international OPMET databanks regarding the lateral and vertical extent and forecast movement of volcanic ash in the atmosphere following volcanic eruptions. VOLMET Meteorological information for aircraft in flight. Data Link-VOLMET (D- VOLMET). Provision of current aerodrome routine meteorological reports (METAR) and aerodrome special meteorological reports (SPECI), aerodrome forecasts (TAF), SIGMET, special air-reports not covered by a SIGMET and, where available, AIRMET via data link. VOLMET Broadcast. Provision, as appropriate, of current METAR, SPECI, TAF and SIGMET by means of continuous and repetitive voice broadcasts. VSO The stall speed or the minimum steady flight speed in the landing configuration. Warm front The forward edge of an advancing warm air mass that is displacing cooler air in its path. Water Vapor Water substance in vapor (gaseous) form; one of the most important of all constituents of the atmosphere. Waypoint A specified geographical location used to define an area navigation route or the flight path of an aircraft employing area navigation. Waypoints are identified as either: Fly-by waypoint – A waypoint which requires turn anticipation to allow tangential interception of the next segment of a route or procedure, or Issue: 2, Amendment: 1 1-72 16 November 2015 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR–1 Definitions and Abbreviations Civil Aviation Authority General Definitions Flyover waypoint – A waypoint at which a turn is initiated in order to join the next segment of a route or procedure. 19104 — Geographic information — Terminology 19108 — Geographic information — Temporal schema Weather The state of the atmosphere, mainly with respect to its effects upon life and human activities. As distinguished from climate, weather consists of the short-term (minutes to about 15 days) variations of the atmosphere state. Weather-permissible An adequate aerodrome where, for the anticipated time of use, weather aerodrome reports, or forecasts, or any combination thereof, indicate that the weather conditions will be at or above the required aerodrome operating minima, and the runway surface condition reports indicate that a safe landing will be possible. (Source: European Commission Regulation (EU) No. 379/2014 dated 24 April 2014) Wet lease agreement An agreement between air carriers pursuant to which the aircraft is operated under the AOC of the lessor; Wet runway A runway of which the surface is covered with water, or equivalent, less than specified by the ‘contaminated runway’ definition or when there is sufficient moisture on the runway surface to cause it to appear reflective, but without significant areas of standing water Window of Circadian Low The period between 02:00 and 05:59 hours in the time zone to which a (WOCL) crew member is acclimatised World Area Forecast A meteorological centre designated to prepare and issue significant weather Centre (WAFC) forecasts and upper-air forecasts in digital form on a global basis direct to States by appropriate means as part of the aeronautical fixed service. World Area Forecast A worldwide system by which world area forecast centers provide System (WAFS) aeronautical meteorological en-route forecasts in uniform standardized formats. Issue: 2, Amendment:

1 1-73 16 November 2015 Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations MCAR–1 Definitions and Abbreviations Civil Aviation Authority Abbreviations and Symbols MCAR-1.2 Abbreviations and Symbols AFM Aircraft Flight Manual ATC Air Traffic Control ANSP Air Navigation Service Provider CAA Maldives Civil Aviation Authority CAD Civil Aviation Department CAS Calibrated airspeed DOA Design Organisation Approval EASA European Aviation Safety Agency ICAO International Civil Aviation Organisation IFR Instrument Flight Rules ILS Instrument Landing System NDB Non-directional Beacon TSO Technical Standard Order VFR Visual Flight Rules VHF Very High Frequnecy Issue: 2, Amendment: 1 2-1 16 November 2015 ްއަތިޑަގ ާވްއުނޮފ ްށަރުދ ޭލިހ ްއަތްނުވެގްނެއ ިއާކަތްނުވެންނެދ ިއާކަތްްނާލުޢިއ ެގުޓެޒެގ ްށައ 4:00 ްނ 3:30 ުރީވަހ ،ްށައ 1:00 ްނ 12:30 ުރުދްނެމ ުކަހަވުދ ެމްނޮކ - ްށަލަޔިނ ެގުހަވުދ ިތަފްސާރުބ ްނިއަތްއީދާއ ްށައ 4:00 ްނ 3:30 ުރީވަހ ، ްށައ 11:30 ްނ 11:00 ުނުދނެހ - ްސަވުދ ުރުކުހ ްށައ 4:00 ްނ 3:30 ުރީވަހ - ްސަވުދ ުރިހިނޮހ ...yourfriendonair. ްށއަ 7:45 ްނ 7:00 ުކައެރ ެމްނޮކ ެގާތުފަހ