Employment Tribunals Act 1996

Employment Tribunals Act 1996 An Act to consolidate enactments relating to employment tribunals and the Employment Appeal Tribunal. Be it enacted by the Queen’s most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons, in this present Parliament assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows:— The Secretary of State may by regulations make provision for the establishment of tribunals to be known as employment tribunals. Regulations made wholly or partly under section 128(1) of the Employment Protection (Consolidation) Act 1978 and in force immediately before this Act comes into force shall, so far as made under that provision, continue to have effect (until revoked) as if made under subsection (1) . . .. Employment tribunals shall exercise the jurisdiction conferred on them by or by virtue of this Act or any other Act, whether passed before or after this Act. The appropriate Minister may by order provide that proceedings in respect of— any claim to which this section applies, or any claim to which this section applies and which is of a description specified in the order, may, subject to such exceptions (if any) as may be so specified, be brought before an employment tribunal. Subject to subsection (3), this section applies to— a claim for damages for breach of a contract of employment or other contract connected with employment, a claim for a sum due under such a contract, and a claim for the recovery of a sum in pursuance of any enactment relating to the terms or performance of such a contract, if the claim is such that a court in England and Wales or Scotland would under the law for the time being in force have jurisdiction to hear and determine an action in respect of the claim. This section does not apply to a claim for damages, or for a sum due, in respect of personal injuries. Any jurisdiction conferred on an employment tribunal by virtue of this section in respect of any claim is exercisable concurrently with any court in England and Wales or in Scotland which has jurisdiction to hear and determine an action in respect of the claim. In this section— “appropriate Minister”, as respects a claim in respect of which an action could be heard and determined by a court in England and Wales, means the Lord Chancellor and, as respects a claim in respect of which an action could be heard and determined by a court in Scotland, means the Lord Advocate, and “personal injuries” includes any disease and any impairment of a person’s physical or mental condition. In this section a reference to breach of a contract includes a reference to breach of— a term implied in a contract by or under any enactment or otherwise, a term of a contract as modified by or under any enactment or otherwise, and a term which, although not contained in a contract, is incorporated in the contract by another term of the contract. A person who is a member of a panel of Employment Judges which is appointed in accordance with regulations under section 1(1) may be referred to as an Employment Judge. An employment tribunal is, for the purpose of deciding any given matter, to be composed of a member or members chosen by the Senior President of Tribunals. The member, or each member, chosen must belong to a panel of members of employment tribunals appointed in accordance with regulations under section 1(1). The Senior President of Tribunals (or any person to whom the function under subsection (1) is delegated)— must act in accordance with regulations under subsection (4); may choose themselves (if eligible in accordance with regulations under section 1(1)). The Lord Chancellor must by regulations make provision, in relation to every matter that may fall to be decided by an employment tribunal, for determining the number of members who are to compose the tribunal. Where regulations under subsection (4) provide for a tribunal to be composed of a single member, the regulations must provide for that member to be an Employment Judge. Where regulations under subsection (4) provide for a tribunal to be composed of more than one member, the regulations— must provide for at least one of those members to be an Employment Judge, must make provision for determining how many (if any) of the other members are to be Employment Judges and how many (if any) are to be members who are not Employment Judges, and if the tribunal is to include one or more members who are not Employment Judges, may make provision for determining what qualifications (if any) that member or any of those members must have. A duty under subsection (4) or (6) to provide for the determination of anything may be discharged by providing for the thing to be determined by the Senior President of Tribunals or the President of Employment Tribunals in accordance with any provision made under that subsection. The power under subsection (6)(c) may be exercised by giving the Senior President of Tribunals or the President of Employment Tribunals power to determine what qualifications are required in accordance with any provision made by the regulations. Where a tribunal is to be composed of more than one member, the tribunal may proceed in the absence of one or more of the members chosen to compose it if— the parties to the case agree, and at least one of the members who is present is an Employment Judge. Where a person (other than an Employment Judge) is chosen as one of the members composing a tribunal but does not have a qualification required by virtue of subsection (6)(c), the tribunal may still proceed with that person as a member if the parties to the case agree. Before making regulations under this section, the Lord Chancellor must consult the Senior President of Tribunals. “President of Employment Tribunals”— in relation to employment tribunals in England and Wales, means the President of Employment Tribunals (England and Wales), and in relation to employment tribunals in Scotland, means the President of Employment Tribunals (Scotland); “qualification” includes experience. The Lord Chancellor may pay to— the President of the Employment Tribunals (England and Wales), the President of the Employment Tribunals (Scotland), . . . any person who is an Employment Judge on a full-time basis, and any person who is a legal officer appointed in accordance with such regulations, such remuneration and such allowances as he may with the consent of the Treasury determine. members of employment tribunals, any assessors appointed for the purposes of proceedings before employment tribunals, and any persons required for the purposes of section 131(2) of the Equality Act 2010 to prepare reports, such fees and allowances as he may with the consent of the Treasury determine. The Lord Chancellor may pay to any other persons such allowances as he may with the consent of the Treasury determine for the purposes of, or in connection with, their attendance at employment tribunals. The Senior President of Tribunals is responsible, within the resources made available by the Lord Chancellor, for the maintenance of appropriate arrangements for the training, guidance and welfare of members of panels of members of employment tribunals (in their capacities as members of such panels, whether or not panels of Employment Judges ). Any power by which the President of the Employment Tribunals (England and Wales) may be removed from that office may be exercised only with the concurrence of the Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales. Any power by which the President of the Employment Tribunals (Scotland) may be removed from that office may be exercised only with the concurrence of the Lord President of the Court of Session. Any power by which a member of a panel may be removed from membership of the panel— may, if the person exercises functions wholly or mainly in Scotland, be exercised only with the concurrence of the Lord President of the Court of Session; may, if paragraph (a) does not apply, be exercised only with the concurrence of the Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales. In subsection (3) “panel” means— a panel of Employment Judges , or any other panel of members of employment tribunals, which is appointed in accordance with regulations made under section 1(1). The Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales may nominate a judicial office holder (as defined in section 109(4) of the Constitutional Reform Act 2005) to exercise his functions under this section. The Lord President of the Court of Session may nominate a judge of the Court of Session who is a member of the First or Second Division of the Inner House of that Court to exercise his functions under this section. Subsection (2) applies to a person (“the appointee”)— who is appointed— as President of the Employment Tribunals (England and Wales), as President of the Employment Tribunals (Scotland), or as a member of a panel (as defined in section 5B(4)), and who has not previously taken the required oaths after accepting another office. The appointee must take the required oaths before— the Senior President of Tribunals, or an eligible person who is nominated by the Senior President of Tribunals for the purpose of taking the oaths from the appointee. If the appointee is a President or panel member appointed before the coming into force of this section, the requirement in subsection (2) applies in relation to the appointee from the coming into force of this section. A person is eligible for the purposes of subsection (2)(b) if one or more of the following paragraphs applies to him— he holds high judicial office (as defined in section 60(2) of the Constitutional Reform Act 2005); he holds judicial office (as defined in section 109(4) of that Act); he holds (in Scotland) the office of sheriff. In this section “the required oaths” means— the oath of allegiance, and the judicial oath, as set out in the Promissory Oaths Act 1868. Subsection (2) applies where regulations under section 1(1) make provision for a relevant tribunal judge, or a relevant judge, to be able by virtue of his office to act as a member of a panel of members of employment tribunals. The provision has effect only if— the persons in relation to whom the provision operates have to be persons nominated for the purposes of the provision by the Senior President of Tribunals, its operation in relation to a panel established for England and Wales in any particular case requires the consent of the President of Employment Tribunals (England and Wales), its operation in relation to a panel established for Scotland in any particular case requires the consent of the President of Employment Tribunals (Scotland), its operation as respects a particular relevant judge requires— the consent of the relevant judge, and the appropriate consent (see subsection (3)) except where the relevant judge is the Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales , and it operates as respects a relevant tribunal judge or a relevant judge only for the purpose of enabling him to act as a member of a panel of Employment Judges . In subsection (2)(d)(ii) “the appropriate consent” means— the consent of the Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales where the relevant judge is— the Master of the Rolls or an ordinary judge of the Court of Appeal in England and Wales, within subsection (4)(b)(ia), a puisne judge of the High Court in England and Wales, a circuit judge, a district judge in England and Wales,... a District Judge (Magistrates' Courts);, or within subsection (4)(b)(x) to (xvi); the consent of the Lord President of the Court of Session where the relevant judge is— a judge of the Court of Session, or a sheriff; the consent of the Lord Chief Justice of Northern Ireland where the relevant judge is— a Lord Justice of Appeal in Northern Ireland, a puisne judge of the High Court in Northern Ireland, a county court judge in Northern Ireland, or a district judge in Northern Ireland. “relevant tribunal judge” means— a person who is a judge of the First-tier Tribunal by virtue of appointment under paragraph 1(1) of Schedule 2 to the Tribunals, Courts and Enforcement Act 2007, a transferred-in judge of the First-tier Tribunal, a person who is a judge of the Upper Tribunal by virtue of appointment under paragraph 1(1) of Schedule 3 to that Act, a transferred-in judge of the Upper Tribunal, a deputy judge of the Upper Tribunal, ... a person who is the Chamber President of a chamber of the First-tier Tribunal, or of a chamber of the Upper Tribunal, and does not fall within any of sub-paragraphs (i) to (v);, or is the Senior President of Tribunals; “relevant judge” means a person who— is the Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales, the Master of the Rolls or an ordinary judge of the Court of Appeal in England and Wales (including the vice-president, if any, of either division of that Court), is the President of the Queen's Bench Division or Family Division, or the Chancellor, of the High Court in England and Wales, is a Lord Justice of Appeal in Northern Ireland, is a judge of the Court of Session, is a puisne judge of the High Court in England and Wales or Northern Ireland, is a circuit judge, is a sheriff in Scotland, is a county court judge in Northern Ireland, is a district judge in England and Wales or Northern Ireland, ... is a District Judge (Magistrates' Courts). is a deputy judge of the High Court in England and Wales, is a Recorder, is a Deputy District Judge (Magistrates' Courts), is a deputy district judge appointed under section 8 of the County Courts Act 1984 or section 102 of the Senior Courts Act 1981, holds an office listed in the first column of the table in section 89(3C) of the Senior Courts Act 1981 (senior High Court Masters etc), holds an office listed in column 1 of Part 2 of Schedule 2 to that Act (High Court Masters etc), or is the Judge Advocate General or a person appointed under section 30(1)(a) or (b) of the Courts-Martial (Appeals) Act 1951 (assistants to the Judge Advocate General). References in subsection (4)(b)(iii) to (ix) to office-holders do not include deputies or temporary office-holders. A person may appear before an employment tribunals in person or be represented by— counsel or a solicitor, a representative of a trade union or an employers’ association, or any other person whom he desires to represent him. Nothing in any of sections 1 to 15 of and schedule 1 to the Arbitration (Scotland) Act 2010 or Part I of the Arbitration Act 1996 does not apply applies to any proceedings before an employment tribunals. Procedure Rules (see section 37QA) are to govern the practice and procedure to be followed in employment tribunals. The Senior President of Tribunals may make directions about the practice and procedure of employment tribunals. The territorial President may make directions about the practice and procedure of employment tribunals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The powers under subsections (A1) and (1) include— power to vary or revoke directions made in exercise of the power, and power to make different provision for different purposes (including different provision for different areas). Directions under subsection (A1) may not be made without the approval of the Lord Chancellor. Directions under subsection (1) may not be made without the approval of— the Senior President of Tribunals, and the Lord Chancellor. Subsections (2B) and (2C)(b) do not apply to directions to the extent that they consist of guidance about any of the following— the application or interpretation of the law; the making of decisions by members of an employment tribunal. Subsections (2B) and (2C)(b) do not apply to directions to the extent that they consist of criteria for determining which members of employment tribunals may be selected to decide particular categories of matter; but the directions may, to that extent, be made only after consulting the Lord Chancellor. In this section, references to the territorial President are to a person appointed in accordance with regulations under section 1(1) as— President of the Employment Tribunals (England and Wales), or President of the Employment Tribunals (Scotland). A person exercising power to make Procedure Rules or give practice directions must, when making provision in relation to mediation, have regard to the following principles— mediation of matters in dispute between parties to proceedings is to take place only by agreement between those parties; where parties to proceedings fail to mediate, or where mediation between parties to proceedings fails to resolve disputed matters, the failure is not to affect the outcome of the proceedings. Practice directions under section 7A may provide for members to act as mediators in relation to disputed matters in a case that is the subject of proceedings. The provision that may be made by virtue of subsection (1) includes provision for ... a member to act as mediator in relation to disputed matters in a case even though the member has been selected to decide matters in the case. Once a member has begun to act as mediator in relation to a disputed matter in a case that is the subject of proceedings, the member may decide matters in the case only with the consent of the parties. Staff appointed under section 40(1) of the Tribunals, Courts and Enforcement Act 2007 (staff for employment and other tribunals) may, subject to their terms of appointment, act as mediators in relation to disputed matters in a case that is the subject of proceedings. Before making a practice direction that makes provision in relation to mediation, the person making the direction must consult ACAS . “member” means a member of a panel of members of employment tribunals (whether or not a panel of Employment Judges ); “practice direction” means a direction under section 7A; “proceedings” means proceedings before an employment tribunal. Where in proceedings brought by virtue of section 3 an employment tribunal finds that the whole or part of a sum claimed in the proceedings is due, the tribunal shall order the respondent to the proceedings to pay the amount which it finds due. An order under section 3 may provide that an employment tribunal shall not in proceedings in respect of a claim, or a number of claims relating to the same contract, order the payment of an amount exceeding such sum as may be specified in the order as the maximum amount which an employment tribunal may order to be paid in relation to a claim or in relation to a contract. An order under section 3 may include provisions— as to the manner in which and time within which proceedings are to be brought by virtue of that section, and modifying any other enactment. An order under that section may make different provision in relation to proceedings in respect of different descriptions of claims. If Procedure Rules authorise an employment tribunal to carry out a preliminary hearing, Procedure Rules may make provision for enabling such powers as may be prescribed by the Rules to be exercised in connection with the hearing. Such Rules may in particular include provision— for authorising any tribunal carrying out a preliminary hearing ... to make, in circumstances specified in the Rules, an order requiring a party to the proceedings in question... to pay a deposit ... as a condition of— continuing to participate in those proceedings, or pursuing any specified allegations or arguments, and for prescribing— the manner in which the amount of any such deposit is to be determined in any particular case, the consequences of non-payment of any such deposit, and the circumstances in which any such deposit, or any part of it, may be refunded to the party who paid it or be paid over to another party to the proceedings. Procedure Rules of the kind mentioned in subsection (2)(a) may not provide for a deposit of an amount exceeding £1,000. Procedure Rules may not enable a power of striking out to be exercised in a preliminary hearing on a ground which does not apply outside a preliminary hearing. The Lord Chancellor may from time to time by order substitute for the sum specified in subsection (2ZA) such other sum as is specified in the order. In this section “preliminary hearing” means a hearing in any proceedings before an employment tribunal which takes place at a time before a hearing held for the purpose of determining them. If on a complaint under— section 145A, 145B or 146 of the Trade Union and Labour Relations (Consolidation) Act 1992 (inducements and detriments in respect of trade union membership etc.), section 111 of the Employment Rights Act 1996 (unfair dismissal),, ... regulation 9 of the Employment Relations Act 1999 (Blacklists) Regulations 2010 (detriment connected with prohibited list) or regulation 4 of the Employment Rights Act 1996 (NHS Recruitment – Protected Disclosure) Regulations 2018 (complaint to employment tribunal), it is shown that the action complained of was taken for the purpose of safeguarding national security, the employment tribunal shall dismiss the complaint. ... Regulations may make provision about the composition of the tribunal (including provision disapplying or modifying section 4) for the purposes of proceedings in relation to which— a direction is given under subsection (3), or an order is made under subsection (4). A direction may be given under this subsection by a Minister of the Crown if— it relates to particular Crown employment proceedings, and the Minister considers it expedient in the interests of national security. An order may be made under this subsection by the President or a Regional Employment Judge in relation to particular proceedings if he considers it expedient in the interests of national security. ... Regulations may make provision enabling a Minister of the Crown, if he considers it expedient in the interests of national security— to direct a tribunal to sit in private for all or part of particular Crown employment proceedings; to direct a tribunal to exclude the applicant from all or part of particular Crown employment proceedings; to direct a tribunal to exclude the applicant’s representatives from all or part of particular Crown employment proceedings; or to direct a tribunal to take steps to conceal the identity of a particular witness in particular Crown employment proceedings; to direct a tribunal to take steps to keep secret all or part of the reasons for its decision in particular Crown employment proceedings. ... Regulations may enable a tribunal, if it considers it expedient in the interests of national security, to do in relation to particular proceedings before it anything of a kind which, by virtue of subsection (5), ... regulations may enable a Minister of the Crown to direct a tribunal to do in relation to particular Crown employment proceedings. In relation to cases where a person has been excluded by virtue of subsection (5)(b) or (c) or (6), ... regulations may make provision— for the appointment by the Attorney General, or by the Advocate General for Scotland, of a person to represent the interests of the applicant; about the publication and registration of reasons for the tribunal’s decision; permitting an excluded person to make a statement to the tribunal before the commencement of the proceedings, or the part of the proceedings, from which he is excluded. Proceedings are Crown employment proceedings for the purposes of this section if the employment to which the complaint relates— is Crown employment, or is connected with the performance of functions on behalf of the Crown. The reference in subsection (4) to the President or a Regional Chairman is to a person appointed in accordance with regulations under section 1(1) as— a Regional Chairman, Regulations under this section are to be made by the Lord Chancellor. This section applies where a tribunal has been directed under section 10(5) or has determined under section 10(6)— to take steps to conceal the identity of a particular witness, or to take steps to keep secret all or part of the reasons for its decision. It is an offence to publish— anything likely to lead to the identification of the witness, or the reasons for the tribunal’s decision or the part of its reasons which it is directed or has determined to keep secret. A person guilty of an offence under this section is liable on summary conviction to a fine not exceeding level 5 on the standard scale. Where a person is charged with an offence under this section it is a defence to prove that at the time of the alleged offence he was not aware, and neither suspected nor had reason to suspect, that the publication in question was of, or included, the matter in question. Where an offence under this section committed by a body corporate is proved to have been committed with the consent or connivance of, or to be attributable to any neglect on the part of— a director, manager, secretary or other similar officer of the body corporate, or a person purporting to act in any such capacity, he as well as the body corporate is guilty of the offence and liable to be proceeded against and punished accordingly. A reference in this section to publication includes a reference to inclusion in a programme which is included in a programme service, within the meaning of the Broadcasting Act 1990. Procedure Rules may include provision— for cases involving allegations of the commission of sexual offences, for securing that the registration or other making available of documents or decisions shall be so effected as to prevent the identification of any person affected by or making the allegation, and for cases involving allegations of sexual misconduct, enabling an employment tribunal, on the application of any party to proceedings before it or of its own motion, to make a restricted reporting order having effect (if not revoked earlier) until the promulgation of the decision of the tribunal. If any identifying matter is published or included in a relevant programme in contravention of a restricted reporting order— in the case of publication in a newspaper or periodical, any proprietor, any editor and any publisher of the newspaper or periodical, in the case of publication in any other form, the person publishing the matter, and in the case of matter included in a relevant programme— any body corporate engaged in providing the service in which the programme is included, and any person having functions in relation to the programme corresponding to those of an editor of a newspaper, shall be guilty of an offence and liable on summary conviction to a fine not exceeding level 5 on the standard scale. Where a person is charged with an offence under subsection (2) it is a defence to prove that at the time of the alleged offence he was not aware, and neither suspected nor had reason to suspect, that the publication or programme in question was of, or included, the matter in question. Where an offence under subsection (2) committed by a body corporate is proved to have been committed with the consent or connivance of, or to be attributable to any neglect on the part of— In relation to a body corporate whose affairs are managed by its members “director", in subsection (4), means a member of the body corporate. “identifying matter”, in relation to a person, means any matter likely to lead members of the public to identify him as a person affected by, or as the person making, the allegation, “relevant programme” has the same meaning as in the Sexual Offences (Amendment) Act 1992, “restricted reporting order” means an order— made in exercise of a power conferred by Procedure Rules of the kind mentioned in subsection (1)(b), and prohibiting the publication in Great Britain of identifying matter in a written publication available to the public or its inclusion in a relevant programme for reception in Great Britain, “sexual misconduct” means the commission of a sexual offence, sexual harassment or other adverse conduct (of whatever nature) related to sex, and conduct is related to sex whether the relationship with sex lies in the character of the conduct or in its having reference to the sex or sexual orientation of the person at whom the conduct is directed, “sexual offence” means any offence to which section 4 of the Sexual Offences (Amendment) Act 1976, the Sexual Offences (Amendment) Act 1992 or section 274(2) of the Criminal Procedure (Scotland) Act 1995 applies (offences under the Sexual Offences Act 1956, Part I of the Criminal Law (Consolidation) (Scotland) Act 1995 and certain other enactments), and “written publication” has the same meaning as in the Sexual Offences (Amendment) Act 1992. This section applies to proceedings on a complaint under section 120 of the Equality Act 2010, where the complaint relates to disability in which evidence of a personal nature is likely to be heard by the employment tribunal hearing the complaint. Procedure Rules may include provision in relation to proceedings to which this section applies for— enabling an employment tribunal, on the application of the complainant or of its own motion, to make a restricted reporting order having effect (if not revoked earlier) until the promulgation of the decision of the tribunal, and where a restricted reporting order is made in relation to a complaint which is being dealt with by the tribunal together with any other proceedings, enabling the tribunal to direct that the order is to apply also in relation to those other proceedings or such part of them as the tribunal may direct. Where a person is charged with an offence under subsection (3), it is a defence to prove that at the time of the alleged offence he was not aware, and neither suspected nor had reason to suspect, that the publication or programme in question was of, or included, the matter in question. Where an offence under subsection (3) committed by a body corporate is proved to have been committed with the consent or connivance of, or to be attributable to any neglect on the part of— In relation to a body corporate whose affairs are managed by its members “director", in subsection (5), means a member of the body corporate. “evidence of a personal nature” means any evidence of a medical, or other intimate, nature which might reasonably be assumed to be likely to cause significant embarrassment to the complainant if reported, “identifying matter” means any matter likely to lead members of the public to identify the complainant or such other persons (if any) as may be named in the order, “promulgation” has such meaning as may be prescribed by Procedure Rules made for the purposes of this section, “relevant programme” means a programme included in a programme service, within the meaning of the Broadcasting Act 1990, made in exercise of a power conferred by Procedure Rules of the kind mentioned in subsection (2)(a), and prohibiting the publication in Great Britain of identifying matter in a written publication available to the public or its inclusion in a relevant programme for reception in Great Britain, and “written publication” includes a film, a sound track and any other record in permanent form but does not include an indictment or other document prepared for use in particular legal proceedings. Where an employment tribunal determining a claim involving an employer and a worker— concludes that the employer has breached any of the worker's rights to which the claim relates, and is of the opinion that the breach has one or more aggravating features, the tribunal may order the employer to pay a penalty to the Secretary of State (whether or not it also makes a financial award against the employer on the claim). The tribunal shall have regard to an employer's ability to pay— in deciding whether to order the employer to pay a penalty under this section; (subject to subsections (3) to (7)) in deciding the amount of a penalty. The amount of a penalty under this section shall be— at least £100; no more than £20,000. This subsection does not apply where subsection (5) or (7) applies. Subsection (5) applies where an employment tribunal— makes a financial award against an employer on a claim, and also orders the employer to pay a penalty under this section in respect of the claim. In such a case, the amount of the penalty under this section shall be 50% of the amount of the award, except that— if the amount of the financial award is less than £200, the amount of the penalty shall be £100; if the amount of the financial award is more than £40,000, the amount of the penalty shall be £20,000. Subsection (7) applies, instead of subsection (5), where an employment tribunal— considers together two or more claims involving different workers but the same employer, and orders the employer to pay a penalty under this section in respect of any of those claims. In such a case— the amount of the penalties in total shall be at least £100; the amount of a penalty in respect of a particular claim shall be— no more than £20,000, and where the tribunal makes a financial award against the employer on the claim, no more than 50% of the amount of the award. But where the tribunal makes a financial award on any of the claims and the amount awarded is less than £200 in total, the amount of the penalties in total shall be £100 (and paragraphs (a) and (b) shall not apply). Two or more claims in respect of the same act and the same worker shall be treated as a single claim for the purposes of this section. Subsection (5) or (7) does not require or permit an order under subsection (1) (or a failure to make such an order) to be reconsidered or reviewed where the tribunal subsequently awards compensation under— section 140(3) of the Trade Union and Labour Relations (Consolidation) Act 1992 (failure to comply with tribunal's recommendation), section 117 of the Employment Rights Act 1996 (failure to reinstate etc.), section 124(7) of the Equality Act 2010 (failure to comply with tribunal's recommendation), or any other provision empowering the tribunal to award compensation, or further compensation, for a failure to comply (or to comply fully) with an order or recommendation of the tribunal. An employer's liability to pay a penalty under this section is discharged if 50% of the amount of the penalty is paid no later than 21 days after the day on which notice of the decision to impose the penalty is sent to the employer. “claim”— means anything that is referred to in the relevant legislation as a claim, a complaint or a reference, other than a reference made by virtue of section 122(2) or 128(2) of the Equality Act 2010 (reference by court of question about a non-discrimination or equality rule etc), and also includes an application, under regulations made under section 45 of the Employment Act 2002, for a declaration that a person is a permanent employee; “employer” has the same meaning as in Part 4A of the Employment Rights Act 1996, and also— in relation to an individual seeking to be employed by a person as a worker, includes that person; in relation to a right conferred by section 47A or 63A of the Employment Rights Act 1996 (right to time off for young person for study or training), includes the principal within the meaning of section 63A(3) of that Act; in relation to a right conferred by the Agency Workers Regulations 2010 (S.I. 2010/93), includes the hirer within the meaning of those Regulations and (where the worker is not actually employed by the temporary work agency) the temporary work agency within that meaning; “financial award” means an award of a sum of money, but does not including anything payable by virtue of section 13; “worker” has the same meaning as in Part 4A of the Employment Rights Act 1996, and also includes an individual seeking to be employed by a person as a worker. The Secretary of State may by order— amend subsection (3), (5) or (7) by substituting a different amount; amend subsection (5), (7) or (10) by substituting a different percentage; amend this section so as to alter the meaning of “claim”. Any provision that could be made by an order under subsection (12) may instead— in the case of provision that could be made under paragraph (a) or (b) of that subsection, be included in regulations under section 37N; in the case of provision that could be made under paragraph (c) of that subsection, be included in regulations under section 37Q. The Secretary of State shall pay sums received under this section into the Consolidated Fund. Procedure Rules may make provision for regulating matters relating to— costs or expenses; allowances payable under section 5(2)(c) or (3). Procedure Rules may, in particular, include provision authorising an employment tribunal to have regard to a person’s ability to pay when considering the making of an award against him .... Procedure Rules may, in particular, include provision for authorising an employment tribunal— to disallow all or part of the costs or expenses of a representative of a party to proceedings before it by reason of that representative’s conduct of the proceedings; to order a representative of a party to proceedings before it to meet all or part of the costs or expenses incurred by a party by reason of the representative’s conduct of the proceedings; to order a representative of a party to proceedings before it to meet all or part of any allowances payable by the Secretary of State under section 5(2)(c) or (3) by reason of the representative’s conduct of the proceedings. Procedure Rules may, in particular, include provision for taxing or otherwise settling the costs or expenses referred to in subsection (1)(a) or (1B)(b) (and, in particular in England and Wales, for enabling the amount of such costs to be assessed by way of detailed assessment in the county court). In relation to proceedings under section 111 of the Employment Rights Act 1996— where the employee has expressed a wish to be reinstated or re-engaged which has been communicated to the employer at least seven days before the hearing of the complaint, ... Procedure Rules must include provision for requiring the employer to pay the costs or expenses of any postponement or adjournment of the hearing caused by his failure, without a special reason, to adduce reasonable evidence as to the availability of the job from which the complainant was dismissed ... or of comparable or suitable employment. If Procedure Rules make provision of the kind mentioned in subsection (1)(a), Procedure Rules must also include provision for requiring an employment tribunal, in any proceedings in which a late postponement application has been granted, to consider whether to make an award against the party who made the application in respect of any costs or expenses connected with the postponement, except in circumstances specified in the Rules. For the purposes of subsection (3)— a late postponement application is an application for the postponement of a hearing in the proceedings which is made after a time determined in accordance with Procedure Rules (whether before or after the hearing has begun), and “postponement” includes adjournment. Procedure Rules may include provision for authorising an employment tribunal to order a party to proceedings before it to make a payment to any other party in respect of time spent in preparing that other party’s case. Procedure Rules may, in particular, include provision authorising an employment tribunal to have regard to a person’s ability to pay when considering the making of an order against him as described in subsection (1). If Procedure Rules include provision of the kind mentioned in subsection (1), Procedure Rules must also include provision for requiring an employment tribunal, in any proceedings in which a late postponement application has been granted, to consider whether to make an order of the kind mentioned in subsection (1) against the party who made the application in respect of any time spent in connection with the postponement, except in circumstances specified in the Rules. For the purposes of subsection (2A)— If Procedure Rules include— provision of the kind mentioned in subsection (1), and provision for the award of costs or expenses, they shall also , subject to subsection (4), include provision to prevent an employment tribunal exercising its powers under both kinds of provision in favour of the same person in the same proceedings. Subsection (3) does not require Procedure Rules to include provision to prevent an employment tribunal from making— an order of the kind mentioned in subsection (1), and an award of costs or expenses that is limited to witnesses' expenses. The Secretary of State may by order made with the approval of the Treasury provide that sums payable in pursuance of decisions of employment tribunals shall carry interest at such rate and between such times as may be prescribed by the order. Any interest due by virtue of such an order shall be recoverable as a sum payable in pursuance of the decision. The power conferred by subsection (1) includes power— to specify cases or circumstances in which interest is not payable, to provide that interest is payable only on sums exceeding a specified amount or falling between specified amounts, to make provision for the manner in which and the periods by reference to which interest is to be calculated and paid, to provide that any enactment— does or does not apply in relation to interest payable by virtue of subsection (1), or applies to it with such modifications as may be specified in the order, to make provision for cases where sums are payable in pursuance of decisions or awards made on appeal from employment tribunals, to make such incidental or supplemental provision as the Secretary of State considers necessary. In particular, an order under subsection (1) may provide that the rate of interest shall be the rate specified in section 17 of the Judgments Act 1838 as that enactment has effect from time to time. Any sum payable in pursuance of a decision of an employment tribunal in England and Wales which has been registered in accordance with Procedure Rules shall be recoverable under section 85 of the County Courts Act 1984 or otherwise as if it were payable under an order of the county court. Any order for the payment of any sum made by an employment tribunal in Scotland (or any copy of such an order certified by the Secretary of the Tribunals) may be enforced as if it were an extract registered decree arbitral bearing a warrant for execution issued by the sheriff court of any sheriffdom in Scotland. In this section a reference to a decision or order of an employment tribunal— does not include a decision or order which, on being reconsidered or reviewed, has been revoked by the tribunal, and in relation to a decision or order which on being reconsidered or reviewed, has been varied by the tribunal, shall be construed as a reference to the decision or order as so varied. This section applies to payments which are the subject of proceedings before employment tribunals and which are— payments of wages or compensation for loss of wages, payments by employers to employees under sections 146 to 151, sections 168 to 173 or section 192 of the Trade Union and Labour Relations (Consolidation) Act 1992, payments by employers to employees under— Part III, V, VI or VII, section 93, or Part X, of the Employment Rights Act 1996, ... payments by employers to employees of a nature similar to, or for a purpose corresponding to the purpose of, payments within paragraph (b) or (c),.., payments under section 27BP(1) of, or paragraph 22(1) of Schedule A1 to, the Employment Rights Act 1996, payments by employers to employees under regulation 5, 6 or 9 of the Employment Relations Act 1999 (Blacklists) Regulations 2010, or payments by NHS employers to applicants under regulation 6 of the Employment Rights Act 1996 (NHS Recruitment – Protected Disclosure) Regulations 2018 (remedies), and to payments of remuneration under a protective award under section 189 of the Trade Union and Labour Relations (Consolidation) Act 1992. The Secretary of State may by regulations make with respect to payments to which this section applies provision for any or all of the purposes specified in subsection (3). The purposes referred to in subsection (2) are— enabling the Secretary of State to recover from an employer, by way of total or partial recoupment of universal credit, jobseeker’s allowance , income support or income-related employment and support allowance — a sum not exceeding the amount of the prescribed element of the monetary award, or in the case of a protective award, the amount of the remuneration, requiring or authorising an employment tribunal to order the payment of such a sum, by way of total or partial recoupment of universal credit, jobseeker's allowance, income support or income-related employment and support allowance , to the Secretary of State instead of to an employee, and requiring an employment tribunal to order the payment to an employee of only the excess of the prescribed element of the monetary award over the amount of any universal credit, jobseeker’s allowance , income support or income-related employment and support allowance shown to the tribunal to have been paid to the employee and enabling the Secretary of State to recover from the employer, by way of total or partial recoupment of the benefit, a sum not exceeding that amount. Regulations under this section may be framed— so as to apply to all payments to which this section applies or to one or more classes of those payments, and so as to apply to all or any of the benefits mentioned in subsection (3). Regulations under this section may— confer powers and impose duties on employment tribunals or adjudication officers or other persons, impose on an employer to whom a monetary award or protective award relates a duty— to furnish particulars connected with the award, and to suspend payments in pursuance of the award during any period prescribed by the regulations, provide for an employer who pays a sum to the Secretary of State in pursuance of this section to be relieved from any liability to pay the sum to another person, provide for the determination by the Secretary of State of any issue arising as to the total or partial recoupment in pursuance of the regulations of universal credit, a jobseeker’s allowance, unemployment benefit , income support or income-related employment and support allowance , confer on an employee a right of appeal to the First-tier Tribunal against any decision of the Secretary of State on any such issue, and provide for the proof in proceedings before employment tribunals (whether by certificate or in any other manner) of any amount of universal credit, jobseeker’s allowance , income support or income-related employment and support allowance paid to an employee. Regulations under this section may make different provision for different cases. In the application of this section to payments which are the subject of proceedings under Chapter 2, 3 or 4 of Part 2A of the Employment Rights Act 1996, or Chapter 6 of Part 2A of that Act so far as relating to Chapter 2 of that Part, and which are compensation for loss of wages (see subsection (1)(a))— references to an employer are to be read as if they were references to an employer within the meaning of the relevant Chapter of that Part; references to an employee are to be read as if they were references to a worker within the meaning of the relevant Chapter of that Part.

In the application of this section to payments which are the subject of proceedings under Part 1, 2 or 3 of Schedule A1 to the Employment Rights Act 1996, or Chapter 6 of Part 2A of that Act so far as relating to Part 1 of that Schedule, and which are compensation for loss of wages (see subsection (1)(a))— references to an employer are to be read as if they were references to a hirer or (as the case may be) a work-finding agency within the meaning of the relevant Part of that Schedule; references to an employee are to be read as if they were references to an agency worker within the meaning of Part 2A of that Act. In the application of this section to payments under Part 5 of the Employment Rights Act 1996 (see subsection (1)(c)(i)) by virtue of section 47H of that Act— references to an employer are to be read as if they were references to an employer within the meaning of that section; references to an employee are to be read as if they were references to a worker within the meaning of that section. In the application of this section to payments under Part 5 of the Employment Rights Act 1996 (see subsection (1)(c)(i)) by virtue of section 47I of that Act— references to an employer are to be read as if they were references to a relevant person within the meaning of that section; In the application of this section to payments under section 27BP(1) of the Employment Rights Act 1996 (see subsection (1)(da))— references to an employer are to be read as if they were references to an employer within the meaning of Chapter 4 of Part 2A of that Act; references to an employee are to be read as if they were references to a worker within the meaning of that Chapter. In the application of this section to payments under paragraph 22(1) of Schedule A1 to the Employment Rights Act 1996 (see subsection (1)(da))— references to an employer are to be read as if they were references to a work-finding agency within the meaning of Part 2A of that Act; references to an employee are to be read as if they were references to an agency worker within the meaning of that Part. Where in pursuance of any regulations under section 16 a sum has been recovered by or paid to the Secretary of State by way of total or partial recoupment of universal credit, jobseeker’s allowance , income support or income-related employment and support allowance — no sum shall be recoverable under Part III or V of the Social Security Administration Act 1992, and no abatement, payment or reduction shall be made by reference to the universal credit, jobseeker’s allowance , income support or income-related employment and support allowance recouped. Any amount found to have been duly recovered by or paid to the Secretary of State in pursuance of regulations under section 16 by way of total or partial recoupment of jobseeker’s allowance shall be paid into the National Insurance Fund. In section 16— “monetary award” means the amount which is awarded, or ordered to be paid, to the employee by the tribunal or would be so awarded or ordered apart from any provision of regulations under that section, and “the prescribed element”, in relation to any monetary award, means so much of that award as is attributable to such matters as may be prescribed by regulations under that section. In section 16 “income-based jobseeker’s allowance” has the same meaning as in the Jobseekers Act 1995. In this section and section 16 “income-related employment and support allowance” means an income-related allowance under Part 1 of the Welfare Reform Act 2007 (employment and support allowance). In this section and sections 18A to 18C “relevant proceedings” means employment tribunal proceedings— under section 66, 68A, 70C, 87, 137, 138, 145A, 145B, 146, 168, 168A, 168B, 169, 170, 174, 189 , 192 or 236A of, or paragraph 156 of Schedule A1 to, the Trade Union and Labour Relations (Consolidation) Act 1992, under section 11, 23, 27K, 27N, 34, 63I, 70, 70A, 80(1), 80H, 93, 111, 163 or 177 of the Employment Rights Act 1996, or under Part 5 or 6 of that Act, under section 11 ... or 24 of the National Minimum Wage Act 1998, under section 56 of the Pensions Act 2008, under section 120 or 127 of the Equality Act 2010, under regulation 11 of the Safety Representatives and Safety Committees Regulations 1977, under article 6 of the Employment Tribunals Extension of Jurisdiction (England and Wales) Order 1994, under article 6 of the Employment Tribunals Extension of Jurisdiction (Scotland) Order 1994, under paragraph 2 of Schedule 2 to the Health and Safety (Consultation with Employees) Regulations 1996, under regulation 30 of the Working Time Regulations 1998, under regulation 27 or 32 of the Transnational Information and Consultation of Employees Regulation 1999, under regulation 8 of the Part-time Workers (Prevention of Less Favourable Treatment) Regulations 2000, under regulation 7 or 9 of the Fixed-term Employees (Prevention of Less Favourable Treatment) Regulations 2002, under regulation 26 of the Merchant Shipping (Maritime Labour Convention) (Hours of Work) Regulations 2018 (S.I. 2018/58). under regulation 15 of the Flexible Working (Procedural Requirements) Regulations 2002, under regulation 18 of the Merchant Shipping (Working Time: Inland Waterways) Regulations 2003, under regulation 18 of the Civil Aviation (Working Time) Regulations 2004, under regulation 19 of the Fishing Vessels (Working Time: Sea-fishermen) Regulations 2004, under regulation 29 or 33 of the Information and Consultation of Employees Regulations 2004, under paragraphs 4 or 8 of the Schedule to the Occupational and Personal Pension Schemes (Consultation by Employers and Miscellaneous Amendment) Regulations 2006, under regulation 30 or 34 of the European Cooperative Society (Involvement of Employees) Regulations 2006, under regulation 17 of the Cross-border Railway Services (Working Time) Regulations 2008, under regulation 9 of Ecclesiastical Offices (Terms of Service) Regulations 2009, under regulation 28 or 32 of the European Public Limited-Liability Company (Employee Involvement) (Great Britain) Regulations 2009, under regulation 18 of the Agency Workers Regulations 2010, under regulation 17 of the Employee Study and Training (Procedural Requirements) Regulations 2010, ... under regulation 5, 6 or 9 of the Employment Relations Act 1999 (Blacklists) Regulations 2010 , ... under regulation 3 of the Exclusivity Terms in Zero Hours Contracts (Redress) Regulations 2015 , ... under regulation 6 of the Posted Workers (Enforcement of Employment Rights) Regulations 2016 ... under regulation 4 of the Employment Rights Act 1996 (NHS Recruitment – Protected Disclosure) Regulations 2018 , ... under paragraph (3) of regulation 4 or paragraph (6) of regulation 5 of the Agency Workers (Amendment) Regulations 2019 , or under regulation 8 of the Exclusivity Terms for Zero Hours Workers (Unenforceability and Redress) Regulations 2022. Sections 18A and 18B apply in the case of matters which could be the subject of relevant proceedings, and section 18C applies in the case of relevant proceedings themselves. In proceeding under any of sections 18A to 18C a conciliation officer shall, where appropriate, have regard to the desirability of encouraging the use of other procedures available for the settlement of grievances. Anything communicated to a conciliation officer in connection with the performance of his functions under any of sections 18A to 18C shall not be admissible in evidence in any proceedings before an employment tribunal, except with the consent of the person who communicated it to that officer. The Secretary of State and the Lord Chancellor, acting jointly, may by order amend the definition of “relevant proceedings” in subsection (1) by adding to or removing from the list in that subsection particular types of employment tribunal proceedings. An order under subsection (8) that adds employment tribunal proceedings to the list in subsection (1) may amend an enactment so as to extend the time limit for instituting those proceedings in such a way as appears necessary or expedient in order to facilitate the conciliation process provided for by section 18A. An order under subsection (8) that removes employment tribunal proceedings from the list in subsection (1) may— repeal or revoke any provision of an enactment that, for the purpose mentioned in subsection (9), extends the time limit for instituting those proceedings; make further amendments which are consequential on that repeal or revocation. Before a person (“the prospective claimant”) presents an application to institute relevant proceedings relating to any matter, the prospective claimant must provide to ACAS prescribed information, in the prescribed manner, about that matter. This is subject to subsection (7). On receiving the prescribed information in the prescribed manner, ACAS shall send a copy of it to a conciliation officer. The conciliation officer shall, during the prescribed period, endeavour to promote a settlement between the persons who would be parties to the proceedings. If— during the prescribed period the conciliation officer concludes that a settlement is not possible, or the prescribed period expires without a settlement having been reached, the conciliation officer shall issue a certificate to that effect, in the prescribed manner, to the prospective claimant. The conciliation officer may continue to endeavour to promote a settlement after the expiry of the prescribed period. In subsections (3) to (5) “settlement” means a settlement that avoids proceedings being instituted. A person may institute relevant proceedings without complying with the requirement in subsection (1) in prescribed cases. The cases that may be prescribed include (in particular)— cases where the requirement is complied with by another person instituting relevant proceedings relating to the same matter; cases where proceedings that are not relevant proceedings are instituted by means of the same form as proceedings that are; cases where section 18B applies because ACAS has been contacted by a person against whom relevant proceedings are being instituted. A person who is subject to the requirement in subsection (1) may not present an application to institute relevant proceedings without a certificate under subsection (4). Where a conciliation officer acts under this section in a case where the prospective claimant has ceased to be employed by the employer and the proposed proceedings are proceedings under section 111 of the Employment Rights Act 1996, the conciliation officer may in particular— seek to promote the reinstatement or re-engagement of the prospective claimant by the employer, or by a successor of the employer or by an associated employer, on terms appearing to the conciliation officer to be equitable, or where the prospective claimant does not wish to be reinstated or re-engaged, or where reinstatement or re-engagement is not practicable, seek to promote agreement between them as to a sum by way of compensation to be paid by the employer to the prospective claimant. In subsections (1) to (7) “prescribed” means prescribed in regulations made by the Secretary of State. The Secretary of State may by ... regulations make such further provision as appears to the Secretary of State to be necessary or expedient with respect to the conciliation process provided for by subsections (1) to (8). The regulations may (in particular) make provision— authorising the Secretary of State to prescribe, or prescribe requirements in relation to, any form which is required by the regulations to be used for the purpose of providing information to ACAS under subsection (1) or issuing a certificate under subsection (4); requiring ACAS to give a person any necessary assistance to comply with the requirement in subsection (1); for the extension of the period prescribed for the purposes of subsection (3); treating the requirement in subsection (1) as complied with, for the purposes of any provision extending the time limit for instituting relevant proceedings, by a person who is relieved of that requirement by virtue of subsection (7)(a). This section applies where— a person contacts ACAS requesting the services of a conciliation officer in relation to a matter that (if not settled) is likely to give rise to relevant proceedings against that person, and ACAS has not received information from the prospective claimant under section 18A(1). This section also applies where— a person contacts ACAS requesting the services of a conciliation officer in relation to a matter that (if not settled) is likely to give rise to relevant proceedings by that person, and the requirement in section 18A(1) would apply to that person but for section 18A(7). Where this section applies a conciliation officer shall endeavour to promote a settlement between the persons who would be parties to the proceedings. If at any time— the conciliation officer concludes that a settlement is not possible, or a conciliation officer comes under the duty in section 18A(3) to promote a settlement between the persons who would be parties to the proceedings, the duty in subsection (3) ceases to apply at that time. In subsections (3) and (4) “settlement” means a settlement that avoids proceedings being instituted. Subsection (9) of section 18A applies for the purposes of this section as it applies for the purposes of that section. Where an application instituting relevant proceedings has been presented to an employment tribunal, and a copy of it has been sent to a conciliation officer, the conciliation officer shall endeavour to promote a settlement— if requested to do so by the person by whom and the person against whom the proceedings are brought, or if, in the absence of any such request, the conciliation officer considers that the officer could act under this section with a reasonable prospect of success. Where a person who has presented a complaint to an employment tribunal under section 111 of the Employment Rights Act 1996 has ceased to be employed by the employer against whom the complaint was made, the conciliation officer may in particular— seek to promote the reinstatement or re-engagement of the complainant by the employer, or by a successor of the employer or by an associated employer, on terms appearing to the conciliation officer to be equitable, or where the complainant does not wish to be reinstated or re-engaged, or where reinstatement or re-engagement is not practicable, and the parties desire the conciliation officer to act, seek to promote agreement between them as to a sum by way of compensation to be paid by the employer to the complainant. In subsection (1) “settlement” means a settlement that brings proceedings to an end without their being determined by an employment tribunal. Procedure Rules must include in relation to employment tribunal proceedings in the case of which any enactment makes provision for conciliation— provisions requiring a copy of the application by which the proceedings are instituted, and a copy of any notice relating to it which is lodged by or on behalf of the person against whom the proceedings are brought, to be sent to a conciliation officer, and provisions securing that the applicant and the person against whom the proceedings are brought are notified that the services of a conciliation officer are available to them, . . . Subsections (3) to (6) apply if— a conciliation officer— has taken action under any of sections 18A to 18C in a case, and issues a certificate in writing stating that a settlement has been reached in the case, and all of the terms of the settlement are set out— in a single relevant document, or in a combination of two or more relevant documents. A document is a “relevant document” for the purposes of subsection (1) if— it is the certificate, or it is a document that is referred to in the certificate or that is referred to in a document that is within this paragraph. Any sum payable by a person under the terms of the settlement (a “ settlement sum”) shall, subject to subsections (4) to (7), be recoverable— in England and Wales, by execution issued from the county court or otherwise as if the sum were payable under an order of that court; in Scotland, by diligence as if the certificate were an extract registered decree arbitral bearing a warrant for execution issued by the sheriff court of any sheriffdom in Scotland. A settlement sum is not recoverable under subsection (3) if— the person by whom it is payable applies for a declaration that the sum would not be recoverable from him under the general law of contract, and that declaration is made. If rules of court so provide, a settlement sum is not recoverable under subsection (3) during the period— beginning with the issue of the certificate, and ending at such time as may be specified in, or determined under, rules of court. If the terms of the settlement provide for the person to whom a settlement sum is payable to do anything in addition to discontinuing or not starting proceedings, that sum is recoverable by him under subsection (3)— in England and Wales, only if the county court so orders; in Scotland, only if the sheriff so orders. Once an application has been made for a declaration under subsection (4) in relation to a sum, no further reliance may be placed on subsection (3) for the recovery of the sum while the application is pending. An application for a declaration under subsection (4) may be made to an employment tribunal, the county court or the sheriff. Procedure Rules may (in particular) make provision as to the time within which an application to an employment tribunal for a declaration under subsection (4) is to be made. Rules of court may make provision as to— the time within which an application to the county court for a declaration under subsection (4) is to be made; the time within which an application to the sheriff for a declaration under subsection (4) is to be made; when an application (whether made to the county court, the sheriff or an employment tribunal) for a declaration under subsection (4) is pending for the purposes of subsection (7). Nothing in this section shall be taken to prejudice any rights or remedies that a person has apart from this section. In this section “ settlement ” (except in the phrase “ settlement sum”) means a settlement ... to avoid proceedings or bring proceedings to an end. The Employment Appeal Tribunal (“the Appeal Tribunal") shall continue in existence. The Appeal Tribunal shall have a central office in London but may sit at any time and in any place in Great Britain. The Appeal Tribunal shall be a superior court of record and shall have an official seal which shall be judicially noticed. Subsection (2) is subject to regulation 34 of the Transnational Information and Consultation of Employees Regulations 1999, regulation 46(1) of the European Public Limited-Liability Company Regulations 2004, regulation 36(1) of the Information and Consultation of Employees Regulations 2004, regulation 37(1) of the European Cooperative Society (Involvement of Employees) Regulations 2006, regulation 58(1) of the Companies (Cross-Border Mergers) Regulations 2007 and regulation 33(1) of the European Public Limited-Liability Company (Employee Involvement) (Great Britain) Regulations 2009(S.I. 2009/2401). An appeal lies to the Appeal Tribunal on any question of law arising from any decision of, or arising in any proceedings before, an employment tribunal under or by virtue of— the Trade Union and Labour Relations (Consolidation) Act 1992, the Employment Rights Act 1996 . . . this Act, the National Minimum Wage Act 1998, the Employment Relations Act 1999, the Equality Act 2006, the Pensions Act 2008, the Equality Act 2010, Part 5 of the Employment Rights Act 2025, the Working Time Regulations 1998, . . . the Transnational Information and Consultation of Employees Regulations 1999. . . the Part-time Workers (Prevention of Less Favourable Treatment) Regulations 2000. . . the Fixed-term Employees (Prevention of Less Favourable Treatment) Regulations 2002. . . the Merchant Shipping (Working Time: Inland Waterways) Regulations 2003. . . the European Public Limited-Liability Company Regulations 2004 the Fishing Vessels (Working Time: Sea-fishermen) Regulations 2004. . . the Information and Consultation of Employees Regulations 2004, . . . the Schedule to the Occupational and Personal Pension Schemes (Consultation by Employers and Miscellaneous Amendment) Regulations 2006. . . the European Cooperative Society (Involvement of Employees) Regulations 2006 ... the Cross-border Railway Services (Working Time) Regulations 2008, ... the European Public Limited-Liability Company (Employee Involvement) (Great Britain) Regulations 2009(S.I. 2009/2401)., ... the Employment Relations Act 1999 (Blacklists) Regulations 2010., ... the Agency Workers Regulations 2010. , or the Merchant Shipping (Maritime Labour Convention) (Hours of Work) Regulations 2018 (S.I. 2018/58). No appeal shall lie except to the Appeal Tribunal from any decision of an employment tribunal under or by virtue of the Acts listed or the Regulations referred to in subsection (1). Subsection (1) does not affect any provision contained in, or made under, any Act which provides for an appeal to lie to the Appeal Tribunal (whether from an employment tribunal, the Certification Officer or any other person or body) otherwise than on a question to which that subsection applies. The Appeal Tribunal also has any jurisdiction in respect of matters other than appeals which is conferred on it by or under— this Act, or any other Act. The Appeal Tribunal shall consist of— such number of judges as may be nominated from time to time by the Lord Chief Justice, after consulting the Lord Chancellor, from the judges . . . of the High Court and the Court of Appeal and the judges within subsection (2A) , at least one judge of the Court of Session nominated from time to time by the Lord President of the Court of Session, and such number of other members as may be appointed from time to time by Her Majesty on the joint recommendation of the Lord Chancellor and the Secretary of State (“appointed members"). The appointed members shall be persons who appear to the Lord Chancellor and the Secretary of State to have special knowledge or experience of industrial relations either— as representatives of employers, or as representatives of workers (within the meaning of the Trade Union and Labour Relations (Consolidation) Act 1992). A person is a judge within this subsection if the person— is the Senior President of Tribunals, is a deputy judge of the High Court, is the Judge Advocate General, is a Circuit judge, is a Chamber President, or a Deputy Chamber President, of a chamber of the Upper Tribunal or of a chamber of the First-tier Tribunal, is a judge of the Upper Tribunal by virtue of appointment under paragraph 1(1) of Schedule 3 to the Tribunals, Courts and Enforcement Act 2007, is a transferred-in judge of the Upper Tribunal (see section 31(2) of that Act), is a deputy judge of the Upper Tribunal (whether under paragraph 7 of Schedule 3 to, or section 31(2) of, that Act), is a district judge, which here does not include a deputy district judge, ... is a District Judge (Magistrates' Courts), which here does not include a Deputy District Judge (Magistrates' Courts). is the President of Employment Tribunals (England and Wales), or is the President of Employment Tribunals (Scotland). The Lord Chief Justice shall appoint one of the judges nominated under subsection (1) to be the President of the Appeal Tribunal. The Lord Chief Justice must not make an appointment under subsection (3) unless— he has consulted the Lord Chancellor, and the Lord President of the Court of Session agrees. No judge shall be nominated a member of the Appeal Tribunal under subsection (1)(b) except with his consent. The Lord Chief Justice may nominate a judicial office holder (as defined in section 109(4) of the Constitutional Reform Act 2005) to exercise his functions under this section. The Lord President of the Court of Session may nominate a judge of the Court of Session who is a member of the First or Second Division of the Inner House of that Court to exercise his functions under subsection (3A)(b). At any time when— the office of President of the Appeal Tribunal is vacant, or the person holding that office is temporarily absent or otherwise unable to act as the President of the Appeal Tribunal, the Lord Chief Justice may nominate another judge nominated under section 22(1)(a) to act temporarily in his place. At any time when a judge of the Appeal Tribunal nominated under paragraph (a) or (b) of subsection (1) of section 22 is temporarily absent or otherwise unable to act as a member of the Appeal Tribunal— in the case of a judge nominated under paragraph (a) of that subsection, the Lord Chief Justice may nominate another judge who is qualified to be nominated under that paragraph to act temporarily in his place, and in the case of a judge nominated under paragraph (b) of that subsection, the Lord President of the Court of Session may nominate another judge who is qualified to be nominated under that paragraph to act temporarily in his place. At any time when an appointed member of the Appeal Tribunal is temporarily absent or otherwise unable to act as a member of the Appeal Tribunal, the Lord Chancellor and the Secretary of State may jointly appoint a person appearing to them to have the qualifications for appointment as an appointed member to act temporarily in his place. A person nominated or appointed to act temporarily in place of the President or any other member of the Appeal Tribunal, when so acting, has all the functions of the person in whose place he acts. No judge shall be nominated to act temporarily as a member of the Appeal Tribunal except with his consent. The functions conferred on the Lord Chief Justice by the preceding provisions of this section may be exercised only after consulting the Lord Chancellor. The functions conferred on the Lord Chancellor by subsection (3) may be exercised only after consultation with the Lord Chief Justice. This section applies if both of the following conditions are met— the Lord Chancellor thinks that it is expedient, after consulting the Lord Chief Justice, for a qualified person to be appointed to be a temporary additional judge of the Appeal Tribunal in order to facilitate in England and Wales the disposal of business in the Appeal Tribunal; the Lord Chancellor requests the Lord Chief Justice to make such an appointment. The Lord Chief Justice may, after consulting the Lord Chancellor, appoint a qualified person as mentioned in subsection (1)(a). An appointment under this section is— for such period, or on such occasions, as the Lord Chief Justice determines, after consulting the Lord Chancellor. In this section “qualified person” means a person who— is qualified for appointment as a judge of the High Court under section 10 of the Supreme Court Act 1981,... A person appointed to be a temporary additional judge of the Appeal Tribunal has all the functions of a judge nominated under section 22(1)(a). The Senior President of Tribunals is responsible, within the resources made available by the Lord Chancellor, for the maintenance of appropriate arrangements for the training, guidance and welfare of judges, and other members, of the Appeal Tribunal (in their capacities as members of the Appeal Tribunal). who is appointed under section 22(1)(c) or 23(3), or who is appointed under section 24(1A) and— falls when appointed within paragraph (a), but not paragraph (b), of section 24(2), and has not previously taken the required oaths after accepting another office. If the appointee is a member of the Appeal Tribunal appointed before the coming into force of this section, the requirement in subsection (2) applies in relation to the appointee from the coming into force of this section. Subject to subsections (2) to (4), an appointed member shall hold and vacate office in accordance with the terms of his appointment. An appointed member— may at any time resign his membership by notice in writing addressed to the Lord Chancellor and the Secretary of State, and shall vacate his office on the day on which he attains the age of 75. If the Lord Chancellor, after consultation with the Secretary of State, is satisfied that an appointed member— has been absent from sittings of the Appeal Tribunal for a period longer than six consecutive months without the permission of the President of the Appeal Tribunal, has become bankrupt or had a debt relief order (under Part 7A of the Insolvency Act 1986) made in respect of him or has made an arrangement with his creditors, or has had his estate sequestrated or made a trust deed for behoof of his creditors or a composition contract, is incapacitated by physical or mental illness, or is otherwise unable or unfit to discharge the functions of a member, the Lord Chancellor may declare his office as a member to be vacant and shall notify the declaration in such manner as the Lord Chancellor thinks fit; and when the Lord Chancellor does so, the office becomes vacant. The Lord Chancellor may declare an appointed member's office vacant under subsection (4) only with the concurrence of the appropriate senior judge. The appropriate senior judge is the Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales, unless the member whose office is to be declared vacant exercises functions wholly or mainly in Scotland, in which case it is the Lord President of the Court of Session. The Lord Chancellor shall pay— the appointed members, and any person appointed to act temporarily in the place of an appointed member, ... such remuneration and such travelling and other allowances as he may, with the relevant approval, determine; and for this purpose the relevant approval is that of the Treasury in the case of persons within paragraph (a) or (b) .... A person appointed to be a temporary additional judge of the Appeal Tribunal shall be paid such remuneration and allowances as the Lord Chancellor may, with the approval of the Treasury, determine. If the Lord Chancellor determines, with the approval of the Treasury, that this subsection applies in the case of an appointed member, the Lord Chancellor shall— pay such pension, allowance or gratuity to or in respect of that person on his retirement or death, or make to the member such payments towards the provision of a pension, allowance or gratuity for his retirement or death, as the Lord Chancellor may, with the approval of the Treasury, determine. Where— a person ceases to be an appointed member otherwise than on his retirement or death, and it appears to the Lord Chancellor that there are special circumstances which make it right for him to receive compensation, the Lord Chancellor may make to him a payment of such amount as the Lord Chancellor may, with the approval of the Treasury, determine. The Appeal Tribunal is, for the purpose of deciding any given matter, to be composed of a member or members chosen by the Senior President of Tribunals. must act in accordance with regulations under subsection (3); may choose themselves (if otherwise eligible to sit). The Lord Chancellor must by regulations make provision, in relation to every matter that may fall to be decided by the Appeal Tribunal, for determining the number of members who are to compose the Tribunal. Where regulations under subsection (3) provide for the Appeal Tribunal to be composed of a single member, the regulations must provide for that member to be a judge. Where regulations under subsection (3) provide for the Appeal Tribunal to be composed of more than one member, the regulations— must provide for at least one of those members to be a judge, must make provision for determining how many (if any) of the other members are to be judges and how many (if any) are to be appointed members, and if the Tribunal is to be composed of persons who include one or more appointed members, may make provision for determining what qualifications (if any) that member or any of those members must have. A duty under subsection (3) or (5) to provide for the determination of anything may be discharged by providing for the thing to be determined by the Senior President of Tribunals or the President of the Appeal Tribunal in accordance with any provision made under that subsection. The power under subsection (5)(c) may be exercised by giving the Senior President of Tribunals or the President of the Appeal Tribunal power to determine what qualifications are required in accordance with any provision made by the regulations. Where the Appeal Tribunal is to be composed of more than one member, the Tribunal may proceed in the absence of one or more of the members chosen to compose it if— at least one of the members who is present is a judge. Where a person (other than a judge) is chosen as one of the members composing the Appeal Tribunal but does not have a qualification required by virtue of subsection (5)(c), the Tribunal may still proceed with that person as a member if the parties to the case agree. In this section, “qualification” includes experience. A person may appear before the Appeal Tribunal in person or be represented by— The Appeal Tribunal has in relation to— the attendance and examination of witnesses, the production and inspection of documents, and all other matters incidental to its jurisdiction, the same powers, rights, privileges and authority (in England and Wales) as the High Court and (in Scotland) as the Court of Session. Directions about the practice and procedure of the Appeal Tribunal may be given— by the Senior President of Tribunals, or by the President of the Appeal Tribunal. A power under subsection (1) includes— power to vary or revoke directions given in exercise of the power, and power to make different provision for different purposes. Directions under subsection (1)(a) may not be given without the approval of the Lord Chancellor. Directions under subsection (1)(b) may not be given without the approval of— Subsection (1) does not prejudice any power apart from that subsection to give directions about the practice or procedure of the Appeal Tribunal. Directions may not be given in exercise of any such power as is mentioned in subsection (5) without the approval of— Subsections (3), (4)(b) and (6)(b) do not apply to directions to the extent that they consist of guidance about any of the following— the making of decisions by members of the Appeal Tribunal. Subsections (3), (4)(b) and (6)(b) do not apply to directions to the extent that they consist of criteria for determining which members of the Appeal Tribunal may be chosen to decide particular categories of matter; but the directions may, to that extent, be given only after consulting the Lord Chancellor. Subsections (4) and (6) do not apply to directions given in a particular case for the purposes of that case only. Subsection (6) does not apply to directions under section 28(1). The Lord Chancellor, after consultation with the Lord President of the Court of Session, shall make rules (“Appeal Tribunal procedure rules") with respect to proceedings before the Appeal Tribunal. Appeal Tribunal procedure rules may, in particular, include provision— with respect to the manner in which, and the time within which, an appeal may be brought, with respect to the manner in which or complaint to the Appeal Tribunal may be made, for requiring persons to attend to give evidence and produce documents and for authorising the administration of oaths to witnesses, for requiring or enabling the Appeal Tribunal to sit in private in circumstances in which an employment tribunal is required or empowered to sit in private by virtue of section 10A of this Act, for interlocutory matters arising on any appeal or application to the Appeal Tribunal to be dealt with by an officer of the Appeal Tribunal . Appeal Tribunal procedure rules may make provision of a kind which may be made by employment tribunal procedure regulations under section 10(2), (5), (6) or (7). the reference in section 10(2) to section 4 shall be treated as a reference to section 28, and the reference in section 10(4) to the President or a Regional Employment Judge shall be treated as a reference to a judge of the Appeal Tribunal. Section 10B shall have effect in relation to a direction to or determination of the Appeal Tribunal as it has effect in relation to a direction to or determination of an employment tribunal. Subject to Appeal Tribunal procedure rules and directions under section 28(1) or 29A(1) , the Appeal Tribunal has power to regulate its own procedure. Appeal Tribunal procedure rules may, as respects proceedings to which this section applies, include provision— for cases involving allegations of sexual misconduct, enabling the Appeal Tribunal, on the application of any party to the proceedings before it or of its own motion, to make a restricted reporting order having effect (if not revoked earlier) until the promulgation of the decision of the Appeal Tribunal. This section applies to— proceedings on an appeal against a decision of an employment tribunal to make, or not to make, a restricted reporting order, and proceedings on an appeal against any interlocutory decision of an employment tribunal in proceedings in which the employment tribunal has made a restricted reporting order which it has not revoked. Where a person is charged with an offence under subsection (3) it is a defence to prove that at the time of the alleged offence he was not aware, and neither suspected nor had reason to suspect, that the publication or programme in question was of, or included, the matter in question. “Restricted reporting order” means— in subsections (1) and (3), an order— made in exercise of a power conferred by rules made by virtue of this section, and in subsection (2), an order which is a restricted reporting order for the purposes of section 11. This section applies to proceedings— on an appeal against a decision of an employment tribunal to make, or not to make, a restricted reporting order, or on an appeal against any interlocutory decision of an employment tribunal in proceedings in which the employment tribunal has made a restricted reporting order which it has not revoked. Appeal Tribunal procedure rules may, as respects proceedings to which this section applies, include provision for— enabling the Appeal Tribunal, on the application of the complainant or of its own motion, to make a restricted reporting order having effect (if not revoked earlier) until the promulgation of the decision of the Appeal Tribunal, and where a restricted reporting order is made in relation to an appeal which is being dealt with by the Appeal Tribunal together with any other proceedings, enabling the Appeal Tribunal to direct that the order is to apply also in relation to those other proceedings or such part of them as the Appeal Tribunal may direct. in subsection (1), an order which is a restricted reporting order for the purposes of section 12, and in subsections (2) and (3), an order— prohibiting the publication in Great Britain of identifying matter in a written publication available to the public or its inclusion in a relevant programme for reception in Great Britain. “complainant” means the person who made the complaint to which the proceedings before the Appeal Tribunal relate, “promulgation” has such meaning as may be prescribed by rules made by virtue of this section, “relevant programme” means a programme included in a programme service, within the meaning of the Broadcasting Act 1990, and If, on an application made by the Attorney General or the Lord Advocate under this section, the Appeal Tribunal is satisfied that a person has habitually and persistently and without any reasonable ground— instituted vexatious proceedings, whether before the Certification Officer, in an employment tribunal or before the Appeal Tribunal, and whether against the same person or against different persons, or made vexatious applications in any proceedings, whether before the Certification Officer, in an employment tribunal or before the Appeal Tribunal, the Appeal Tribunal may, after hearing the person or giving him an opportunity of being heard, make a restriction of proceedings order. A “restriction of proceedings order” is an order that— no proceedings shall without the leave of the Appeal Tribunal be instituted before the Certification Officer, in any employment tribunal or before the Appeal Tribunal by the person against whom the order is made, any proceedings instituted by him before the Certification Officer, in any employment tribunal or before the Appeal Tribunal before the making of the order shall not be continued by him without the leave of the Appeal Tribunal, and no application (other than one for leave under this section) is to be made by him in any proceedings before the Certification Officer, in any employment tribunal or before the Appeal Tribunal without the leave of the Appeal Tribunal. A restriction of proceedings order may provide that it is to cease to have effect at the end of a specified period, but otherwise it remains in force indefinitely. Leave for the institution or continuance of, or for the making of an application in, any proceedings before the Certification Officer, in an employment tribunal or before the Appeal Tribunal by a person who is the subject of a restriction of proceedings order shall not be given unless the Appeal Tribunal is satisfied— that the proceedings or application are not an abuse of the process , and that there are reasonable grounds for the proceedings or application. A copy of a restriction of proceedings order shall be published in the London Gazette and the Edinburgh Gazette. Appeal Tribunal procedure rules may include provision for the award of costs or expenses. Rules under subsection (1) may include provision authorising the Appeal Tribunal to have regard to a person’s ability to pay when considering the making of an award against him under such rules. Appeal Tribunal procedure rules may include provision for authorising the Appeal Tribunal— to order a representative of a party to proceedings before it to meet all or part of the costs or expenses incurred by a party by reason of the representative’s conduct of the proceedings. Appeal Tribunal procedure rules may also include provision for taxing or otherwise settling the costs or expenses referred to in subsection (1) or (3)(b) (and, in particular in England and Wales, for enabling the amount of such costs to be assessed by way of detailed assessment in the High Court). For the purpose of disposing of an appeal, the Appeal Tribunal may— exercise any of the powers of the body or officer from whom the appeal was brought, or remit the case to that body or officer. Any decision or award of the Appeal Tribunal on an appeal has the same effect, and may be enforced in the same manner, as a decision or award of the body or officer from whom the appeal was brought. No person shall be punished for contempt of the Appeal Tribunal except by, or with the consent of, a judge. A magistrates’ court shall not remit the whole or part of a fine imposed by the Appeal Tribunal unless it has the consent of a judge who is a member of the Appeal Tribunal. Subject to subsection (3), an appeal on any question of law lies from any decision or order of the Appeal Tribunal to the relevant appeal court with the leave of the Appeal Tribunal or of the relevant appeal court. In subsection (1) the “relevant appeal court” means— in the case of proceedings in England and Wales, the Court of Appeal, and in the case of proceedings in Scotland, the Court of Session. No appeal lies from a decision of the Appeal Tribunal refusing leave for the institution or continuance of, or for the making of an application in, proceedings by a person who is the subject of a restriction of proceedings order made under section 33. This section is without prejudice to section 13 of the Administration of Justice Act 1960 (appeal in case of contempt of court). If the Appeal Tribunal is satisfied that— the conditions in subsection (4) or (5) are fulfilled in relation to the Appeal Tribunal's decision or order in any proceedings, and as regards that decision or order, a sufficient case for an appeal to the Supreme Court has been made out to justify an application under section 37ZB, the Appeal Tribunal may grant a certificate to that effect. The Appeal Tribunal may grant a certificate under this section only on an application made by a party to the proceedings. The Appeal Tribunal may not grant a certificate under this section in the case of proceedings in Scotland. The conditions in this subsection are that a point of law of general public importance is involved in the decision or order of the Appeal Tribunal and that point of law is— a point of law that— relates wholly or mainly to the construction of an enactment or statutory instrument, and has been fully argued in the proceedings and fully considered in the judgment of the Appeal Tribunal in the proceedings, or a point of law— in respect of which the Appeal Tribunal is bound by a decision of the Court of Appeal or the Supreme Court in previous proceedings, and that was fully considered in the judgments given by the Court of Appeal or, as the case may be, the Supreme Court in those previous proceedings. The conditions in this subsection are that a point of law of general public importance is involved in the decision or order of the Appeal Tribunal and that— the proceedings entail a decision relating to a matter of national importance or consideration of such a matter, the result of the proceedings is so significant (whether considered on its own or together with other proceedings or likely proceedings) that, in the opinion of the Appeal Tribunal, a hearing by the Supreme Court is justified, or the Appeal Tribunal is satisfied that the benefits of earlier consideration by the Supreme Court outweigh the benefits of consideration by the Court of Appeal. No appeal lies against the grant or refusal of a certificate under subsection (1). If the Appeal Tribunal grants a certificate under section 37ZA in relation to any proceedings, a party to those proceedings may apply to the Supreme Court for permission to appeal directly to the Supreme Court. An application under subsection (1) must be made— within one month from the date on which the certificate is granted, or within such time as the Supreme Court may allow in a particular case. If on such an application it appears to the Supreme Court to be expedient to do so, the Supreme Court may grant permission for such an appeal. If permission is granted under this section— no appeal from the decision or order to which the certificate relates lies to the Court of Appeal, but an appeal lies from that decision or order to the Supreme Court. An application under subsection (1) is to be determined without a hearing. Subject to subsection (4), no appeal lies to the Court of Appeal from a decision or order of the Appeal Tribunal in respect of which a certificate is granted under section 37ZA until— the time within which an application can be made under subsection (1) has expired, and where such an application is made, that application has been determined in accordance with this section. No certificate may be granted under section 37ZA in respect of a decision or order of the Appeal Tribunal in any proceedings where, by virtue of any enactment (other than sections 37ZA and 37ZB), no appeal would lie from that decision or order of the Appeal Tribunal to the Court of Appeal, with or without the leave or permission of the Appeal Tribunal or the Court of Appeal.

No certificate may be granted under section 37ZA in respect of a decision or order of the Appeal Tribunal in any proceedings where, by virtue of any enactment, no appeal would lie from a decision of the Court of Appeal on that decision or order of the Appeal Tribunal to the Supreme Court, with or without the leave or permission of the Court of Appeal or the Supreme Court. Where no appeal would lie to the Court of Appeal from the decision or order of the Appeal Tribunal except with the leave or permission of the Appeal Tribunal or the Court of Appeal, no certificate may be granted under section 37ZA in respect of a decision or order of the Appeal Tribunal unless it appears to the Appeal Tribunal that it would be a proper case for granting leave or permission to appeal to the Court of Appeal. No certificate may be granted under section 37ZA where the decision or order of the Appeal Tribunal is made in the exercise of its jurisdiction to punish for contempt. This section has effect for the purposes of this Part. “Financial award”— means a sum of money (or, if more than one, the sums of money) ordered by an employment tribunal on a claim involving an employer and a worker, or on a relevant appeal, to be paid by the employer to the worker, and includes— any sum (a “costs sum”) required to be paid in accordance with an order in respect of costs or expenses which relate to proceedings on, or preparation time relating to, the claim or a relevant appeal, and in a case to which section 16 applies, a sum ordered to be paid to the Secretary of State under that section. Subsection (2)(b)(i) applies irrespective of when the order was made or the amount of the costs sum was determined. “Settlement sum” means a sum payable by an employer to a worker under the terms of a settlement in respect of which a certificate has been issued under section 19A(1). “Relevant sum” means— a financial award, or a settlement sum. “Relevant appeal”, in relation to a financial award, means an appeal against— the decision on the claim to which it relates, a decision to make, or not to make, an order in respect of a financial award (including any costs sum) on the claim, the amount of any such award, or any decision made on an appeal within paragraphs (a) to (c) or this paragraph. Sections 37B to 37D apply for the purposes of calculating the unpaid amount on any day of a relevant sum. In the case of a financial award, the unpaid amount on any day means the amount outstanding immediately before that day in respect of— the initial amount of the financial award (see subsection (2)), and interest payable in respect of the financial award by virtue of section 14. The initial amount of a financial award is— in a case to which section 16 applies, the monetary award within the meaning of that section (see section 17(3)), together with any costs sum, and in any other case, the sum or sums of money ordered to be paid (including any costs sum). An amount in respect of a financial award is not to be regarded as outstanding— when the worker could make an application for an order for a costs sum in relation to— proceedings on the claim to which the financial award relates, proceedings on a relevant appeal, when the worker has made such an application but the application has not been withdrawn or finally determined, when the employer or worker could appeal against— a decision to make, or not to make, a financial award (including any costs sum) on the claim, any decision made on an appeal within sub-paragraphs (i) to (iii) or this sub-paragraph, but has not done so, or when the employer or worker has made such an appeal but the appeal has not been withdrawn or finally determined. In the case of a settlement sum, the unpaid amount on any day means the amount outstanding immediately before that day in respect of— the settlement sum, and interest (if any) calculated in accordance with the settlement (within the meaning of section 19A). Subject to section 37D(2) and (3), an amount in respect of a settlement sum is not to be regarded as outstanding if the settlement sum is not recoverable under section 19A(3). Subsections (2) and (3) apply where— a relevant sum is to be paid by instalments, any instalment is not paid on or before the day on which it is due to be paid, and a warning notice (see section 37E) is given in consequence of the failure to pay that instalment (“the unpaid instalment”). For the purposes of calculating the unpaid amount for— that warning notice, and any penalty notice given in respect of that warning notice, any remaining instalments (whether or not yet due) are to be treated as having been due on the same day as the unpaid instalment. Accordingly, the amount outstanding in respect of the financial award or settlement sum is to be taken to be— the aggregate of— the unpaid instalment, and any remaining instalments, including, in the case of a settlement sum, any amount which is not recoverable under section 19A(3) by reason only of not being due, interest on those amounts calculated in accordance with section 37B(1)(b) or 37C(1)(b) (and subsection (2)). Subsections (2) and (3) are not to be taken to affect the time at which any remaining instalment is due to be paid by the employer. The provisions of this Part apply where a financial award consists of two or more sums (whether or not any of them is a costs sum) which are required to be paid at different times as if— it were a relevant sum to be paid by instalments, and those sums were the instalments. Where a payment by an employer is made, or purported to be made, in respect of a relevant sum, the Secretary of State may determine whether, and to what extent, the payment is to be treated as being— in respect of that relevant sum or instead in respect of some other amount owed by the employer; in respect of the initial amount or interest on it, in the case of a payment treated as being in respect of the relevant sum. This section applies where the Secretary of State considers that an employer who is required to pay a relevant sum has failed— in the case of a relevant sum which is to be paid by instalments, to pay an instalment on or before the day on which it is due to be paid, or in any other case, to pay the relevant sum in full on or before the day on which it is due to be paid. The Secretary of State may give the employer a notice (a “warning notice”) stating the Secretary of State’s intention to impose a financial penalty in respect of the relevant sum unless before a date specified in the warning notice (“the specified date”) the employer has paid in full the amount so specified (“the specified amount”). This is subject to subsection (3). Where a penalty notice has previously been given in respect of the relevant sum, the Secretary of State may not give a warning notice until— 3 months have elapsed since the end of the relevant period (within the meaning of section 37H) relating to the last penalty notice given in respect of the relevant sum, and if the relevant sum is to be paid by instalments, the last instalment has become due for payment. The specified date must be after the end of the period of 28 days beginning with the day on which the warning notice is given. The specified amount must be the unpaid amount of the relevant sum on the day on which the warning notice is given. A warning notice must identify the relevant sum and state— how the specified amount has been calculated; the grounds on which it is proposed to impose a penalty; the amount of the financial penalty that would be imposed if no payment were made in respect of the relevant sum before the specified date; that the employer may before the specified date make representations about the proposal to impose a penalty, including representations— about payments which the employer makes in respect of the relevant sum after the warning notice is given; about the employer's ability to pay both a financial penalty and the relevant sum; how any such representations may be made. The statement under subsection (6)(e) must include provision for allowing representations to be made by post (whether or not it also allows them to be made in any other way). If the employer pays the specified amount before the specified date, the relevant sum is to be treated for the purposes of this Part as having been paid in full. Subsection (8) is not to be taken to affect the liability of the employer to pay any increase in the unpaid amount between the date of the warning notice and the date of payment. This section applies where the Secretary of State — has given a warning notice to an employer, and is satisfied that the employer has failed to pay the specified amount in full before the specified date. The Secretary of State may give the employer a notice (a “penalty notice”) requiring the employer to pay a financial penalty to the Secretary of State. A penalty notice must identify the relevant sum and state— the grounds on which the penalty notice is given; the unpaid amount of the relevant sum on the specified date and how it has been calculated; the amount of the financial penalty (see subsections (4) to (6)); how the penalty must be paid; the period within which the penalty must be paid; how the employer may pay a reduced penalty instead of the financial penalty; the amount of the reduced penalty (see subsection (8)); how the employer may appeal against the penalty notice; the consequences of non-payment. Subject to subsections (5) and (6), the amount of the financial penalty is 50% of the unpaid amount of the relevant sum on the specified date. If the unpaid amount on the specified date is less than £200, the amount of the penalty is £100. If the unpaid amount on the specified date is more than £10,000, the amount of the financial penalty is £5,000. The period specified under subsection (3)(e) must be a period of not less than 28 days beginning with the day on which the penalty notice is given. The amount of the reduced penalty is 50% of the amount of the financial penalty. Subsection (10) applies if, within the period of 14 days beginning with the day on which the penalty notice is given, the employer— pays the unpaid amount of the relevant sum on the specified date (as stated in the notice under subsection (3)(b)), and pays the reduced penalty to the Secretary of State. The employer is to be treated— for the purposes of this Part, as having paid the relevant sum in full, and by paying the reduced penalty, as having paid the whole of the financial penalty. Subsection (10)(a) is not to be taken to affect the liability of the employer to pay any increase in the unpaid amount of the relevant sum between the specified date and the date of payment. An employer to whom a penalty notice is given may, before the end of the period specified under section 37F(3)(e) (period within which penalty must be paid), appeal against— the penalty notice; or the amount of the financial penalty. An appeal under subsection (1) lies to an employment tribunal. An appeal under subsection (1) may be made on one or more of the following grounds— that the grounds stated in the penalty notice under section 37F(3)(a) were incorrect; that it was unreasonable for the Secretary of State to have given the notice; that the calculation of an amount stated in the penalty notice was incorrect. On an appeal under subsection (1), an employment tribunal may— allow the appeal and cancel the penalty notice; in the case of an appeal made on the ground that the calculation of an amount stated in the penalty notice was incorrect, allow the appeal and substitute the correct amount for the amount stated in the penalty notice; dismiss the appeal. Where an employer has made an appeal under subsection (1), the penalty notice is not enforceable until the appeal has been withdrawn or finally determined. This section applies if all or part of a financial penalty which an employer is required by a penalty notice to pay is unpaid at the end of the relevant period. The relevant period is— if no appeal is made under section 37G(1) relating to the penalty notice, the period specified in the penalty notice under section 37F(3)(e); if such an appeal is made, the period ending when the appeal is withdrawn or finally determined. The outstanding amount of the financial penalty for the time being carries interest— at the rate that, on the last day of the relevant period, was specified in section 17 of the Judgments Act 1838, from the end of the relevant period until the time when the amount of interest calculated under this subsection equals the amount of the financial penalty, (and does not also carry interest as a judgment debt under that section). The outstanding amount of a penalty and any interest is recoverable— in England and Wales, if the county court so orders, under section 85 of the County Courts Act 1984 or otherwise as if the sum were payable under an order of the county court; in Scotland, by diligence as if the penalty notice were an extract registered decree arbitral bearing a warrant for execution issued by the sheriff court of any sheriffdom in Scotland. Any amount received by the Secretary of State under this Part is to be paid into the Consolidated Fund. a warning notice has been given (and not already withdrawn), it appears to the Secretary of State that— the notice incorrectly omits any statement or is incorrect in any particular, or the warning notice was given in contravention of section 37E(3), and if a penalty notice has been given in relation to the warning notice, any appeal made under section 37G(1) has not been determined, the Secretary of State may withdraw the warning notice by giving notice of withdrawal to the employer. Where a warning notice is withdrawn, no penalty notice may be given in relation to it. Where a warning notice is withdrawn after a penalty notice has been given in relation to it— the penalty notice ceases to have effect; any sum paid by or recovered from the employer by way of financial penalty payable under the penalty notice must be repaid to the employer with interest at the appropriate rate running from the date when the sum was paid or recovered; any appeal under section 37G(1) relating to the penalty notice must be dismissed. In subsection (3)(b), the appropriate rate means the rate that, on the date the sum was paid or recovered, was specified in section 17 of the Judgments Act 1838. A notice of withdrawal under this section must indicate the effect of the withdrawal (but a failure to do so does not make the notice of withdrawal ineffective). Withdrawal of a warning notice relating to a relevant sum does not preclude a further warning notice being given in relation to that sum (subject to section 37E(3)). a penalty notice has been given (and not already withdrawn or cancelled), and the notice incorrectly omits any statement required by section 37F(3), or any statement so required is incorrect in any particular, the Secretary of State may withdraw it by giving notice of the withdrawal to the employer. Where a penalty notice is withdrawn and no replacement penalty notice is given in accordance with section 37K— any sum paid by or recovered from the employer by way of financial penalty payable under the notice must be repaid to the employer with interest at the appropriate rate running from the date when the sum was paid or recovered; In a case where subsection (2) applies, the notice of withdrawal must indicate the effect of that subsection (but a failure to do so does not make the withdrawal ineffective). In subsection (2)(a), “the appropriate rate” means the rate that, on the date the sum was paid or recovered, was specified in section 17 of the Judgments Act 1838. Where the Secretary of State— withdraws a penalty notice (“the original penalty notice”) under section 37J, and is satisfied that the employer failed to pay the specified amount in full before the specified date in accordance with the warning notice in relation to which the original penalty notice was given, the Secretary of State may at the same time give another penalty notice in relation to the warning notice (“the replacement penalty notice”). The replacement penalty notice must— indicate the differences between it and the original penalty notice that the enforcement officer reasonably considers material, and indicate the effect of section 37L. Failure to comply with subsection (2) does not make the replacement penalty notice ineffective. Where a replacement penalty notice is withdrawn under section 37J, no further replacement penalty notice may be given under subsection (1) pursuant to the withdrawal. Nothing in this section affects any power that arises apart from this section to give a penalty notice. This section applies where a penalty notice is withdrawn under section 37J and a replacement penalty notice is given in accordance with section 37K. If an appeal relating to the original penalty notice has been made under section 37G(1) and has not been withdrawn or finally determined before the time when that notice is withdrawn— the appeal (“the earlier appeal”) is to have effect after that time as if it were against the replacement penalty notice, and the employer may exercise the right under section 37G to appeal against the replacement penalty notice only after withdrawing the earlier appeal. If a sum was paid by or recovered from the employer by way of financial penalty under the original penalty notice— an amount equal to that sum (or, if more than one, the total of those sums) is to be treated as having been paid in respect of the replacement penalty notice, and any amount by which that sum (or total) exceeds the amount of the financial penalty payable under the replacement penalty notice must be repaid to the employer with interest at the appropriate rate running from the date when the sum (or, if more than one, the first of them) was paid or recovered. In subsection (3)(b) “the appropriate rate” means the rate that, on the date mentioned in that provision, was specified in section 17 of the Judgments Act 1838. The Secretary of State may by regulations— amend subsection (5) or (6) of section 37F by substituting a different amount; amend subsection (4) or (8) of that section by substituting a different percentage; amend section 37E(4) or 37F(7) or (9) by substituting a different number of days. Any provision that could be made by regulations under this section may instead be included in an order under section 12A(12). The Secretary of State may by regulations make provision for this Part to apply with modifications in cases where— two or more financial awards were made against an employer on claims relating to different workers that were considered together by an employment tribunal, or settlement sums are payable by an employer under two or more settlements in cases dealt with together by a conciliation officer. Regulations under subsection (1) may in particular provide for any provision of this Part to apply as if any such financial awards or settlement sums, taken together, were a single relevant sum. The Secretary of State may by regulations make provision for this Part to apply with modifications in cases where a financial award has been made against an employer but is not regarded as outstanding by virtue only of the fact that an application for an order for a costs sum has not been finally determined (or any appeal within section 37B(3)(c) so far as relating to the application could still be made or has not been withdrawn or finally determined). Regulations under subsection (3) may in particular provide— for any provision of this Part to apply, or to apply if the Secretary of State so determines, as if the application had not been, and could not be, made; for any costs sum the amount of which is subsequently determined, or the order for which is subsequently made, to be treated for the purposes of this Part as a separate relevant sum. For the purposes of section 7 of the Interpretation Act 1978 in its application to this Part, the proper address of an employer is— if the employer has notified the Secretary of State of an address at which the employer is willing to accept notices, that address; otherwise— in the case of a body corporate, the address of the body's registered or principal office; in the case of a partnership or an unincorporated body or association, the principal office of the partnership, body or association; in any other case, the last known address of the person in question. In the case of— a body corporate registered outside the United Kingdom, a partnership carrying on business outside the United Kingdom, or an unincorporated body or association with offices outside the United Kingdom, the references in subsection (1) to its principal office include references to its principal office within the United Kingdom (if any). In this Part, the following terms have the following meanings— “costs sum” has the meaning given by section 37A; “employer” has the same meaning as in section 12A; ... “financial award” has the meaning given by section 37A; “penalty notice” has the meaning given by section 37F; “relevant appeal” has the meaning given by section 37A; “relevant sum” has the meaning given by section 37A; “settlement sum” has the meaning given by section 37A; “specified amount” and “specified date”, in relation to a warning notice or a penalty notice given in relation to it, have the meanings given by section 37E(2); “unpaid amount”— in relation to a financial award, has the meaning given by section 37B; in relation to a settlement sum, has the meaning given by section 37C; subject, in each case, to section 37D; “warning notice” has the meaning given by section 37E(2); “worker” has the same meaning as in section 12A. References in this Part to an employer, in relation to a warning notice or penalty notice, are to the person to whom the notice is given (whether or not the person is an employer at the time in question). For the purposes of this Part a relevant sum is to be regarded as having been paid in full when the amount unpaid in respect of that sum on the date of payment has been paid. For the purposes of this Part, a penalty notice is given in relation to a warning notice if it is given as the result of a failure by the employer to pay the specified amount before the specified date. The Secretary of State may by regulations amend this section so as to alter the meaning of “claim”. Any provision that could be made by regulations under subsection (5) may instead be included in an order under section 12A(12). There are to be rules made by the Tribunal Procedure Committee called “Employment Tribunal Procedure Rules”. Those are the rules referred to as “Procedure Rules” in this Act. Schedule A1 makes further provision about Procedure Rules. The power of the Tribunal Procedure Committee to make Procedure Rules for the purposes set out in sections 7 and 30(1) is not limited by any other provision (including future provision) about what Procedure Rules may or must contain. The Lord Chancellor may by regulations amend, repeal or revoke any enactment to the extent that the Lord Chancellor considers necessary or desirable— in order to facilitate the making of Procedure Rules, or in consequence of— section 37QA, Schedule A1, or Procedure Rules. In subsection (1) “enactment” means any enactment whenever passed or made, including an enactment comprised in subordinate legislation within the meaning of the Interpretation Act 1978. This Act has effect in relation to Crown employment and persons in Crown employment as it has effect in relation to other employment and other employees. In this Act “Crown employment” means employment under or for the purposes of a government department or any officer or body exercising on behalf of the Crown functions conferred by a statutory provision. For the purposes of the application of this Act in relation to Crown employment in accordance with subsection (1)— references to an employee shall be construed as references to a person in Crown employment, and references to a contract of employment shall be construed as references to the terms of employment of a person in Crown employment. Subsection (1) applies to— service as a member of the naval, military or air forces of the Crown, and employment by an association established for the purposes of Part XI of the Reserve Forces Act 1996; but Her Majesty may by Order in Council make any provision of this Act apply to service as a member of the naval, military or air forces of the Crown subject to such exceptions and modifications as may be specified in the Order in Council. This Act has effect in relation to employment as a relevant member of the House of Lords staff or a relevant member of the House of Commons staff as it has effect in relation to other employment. Nothing in any rule of law or the law or practice of Parliament prevents a relevant member of the House of Lords staff or a relevant member of the House of Commons staff from bringing before an employment tribunal proceedings of any description which could be brought before such a tribunal by a person who is not a relevant member of the House of Lords staff or a relevant member of the House of Commons staff. For the purposes of the application of this Act in relation to a relevant member of the House of Commons staff— references to an employee shall be construed as references to a relevant member of the House of Commons staff, and references to a contract of employment shall be construed as including references to the terms of employment of a relevant member of the House of Commons staff. In this Act “relevant member of the House of Lords staff” means any person who is employed under a contract of employment with the Corporate Officer of the House of Lords. In this Act “relevant member of the House of Commons staff” has the same meaning as in section 195 of the Employment Rights Act 1996; and (subject to an Order in Council under subsection (12) of that section)— subsections (6) and (7) of that section have effect for determining who is the employer of a relevant member of the House of Commons staff for the purposes of this Act, and subsection (8) of that section applies in relation to proceedings brought by virtue of this section. The Secretary of State and the Lord Chancellor, acting jointly, may by order— provide that any provision of this Act to which this section applies and which is specified in the order shall not apply to persons, or to employments, of such classes as may be prescribed in the order, or provide that any provision of this Act to which this section applies shall apply to persons or employments of such classes as may be prescribed in the order subject to such exceptions and modifications as may be so prescribed. This section applies to sections 3, 8, 16 and 17 .... Any power conferred by this Act on a Minister of the Crown to make an order, and any power conferred by this Act to make regulations or rules, is exercisable by statutory instrument. No recommendation may be made to Her Majesty to make an Order in Council under section 38(4) unless a draft of the Order in Council has been laid before Parliament and approved by a resolution of each House of Parliament. A statutory instrument containing— an order under section 3 ... , 12A(12) ... or 40, regulations under section 4, 28, 37N, 37O or 37Q(5), , or regulations under section 37QB that amend or repeal provision made by an Act, may not be made unless a draft of the instrument has been laid before and approved by a resolution of each House of Parliament. an order made by a Minister of the Crown under any other provision of this Act except Part II of Schedule 2, or any other regulations or rules made under this Act, is subject to annulment in pursuance of a resolution of either House of Parliament. Any power conferred by this Act which is exercisable by statutory instrument includes power to make such incidental, supplementary or transitional provision as appears to the Minister exercising the power to be necessary or expedient. This section does not apply in relation to Procedure Rules (the procedure for which is provided for by Schedule A1). In this Act (except where otherwise expressly provided) — “ACAS” means the Advisory, Conciliation and Arbitration Service, “the Appeal Tribunal” means the Employment Appeal Tribunal, “appointed member” shall be construed in accordance with section 22(1)(c), “Certification Officer” shall be construed in accordance with section 254 of the Trade Union and Labour Relations (Consolidation) Act 1992, “conciliation officer” means an officer designated by ACAS under section 211 of the Trade Union and Labour Relations (Consolidation) Act 1992, “contract of employment” means a contract of service or apprenticeship, whether express or implied, and (if it is express) whether oral or in writing, “employee” means an individual who has entered into or works under (or, where the employment has ceased, worked under) a contract of employment, “employer”, in relation to an employee, means the person by whom the employee is (or, where the employment has ceased, was) employed, “employers’ association” has the same meaning as in the Trade Union and Labour Relations (Consolidation) Act 1992, “employment” means employment under a contract of employment and “employed” shall be construed accordingly, “Procedure Rules” is to be read in accordance with section 37QA(2), and— in Part 1, means Procedure Rules in respect of employment tribunals; in Part 2, means Procedure Rules in respect of the Appeal Tribunal, “representative” shall be construed in accordance with section 6(1) (in Part 1) or section 29(1) (in Part 2), “statutory provision” means a provision, whether of a general or a special nature, contained in, or in any document made or issued under, any Act, whether of a general or special nature, “successor”, in relation to the employer of an employee, means (subject to subsection (2)) a person who in consequence of a change occurring (whether by virtue of a sale or other disposition or by operation of law) in the ownership of the undertaking, or of the part of the undertaking, for the purposes of which the employee was employed, has become the owner of the undertaking or part, ... “trade union” has the meaning given by section 1 of the Trade Union and Labour Relations (Consolidation) Act 1992. “Tribunal Procedure Committee” means the committee of that name constituted under Part 2 of Schedule 5 to the Tribunals, Courts and Enforcement Act 2007. The definition of “successor” in subsection (1) has effect (subject to the necessary modifications) in relation to a case where— the person by whom an undertaking or part of an undertaking is owned immediately before a change is one of the persons by whom (whether as partners, trustees or otherwise) it is owned immediately after the change, or the persons by whom an undertaking or part of an undertaking is owned immediately before a change (whether as partners, trustees or otherwise) include the persons by whom, or include one or more of the persons by whom, it is owned immediately after the change, as it has effect where the previous owner and the new owner are wholly different persons. For the purposes of this Act any two employers shall be treated as associated if— one is a company of which the other (directly or indirectly) has control, or both are companies of which a third person (directly or indirectly) has control; and “associated employer” shall be construed accordingly. Schedule 1 (consequential amendments) shall have effect. Schedule 2 (transitional provisions, savings and transitory provisions) shall have effect. The enactments specified in Part I of Schedule 3 are repealed, and the instruments specified in Part II of that Schedule are revoked, to the extent specified in the third column of that Schedule. This Act shall come into force at the end of the period of three months beginning with the day on which it is passed. This Act does not extend to Northern Ireland. This Act may be cited as the Employment Tribunals Act 1996. The Tribunal Procedure Committee must exercise its power to make Procedure Rules with a view to securing— that justice is done in proceedings before the tribunal, that the tribunal system is accessible and fair, that proceedings are handled quickly and efficiently, that Procedure Rules are both simple and simply expressed, and that Procedure Rules, where appropriate, confer responsibility on members of the tribunal for ensuring that proceedings before the tribunal are handled quickly and efficiently. In sub-paragraph (1)(b), “the tribunal system” means the system for deciding matters within the jurisdiction of the tribunal. Procedure Rules may provide for functions of the tribunal to be exercised by staff appointed under section 2(1) of the Courts Act 2003 (court staff) or section 40(1) of the Tribunals, Courts and Enforcement Act 2007 (tribunal staff). In making provision of the kind mentioned in sub-paragraph (1) in relation to a function, Procedure Rules may (in particular)— provide for the function to be exercisable by a member of staff only if the member of staff is, or is of a description, specified in exercise of a discretion conferred by Procedure Rules; provide for the function to be exercisable by a member of staff only if the member of staff is approved, or is of a description approved, for the purpose by a person specified in Procedure Rules. A person may exercise functions by virtue of this paragraph only if authorised to do so by the Senior President of Tribunals. An authorisation under this paragraph— may be subject to conditions, and may be varied or revoked by the Senior President of Tribunals at any time. The Senior President of Tribunals may delegate to one or more of the following the Senior President of Tribunals’ functions under the preceding provisions of this paragraph— a judicial office holder; a person appointed under section 2(1) of the Courts Act 2003 or section 40(1) of the Tribunals, Courts and Enforcement Act 2007. A person to whom functions of the Senior President of Tribunals are delegated under sub-paragraph (5)(b) is not subject to the direction of any person other than— a judicial office holder nominated by the Senior President of Tribunals, when exercising the functions. Subsections (3) to (5) of section 8 of the Tribunals, Courts and Enforcement Act 2007 apply to a delegation under sub-paragraph (5) as they apply to a delegation under subsection (1) of that section. In this paragraph, “judicial office holder” means— a judicial office holder within the meaning given by section 109(4) of the Constitutional Reform Act 2005, or the President of Employment Tribunals (Scotland). Procedure Rules may make provision for time limits as respects initiating, or taking any step in, proceedings before the tribunal. Procedure Rules may include provision for determining whether proceedings before the tribunal are to be brought in England and Wales or in Scotland. Procedure Rules may make provision restricting the making of fresh applications where a previous application in relation to the same matter has been made. Procedure Rules may make provision about the circumstances in which the tribunal may exercise its powers of its own initiative. Procedure Rules may— make provision for dealing with matters without a hearing; make provision as respects allowing or requiring a hearing to be in private or as respects allowing or requiring a hearing to be in public. Procedure Rules may make provision for proceedings to take place, in circumstances described in Procedure Rules, at the request of one party even though the other, or another, party has had no notice. Procedure Rules may make provision conferring additional rights of audience before the tribunal. Procedure Rules may make provision— for the Secretary of State to be treated (either generally or in circumstances prescribed by the Rules) as a party to any proceedings, and for the Secretary of State to be entitled to appear and to be heard accordingly. Procedure Rules may make provision about evidence (including evidence on oath and administration of oaths). Procedure Rules may modify any rules of evidence provided for elsewhere, so far as they would apply to proceedings before the tribunal. Procedure Rules may make provision, where an employment tribunal has required a person— to attend at any place for the purpose of giving evidence, otherwise to be available to give evidence, to swear an oath in connection with the giving of evidence, to give evidence as a witness, to produce a document, or to facilitate the inspection of a document or any other thing (including any premises), for the Appeal Tribunal to deal with non-compliance with the requirement as though the requirement had been imposed by the Appeal Tribunal. Procedure Rules may make provision for the payment of expenses and allowances to persons giving evidence, producing documents, attending proceedings or required to attend proceedings. Procedure Rules may make provision for the disclosure or non-disclosure of information received during the course of proceedings before the tribunal. Procedure Rules may make provision for imposing reporting restrictions in circumstances described in Procedure Rules. Procedure Rules may make provision for a party to proceedings to deduct, from amounts payable by the party, amounts payable to the party. Procedure Rules may confer power on the tribunal to reconsider or review its decisions, and revoke or vary its orders and awards, in such circumstances as may be determined in accordance with Procedure Rules. Procedure Rules may make provision for the correction of accidental errors in a decision or record of a decision. Procedure Rules may make provision for the setting aside of a decision in proceedings before the tribunal— where a document relating to the proceedings was not sent to, or was not received at an appropriate time by, a party to the proceedings or a party’s representative, where a document relating to the proceedings was not sent to the tribunal at an appropriate time, where a party to the proceedings, or a party’s representative, was not present at a hearing related to the proceedings, or where there has been any other procedural irregularity in the proceedings. Sub-paragraphs (1) and (2) do not affect, and are not affected by, any power to correct errors or set aside decisions that is exercisable apart from rules made by virtue of those sub-paragraphs. Procedure Rules may make provision for the registration and proof of decisions, orders and awards of the tribunal. Procedure Rules may confer on the tribunal such ancillary powers as are necessary for the proper discharge of its functions. Procedure Rules may, instead of providing for any matter, refer to provision made or to be made about that matter by directions under section 7A or 29A. Procedure Rules may make provision in the form of presumptions (including, in particular, presumptions as to service or notification). Procedure Rules may make different provision for different purposes or different areas. Part 3 of Schedule 5 to the Tribunals, Courts and Enforcement Act 2007 (which makes provision about how Tribunal Procedure Rules are to be made) applies to the making of Procedure Rules under this Act as it applies to the making of Tribunal Procedure Rules under section 22 of that Act, with the following modifications. In paragraph 28(1)(a) of that Schedule, the reference to the Chamber Presidents is to be read as a reference to the President of the Employment Tribunals (England and Wales) and the President of the Employment Tribunals (Scotland). In paragraph 28A(1) of that Schedule— the reference to the First-tier Tribunal or Upper Tribunal is to be read as a reference to an employment tribunal or the Employment Appeal Tribunal, and the reference to paragraph 3 of that Schedule is to be read as a reference to paragraph 2 of this Schedule. In this Schedule, “the tribunal” means— an employment tribunal, in relation to Procedure Rules in respect of employment tribunals; the Appeal Tribunal, in relation to Procedure Rules in respect of the Appeal Tribunal. Section 135(4)(b) of the Transport Act 1968 shall continue to have effect with the substitution (originally made by paragraph 6 of Schedule 16 to the Employment Protection (Consolidation) Act 1978) of “ an employment tribunal ” for the words from “a tribunal" to the end. Section 2 of the Transport Holding Company Act 1972 shall continue to have effect with the substitution (originally made by paragraph 13 of Schedule 16 to the Employment Protection (Consolidation) Act 1978) of “ an employment tribunal ” for— in subsection (3)(c), the words from “a tribunal" to the end, and in subsection (7), “a tribunal established under section 12 of the Industrial Training Act 1964". The Race Relations Act 1976 is amended as follows. In section 56(6), for “paragraph 6A of Schedule 9 to the Employment Protection (Consolidation) Act 1978" substitute “ section 14 of the Employment Tribunals Act 1996 ”. In the Aircraft and Shipbuilding Industries Act 1977— section 49(10), and section 50(3)(b), shall continue to have effect with the substitution (originally made by paragraph 28 of Schedule 16 to the Employment Protection (Consolidation) Act 1978) of “ an employment tribunal or, as the case may require, a tribunal established under ” for “a tribunal established under section 12 of the Industrial Training Act 1964 or, as the case may require". In section 12(1) of the Judicial Pensions Act 1981, for “section 128 of the Employment Protection (Consolidation) Act 1978" substitute “ section 1(1) of the Employment Tribunals Act 1996 ”. In section 58(4) of the Social Security Administration Act 1992, for “section 132 of the Employment Protection (Consolidation) Act 1978" substitute “ section 16 of the Employment Tribunals Act 1996 ”. In section 288 of the Trade Union and Labour Relations (Consolidation) Act 1992— in subsection (2), for paragraphs (a) and (b) substitute “ section 18 of the Employment Tribunals Act 1996 (conciliation) ”, and in subsection (2A), for “section 290" substitute “ subsection (1)(b) of that section ”. The Tribunals and Inquiries Act 1992 is amended as follows. In section 11(2), for “section 136(1) of the Employment Protection (Consolidation) Act 1978" substitute “ section 21(1) of the Employment Tribunals Act 1996 ”. In Schedule 1— in Part I, in paragraph 16, and in Part II, in paragraph 51, for “section 128 of the Employment Protection (Consolidation) Act 1978 (c. 44)" substitute “ section 1(1) of the Employment Tribunals Act 1996 (c. 17) ”. The Judicial Pensions and Retirement Act 1993 is amended as follows. In Schedule 1, in Part II, in the entry relating to the office of chairman of employment tribunals, for “section 128 of the Employment Protection (Consolidation) Act 1978" substitute “ section 1(1) of the Employment Tribunals Act 1996 ”. In Schedule 5— in the entry relating to the office of chairman of employment tribunals, for “section 128 of the Employment Protection (Consolidation) Act 1978" substitute “ section 1(1) of the Employment Tribunals Act 1996 ”, and in the entry relating to the office of member of the Employment Appeal Tribunal, for “section 135(2)(c) of the Employment Protection (Consolidation) Act 1978" substitute “ section 22(1)(c) of the Employment Tribunals Act 1996 ”. In paragraph 5 of Schedule 7— in sub-paragraphs (2)(g) and (5)(vii), for “section 128 of the Employment Protection (Consolidation) Act 1978" substitute “ section 1(1) of the EmploymentTribunals Act 1996 ”, and in sub-paragraph (7), for “section 135(2)(c) of the Employment Protection (Consolidation) Act 1978" substitute “ section 22(1)(c) of the Employment Tribunals Act 1996 ”. In section 181(1) of the Pension Schemes Act 1993, in the definition of “ employment tribunal", for “section 128 of the Employment Protection (Consolidation) Act 1978" substitute “ section 1(1) of the Employment Tribunals Act 1996 ”. The Disability Discrimination Act 1995 is amended as follows. In section 8(7), for “paragraph 6A of Schedule 9 to the Employment Protection (Consolidation) Act 1978" substitute “ section 14 of the Employment Tribunals Act 1996 ”. In section 9(2)(a), for “paragraph 1 of Schedule 3" substitute “ section 18 of the Employment Tribunals Act 1996 ”. The substitution of this Act for the provisions repealed or revoked by this Act does not affect the continuity of the law. Anything done, or having effect as done, (including the making of subordinate legislation) under or for the purposes of any provision repealed or revoked by this Act has effect as if done under or for the purposes of any corresponding provision of this Act. Any reference (express or implied) in this Act or any other enactment, or in any instrument or document, to a provision of this Act is (so far as the context permits) to be read as (according to the context) being or including in relation to times, circumstances and purposes before the commencement of this Act a reference to the corresponding provision repealed or revoked by this Act. Any reference (express or implied) in any enactment, or in any instrument or document, to a provision repealed or revoked by this Act is (so far as the context permits) to be read as (according to the context) being or including in relation to times, circumstances and purposes after the commencement of this Act a reference to the corresponding provision of this Act. In particular, where a power conferred by an Act is expressed to be exercisable in relation to enactments contained in Acts passed before or in the same Session as the Act conferring the power, the power is also exercisable in relation to provisions of this Act which reproduce such enactments. Paragraphs 1 to 4 have effect in place of section 17(2) of the Interpretation Act 1978 (but are without prejudice to any other provision of that Act). The repeal by this Act of section 130 of, and Schedule 10 to, the Employment Protection (Consolidation) Act 1978 (jurisdiction of referees under specified provisions to be exercised by employment tribunals) does not affect— the operation of those provisions in relation to any question which may arise after the commencement of this Act, or the continued operation of those provisions after the commencement of this Act in relation to any question which has arisen before that commencement. If paragraph 2 of Schedule 2 to the Jobseekers Act 1995 has not come into force before the commencement of this Act, this Act shall have effect until the relevant commencement date as if a reference to unemployment benefit were substituted for— each of the references to jobseeker’s allowance in subsections (3) and (4) of section 16, the second reference to jobseeker’s allowance in subsection (5) of that section, the first reference to jobseeker’s allowance in subsection (1) of section 17, and the reference to jobseeker’s allowance in subsection (2) of that section. The reference in sub-paragraph (1) to the relevant commencement date is a reference— if an order has been made before the commencement of this Act appointing a day after that commencement as the day on which paragraph 2 of Schedule 2 to the Jobseekers Act 1995 is to come into force, to the day so appointed, and otherwise, to such day as the Secretary of State may by order appoint.

If section 31 of the Trade Union Reform and Employment Rights Act 1993 has not come into force before the commencement of this Act, section 38 shall have effect until the relevant commencement date as if for subsection (4) there were substituted— Subsection (1)— does not apply to service as a member of the naval, military or air forces of the Crown, but does apply to employment by an association established for the purposes of Part XI of the Reserve Forces Act 1996. if an order has been made before the commencement of this Act appointing a day after that commencement as the day on which section 31 of the Trade Union Reform and Employment Rights Act 1993 is to come into force, to the day so appointed, and If Part XI of the Reserve Forces Act 1996 has not come into force before the commencement of this Act, section 38 of this Act shall have effect until the relevant commencement date as if for “Part XI of the Reserve Forces Act 1996" there were substituted “ Part VI of the Reserve Forces Act 1980 ”. if an order has been made before the commencement of this Act appointing a day after that commencement as the day on which Part XI of the Reserve Forces Act 1996 is to come into force, to the day so appointed, and This Table shows the derivation of the provisions of the consolidation. The following abbreviations are used in the Table— Words in long title substituted (1.8.1998) by 1998 c. 8, s. 1(2)(b) (with s. 16(2); S.I. 1998/1658, art. 2(1), Sch. 1 Act excluded (2.3.1998) by S.I. 1998/218, art. 6 Act excluded (1.9.1999) by S.I. 1999/2256, art. 6(1) Act excluded (E.) (1.9.2003) by The Education (Modification of Enactments Relating to Employment) (England) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003/1964), art. 6(1) Act excluded (W.) (12.5.2006) by The Education (Modification of Enactments Relating to Employment) (Wales) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1073), art. 6(1) Words in s. 1(1) and sidenote substituted (1.8.1998) by 1998 c. 8, s. 1(2)(b) (with s. 16(2)); S.I. 1998/1658, art. 2(1), Sch. 1 1978 c. 44. Words in s. 1(2) repealed (1.8.1998) by 1998 c. 8, s. 15, Sch. 2; S.I. 1998/1658, art. 2(1), Sch. 1 Words in s. 2 and sidenote substituted (1.8.1998) by 1998 c. 8, s. 1(2)(b) (with s. 16(2)); S.I. 1998/1658, art. 2(1), Sch. 1 Words in s.3(1)(4) and sidenote substituted (1.8.1998) by 1998 c. 8, s. 1(2)(a)(b) (with s. 16(2)); S.I. 1998/1658, art. 2(1), Sch. 1 S. 3: functions of the Lord Advocate transferred to the Secretary of State, and all property, rights and liabilities to which the Lord Advocate is entitled or subject in connection with any such function transferred to the Secretary of State for Scotland (19.5.1999) by S.I. 1999/678, arts. 2(1), 3, Sch. (with art. 7) S. 3: transfer of certain functions (1.7.1999) by S.I. 1999/1750, arts. 1(2), 2 Sch. 1; S.I. 1998/3178, art. 3 Words in s. 5(1)(a)(b)(2)(a)(b)(3) substituted (1.8.1998) by 1998 c. 8, s. 1(2)(b)(d)(e) (with s. 16(2)); S.I. 1998/1658, art. 2(1), Sch. 1 Word in s. 5(1)(b) repealed (1.8.1998) by 1998 c. 8, s. 15, Sch. 2; S.I. 1998/1658, art. 2(1), Sch. 1 S. 5(1)(c) substituted (1.12.2007) by Tribunals, Courts and Enforcement Act 2007 (c. 15), ss. 48(1), 148, Sch. 8 para. 39; S.I. 2007/ 2709, {art. 4} S. 5(1)(d) and word “and" immediately preceding inserted (1.8.1998) by 1998 c. 8, s. 15, Sch. 1 para. 13; S.I. 1998/1658, art. 2(1), Sch. 1 S. 3A inserted (1.12.2007) by Tribunals, Courts and Enforcement Act 2007 (c. 15), ss. 48(1), 148, Sch. 8 para. 36; S.I. 2007/2709, art. 4 Ss. 5A-5D inserted (3.11.2008) by Tribunals, Courts and Enforcement Act 2007 (c. 15), ss. 48(1), 148, Sch. 8 para. 40; S.I. 2008/2696, art. 5(c)(i) (with art. 3) Words in s. 6 substituted (1.8.1998) by 1998 c. 8, s. 1(2)(a)(b) (with s. 16(2)); S.I. 1998/1658, art. 2(1), Sch. 1 Words in s. 6(2) substituted (31.1.1997) by 1996 c. 23, s. 107(1), Sch. 3 para. 62 (with s. 81(2)); S.I. 1996/3146, art. 3 (with Sch. 2) S. 7 extended (24.4.2000) by 1992 c. 52, s. 239(4)(b) (as inserted (24.4.2000) by 1999 c. 26, s. 16, Sch. 5 para. 4; S.I. 2000/875, art. 2 (subject to transitional provision in art. 3)) Words in s. 8(1)(2) substituted (1.8.1998) by 1998 c. 8, s. 1(2)(a) (with s. 16(2)); S.I. 1998/1658, art. 2(1), Sch. 1 S. 9 extended (24.4.2000) by 1992 c. 52, s. 239(4)(c) (as inserted (24.4.2000) by 1999 c. 26, s. 16, Sch. 5 para. 4; S.I. 2000/875, art. 2 (subject to transitional provision in art. 3)) Ss. 10, 10A, 10B substituted (16.7.2001) for s. 10 by 1999 c. 26, ss. 41, 45, Sch. 8 para. 3; S.I. 2001/1187, art. 3(b), Sch. (as amended by S.I. 2001/1461, art. 2(2)) S. 10(1)(a) substituted (1.10.2004) by Employment Relations Act 2004 (c. 24), ss. 57(1), 59, Sch. 1 para. 24; S.I. 2004/2566, art. 3(b) (subject to arts. 4-8) S. 10(6) substituted (31.12.2004) by Employment Relations Act 2004 (c. 24), ss. 36, 59; S.I. 2004/3342, art. 4(a) (subject to arts. 5-12) 1990 c. 42. Words in s. 11(1) substituted (1.8.1998) by 1998 c. 8, s. 1(2)(a) (with s. 16(2)); S.I. 1998/1658, art. 2(1), Sch. 1 1992 c. 34. 1976 c. 82. 1995 c. 46. 1956 c. 69. 1995 c. 39. S. 12 wholly in force at 22.8.1996 with effect as mentioned in Sch. 2 Pt. II para. 7(1)(2) and S.I. 1996/3150, art. 2 Words in s. 12(1)(2) substituted (1.8.1998) by 1998 c. 8, s. 1(2)(a) (with s. 16(2)); S.I. 1998/1658, art. 2(1), Sch. 1 S. 13(1)-(1C) substituted (9.7.2004) for s. 13(1) by 2002 c. 22, ss. 22(1), 55(2); S.I. 2004/1717, art. 2(1) 1996 c. 18. Words in s. 13(2)(a)(c) repealed (15.12.1999) by 1999 c. 26, ss. 9, 44, Sch. 4 Pt. III para. 4(a), Sch. 9(2); S.I. 1999/2830, art. 2, Sch. 1 Pt. II, Sch. 2 Pt. II S. 13(2)(b) repealed (15.12.1999) by 1999 c. 26, ss. 9, 44, Sch. 4 Pt. III para. 4, Sch. 9(2); S.I. 1999/2830, art. 2, Sch. 1 Pt. II, Sch. 2 Pt. II Words in s. 14(1)(3)(e) substituted (1.8.1998) by 1998 c. 8, s. 1(2)(b) (with s. 16(2)); S.I. 1998/1658, art. 2(1), Sch. 1 1838 c. 110. Words in s. 15 substituted (1.8.1998) by 1998 c. 8, s. 1(2)(a) (with s. 16(2)); S.I. 1998/1658, art. 2(1), Sch. 1 S. 7A inserted (9.7.2004) by 2002 c. 22, ss. 27, 55(2); S.I. 2004/1717, art. 2(1) S. 13A inserted (9.7.2004) by 2002 c. 22, ss. 22(2), 55(2); S.I. 2004/1717, art. 2(1) S. 7B inserted (1.10.2013) by Tribunals, Courts and Enforcement Act 2007 (c. 15), ss. 48(1), 148, Sch. 8 para. 42; S.I. 2013/2200, art. 3(g) Words in s. 16(1)(3)(c)(5)(a)(e) substituted (1.8.1998) by 1998 c. 8, s. 1(2)(a)(b) (with s. 16(2)); S.I. 1998/1658, art. 2(1), Sch. 1 1992 c. 52. Words in s. 16(5)(a) repealed (18.10.1999 and 29.11.1999 for certain purposes and otherwise prosp.) by 1998 c. 14, s. 86(1)(2), Sch. 7 para. 147(a), Sch. 8; S.I. 1999/2860, art. 2 (subject to transitional provisions in Schs. 16-18); S.I. 1999/3178, art. 2(1), Sch. 1 (subject to transitional provisions in Schs. 21-23) S. 16(5)(cc)(d) substituted for s. 16(5)(d) (18.10.1999 and 29.11.1999 for certain purposes and otherwise prosp.) by 1998 c. 14, s. 86(1), Sch. 7 para. 147(b); S.I. 1999/2860, art. 2 (subject to transitional provisions in Schs. 16-18); S.I. 1999/3178, art. 2(1), Sch. 1 (subject to transitional provisions in Schs. 21-23) 1992 c. 5. 1995 c. 18. S. 18 applied (6.4.2006 with application as mentioned in reg. 21(1) of the applying S.I.) by The Transfer of Undertakings (Protection of Employment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/246), reg. 16(1) (with reg. 21(5)) S. 18 applied (6.4.2006 with application as mentioned in reg. 21(1) of the applying S.I.) by The Transfer of Undertakings (Protection of Employment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/246), reg. 12(7) Words in s. 18 substituted (1.8.1998) by 1998 c. 8, s. 1(2)(a) (with s. 16(2)); S.I. 1998/1658, art. 2(1), Sch. 1 Words in s. 18(8) inserted (1.12.2007) by Tribunals, Courts and Enforcement Act 2007 (c. 15), ss. 48(1), 148, Sch. 8 para. 38; S.I. 2007/2709, art. 4 S. 19 renumbered (9.7.2004) as s. 19(1) by 2002 c. 22, ss. 24(4), 55(2); S.I. 2004/1717, art. 2(1) Words in s. 19 substituted (1.8.1998) by 1998 c. 8, s. 1(2)(a) (with s. 16(2)); S.I. 1998/1658, art. 2(1), Sch. 1 Word in s. 19(a) inserted (1.10.2004) by Employment Act 2002 (c. 22), ss. 53, 55(2), Sch. 7 para. 23(3); S.I. 2004/2185, art. 2 S. 19(c) and word immediately before it repealed (6.4.2003) by 2002 c. 22, ss. 24(3), 54, Sch. 8; S.I. 2002/2866, art. 2(4)(5), Sch. 2 Pt. 2 S. 19(2) inserted (9.7.2004) by 2002 c. 22, ss. 24(4), 55(2); S.I. 2004/1717, art. 2(1) S. 19A inserted (1.4.2009) by Tribunals, Courts and Enforcement Act 2007 (c. 15), ss. 142, 148; S.I. 2008/2696, art. 6(a) Words in part heading substituted (1.8.1998) by 1998 c. 8, s. 1(2)(b) (with s. 16(2)); S.I. 1998/1658, art. 2(1), Sch. 1 S. 20(4) inserted (15.1.2000) by S.I. 1999/3323, reg. 35(2) Words in s. 20(4) substituted (6. 4 2005) by The Information and Consultation of Employees Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004/3426), reg. 36(2)(a) (with reg. 3) Words in s. 20(4) inserted (8.10.2004) by The European Public Limited-Liability Company Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004/2326), reg. 48(2) Words in s. 20(4) substituted (18.8.2006) by The European Cooperative Society (Involvement of Employees) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2059), reg. 37(2)(a) Words in s. 20(4) inserted (6. 4 2005) by The Information and Consultation of Employees Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004/3426), reg. 36(2)(b) (with reg. 3) Words in s. 20(4) substituted (15.12.2007) by The Companies (Cross-Border Mergers) Regulations 2007 (S.I. 2007/2974), reg. 58(2)(a) Words in s. 21 substituted (1.8.1998) by 1998 c. 8, s. 1(2)(a) (with s. 16(2)); S.I. 1998/1658, art. 2(1), Sch. 1 1992 c.52 1996 c.18 S. 21(1)(g) and word “or" immediately preceding inserted (retrospectively) by 1998 c. 8, ss. 15, 17(3), Sch. 1 para. 17(1)(2) Word at the end of s. 21(1)(f) repealed (1.11.1998) by 1998 c. 39, s. 53, Sch. 3 (with s. 36); S.I. 1998/2574, art. 2(1), Sch. 1 S. 21(1)(fg) inserted (5.10.1999) by 1999 c. 10, ss. 7, 19(4), 20(2), Sch. 3 para. 5, Sch. 6 and repealed (6.4.2003) by 2002 c. 21, ss. 60, 61, Sch. 6; S.I. 2003/962, art. 2(3)(e), Sch. 1 (subject to arts. 3, 4) S. 21(1)(g)(ga)(gb) substituted (1.10.2004) for s. 21(1)(ff)(g) by Employment Relations Act 2004 (c. 24), ss. 38, 59; S.I. 2004/2566, art. 3(a) S. 21(1)(gc) inserted (30.4.2007) by Equality Act 2006 (c. 3), ss. 40, 93, Sch. 3 para. 57; S.I. 2007/1092, art. 2(e) S. 21(1)(h)(i) substituted (15.1.2000) for words at the end of subsection (1) by S.I. 1999/3323, reg. 35(3) Word at the end of s. 21(1)(h) omitted (1.7.2000) by virtue of S.I. 2000/1551, reg. 10, Sch. para. 1(b)(i) S. 21(1)(j) and word “or" immediately preceding it inserted (1.7.2000) by S.I. 2000/1551, reg. 10, Sch. para. 1(b)(ii) Word at the end of s. 21(1)(i) omitted (1.10.2002) by virtue of S.I. 2002/2034, reg. 11 Sch. 2 para. 2(b)(i) S. 21(1)(k) inserted (1.10.2002) by S.I. 2002/2034, reg. 11 Sch. 2 para. 2(b)(ii) Word at the end of s. 21(1)(j) omitted (1.12.2003) by virtue of The Employment Equality (Sexual Orientation) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003/1661), reg. 39, Sch. 5 para. 1(b)(i) S. 21(1)(l) and preceding word inserted (1.12.2003) by The Employment Equality (Sexual Orientation) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003/1661), reg. 39, Sch. 5 para. 1(b)(ii) Word at the end of s. 21(1)(k) omitted (2.12.2003) by virtue of The Employment Equality (Religion or Belief) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003/1660), reg. 39(2), Sch. 5 para. 1(b)(i) S. 21(1)(m) and preceding word inserted (2.12.2003) by The Employment Equality (Religion or Belief) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003/1660), reg. 39(2), Sch. 5 para. 1(b)(ii) S. 21(1)(n) inserted (24.12.2003) by The Merchant Shipping (Working Time: Inland Waterways) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003/3049), reg. 20, Sch. 2 para. 2(3) S. 21(1)(o) and preceding word inserted (8.10.2004) by The European Public Limited-Liability Company Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004/2326), reg. 49 Word at the end of s. 21(1)(n) repealed (6.4.2005) by The Information and Consultation of Employees Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004/3426), reg. 37(a) (with reg. 3) S. 21(1)(o) inserted (16.8.2004) by The Fishing Vessels (Working Time: Sea-fishermen) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004/1713), reg. 22, Sch. 2 para.1(3) S. 21(1)(o) renumbered (6.4.2005) as s. 21(1)(p) by virtue of The Information and Consultation of Employees Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004/3426), reg. 37(b) (with reg. 3) S. 21(1)(q) and preceding word inserted (6.4.2004) by The Information and Consultation of Employees Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004/3426), reg. 37(c) (with reg. 3) Word at the end of s. 21(1)(p) omitted (6.4.2006) by virtue of The Occupational and Personal Pension Schemes (Consultation by Employers and Miscellaneous Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/349), reg. 17, Sch. para. 10(a) (with reg. 3) S. 21(1)(r) and preceding word inserted (6.4.2006) by The Occupational and Personal Pension Schemes (Consultation by Employers and Miscellaneous Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/349), reg. 17, Sch. para. 10(b) (with reg. 3) Word at the end of s. 21(1)(q) omitted (1.10.2006) by virtue of The Employment Equality (Age) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1031), reg. 49(1), Sch. 8 para. 20(2) (with reg. 44) S. 21(1)(s) and preceding word inserted (1.10.2006) by The Employment Equality (Age) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1031), reg. 49(1), Sch. 8 para. 20(3) (with reg. 44) Word at the end of s. 21(1)(r) omitted (18.8.2006) by virtue of The European Cooperative Society (Involvement of Employees) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2059), reg. 38(a) S. 21(1)(t) and preceding word inserted (18.8.2006) by The European Cooperative Society (Involvement of Employees) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2059), reg. 38(b) Words in s. 21(2) inserted (1.10.1998) by S.I. 1998/1833, reg. 34(b) S. 21(4) inserted (1.8.1998) by 1998 c. 8, s. 15, Sch. 1 para. 17(3); S.I. 1998/1658, art. 2(1), Sch. 1 Words in s. 22(1)(a) substituted (3.4.2006) by Constitutional Reform Act 2005 (c. 4), ss. 15, 148, Sch. 4 para. 246(2)(a); S.I. 2006/1014, art. 2(a), Sch. 1 Words in s. 22(1)(a) repealed (3.4.2006) by Constitutional Reform Act 2005 (c. 4), ss. 15, 146, 148, Sch. 4 para. 246(2)(b), Sch. 18 Pt. 2; S.I. 2006/1014, art. 2(a), Sch. 1 Words in s. 22(3) substituted (3.4.2006) by Constitutional Reform Act 2005 (c. 4), ss. 15, 148, Sch. 4 para. 246(3); S.I. 2006/1014, art. 2(a), Sch. 1 S. 22(3A) inserted (3.4.2006) by Constitutional Reform Act 2005 (c. 4), ss. 15, 148, Sch. 4 para. 246(4); S.I. 2006/1014, art. 2(a), Sch. 1 S. 22(5)(6) inserted (3.4.2006) by Constitutional Reform Act 2005 (c. 4), ss. 15, 148, Sch. 4 para. 246(5); S.I. 2006/1014, art. 2(a), Sch. 1 Words in s. 23(1) substituted (3.4.2006) by Constitutional Reform Act 2005 (c. 4), ss. 15, 148, Sch. 4 para. 247(2); S.I. 2006/1014, art. 2(a), Sch. 1 Words in s. 23(2)(a) substituted (3.4.2006) by Constitutional Reform Act 2005 (c. 4), ss. 15, 148, Sch. 4 para. 247(3); S.I. 2006/1014, art. 2(a), Sch. 1 S. 23(6)-(8) inserted (3.4.2006) by Constitutional Reform Act 2005 (c. 4), ss. 15, 148, Sch. 4 para. 247(4); S.I. 2006/1014, art. 2(a), Sch. 1 S. 24(1)-(1B) substituted (3.4.2006) for s. 24(1) by Constitutional Reform Act 2005 (c. 4), ss. 15, 148, Sch. 4 para. 248(2); S.I. 2006/1014, art. 2(a), Sch. 1 Words in s. 24(2) substituted (3.4.2006) by Constitutional Reform Act 2005 (c. 4), ss. 15, 148, Sch. 4 para. 248(3); S.I. 2006/1014, art. 2(a), Sch. 1 1981 c. 54. S. 24(4) inserted (3.4.2006) by Constitutional Reform Act 2005 (c. 4), ss. 15, 148, Sch. 4 para. 248(4); S.I. 2006/1014, art. 2(a), Sch. 1 S. 25(5)(6) inserted (3.4.2006) by Constitutional Reform Act 2005 (c. 4), ss. 15, 148, Sch. 4 para. 249; S.I. 2006/1014, art. 2(a), Sch. 1 Ss. 24A, 24B inserted (3.11.2008) by Tribunals, Courts and Enforcement Act 2007 (c. 15), s. 148, Sch. 8 para. 44; S.I. 2008/2696, art. 5(c)(i) (with art. 3) Words in s. 30(2)(b) substituted (15.1.2000) by S.I. 1999/3323, reg. 35(4) Words in s. 30 (2)(d) substituted (1.8.1998) by 1998 c. 8, s. 1(2)(a) (with s. 16(2)); S.I. 1998/1658, art. 2(1), Sch. 1 Words in s. 30(2)(d) substituted (16.7.2001) by 1999 c. 26, ss. 41, 45(1), Sch. 8 para. 5; S.I. 2001/1187, art. 3(b), Sch. (as amended by S.I. 2001/1461, art. 2(2)) S. 30(2)(e) omitted (31.12.2004) by virtue of Employment Relations Act 2004 (c. 24), ss. 57, 59(2)-(4), Sch. 1 para. 26; and the said s. 30(2)(e) repealed (6.4.2005) by {Sch. 2} of the said Employment Relations Act 2004 (c. 24); S.I. 2004/3342, art. 4(b) (with arts. 5-12); S.I. 2005/872, art. 4, Sch (with arts. 5-21) S. 30(2A)-(2C) inserted (16.7.2001) by 1999 c. 26, ss. 41, 45(1), Sch. 8 para. 5; S.I. 2001/1187, art. 3(b), Sch. (as amended by S.I. 2001/1461, art. 2(2)) Words in s. 31(2) substituted (1.8.1998) by 1998 c. 8, s. 1(2)(a) (with s. 16(2)); S.I. 1998/1658, art. 2(1), Sch. 1 S. 32 wholly in force at 22.8.1996 with effect as mentioned in Sch. 2 Pt. II para. 7(7)(8) and S.I. 1996/3150, art. 2 Words in s. 32(1) substituted (1.8.1998) by 1998 c. 8, s. 1(2)(a) (with s. 16(2)); S.I. 1998/1658, art. 2(1), Sch. 1 S. 33: transfer of functions (6.5.1999) by S.I. 1999/901, arts. 4-8, Sch. Words in s. 33(1)(a) inserted (6.4.2005) by Employment Relations Act 2004 (c. 24), ss. 49(2), 59; S. I. 2005/872, art. 4, Sch. (with arts. 5-21) Words in s. 33(1)(2)(b)(c)(4) substituted (1.8.1998) by 1998 c. 8, s. 1(2)(a) (with s. 16(2)); S.I. 1998/1658, art. 2(1), Sch. 1 Words in s. 33(1)(b) inserted (6.4.2005) by Employment Relations Act 2004 (c. 24), ss. 49(3), 59; S. I. 2005/872, art. 4, Sch. (with arts. 5-21) Words in s. 33(2)(a) inserted (6.4.2005) by Employment Relations Act 2004 (c. 24), ss. 49(4), 59; S. I. 2005/872, art. 4, Sch. (with arts. 5-21) Words in s. 33(2)(b) inserted (6.4.2005) by Employment Relations Act 2004 (c. 24), ss. 49(5), 59; S. I. 2005/872, art. 4, Sch. (with arts. 5-21) Words in s. 33(2)(c) inserted (6.4.2005) by Employment Relations Act 2004 (c. 24), ss. 49(6), 59; S. I. 2005/872, art. 4, Sch. (with arts. 5-21) Words in s. 33(4) inserted (6.4.2005) by Employment Relations Act 2004 (c. 24), ss. 49(7)(a), 59; S. I. 2005/872, art. 4, Sch. (with arts. 5-21) Words in s. 33(4) substituted (6.4.2005) by Employment Relations Act 2004 (c. 24), ss. 49(7)(b), 59; S. I. 2005/872, art. 4, Sch. (with arts. 5-21) S. 34 substituted (9.7.2004) by 2002 c. 22, ss. 23, 55(2); S.I. 2004/1717, art. 2(1) S. 29A inserted (3.11.2008) by Tribunals, Courts and Enforcement Act 2007 (c. 15), s. 148, Sch. 8 para. 47; S.I. 2008/2696, art. 5(c)(i) (with art. 3) S. 36(1)-(3) omitted (31.12.2004) by virtue of Employment Relations Act 2004 (c. 24), ss. 57, 59(2)-(4), Sch. 1 para. 27; and the said s. 36(1)-(3) repealed (6.4.2005) by {Sch. 2} of the said Employment Relations Act 2004 (c. 24); S.I. 2004/3342, art. 4(b) (with arts. 5-12); S.I. 2005/872, art. 4, Sch (with arts. 5-21) 1960 c. 65. 1996 c. 14. Words in s. 39(2) substituted (1.8.1998) by 1998 c. 8, s. 1(2)(a) (with s. 16(2)); S.I. 1998/1658, art. 2(1), Sch. 1 Words in s. 40(1) inserted (1.12.2007) by Tribunals, Courts and Enforcement Act 2007 (c. 15), ss. 48(1), 148, Sch. 8 para. 38; S.I. 2007/2709, art. 4 S. 42(1): definition of "Certification Officer" inserted (6.4.2005) by Employment Relations Act 2004 (c. 24), ss. 49(8), 59; S. I. 2005/872, art. 4, Sch. (with arts. 5-21) Words in s. 48 substituted (1.8.1998) by 1998 c. 8, s. 1(2)(c) (with s. 16(2)); S.I. 1998/1658, art. 2(1), Sch. 1 Words in Sch. 1 para. 1 substituted (1.8.1998) by 1998 c. 8, s. 1(2)(a) (with s. 16(2)); S.I. 1998/1658, art. 2(1), Sch. 1 Words in Sch. 1 para. 2 substituted (1.8.1998) by 1998 c. 8, s. 1(2)(a) (with s. 16(2)); S.I. 1998/1658, art. 2(1), Sch. 1 Sch. 1 para. 3 repealed (1.10.2007) by Equality Act 2006 (c. 3), ss. 91, 93, Sch. 4 (with s. 92); S.I. 2007/2603, art. 2 (subject to art. 3) Words in Sch. 1 para. 4 substituted (1.8.1998) by 1998 c. 8, s. 1(2)(b)(c) (with s. 16(2)); S.I. 1998/1658, art. 2(1), Sch. 1 Sch. 1 para. 4(3) repealed (1.10.2007) by Equality Act 2006 (c. 3), ss. 91, 93, Sch. 4 (with s. 92); S.I. 2007/2603, art. 2 (subject to art. 3) Words in Sch. 1 para. 5 substituted (1.8.1998) by 1998 c. 8, s. 1(2)(a) (with s. 16(2)); S.I. 1998/1658, art. 2(1), Sch. 1 Words in Sch. 1 para. 6 substituted (1.8.1998) by 1998 c. 8, s. 1(2)(c) (with s. 16(2)); S.I. 1998/1658, art. 2(1), Sch. 1 Sch. 1 para. 7 repealed (29.11.1999) by 1998 c. 14, s. 86(2), Sch. 8; S.I 1999/3178, art. 2 and subject to transitional provisions in Schs. 21-23) Words in Sch. 1 para. 7 substituted (1.8.1998) by 1998 c. 8, s. 1(2)(c) (with s. 16(2)); S.I. 1998/1658, art. 2(1), Sch. 1 Words in Sch. 1 para. 8(a) substituted (1.8.1998) by 1998 c. 8, s. 1(2)(c) (with s. 16(2)); S.I. 1998/1658, art. 2(1), Sch. 1 Words in Sch. 1 para. 9(2)(3) substituted (1.8.1998) by 1998 c. 8, s. 1(2)(c) (with s. 16(2)); S.I. 1998/1658, art. 2(1), Sch. 1 Words in Sch. 1 para. 10 substituted (1.8.1998) by 1998 c. 8, s. 1(2)(b)(c) (with s. 16(2)); S.I. 1998/1658, art. 2(1), Sch. 1 Words in Sch. 1 para. 11 substituted (1.8.1998) by 1998 c. 8, s. 1(2)(b)(c) (with s. 16(2)); S.I. 1998/1658, art. 2(1), Sch. 1 Words in Sch. 1 para. 12(2)(3) substituted (1.8.1998) by 1998 c. 8, s. 1(2)(c) (with s. 16(2)); S.I. 1998/1658, art. 2(1), Sch. 1 1978 c. 30. Words in Sch. 2 para. 6 substituted (1.8.1998) by 1998 c. 8, s. 1(2)(b) (with s. 16(2)); S.I. 1998/1658, art. 2(1), Sch. 1 1993 c. 19. 1980 c. 9. The Industrial Tribunals Act 1996 may be cited as the Employment Tribunals Act 1996 (1.8.1998) by virtue of 1998 c. 8, s. 1(2) (with s. 16(2)); S.I. 1998/1658, art. 2(1), Sch. 1 S. 21(1)(v) and word inserted (27.7.2008) by The Cross-border Railway Services (Working Time) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1660), reg. 1(1), Sch. 3 para. 1(b)(ii) Word in s. 21(1)(t) omitted (27.7.2008) by virtue of The Cross-border Railway Services (Working Time) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/1660), reg. 1(1), Sch. 3 para. 1(b)(i) Words in s. 16(3)(a) substituted (18.3.2008 for specified purposes, 27.10.2008 in so far as not already in force) by Welfare Reform Act 2007 (c. 5), s. 70(2), Sch. 3 para. 15(2)(a); S.I. 2008/787, art. 2(1)(4)(f), Sch. Words in s. 16(3)(c) substituted (18.3.2008 for specified purposes, 27.10.2008 in so far as not already in force) by Welfare Reform Act 2007 (c. 5), s. 70(2), Sch. 3 para. 15(2)(a); S.I. 2008/787, art. 2(1)(4)(f), Sch. Words in s. 16(5)(cc) substituted (18.3.2008 for specified purposes, 27.10.2008 in so far as not already in force) by Welfare Reform Act 2007 (c. 5), s. 70(2), Sch. 3 para. 15(2)(a); S.I. 2008/787, art. 2(1)(4)(f), Sch. Words in s. 16(5)(e) substituted (18.3.2008 for specified purposes, 27.10.2008 in so far as not already in force) by Welfare Reform Act 2007 (c. 5), s. 70(2), Sch. 3 para. 15(2)(a); S.I. 2008/787, art. 2(1)(4)(f), Sch. Words in s. 16(3)(b) substituted (18.3.2008 for specified purposes, 27.10.2008 in so far as not already in force) by Welfare Reform Act 2007 (c. 5), s. 70(2), Sch. 3 para. 15(2)(b); S.I. 2008/787, art. 2(1)(4)(f), Sch. S. 16(4)(b) substituted (18.3.2008 for specified purposes, 27.10.2008 in so far as not already in force) by Welfare Reform Act 2007 (c. 5), s. 70(2), Sch. 3 para. 15(2)(c); S.I. 2008/787, art. 2(1)(4)(f), Sch. Words in s. 17(1) substituted (18.3.2008 for specified purposes, 27.10.2008 in so far as not already in force) by Welfare Reform Act 2007 (c. 5), s. 70(2), Sch. 3 para. 15(3); S.I. 2008/787, art. 2(1)(4)(f), Sch. S. 17(5) inserted (18.3.2008 for specified purposes, 27.10.2008 in so far as not already in force) by Welfare Reform Act 2007 (c. 5), s. 70(2), Sch. 3 para. 15(4); S.I. 2008/787, art. 2(1)(4)(f), Sch. Words in s. 16(5)(d) substituted (3.11.2008) by The Transfer of Tribunal Functions Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2833), art. 1(1), Sch. 3 para. 137 S. 26 repealed (3.11.2008) by Tribunals, Courts and Enforcement Act 2007 (c. 15), s. 148, Sch. 23 Pt. 1; S.I. 2008/2696, art. 5(i) (with art. 3) Word in s. 27(1)(b) repealed (3.11.2008) by Tribunals, Courts and Enforcement Act 2007 (c. 15), s. 148, Sch. 23 Pt. 1; S.I. 2008/2696, art. 5(i) (with art. 3) S. 27(1)(c) repealed (3.11.2008) by Tribunals, Courts and Enforcement Act 2007 (c. 15), s. 148, Sch. 23 Pt. 1; S.I. 2008/2696, art. 5(i) (with art. 3) Words in s. 27(1) repealed (3.11.2008) by Tribunals, Courts and Enforcement Act 2007 (c. 15), s. 148, Sch. 23 Pt. 1; S.I. 2008/2696, art. 5(i) (with art. 3) Word in s. 27(1)(a) inserted (3.11.2008) by Tribunals, Courts and Enforcement Act 2007 (c. 15), s. 148, Sch. 8 para. 45; S.I. 2008/2696, art. 5(c)(i) (with art. 3) Words in s. 30(3) inserted (3.11.2008) by Tribunals, Courts and Enforcement Act 2007 (c. 15), s. 148, Sch. 8 para. 48; S.I. 2008/2696, art. 5(c)(i) (with art. 3) S. 7A(A1) inserted (3.11.2008) by Tribunals, Courts and Enforcement Act 2007 (c. 15), s. 148, Sch. 8 para. 41(2); S.I. 2008/2696, art. 5(c)(i) (with art. 3) S. 7A(2A)-(2E) inserted (3.11.2008) by Tribunals, Courts and Enforcement Act 2007 (c. 15), s. 148, Sch. 8 para. 41(5); S.I. 2008/2696, art. 5(c)(i) (with art. 3) Word in s. 7A(3) inserted (3.11.2008) by Tribunals, Courts and Enforcement Act 2007 (c. 15), s. 148, Sch. 8 para. 41(6); S.I. 2008/2696, art. 5(c)(i) (with art. 3) Words in s. 15(1) substituted (1.4.2009) by Tribunals, Courts and Enforcement Act 2007 (c. 15), s. 148, Sch. 8 para. 43; S.I. 2008/2696, art. 6(b)(ii) S. 18(2A) repealed (6.4.2009) by Employment Act 2008 (c. 24), ss. 6(1), 22(1)(a), Sch. Pt. 1; S.I. 2008/3232, art. 2 (with art. 3, Sch.) S. 19(2) repealed (6.4.2009) by Employment Act 2008 (c. 24), ss. 6(2), 22(1)(a), Sch. Pt. 1; S.I. 2008/3232, art. 2 (with art. 3, Sch.) S. 2 modified (E.) (1.7.2009) by Ecclesiastical Offices (Terms of Service) Measure 2009 (No. 1), ss. 2(4), 13(2) (with s. 9); 2009 No. 1, Instrument made by Archbishops Words in s. 20(4) substituted (1.10.2009) by The European Public Limited-Liability Company (Employee Involvement) (Great Britain) Regulations 2009 (S.I. 2009/2401), regs. 1(2), 35(2)(a) (with regs. 4, 41) Words in s. 20(4) inserted (1.10.2009) by The European Public Limited-Liability Company (Employee Involvement) (Great Britain) Regulations 2009 (S.I. 2009/2401), regs. 1(2), 35(2)(b) (with regs. 4, 41) S. 21(1)(w) and word inserted (1.10.2009) by The European Public Limited-Liability Company (Employee Involvement) (Great Britain) Regulations 2009 (S.I. 2009/2401), regs. 1(2), 36 (with regs. 4, 41) S. 10(1)(c) and word inserted (2.3.2010) by The Employment Relations Act 1999 (Blacklists) Regulations 2010 (S.I. 2010/493), regs. 1(b), 17(2)(b) Word in s. 16(1)(c) omitted (2.3.2010) by virtue of The Employment Relations Act 1999 (Blacklists) Regulations 2010 (S.I. 2010/493), regs. 1(b), 17(3)(a) S. 16(1)(e) and word inserted (2.3.2010) by The Employment Relations Act 1999 (Blacklists) Regulations 2010 (S.I. 2010/493), regs. 1(b), 17(3)(b) S. 21(1)(x) and word inserted (2.3.2010) by The Employment Relations Act 1999 (Blacklists) Regulations 2010 (S.I. 2010/493), regs. 1(b), 17(5)(b) Word in s. 21(1)(v) omitted (2.3.2010) by virtue of The Employment Relations Act 1999 (Blacklists) Regulations 2010 (S.I. 2010/493), regs. 1(b), 17(5)(a) Words in s. 6(2) inserted (S.) (5.6.2010) by The Arbitration (Scotland) Act 2010 (Consequential Amendments) Order 2010 (S.S.I. 2010/220), art. 1, sch. para. 7(a) Word in s. 6(2) substituted (S.) (5.6.2010) by The Arbitration (Scotland) Act 2010 (Consequential Amendments) Order 2010 (S.S.I. 2010/220), art. 1, sch. para. 7(b) Act applied (with modifications) (1.10.2010) by The Employment and Support Allowance (Transitional Provisions, Housing Benefit and Council Tax Benefit) (Existing Awards) (No. 2) Regulations 2010 (S.I. 2010/1907), reg. 16(2)(c), Sch. 2 Act applied (with modifications) (1.10.2010) by The Employment and Support Allowance (Transitional Provisions, Housing Benefit and Council Tax Benefit) (Existing Awards) Regulations 2010 (S.I. 2010/875), regs. 1(2), 16, Sch. 2 (which amending S.I. was revoked (27.8.2010) by S.I. 2010/1906, reg. 2) Words in s. 12(1) substituted by Equality Act 2010 (c. 15), Sch. 26 Pt. 1 para. 30 (as inserted) (1.10.2010) by S.I. 2010/2279, art. 1(2), Sch. 1 para. 5 (see S.I. 2010/2317, art. 2) S. 21(1)(l) repealed by Equality Act 2010 (c. 15), Sch. 26 Pt. 1 para. 32(a), Sch. 27 Pt 1 (as amended) (1.10.2010) by S.I. 2010/2279, art. 1(2), Sch. 1 para. 5, Sch. 2 (see S.I. 2010/2317, art. 2) S. 21(1)(m) repealed by Equality Act 2010 (c. 15), Sch. 26 Pt. 1 para. 32(a), Sch. 27 Pt 1 (as amended) (1.10.2010) by S.I. 2010/2279, art. 1(2), Sch. 1 para. 5, Sch. 2 (see S.I. 2010/2317, art. 2) S. 21(1)(s) repealed by Equality Act 2010 (c. 15), Sch. 26 Pt. 1 para. 32(a), Sch. 27 Pt 1 (as amended) (1.10.2010) by S.I. 2010/2279, art. 1(2), Sch. 1 para. 5, Sch. 2 (see S.I. 2010/2317, art. 2) S. 21(1)(a)(b)(c) repealed by Equality Act 2010 (c. 15), Sch. 26 Pt. 1 para. 32(a), Sch. 27 Pt 1 (as amended) (1.10.2010) by S.I. 2010/2279, art. 1(2), Sch. 1 para. 5, Sch. 2 (see S.I. 2010/2317, art. 2) S. 21(1)(e) repealed by Equality Act 2010 (c. 15), Sch. 26 Pt. 1 para. 32(a), Sch. 27 Pt 1 (as amended) (1.10.2010) by S.I. 2010/2279, art. 1(2), Sch. 1 para. 5, Sch. 2 (see S.I. 2010/2317, art. 2) S. 21(1)(ge) inserted by Equality Act 2010 (c. 15), Sch. 26 Pt. 1 para. 32(b) (as amended) (1.10.2010) by S.I. 2010/2279, art. 1(2), Sch. 1 para. 5 (see S.I. 2010/2317, art. 2) Words in s. 5(2)(c) substituted by Equality Act 2010 (c. 15), Sch. 26 Pt. 1 para. 28 (as inserted (1.10.2010) by S.I. 2010/2279, art. 1(2), Sch. 1 para. 5 (see S.I. 2010/2317, art. 2)) Sch. 2 para. 7 repealed by Equality Act 2010 (c. 15), Sch. 27 Pt 1 (as amended) (1.10.2010) by S.I. 2010/2279, art. 1(2), Sch. 2 (see S.I. 2010/2317, art. 2) S. 21(1)(y) and word inserted (1.10.2011) by The Agency Workers Regulations 2010 (S.I. 2010/93), reg. 1(1), Sch. 2 para. 8(b)(ii) Word in s. 21(1)(w) omitted (1.10.2011) by virtue of The Agency Workers Regulations 2010 (S.I. 2010/93), reg. 1(1), Sch. 2 para. 8(b)(i) S. 21(1)(gd) inserted (30.6.2012) by Pensions Act 2008 (c. 30), ss. 59, 149(1); S.I. 2012/1682, art. 2, Sch. 2 Words in s. 25(4)(b) inserted (1.10.2012) by The Tribunals, Courts and Enforcement Act 2007 (Consequential Amendments) Order 2012 (S.I. 2012/2404), art. 1, Sch. 2 para. 35 (with art. 5) Words in s. 16(3)(a) inserted (29.4.2013) by The Universal Credit (Consequential, Supplementary, Incidental and Miscellaneous Provisions) Regulations 2013 (S.I. 2013/630), regs. 1(2), 11(2)(a) Words in s. 16(3)(b) inserted (29.4.2013) by The Universal Credit (Consequential, Supplementary, Incidental and Miscellaneous Provisions) Regulations 2013 (S.I. 2013/630), regs. 1(2), 11(2)(a) Words in s. 16(3)(c) inserted (29.4.2013) by The Universal Credit (Consequential, Supplementary, Incidental and Miscellaneous Provisions) Regulations 2013 (S.I. 2013/630), regs. 1(2), 11(2)(a) Words in s. 16(5)(cc) inserted (29.4.2013) by The Universal Credit (Consequential, Supplementary, Incidental and Miscellaneous Provisions) Regulations 2013 (S.I. 2013/630), regs. 1(2), 11(3) Words in s. 16(5)(e) inserted (29.4.2013) by The Universal Credit (Consequential, Supplementary, Incidental and Miscellaneous Provisions) Regulations 2013 (S.I. 2013/630), regs. 1(2), 11(2)(b) Words in s. 17(1) inserted (29.4.2013) by The Universal Credit (Consequential, Supplementary, Incidental and Miscellaneous Provisions) Regulations 2013 (S.I. 2013/630), regs. 1(2), 11(4) Words in s. 17(1)(b) inserted (29.4.2013) by The Universal Credit (Consequential, Supplementary, Incidental and Miscellaneous Provisions) Regulations 2013 (S.I. 2013/630), regs. 1(2), 11(4) S. 13A(4) inserted (25.4.2013 for specified purposes, 25.6.2016 in so far as not already in force) by Enterprise and Regulatory Reform Act 2013 (c. 24), ss. 21(3)(b), 103(1)(i)(2) Words in s. 13A(3) inserted (25.6.2013) by Enterprise and Regulatory Reform Act 2013 (c. 24), ss. 21(3)(a), 103(2) Words in s. 30(2)(f) substituted (25.6.2013) by Enterprise and Regulatory Reform Act 2013 (c. 24), ss. 12(3), 103(2) (with s. 24(2)) Words in s. 42(1) inserted (25.6.2013) by Enterprise and Regulatory Reform Act 2013 (c. 24), ss. 21(4), 103(2) Words in s. 9(2)(a) omitted (25.6.2013) by virtue of Enterprise and Regulatory Reform Act 2013 (c. 24), ss. 21(2)(a), 103(2) Words in s. 9(2)(a) inserted (25.6.2013) by Enterprise and Regulatory Reform Act 2013 (c. 24), ss. 21(2)(b), 103(2) Word in s. 19A heading substituted (29.7.2013) by Enterprise and Regulatory Reform Act 2013 (c. 24), ss. 23(2)(c), 103(3); S.I. 2013/1648, art. 2(c) Word in s. 19A(1) substituted (29.7.2013) by Enterprise and Regulatory Reform Act 2013 (c. 24), ss. 23(2)(a), 103(3); S.I. 2013/1648, art. 2(c) Word in s. 19A(3) substituted (29.7.2013) by Enterprise and Regulatory Reform Act 2013 (c. 24), ss. 23(2)(a), 103(3); S.I. 2013/1648, art. 2(c) Word in s. 19A(4) substituted (29.7.2013) by Enterprise and Regulatory Reform Act 2013 (c. 24), ss. 23(2)(a), 103(3); S.I. 2013/1648, art. 2(c) Word in s. 19A(5) substituted (29.7.2013) by Enterprise and Regulatory Reform Act 2013 (c. 24), ss. 23(2)(a), 103(3); S.I. 2013/1648, art. 2(c) Word in s. 19A(6) substituted (29.7.2013) by Enterprise and Regulatory Reform Act 2013 (c. 24), ss. 23(2)(a), 103(3); S.I. 2013/1648, art. 2(c) Word in s. 19A(12) substituted (29.7.2013) by Enterprise and Regulatory Reform Act 2013 (c. 24), ss. 23(2)(b)(i), 103(3); S.I. 2013/1648, art. 2(c) Words in s. 19A(12) omitted (29.7.2013) by virtue of Enterprise and Regulatory Reform Act 2013 (c. 24), ss. 23(2)(b)(ii), 103(3); S.I. 2013/1648, art. 2(c) Words in s. 10(4) substituted (1.10.2013) by Crime and Courts Act 2013 (c. 22), s. 61(3), Sch. 14 para. 13(3); S.I. 2013/2200, art. 3(g) S. 22(2A) inserted (1.10.2013) by Crime and Courts Act 2013 (c. 22), s. 61(3), Sch. 14 para. 11(3); S.I. 2013/2200, art. 3(g) Words in s. 22(1)(a) inserted (1.10.2013) by Crime and Courts Act 2013 (c. 22), s. 61(3), Sch. 14 para. 11(2); S.I. 2013/2200, art. 3(g) Words in s. 22(4) inserted (1.10.2013) by Crime and Courts Act 2013 (c. 22), s. 61(3), Sch. 14 para. 11(4); S.I. 2013/2200, art. 3(g) Words in s. 30(2B)(b) substituted (1.10.2013) by Crime and Courts Act 2013 (c. 22), s. 61(3), Sch. 14 para. 13(3); S.I. 2013/2200, art. 3(g) Words in s. 3A substituted (1.10.2013) by Crime and Courts Act 2013 (c. 22), s. 61(3), Sch. 14 para. 13(1); S.I. 2013/2200, art. 3(g) Words in s. 5A substituted (1.10.2013) by Crime and Courts Act 2013 (c. 22), s. 61(3), Sch. 14 para. 13(1); S.I. 2013/2200, art. 3(g) Words in s. 5B(4) substituted (1.10.2013) by Crime and Courts Act 2013 (c. 22), s. 61(3), Sch. 14 para. 13(1); S.I. 2013/2200, art. 3(g) S. 5D(3)(a)(vi) and word inserted (1.10.2013) by Crime and Courts Act 2013 (c. 22), s. 61(3), Sch. 14 para. 12(3)(c); S.I. 2013/2200, art. 3(g) Word in s. 5D(3)(a) omitted (1.10.2013) by virtue of Crime and Courts Act 2013 (c. 22), s. 61(3), Sch. 14 para. 12(3)(c); S.I. 2013/2200, art. 3(g) S. 5D(4)(b)(ia) inserted (1.10.2013) by Crime and Courts Act 2013 (c. 22), s. 61(3), Sch. 14 para. 12(6); S.I. 2013/2200, art. 3(g) S. 5D(4)(a)(vii) and word inserted (1.10.2013) by Crime and Courts Act 2013 (c. 22), s. 61(3), Sch. 14 para. 12(4); S.I. 2013/2200, art. 3(g) S. 5D(4)(b)(x)-(xvi) inserted (1.10.2013) by Crime and Courts Act 2013 (c. 22), s. 61(3), Sch. 14 para. 12(7); S.I. 2013/2200, art. 3(g) Words in s. 5D(2)(d)(ii) inserted (1.10.2013) by Crime and Courts Act 2013 (c. 22), s. 61(3), Sch. 14 para. 12(2); S.I. 2013/2200, art. 3(g) S. 5D(3)(a)(ia) inserted (1.10.2013) by Crime and Courts Act 2013 (c. 22), s. 61(3), Sch. 14 para. 12(3)(b); S.I. 2013/2200, art. 3(g) Words in s. 5D(3)(a)(i) inserted (1.10.2013) by Crime and Courts Act 2013 (c. 22), s. 61(3), Sch. 14 para. 12(3)(a); S.I. 2013/2200, art. 3(g) Word in s. 5D(4)(a)(v) omitted (1.10.2013) by virtue of Crime and Courts Act 2013 (c. 22), s. 61(3), Sch. 14 para. 12(4); S.I. 2013/2200, art. 3(g) Words in s. 5D(4)(b)(i) inserted (1.10.2013) by Crime and Courts Act 2013 (c. 22), s. 61(3), Sch. 14 para. 12(5); S.I. 2013/2200, art. 3(g) Word in s. 5D(4)(b)(viii) omitted (1.10.2013) by virtue of Crime and Courts Act 2013 (c. 22), s. 61(3), Sch. 14 para. 12(7); S.I. 2013/2200, art. 3(g) Words in s. 5D(2)(e) substituted (1.10.2013) by Crime and Courts Act 2013 (c. 22), s. 61(3), Sch. 14 para. 13(1); S.I. 2013/2200, art. 3(g) Words in s. 7B(6) substituted (1.10.2013) by Crime and Courts Act 2013 (c. 22), s. 61(3), Sch. 14 para. 13(1); S.I. 2013/2200, art. 3(g) Word in s. 21(1)(x) omitted (17.3.2014) by virtue of The Merchant Shipping (Maritime Labour Convention) (Hours of Work) (Amendment) Regulations 2014 (S.I. 2014/308), reg. 1(2), Sch. para. 1(3)(a) Word in s. 21(1)(y) inserted (17.3.2014) by The Merchant Shipping (Maritime Labour Convention) (Hours of Work) (Amendment) Regulations 2014 (S.I. 2014/308), reg. 1(2), Sch. para. 1(3)(b) Ss. 18A, 18B inserted (25.4.2013 for specified purposes, 6.4.2014 in so far as not already in force) by Enterprise and Regulatory Reform Act 2013 (c. 24), ss. 7(1), 103(1)(i)(3); S.I. 2014/253, art. 3(a)(b) (with arts. 4, 5) S. 12A and cross-heading inserted (25.4.2013 for specified purposes, 6.4.2014 in so far as not already in force) by Enterprise and Regulatory Reform Act 2013 (c. 24), ss. 16(1), 103(1)(i), (3); S.I. 2014/253, art. 3(e) Words in s 18(8) substituted for s. 18(8)(a)(b) (25.4.2013 for specified purposes, 6.4.2014 in so far as not already in force) by Enterprise and Regulatory Reform Act 2013 (c. 24), ss. 9(2), 103(1)(i)(3); S.I. 2014/253, art. 3(d) S. 18(9)(10) inserted (25.4.2013 for specified purposes, 6.4.2014 in so far as not already in force) by Enterprise and Regulatory Reform Act 2013 (c. 24), ss. 9(3), 103(1)(i)(3); S.I. 2014/253, art. 3(d) Words in s. 18 heading inserted (6.4.2014) by Enterprise and Regulatory Reform Act 2013 (c. 24), s. 103(3), Sch. 1 para. 5(2); S.I. 2014/253, art. 3(f) S. 18C inserted (6.4.2014) by Enterprise and Regulatory Reform Act 2013 (c. 24), s. 103(3), Sch. 1 para. 6; S.I. 2014/253, art. 3(f) S. 12A applied (with modifications) by 1992 c. 52, s. 138(2A) as inserted (6.4.2014) by Enterprise and Regulatory Reform Act 2013 (c. 24), s. 103(3), Sch. 3 para. 1 (with s. 24(5)); S.I. 2014/253, art. 3(h) S. 13 cross-heading inserted (6.4.2014) by Enterprise and Regulatory Reform Act 2013 (c. 24), s. 103(3), Sch. 3 para. 3 (with s. 24(5)); S.I. 2014/253, art. 3(h) Words in s. 15(1) substituted (6.4.2014) by Tribunals, Courts and Enforcement Act 2007 (c. 15), s. 148, Sch. 13 para. 125 (with s. 89); S.I. 2014/768, art. 2(1)(b) S. 18(2)-(5) omitted (6.4.2014) by virtue of Enterprise and Regulatory Reform Act 2013 (c. 24), s. 103(3), Sch. 1 para. 5(8); S.I. 2014/253, art. 3(f) (with art. 5(2)) S. 18(1A) inserted (6.4.2014) by Enterprise and Regulatory Reform Act 2013 (c. 24), s. 103(3), Sch. 1 para. 5(7); S.I. 2014/253, art. 3(f) Words in s. 18(1) substituted (6.4.2014) by Enterprise and Regulatory Reform Act 2013 (c. 24), s. 103(3), Sch. 1 para. 5(3); S.I. 2014/253, art. 3(f) Words in s. 18(6)(7) substituted (6.4.2014) by Enterprise and Regulatory Reform Act 2013 (c. 24), s. 103(3), Sch. 1 para. 5(9); S.I. 2014/253, art. 3(f) (with art. 5(1)) S. 18(1)(a)-(z2) substituted for s. 18(1)(a)-(y) (6.4.2014) by The Employment Tribunals Act 1996 (Application of Conciliation Provisions) Order 2014 (S.I. 2014/431), arts. 1, 2 Words in s. 19A(1)(a)(i) substituted (6.4.2014) by Enterprise and Regulatory Reform Act 2013 (c. 24), s. 103(3), Sch. 1 para. 7; S.I. 2014/253, art. 3(f) (with art. 5(1)) Words in s. 40(2) omitted (6.4.2014) by virtue of Enterprise and Regulatory Reform Act 2013 (c. 24), s. 103(3), Sch. 1 para. 8; S.I. 2014/253, art. 3(f) Word in s. 41(2) inserted (6.4.2014) by Enterprise and Regulatory Reform Act 2013 (c. 24), s. 103(3), Sch. 3 para. 4 (with s. 24(5), Sch. 3 para. 4(2)); S.I. 2014/253, art. 3(h) Words in s. 42(1) inserted (6.4.2014) by Enterprise and Regulatory Reform Act 2013 (c. 24), s. 103(3), Sch. 1 para. 9(a); S.I. 2014/253, art. 3(f) Words in s. 42(1) substituted (6.4.2014) by Enterprise and Regulatory Reform Act 2013 (c. 24), s. 103(3), Sch. 1 para. 9(b); S.I. 2014/253, art. 3(f) Words in s. 7B(5) substituted (6.4.2014) by Enterprise and Regulatory Reform Act 2013 (c. 24), s. 103(3), Sch. 1 para. 4; S.I. 2014/253, art. 3(f) Words in s. 13(1C) substituted (22.4.2014) by Crime and Courts Act 2013 (c. 22), s. 61(3), Sch. 9 para. 52; S.I. 2014/954, art. 2(c) (with art. 3) (with transitional provisions and savings in S.I. 2014/956, arts. 3-11) Words in s. 15(1) substituted (22.4.2014) by Crime and Courts Act 2013 (c. 22), s. 61(3), Sch. 9 para. 52; S.I. 2014/954, art. 2(c) (with art. 3) (with transitional provisions and savings in S.I. 2014/956, arts. 3-11) Words in s. 19A substituted (22.4.2014) by Crime and Courts Act 2013 (c. 22), s. 61(3), Sch. 9 para. 52; S.I. 2014/954, art. 2(c) (with art. 3) (with transitional provisions and savings in S.I. 2014/956, arts. 3-11) S. 13(3)(4) inserted (26.3.2015) by Small Business, Enterprise and Employment Act 2015 (c. 26), ss. 151(3), 164(2)(d) S. 13A(2A)(2B) inserted (26.3.2015) by Small Business, Enterprise and Employment Act 2015 (c. 26), ss. 151(4), 164(2)(d) S. 18(1)(z3) and word inserted (11.1.2016) by The Employment Tribunals Act 1996 (Application of Conciliation Provisions) Order 2015 (S.I. 2015/2054), arts. 1, 2(2)(b) Word in s. 18(1) omitted (11.1.2016) by virtue of The Employment Tribunals Act 1996 (Application of Conciliation Provisions) Order 2015 (S.I. 2015/2054), arts. 1, 2(2)(a) Pt. 2A inserted (6.4.2016) by Small Business, Enterprise and Employment Act 2015 (c. 26), ss. 150(2), 164(1) (with s. 150(8)); S.I. 2016/321, reg. 3(d) S. 12A(12A) inserted (6.4.2016) by Small Business, Enterprise and Employment Act 2015 (c. 26), ss. 150(3), 164(1) (with s. 150(8)); S.I. 2016/321, reg. 3(d) Words in s. 41(2) inserted (6.4.2016) by Small Business, Enterprise and Employment Act 2015 (c. 26), ss. 150(5)(b), 164(1) (with s. 150(8)); S.I. 2016/321, reg. 3(d) Words in s. 41(3)(b) substituted (6.4.2016) by Small Business, Enterprise and Employment Act 2015 (c. 26), ss. 150(5)(c), 164(1) (with s. 150(8)); S.I. 2016/321, reg. 3(d) Words in s. 42(1) inserted (6.4.2016) by Small Business, Enterprise and Employment Act 2015 (c. 26), ss. 150(6), 164(1) (with s. 150(8)); S.I. 2016/321, reg. 3(d) S. 18(1)(z4) and word inserted (18.6.2016) by The Posted Workers (Enforcement of Employment Rights) Regulations 2016 (S.I. 2016/539), regs. 1(1), 10(2)(b) Word in s. 18(1) omitted (18.6.2016) by virtue of The Posted Workers (Enforcement of Employment Rights) Regulations 2016 (S.I. 2016/539), regs. 1(1), 10(2)(a) Words in s. 20(4) substituted (15.12.2007) by The Companies (Cross-Border Mergers) Regulations 2007 (S.I. 2007/2974), reg. 58(2)(b) Words in s. 20(4) substituted (18.8.2006) by The European Cooperative Society (Involvement of Employees) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2059), reg. 37(2)(b) S. 12A applied (with modifications) by Trade Union and Labour Relations (Consolidation) Act 1992 (c. 52), ss. 138(2A), 201(3A) as inserted (6.4.2014) by 2013 c. 24, s. 103(3), Sch. 3 paras. 1, 5 (with s. 24(5)); S.I. 2014/253, art. 3(h) Ss. 37ZA-37ZC inserted (8.8.2016) by Criminal Justice and Courts Act 2015 (c. 2), ss. 65, 95(1); S.I. 2016/717, art. 3(b) (with art. 5) S. 18(1)(n) substituted (6.4.2018) by The Merchant Shipping (Maritime Labour Convention) (Hours of Work) Regulations 2018 (S.I. 2018/58), reg. 1, Sch. 2 para. 1(a) (with regs. 3, 4) S. 21(1)(z) substituted (6.4.2018) by The Merchant Shipping (Maritime Labour Convention) (Hours of Work) Regulations 2018 (S.I. 2018/58), reg. 1, Sch. 2 para. 1(b) (with regs. 3, 4) S. 10(1)(d) and word inserted (23.5.2018) by The Employment Rights Act 1996 (NHS Recruitment Protected Disclosure) Regulations 2018 (S.I. 2018/579), regs. 1(2), 10(2)(b) Word in s. 10(1)(b) omitted (23.5.2018) by virtue of The Employment Rights Act 1996 (NHS Recruitment Protected Disclosure) Regulations 2018 (S.I. 2018/579), regs. 1(2), 10(2)(a) S. 16(1)(f) and word inserted (23.5.2018) by The Employment Rights Act 1996 (NHS Recruitment Protected Disclosure) Regulations 2018 (S.I. 2018/579), regs. 1(2), 10(3)(b) Word in s. 16(1)(d) omitted (23.5.2018) by virtue of The Employment Rights Act 1996 (NHS Recruitment Protected Disclosure) Regulations 2018 (S.I. 2018/579), regs. 1(2), 10(3)(a) S. 18(1)(z5) and word inserted (23.5.2018) by The Employment Rights Act 1996 (NHS Recruitment Protected Disclosure) Regulations 2018 (S.I. 2018/579), regs. 1(2), 10(4)(b) Word in s. 18(1)(z3) omitted (23.5.2018) by virtue of The Employment Rights Act 1996 (NHS Recruitment Protected Disclosure) Regulations 2018 (S.I. 2018/579), regs. 1(2), 10(4)(a) S. 22(2A)(k)(l) inserted (20.2.2019) by Courts and Tribunals (Judiciary and Functions of Staff) Act 2018 (c. 33), ss. 1(5)(b), 4(2) Word in s. 22(2A)(i) omitted (20.2.2019) by virtue of Courts and Tribunals (Judiciary and Functions of Staff) Act 2018 (c. 33), ss. 1(5)(a), 4(2) Sum in s. 12A(3)(b) substituted (6.4.2019) by The Employment Rights (Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations 2019 (S.I. 2019/731), regs. 1(2), 2(2) (with reg. 3) Sum in s. 12A(5)(b) substituted (6.4.2019) by The Employment Rights (Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations 2019 (S.I. 2019/731), regs. 1(2), 2(3)(a) (with reg. 3) Sum in s. 12A(5)(b) substituted (6.4.2019) by The Employment Rights (Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations 2019 (S.I. 2019/731), regs. 1(2), 2(3)(b) (with reg. 3) Sum in s. 12A(7)(b)(i) substituted (6.4.2019) by The Employment Rights (Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations 2019 (S.I. 2019/731), regs. 1(2), 2(4) (with reg. 3) Word in s. 18(1) omitted (6.4.2020) by virtue of The Agency Workers (Amendment) Regulations 2019 (S.I. 2019/724), regs. 1(1), 8(4)(a) (with reg. 7) S. 18(1)(z6) and word inserted (6.4.2020) by The Agency Workers (Amendment) Regulations 2019 (S.I. 2019/724), regs. 1(1), 8(4)(b) (with reg. 7) Act modified (30.7.2020) by The Posted Workers (Agency Workers) Regulations 2020 (S.I. 2020/384), regs. 1(1), 4 (with reg. 5) S. 18(1)(v) omitted (31.12.2020) by virtue of The Companies, Limited Liability Partnerships and Partnerships (Amendment etc.) (EU Exit) Regulations 2019 (S.I. 2019/348), reg. 2, Sch. 3 para. 3; 2020 c. 1, Sch. 5 para. 1(1) S. 21(1)(u) omitted (31.12.2020) by virtue of The Companies, Limited Liability Partnerships and Partnerships (Amendment etc.) (EU Exit) Regulations 2019 (S.I. 2019/348), reg. 2, Sch. 3 para. 4; 2020 c. 1, Sch. 5 para. 1(1) Word in s. 25(2)(b) substituted (10.3.2022) by Public Service Pensions and Judicial Offices Act 2022 (c. 7), s. 131(1)(4)(a), Sch. 1 para. 28(a) (with Sch. 1 para. 43) S. 25(3) omitted (10.3.2022) by virtue of Public Service Pensions and Judicial Offices Act 2022 (c. 7), s. 131(1)(4)(a), Sch. 1 para. 28(b) (with Sch. 1 para. 43) Words in s. 5(1) inserted (10.3.2022 for specified purposes, 10.5.2022 in so far as not already in force) by Public Service Pensions and Judicial Offices Act 2022 (c. 7), s. 131(1)(4)(b)(ii), Sch. 2 para. 15 Words in s. 24(2) omitted (10.3.2022 for specified purposes, 1.10.2022 in so far as not already in force) by virtue of Public Service Pensions and Judicial Offices Act 2022 (c. 7), s. 131(1)(4)(c), Sch. 4 para. 9; S.I. 2022/1014, reg. 2(d) (with reg. 3) Word in s. 18(1)(z5) omitted (5.12.2022) by virtue of The Employment Tribunals Act 1996 (Application of Conciliation Provisions) Order 2022 (S.I. 2022/1181), arts. 1(2), 2(2)(a) S. 18(1)(z7) and word inserted (5.12.2022) by The Employment Tribunals Act 1996 (Application of Conciliation Provisions) Order 2022 (S.I. 2022/1181), arts. 1(2), 2(2)(b) S. 4 substituted (7.11.2023) by Judicial Review and Courts Act 2022 (c. 35), ss. 35(2), 51(4) (with s. 36); S.I. 2023/1194, reg. 2(b) (with reg. 3) Words in s. 5(1) substituted (7.11.2023) by Judicial Review and Courts Act 2022 (c. 35), ss. 38(a), 51(4); S.I. 2023/1194, reg. 2(d) Words in s. 5(2) substituted (7.11.2023) by Judicial Review and Courts Act 2022 (c. 35), ss. 38(a), 51(4); S.I. 2023/1194, reg. 2(d) Words in s. 5(3) substituted (7.11.2023) by Judicial Review and Courts Act 2022 (c. 35), ss. 38(a), 51(4); S.I. 2023/1194, reg. 2(d) Words in s.

7A(A1) inserted (7.11.2023) by Judicial Review and Courts Act 2022 (c. 35), s. 51(4), Sch. 5 para. 3(2); S.I. 2023/1194, reg. 2(f) S. 7A(1) substituted (7.11.2023) by Judicial Review and Courts Act 2022 (c. 35), s. 51(4), Sch. 5 para. 3(3); S.I. 2023/1194, reg. 2(f) S. 7A(2) omitted (7.11.2023) by virtue of Judicial Review and Courts Act 2022 (c. 35), s. 51(4), Sch. 5 para. 3(4); S.I. 2023/1194, reg. 2(f) Words in s. 7A(2A) substituted (7.11.2023) by Judicial Review and Courts Act 2022 (c. 35), s. 51(4), Sch. 5 para. 3(5); S.I. 2023/1194, reg. 2(f) Word in s. 7A(2C) substituted (7.11.2023) by Judicial Review and Courts Act 2022 (c. 35), s. 51(4), Sch. 5 para. 3(6); S.I. 2023/1194, reg. 2(f) Words in s. 27(1) substituted (7.11.2023) by Judicial Review and Courts Act 2022 (c. 35), ss. 38(b), 51(4); S.I. 2023/1194, reg. 2(d) Words in s. 27(3) substituted (7.11.2023) by Judicial Review and Courts Act 2022 (c. 35), ss. 38(b), 51(4); S.I. 2023/1194, reg. 2(d) Words in s. 27(4) substituted (7.11.2023) by Judicial Review and Courts Act 2022 (c. 35), ss. 38(b), 51(4); S.I. 2023/1194, reg. 2(d) S. 28 substituted (7.11.2023) by Judicial Review and Courts Act 2022 (c. 35), ss. 35(3), 51(4) (with s. 36); S.I. 2023/1194, reg. 2(b) (with reg. 3) Words in s. 29A(1) inserted (7.11.2023) by Judicial Review and Courts Act 2022 (c. 35), s. 51(4), Sch. 5 para. 18(a); S.I. 2023/1194, reg. 2(f) Words in s. 29A(5) inserted (7.11.2023) by Judicial Review and Courts Act 2022 (c. 35), s. 51(4), Sch. 5 para. 18(b); S.I. 2023/1194, reg. 2(f) S. 41(1A) inserted (7.11.2023) by Judicial Review and Courts Act 2022 (c. 35), s. 51(4), Sch. 5 para. 25(2); S.I. 2023/1194, reg. 2(f) S. 41(5) inserted (7.11.2023) by Judicial Review and Courts Act 2022 (c. 35), s. 51(4), Sch. 5 para. 25(4); S.I. 2023/1194, reg. 2(f) Words in s. 41(2) omitted (7.11.2023) by virtue of Judicial Review and Courts Act 2022 (c. 35), ss. 35(4)(a), 51(4) (with s. 36); S.I. 2023/1194, reg. 2(b) (with reg. 3) Words in s. 41(2) inserted (7.11.2023) by Judicial Review and Courts Act 2022 (c. 35), ss. 35(4)(b), 51(4) (with s. 36); S.I. 2023/1194, reg. 2(b) (with reg. 3) Words in s. 41(2) substituted (7.11.2023) by Judicial Review and Courts Act 2022 (c. 35), s. 51(4), Sch. 5 para. 25(3)(a); S.I. 2023/1194, reg. 2(f) Words in s. 41(2) substituted (7.11.2023) by Judicial Review and Courts Act 2022 (c. 35), s. 51(4), Sch. 5 para. 25(3)(b); S.I. 2023/1194, reg. 2(f) Words in s. 41(2) substituted (7.11.2023) by Judicial Review and Courts Act 2022 (c. 35), s. 51(4), Sch. 5 para. 25(3)(c); S.I. 2023/1194, reg. 2(f) Sch. A1 inserted (25.4.2024) by Judicial Review and Courts Act 2022 (c. 35), s. 51(4), Sch. 5 para. 1; S.I. 2024/568, reg. 2(b)(i) S. 37QA and cross-heading inserted (25.4.2024) by Judicial Review and Courts Act 2022 (c. 35), ss. 34(4), 51(4) (with s. 36); S.I. 2024/568, reg. 2(a) S. 37QB inserted (25.4.2024) by Judicial Review and Courts Act 2022 (c. 35), s. 51(4), Sch. 5 para. 24; S.I. 2024/568, reg. 2(b)(v) S. 9 heading substituted (25.4.2024) by Judicial Review and Courts Act 2022 (c. 35), s. 51(4), Sch. 5 para. 5(2); S.I. 2024/568, reg. 2(b)(ii) Words in Pt. 3 heading inserted (25.4.2024) by Judicial Review and Courts Act 2022 (c. 35), s. 51(4), Sch. 5 para. 23; S.I. 2024/568, reg. 2(b)(iv) S. 7 substituted (25.4.2024) by Judicial Review and Courts Act 2022 (c. 35), ss. 34(2), 51(4) (with s. 36); S.I. 2024/568, reg. 2(a) S. 7B(A1) inserted (25.4.2024) by Judicial Review and Courts Act 2022 (c. 35), s. 51(4), Sch. 5 para. 4(2); S.I. 2024/568, reg. 2(b)(ii) Words in s. 7B(1) substituted (25.4.2024) by Judicial Review and Courts Act 2022 (c. 35), s. 51(4), Sch. 5 para. 4(3); S.I. 2024/568, reg. 2(b)(ii) Word in s. 7B(2) substituted (25.4.2024) by Judicial Review and Courts Act 2022 (c. 35), s. 51(4), Sch. 5 para. 4(4)(a); S.I. 2024/568, reg. 2(b)(ii) Words in s. 7B(2) omitted (25.4.2024) by virtue of Judicial Review and Courts Act 2022 (c. 35), s. 51(4), Sch. 5 para. 4(4)(b); S.I. 2024/568, reg. 2(b)(ii) S. 9(2ZA) inserted (25.4.2024) by Judicial Review and Courts Act 2022 (c. 35), s. 51(4), Sch. 5 para. 5(5); S.I. 2024/568, reg. 2(b)(ii) S. 9(5) inserted (25.4.2024) by Judicial Review and Courts Act 2022 (c. 35), s. 51(4), Sch. 5 para. 5(9); S.I. 2024/568, reg. 2(b)(ii) S. 9(1) substituted (25.4.2024) by Judicial Review and Courts Act 2022 (c. 35), s. 51(4), Sch. 5 para. 5(3); S.I. 2024/568, reg. 2(b)(ii) S. 9(2A) substituted (25.4.2024) by Judicial Review and Courts Act 2022 (c. 35), s. 51(4), Sch. 5 para. 5(6); S.I. 2024/568, reg. 2(b)(ii) S. 9(4) omitted (25.4.2024) by virtue of Judicial Review and Courts Act 2022 (c. 35), s. 51(4), Sch. 5 para. 5(8); S.I. 2024/568, reg. 2(b)(ii) Words in s. 9(2)(a) substituted (25.4.2024) by Judicial Review and Courts Act 2022 (c. 35), s. 51(4), Sch. 5 para. 5(4)(b)(i); S.I. 2024/568, reg. 2(b)(ii) Words in s. 9(2)(a) omitted (25.4.2024) by virtue of Judicial Review and Courts Act 2022 (c. 35), s. 51(4), Sch. 5 para. 5(4)(b)(ii); S.I. 2024/568, reg. 2(b)(ii) Word in s. 9(2)(a) substituted (25.4.2024) by Judicial Review and Courts Act 2022 (c. 35), s. 51(4), Sch. 5 para. 5(4)(b)(iii); S.I. 2024/568, reg. 2(b)(ii) Words in s. 9(2)(a) omitted (25.4.2024) by virtue of Judicial Review and Courts Act 2022 (c. 35), s. 51(4), Sch. 5 para. 5(4)(b)(iv); S.I. 2024/568, reg. 2(b)(ii) Word in s. 9(2) substituted (25.4.2024) by Judicial Review and Courts Act 2022 (c. 35), s. 51(4), Sch. 5 para. 5(4)(a); S.I. 2024/568, reg. 2(b)(ii) Words in s. 9(3) substituted (25.4.2024) by Judicial Review and Courts Act 2022 (c. 35), s. 51(4), Sch. 5 para. 5(7)(a); S.I. 2024/568, reg. 2(b)(ii) Word in s. 9(3) substituted (25.4.2024) by Judicial Review and Courts Act 2022 (c. 35), s. 51(4), Sch. 5 para. 5(7)(b); S.I. 2024/568, reg. 2(b)(ii) S. 10(10) inserted (25.4.2024) by Judicial Review and Courts Act 2022 (c. 35), s. 51(4), Sch. 5 para. 6(4); S.I. 2024/568, reg. 2(b)(ii) Words in s. 10(6) omitted (25.4.2024) by virtue of Judicial Review and Courts Act 2022 (c. 35), s. 51(4), Sch. 5 para. 6(2); S.I. 2024/568, reg. 2(b)(ii) Words in s. 10(6) omitted (25.4.2024) by virtue of Judicial Review and Courts Act 2022 (c. 35), s. 51(4), Sch. 5 para. 6(3); S.I. 2024/568, reg. 2(b)(ii) Words in s. 10(5) omitted (25.4.2024) by virtue of Judicial Review and Courts Act 2022 (c. 35), s. 51(4), Sch. 5 para. 6(2); S.I. 2024/568, reg. 2(b)(ii) Words in s. 10(2) omitted (25.4.2024) by virtue of Judicial Review and Courts Act 2022 (c. 35), s. 51(4), Sch. 5 para. 6(2); S.I. 2024/568, reg. 2(b)(ii) Words in s. 10(7) omitted (25.4.2024) by virtue of Judicial Review and Courts Act 2022 (c. 35), s. 51(4), Sch. 5 para. 6(3); S.I. 2024/568, reg. 2(b)(ii) S. 10A omitted (25.4.2024) by virtue of Judicial Review and Courts Act 2022 (c. 35), s. 51(4), Sch. 5 para. 7; S.I. 2024/568, reg. 2(b)(ii) Words in s. 11(6) substituted (25.4.2024) by Judicial Review and Courts Act 2022 (c. 35), s. 51(4), Sch. 5 para. 8(b); S.I. 2024/568, reg. 2(b)(ii) Words in s. 11(1) substituted (25.4.2024) by Judicial Review and Courts Act 2022 (c. 35), s. 51(4), Sch. 5 para. 8(a); S.I. 2024/568, reg. 2(b)(ii) Words in s. 12(7) substituted (25.4.2024) by Judicial Review and Courts Act 2022 (c. 35), s. 51(4), Sch. 5 para. 9(b)(i); S.I. 2024/568, reg. 2(b)(ii) Words in s. 12(7) substituted (25.4.2024) by Judicial Review and Courts Act 2022 (c. 35), s. 51(4), Sch. 5 para. 9(b)(ii); S.I. 2024/568, reg. 2(b)(ii) Words in s. 12(2) substituted (25.4.2024) by Judicial Review and Courts Act 2022 (c. 35), s. 51(4), Sch. 5 para. 9(a); S.I. 2024/568, reg. 2(b)(ii) Words in s. 12A(9) inserted (25.4.2024) by Judicial Review and Courts Act 2022 (c. 35), s. 51(4), Sch. 5 para. 10; S.I. 2024/568, reg. 2(b)(ii) S. 13(1) substituted (25.4.2024) by Judicial Review and Courts Act 2022 (c. 35), s. 51(4), Sch. 5 para. 11(2); S.I. 2024/568, reg. 2(b)(ii) Words in s. 13(1C) substituted (25.4.2024) by Judicial Review and Courts Act 2022 (c. 35), s. 51(4), Sch. 5 para. 11(5); S.I. 2024/568, reg. 2(b)(ii) Words in s. 13(3) substituted (25.4.2024) by Judicial Review and Courts Act 2022 (c. 35), s. 51(4), Sch. 5 para. 11(7)(a); S.I. 2024/568, reg. 2(b)(ii) Word in s. 13(3) substituted (25.4.2024) by Judicial Review and Courts Act 2022 (c. 35), s. 51(4), Sch. 5 para. 11(7)(b); S.I. 2024/568, reg. 2(b)(ii) Words in s. 13(1A) substituted (25.4.2024) by Judicial Review and Courts Act 2022 (c. 35), s. 51(4), Sch. 5 para. 11(3)(a); S.I. 2024/568, reg. 2(b)(ii) Words in s. 13(1A) omitted (25.4.2024) by virtue of Judicial Review and Courts Act 2022 (c. 35), s. 51(4), Sch. 5 para. 11(3)(b); S.I. 2024/568, reg. 2(b)(ii) Words in s. 13(1B) substituted (25.4.2024) by Judicial Review and Courts Act 2022 (c. 35), s. 51(4), Sch. 5 para. 11(4); S.I. 2024/568, reg. 2(b)(ii) Words in s. 13(2) substituted (25.4.2024) by Judicial Review and Courts Act 2022 (c. 35), s. 51(4), Sch. 5 para. 11(6); S.I. 2024/568, reg. 2(b)(ii) Words in s. 13(4)(a) substituted (25.4.2024) by Judicial Review and Courts Act 2022 (c. 35), s. 51(4), Sch. 5 para. 11(8); S.I. 2024/568, reg. 2(b)(ii) Words in s. 13A(3) substituted (25.4.2024) by Judicial Review and Courts Act 2022 (c. 35), s. 51(4), Sch. 5 para. 12(6)(a); S.I. 2024/568, reg. 2(b)(ii) Words in s. 13A(4) substituted (25.4.2024) by Judicial Review and Courts Act 2022 (c. 35), s. 51(4), Sch. 5 para. 12(7)(a); S.I. 2024/568, reg. 2(b)(ii) Words in s. 13A(2A) substituted (25.4.2024) by Judicial Review and Courts Act 2022 (c. 35), s. 51(4), Sch. 5 para. 12(4)(a); S.I. 2024/568, reg. 2(b)(ii) Word in s. 13A(2A) substituted (25.4.2024) by Judicial Review and Courts Act 2022 (c. 35), s. 51(4), Sch. 5 para. 12(4)(b); S.I. 2024/568, reg. 2(b)(ii) Words in s. 13A(1) substituted (25.4.2024) by Judicial Review and Courts Act 2022 (c. 35), s. 51(4), Sch. 5 para. 12(2); S.I. 2024/568, reg. 2(b)(ii) Words in s. 13A(2) substituted (25.4.2024) by Judicial Review and Courts Act 2022 (c. 35), s. 51(4), Sch. 5 para. 12(3)(a); S.I. 2024/568, reg. 2(b)(ii) Words in s. 13A(2) substituted (25.4.2024) by Judicial Review and Courts Act 2022 (c. 35), s. 51(4), Sch. 5 para. 12(3)(b); S.I. 2024/568, reg. 2(b)(ii) Words in s. 13A(3)(b) substituted (25.4.2024) by Judicial Review and Courts Act 2022 (c. 35), s. 51(4), Sch. 5 para. 12(6)(b); S.I. 2024/568, reg. 2(b)(ii) Words in s. 13A(2B)(a) substituted (25.4.2024) by Judicial Review and Courts Act 2022 (c. 35), s. 51(4), Sch. 5 para. 12(5); S.I. 2024/568, reg. 2(b)(ii) Words in s. 13A(4)(b) substituted (25.4.2024) by Judicial Review and Courts Act 2022 (c. 35), s. 51(4), Sch. 5 para. 12(7)(b); S.I. 2024/568, reg. 2(b)(ii) Words in s. 15(1) substituted (25.4.2024) by Judicial Review and Courts Act 2022 (c. 35), s. 51(4), Sch. 5 para. 14(a); S.I. 2024/568, reg. 2(b)(iii) Words in s. 15(3)(a) inserted (25.4.2024) by Judicial Review and Courts Act 2022 (c. 35), s. 51(4), Sch. 5 para. 14(b); S.I. 2024/568, reg. 2(b)(iii) Words in s. 15(3)(b) inserted (25.4.2024) by Judicial Review and Courts Act 2022 (c. 35), s. 51(4), Sch. 5 para. 14(b); S.I. 2024/568, reg. 2(b)(iii) Words in s. 18A(10) substituted (25.4.2024) by Judicial Review and Courts Act 2022 (c. 35), s. 51(4), Sch. 5 para. 15(2); S.I. 2024/568, reg. 2(b)(iii) Words in s. 18A(11) omitted (25.4.2024) by virtue of Judicial Review and Courts Act 2022 (c. 35), s. 51(4), Sch. 5 para. 15(3); S.I. 2024/568, reg. 2(b)(iii) Words in s. 18A(12) substituted (25.4.2024) by Judicial Review and Courts Act 2022 (c. 35), s. 51(4), Sch. 5 para. 15(4)(a); S.I. 2024/568, reg. 2(b)(iii) Words in s. 18A(12)(a) substituted (25.4.2024) by Judicial Review and Courts Act 2022 (c. 35), s. 51(4), Sch. 5 para. 15(4)(b); S.I. 2024/568, reg. 2(b)(iii) Words in s. 19(1) substituted (25.4.2024) by Judicial Review and Courts Act 2022 (c. 35), s. 51(4), Sch. 5 para. 16; S.I. 2024/568, reg. 2(b)(iii) Words in s. 19A(9) substituted (25.4.2024) by Judicial Review and Courts Act 2022 (c. 35), s. 51(4), Sch. 5 para. 17; S.I. 2024/568, reg. 2(b)(iii) Words in s. 42(1) omitted (25.4.2024) by virtue of Judicial Review and Courts Act 2022 (c. 35), s. 51(4), Sch. 5 para. 26(a); S.I. 2024/568, reg. 2(b)(vi) Words in s. 42(1) inserted (25.4.2024) by Judicial Review and Courts Act 2022 (c. 35), s. 51(4), Sch. 5 para. 26(b); S.I. 2024/568, reg. 2(b)(vi) Word in s. 42(1) omitted (25.4.2024) by virtue of Judicial Review and Courts Act 2022 (c. 35), s. 51(4), Sch. 5 para. 26(c); S.I. 2024/568, reg. 2(b)(vi) Words in s. 42(1) inserted (25.4.2024) by Judicial Review and Courts Act 2022 (c. 35), s. 51(4), Sch. 5 para. 26(d); S.I. 2024/568, reg. 2(b)(vi) Words in s. 18(1)(b) inserted (31.7.2023 for specified purposes, 1.10.2024 in so far as not already in force) by Employment (Allocation of Tips) Act 2023 (c. 13), ss. 12(3)(b), 14(2); S.I. 2023/876, reg. 3(c); S.I. 2024/829, reg. 3(l) S. 16(7)-(12) inserted (6.1.2026) by Employment Rights Act 2025 (c. 36), s. 159(3), Sch. 2 para. 4(3); S.I. 2026/3, reg. 2(36)(a) S. 16(1)(da) inserted (6.1.2026) by Employment Rights Act 2025 (c. 36), s. 159(3), Sch. 2 para. 4(2); S.I. 2026/3, reg. 2(36)(a) Word in s. 18(1)(a) inserted (6.1.2026 for specified purposes) by Employment Rights Act 2025 (c. 36), ss. 65(11), 159(3); S.I. 2026/3, reg. 2(22) Words in s. 18(1)(a) substituted (18.2.2026) by Employment Rights Act 2025 (c. 36), ss. 76(4), 159(3); S.I. 2026/3, reg. 3(7) Word in s. 18(1)(c) omitted (7.4.2026) by virtue of Employment Rights Act 2025 (c. 36), s. 159(3), Sch. 10 para. 68(2) (with s. 147, Sch. 11); S.I. 2026/323, reg. 4(1)(55)(c) S. 19A(10A) omitted (7.4.2026) by virtue of Employment Rights Act 2025 (c. 36), s. 159(3), Sch. 10 para. 68(3) (with s. 147, Sch. 11); S.I. 2026/323, reg. 4(1)(55)(c) S. 21(1)(gf) inserted (7.4.2026) by Employment Rights Act 2025 (c. 36), s. 159(3), Sch. 10 para. 68(4) (with s. 147, Sch. 11); S.I. 2026/323, reg. 4(1)(55)(c) Words in s. 37D(6) substituted (7.4.2026) by Employment Rights Act 2025 (c. 36), s. 159(3), Sch. 10 para. 6 (with s. 147, Sch. 11); S.I. 2026/323, reg. 4(1)(55)(a) Words in s. 37E(1) substituted (7.4.2026) by Employment Rights Act 2025 (c. 36), s. 159(3), Sch. 10 para. 7(2) (with s. 147, Sch. 11); S.I. 2026/323, reg. 4(1)(55)(a) Words in s. 37E(2) substituted (7.4.2026) by Employment Rights Act 2025 (c. 36), s. 159(3), Sch. 10 para. 7(3)(a) (with s. 147, Sch. 11); S.I. 2026/323, reg. 4(1)(55)(a) Words in s. 37E(2) substituted (7.4.2026) by Employment Rights Act 2025 (c. 36), s. 159(3), Sch. 10 para. 7(3)(b) (with s. 147, Sch. 11); S.I. 2026/323, reg. 4(1)(55)(a) Words in s. 37E(3) substituted (7.4.2026) by Employment Rights Act 2025 (c. 36), s. 159(3), Sch. 10 para. 7(4) (with s. 147, Sch. 11); S.I. 2026/323, reg. 4(1)(55)(a) Words in s. 37F(1) substituted (7.4.2026) by Employment Rights Act 2025 (c. 36), s. 159(3), Sch. 10 para. 8(2) (with s. 147, Sch. 11); S.I. 2026/323, reg. 4(1)(55)(a) Words in s. 37F(2) substituted (7.4.2026) by Employment Rights Act 2025 (c. 36), s. 159(3), Sch. 10 para. 8(3) (with s. 147, Sch. 11); S.I. 2026/323, reg. 4(1)(55)(a) Words in s. 37G(3)(b) substituted (7.4.2026) by Employment Rights Act 2025 (c. 36), s. 159(3), Sch. 10 para. 9 (with s. 147, Sch. 11); S.I. 2026/323, reg. 4(1)(55)(a) Words in s. 37I(1)(b) substituted (7.4.2026) by Employment Rights Act 2025 (c. 36), s. 159(3), Sch. 10 para. 10(a) (with s. 147, Sch. 11); S.I. 2026/323, reg. 4(1)(55)(a) Words in s. 37I(1) substituted (7.4.2026) by Employment Rights Act 2025 (c. 36), s. 159(3), Sch. 10 para. 10(b) (with s. 147, Sch. 11); S.I. 2026/323, reg. 4(1)(55)(a) Words in s. 37J(1)(b) substituted (7.4.2026) by Employment Rights Act 2025 (c. 36), s. 159(3), Sch. 10 para. 11(a) (with s. 147, Sch. 11); S.I. 2026/323, reg. 4(1)(55)(a) Words in s. 37J(1) substituted (7.4.2026) by Employment Rights Act 2025 (c. 36), s. 159(3), Sch. 10 para. 11(b) (with s. 147, Sch. 11); S.I. 2026/323, reg. 4(1)(55)(a) Words in s. 37K(1) substituted (7.4.2026) by Employment Rights Act 2025 (c. 36), s. 159(3), Sch. 10 para. 12(a) (with s. 147, Sch. 11); S.I. 2026/323, reg. 4(1)(55)(a) Words in s. 37K(1) substituted (7.4.2026) by Employment Rights Act 2025 (c. 36), s. 159(3), Sch. 10 para. 12(b) (with s. 147, Sch. 11); S.I. 2026/323, reg. 4(1)(55)(a) S. 37M omitted (7.4.2026) by virtue of Employment Rights Act 2025 (c. 36), s. 159(3), Sch. 10 para. 13 (with s. 147, Sch. 11); S.I. 2026/323, reg. 4(1)(55)(a) Words in s. 37O(4)(a) substituted (7.4.2026) by Employment Rights Act 2025 (c. 36), s. 159(3), Sch. 10 para. 14 (with s. 147, Sch. 11); S.I. 2026/323, reg. 4(1)(55)(a) Words in s. 37P(1)(a) substituted (7.4.2026) by Employment Rights Act 2025 (c. 36), s. 159(3), Sch. 10 para. 15 (with s. 147, Sch. 11); S.I. 2026/323, reg. 4(1)(55)(a) Words in s. 37Q(1) omitted (7.4.2026) by virtue of Employment Rights Act 2025 (c. 36), s. 159(3), Sch. 10 para. 16 (with s. 147, Sch. 11); S.I. 2026/323, reg. 4(1)(55)(a)