AS Title 11, Chapter 71: Controlled Substances

Article 1. Offenses Relating to Controlled Substances. Chapter 71. Controlled Substances. Sec. 11.71.010. Misconduct involving a controlled substance in the first degree. (a) Except as authorized in AS 17.30 , a person commits the crime of misconduct involving a controlled substance in the first degree if the person (1) delivers any amount of a schedule IA controlled substance to a person under 19 years of age who is at least three years younger than the person delivering the substance; (2) delivers any amount of a schedule IIA or IIIA controlled substance to a person under 19 years of age who is at least three years younger than the person delivering the substance; (3) engages in a continuing criminal enterprise; or (4) delivers any amount of a schedule IA, IIA, IIIA, or IVA controlled substance to a person who is (A) mentally incapable; (B) incapacitated; or (C) unaware that a controlled substance is being delivered. (b) For purposes of this section, (1) a person is engaged in a “continuing criminal enterprise” if (A) the person commits a violation of this chapter which is punishable as a felony; and (B) that violation is a part of a continuing series of five or more violations of this chapter (i) which the person undertakes in concert with at least five other persons organized, supervised, or otherwise managed by the person; and (ii) from which the person obtains substantial income or resources; (2) “incapacitated” has the meaning given in AS 11.41.470 ; (3) “mentally incapable” has the meaning given in AS 11.41.470 . (c) Misconduct involving a controlled substance in the first degree is an unclassified felony and is punishable as provided in AS 12.55 . Sec. 11.71.020. Misconduct involving a controlled substance in the second degree. Sec. 11.71.021. Misconduct involving a controlled substance in the second degree. (a) Except as authorized in AS 17.30 , a person commits the crime of misconduct involving a controlled substance in the second degree if the person (1) manufactures or delivers any amount of a schedule IA controlled substance or possesses any amount of a schedule IA controlled substance with intent to manufacture or deliver; (2) manufactures or delivers any material, compound, mixture, or preparation that contains (A) methamphetamine, or its salts, isomers, or salts of isomers; or (B) an immediate precursor of methamphetamine, or its salts, isomers, or salts of isomers; (3) possesses an immediate precursor of methamphetamine, or the salts, isomers, or salts of isomers of the immediate precursor of methamphetamine, with the intent to manufacture any material, compound, mixture, or preparation that contains methamphetamine, or its salts, isomers, or salts of isomers; (4) possesses a listed chemical with intent to manufacture any material, compound, mixture, or preparation that contains (A) methamphetamine, or its salts, isomers, or salts of isomers; or (B) an immediate precursor of methamphetamine, or its salts, isomers, or salts of isomers; (5) possesses methamphetamine in an organic solution with intent to extract from it methamphetamine, or its salts, isomers, or salts of isomers; or (6) under circumstances not proscribed under AS 11.71.010 (a)(2), delivers (A) an immediate precursor of methamphetamine, or the salts, isomers, or salts of isomers of the immediate precursor of methamphetamine, to another person with reckless disregard that the precursor will be used to manufacture any material, compound, mixture, or preparation that contains methamphetamine, or its salts, isomers, or salts of isomers; or (B) a listed chemical to another person with reckless disregard that the listed chemical will be used to manufacture any material, compound, mixture, or preparation that contains (i) methamphetamine, or its salts, isomers, or salts of isomers; (ii) an immediate precursor of methamphetamine, or its salts, isomers, or salts of isomers; or (iii) methamphetamine, or its salts, isomers, or salts of isomers in an organic solution. (b) In a prosecution under (a) of this section, possession of more than nine grams of the listed chemicals ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, phenylpropanolamine, or the salts, isomers, or salts of isomers of those chemicals is prima facie evidence that the person intended to use the listed chemicals to manufacture, to aid or abet another person to manufacture, or to deliver to another person who intends to manufacture methamphetamine, its immediate precursors, or the salts, isomers, or salts of isomers of methamphetamine or its immediate precursors. The prima facie evidence described in this subsection does not apply to a person who possesses (1) the listed chemicals ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, phenylpropanolamine, or the salts, isomers, or salts of isomers of those chemicals (A) and the listed chemical was dispensed to the person under a valid prescription; or (B) in the ordinary course of a legitimate business, or an employee of a legitimate business, as a (i) retailer or as a wholesaler; (ii) wholesale drug distributor licensed by the Board of Pharmacy; (iii) manufacturer of drug products licensed by the Board of Pharmacy; (iv) pharmacist licensed by the Board of Pharmacy; or (v) health care professional licensed by the state; or (2) less than 24 grams of ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, phenylpropanolamine, or the salts, isomers, or salts of isomers of those chemicals, kept in a locked storage area on the premises of a legitimate business or nonprofit organization operating a camp, lodge, school, day care center, treatment center, or other organized group activity, and the location or nature of the activity, or the age of the participants, makes it impractical for the participants in the activity to obtain medicinal products. (c) In this section, “listed chemical” means a chemical described under AS 11.71.200 . (d) Misconduct involving a controlled substance in the second degree is a class A felony. Sec. 11.71.030. Misconduct involving a controlled substance in the third degree. (a) Except as authorized in AS 17.30 , a person commits the crime of misconduct involving a controlled substance in the third degree if the person (1) [Repealed, § 138 ch 4 FSSLA 2019.] (2) delivers any amount of a schedule IVA, VA, or VIA controlled substance to a person under 19 years of age who is at least three years younger than the person delivering the substance; (3) possesses any amount of a schedule IA or IIA controlled substance (A) with reckless disregard that the possession occurs (i) on or within 500 feet of school grounds; or (ii) at or within 500 feet of a recreation or youth center; or (B) on a school bus; (4) [Repealed, § 138 ch 4 FSSLA 2019.] (5) [Repealed, § 138 ch 4 FSSLA 2019.] (6) [Repealed, § 138 ch 4 FSSLA 2019.] (7) [Repealed, § 138 ch 4 FSSLA 2019.] (8) [Repealed, § 138 ch 4 FSSLA 2019.] (9) under circumstances not proscribed under AS 11.71.021 (a)(2) — (6), manufactures or delivers any amount of a schedule IIA or IIIA controlled substance or possesses any amount of a schedule IIA or IIIA controlled substance with intent to manufacture or deliver. (b) It is an affirmative defense to a prosecution under (a)(3)(A) of this section that the prohibited conduct took place entirely within a private residence located within 500 feet of the school grounds or recreation or youth center, and that the prohibited conduct did not involve distributing, dispensing, or possessing with the intent to distribute or dispense a controlled substance for profit. Nothing in this subsection precludes a prosecution under any other provision of this section or any other section of this chapter. (c) [Repealed, § 138 ch 4 FSSLA 2019.] (d) Misconduct involving a controlled substance in the third degree is a class B felony. (e) [Repealed, § 138 ch 4 FSSLA 2019.] Sec. 11.71.040. Misconduct involving a controlled substance in the fourth degree. (a) Except as authorized in AS 17.30 and AS 17.38 , a person commits the crime of misconduct involving a controlled substance in the fourth degree if the person (1) manufactures or delivers any amount of a schedule IVA or VA controlled substance or possesses any amount of a schedule IVA or VA controlled substance with intent to manufacture or deliver; (2) manufactures or delivers, or possesses with the intent to manufacture or deliver, one or more preparations, compounds, mixtures, or substances of an aggregate weight of one ounce or more containing a schedule VIA controlled substance; (3) possesses any amount of a schedule IA controlled substance listed in AS 11.71.140 (e); (4) possesses a schedule IIIA, IVA, VA, or VIA controlled substance (A) with reckless disregard that the possession occurs (i) on or within 500 feet of school grounds; or (ii) at or within 500 feet of a recreation or youth center; or (B) on a school bus; (5) knowingly keeps or maintains any store, shop, warehouse, dwelling, building, vehicle, boat, aircraft, or other structure or place that is used for keeping or distributing controlled substances in violation of a felony offense under this chapter or AS 17.30 ; (6) makes, delivers, or possesses a punch, die, plate, stone, or other thing that prints, imprints, or reproduces a trademark, trade name, or other identifying mark, imprint, or device of another or any likeness of any of these on a drug, drug container, or labeling so as to render the drug a counterfeit substance; (7) knowingly uses in the course of the manufacture or distribution of a controlled substance a registration number that is fictitious, revoked, suspended, or issued to another person; (8) knowingly furnishes false or fraudulent information in or omits material information from any application, report, record, or other document required to be kept or filed under AS 17.30 ; (9) obtains possession of a controlled substance by misrepresentation, fraud, forgery, deception, or subterfuge; (10) affixes a false or forged label to a package or other container containing any controlled substance; (11) [Repealed, § 138 ch 4 FSSLA 2019.] (12) violates AS 11.71.050 (a)(4) and, within the preceding 10 years, has been previously convicted of a crime under AS 11.71.050 (a)(4), or a law or ordinance in this or another jurisdiction with elements similar to AS 11.71.050 (a)(4). (b) It is an affirmative defense to a prosecution under (a)(4)(A) of this section that the prohibited conduct took place entirely within a private residence located within 500 feet of the school grounds or recreation or youth center. Nothing in this subsection precludes a prosecution under any other provision of this section or any other section of this chapter. (c) Nothing in (a)(5) or (6) of this section precludes a prosecution or civil proceeding brought under any other provision of this section or any other section of this chapter or under AS 17 . (d) Misconduct involving a controlled substance in the fourth degree is a class C felony. Sec. 11.71.050. Misconduct involving a controlled substance in the fifth degree. (a) Except as authorized in AS 17.30 and AS 17.38 , a person commits the crime of misconduct involving a controlled substance in the fifth degree if the person (1) manufactures or delivers, or possesses with the intent to manufacture or deliver, one or more preparations, compounds, mixtures, or substances of an aggregate weight of less than one ounce containing a schedule VIA controlled substance; (2) [Repealed, § 179 ch 36 SLA 2016.] (3) fails to make, keep, or furnish any record, notification, order form, statement, invoice, or information required under AS 17.30 ; (4) under circumstances not proscribed under AS 11.71.030 (a)(3), 11.71.040(a)(3), or 11.71.040(a)(4) possesses any amount of a schedule IA, IIA, IIIA, IVA, or VA controlled substance; or (5) under circumstances not proscribed under AS 11.71.040 (a)(4), possesses one or more preparations, compounds, mixtures, or substances of an aggregate weight of one ounce or more containing a schedule VIA controlled substance. (b) Misconduct involving a controlled substance in the fifth degree is a class A misdemeanor. Sec. 11.71.060. Misconduct involving a controlled substance in the sixth degree. (a) Except as authorized in AS 17.30 or AS 17.38 , a person commits the crime of misconduct involving a controlled substance in the sixth degree if the person (1) uses or displays any amount of a schedule VIA controlled substance; (2) possesses one or more preparations, compounds, mixtures, or substances of an aggregate weight of (A) less than one ounce containing a schedule VIA controlled substance; (B) [Repealed, § 138 ch 4 FSSLA 2019.] (3) refuses entry into a premise for an inspection authorized under AS 17.30 . (b) Misconduct involving a controlled substance in the sixth degree is a class B misdemeanor. Sec. 11.71.070. Misconduct involving a controlled substance in the seventh degree. [Repealed effective March 3, 1991, 1990 Initiative Proposal No. 2, § 2.] Sec. 11.71.080. Aggregate weight of live marijuana plants. For purposes of calculating the aggregate weight of a live marijuana plant, the aggregate weight shall be one-sixth of the measured weight of the marijuana plant after the roots of the marijuana plant have been removed. Sec. 11.71.090. Affirmative defense to a prosecution under AS 11.71.030 — 11.71.060; medical use of marijuana. (a) In a prosecution under AS 11.71.030 — 11.71.060 charging the manufacture, delivery, possession, possession with intent to manufacture or deliver, use, or display of a schedule VIA controlled substance, it is an affirmative defense that the defendant is a patient, or the primary caregiver or alternate caregiver for a patient, and (1) at the time of the manufacture, delivery, possession, possession with intent to manufacture or deliver, use, or display, the patient was registered under AS 17.37 ; (2) the manufacture, delivery, possession, possession with intent to manufacture, deliver, use, or display complied with the requirements of AS 17.37 ; and (3) if the defendant is the (A) primary caregiver of the patient, the defendant was in physical possession of the caregiver registry identification card at the time of the manufacture, delivery, possession, possession with intent to manufacture or deliver, use, or display; or (B) alternate caregiver of the patient, the defendant was in physical possession of the caregiver registry identification card at the time of the manufacture, delivery, possession, possession with intent to manufacture or deliver, use, or display. (b) In this section, (1) “alternate caregiver” has the meaning given in AS 17.37.070 ; (2) “patient” has the meaning given in AS 17.37.070 ; (3) “primary caregiver” has the meaning given in AS 17.37.070 . Article 2. Standards and Schedules. Sec. 11.71.100. Controlled Substances Advisory Committee. (a) The Controlled Substances Advisory Committee is established in the Department of Law. The committee consists of (1) the attorney general or the attorney general's designee; (2) the commissioner of family and community services or the commissioner's designee; (3) the commissioner of public safety or the commissioner's designee; (4) the president of the Board of Pharmacy or the designee of the president who shall also be a member of the Board of Pharmacy; (5) a peace officer appointed by the governor after consultation with the Alaska Association of Chiefs of Police; (6) a physician appointed by the governor; (7) a psychiatrist appointed by the governor; and (8) two individuals appointed by the governor. (b) Members of the committee appointed under (a)(5) — (a)(8) of this section serve terms of four years. A member of the committee receives no salary but is entitled to per diem and travel expenses authorized by law for boards and commissions under AS 39.20.180 . (c) The president of the Board of Pharmacy or the president's designee is the chair of the committee. (d) The committee meets at the call of the chair of the committee. (e) The committee shall meet at least twice a year. (f) Five members of the committee constitute a quorum, except that a smaller number may adjourn a meeting in the absence of a quorum. A quorum being present, a majority vote of the total membership is required to take official action. Sec. 11.71.110. Duties of committee. The committee shall (1) advise the governor of the need to add, delete, or reschedule substances in the schedules in AS 11.71.140 — 11.71.190; (2) recommend regulations for adoption by the Board of Pharmacy to prevent excessive prescription of controlled substances and the diversion of prescription drugs into illicit channels; (3) evaluate the effectiveness of programs in the state providing treatment and counseling for persons who abuse controlled substances; (4) recommend programs to the Alaska Court System to be instituted as alternatives to the prosecution or imprisonment of offenders who have no prior criminal record involving controlled substance offenses and who are charged with crimes involving controlled substances; (5) review and evaluate enforcement policies and practices of the Department of Public Safety and the Department of Law with regard to crimes involving controlled substances, and recommend modifications of those policies and practices consistent with the committee's assessment of the probable danger of particular controlled substances; (6) review budget requests and recommend amounts for appropriations to the governor and the legislature for departments and agencies responsible for (A) enforcing criminal laws pertaining to controlled substances; (B) providing treatment and counseling of persons who abuse controlled substances; and (C) regulating the legitimate handling of controlled substances; and (7) advise the attorney general of the need to schedule substances by emergency regulation. Sec. 11.71.120. Authority to schedule controlled substances. (a) If, after considering the factors set out in (c) of this section, the committee decides to recommend that a substance should be added to, deleted from, or rescheduled in a schedule of controlled substances under AS 11.71.140 — 11.71.190, the governor shall introduce legislation in accordance with the recommendation of the committee. (b) If a substance is added as a controlled substance under federal law, the governor shall introduce legislation in accordance with the federal law. (c) In advising the governor of the need to add, delete, or reschedule a substance under AS 11.71.110 (1), the committee shall assess the danger or probable danger of the substance after considering the following: (1) the actual or probable abuse of the substance including (A) the history and current pattern of abuse both in this state and in other states; (B) the scope, duration, and significance of abuse; (C) the degree of actual or probable detriment which may result from abuse of the substance; (D) the probable physical and social impact of widespread abuse of the substance; (2) the biomedical hazard of the substance including (A) its pharmacology, in the effects and modifiers of the effects of the substance; (B) its toxicology, the acute and chronic toxicity, interaction with other substances, whether controlled or not, and the degree to which it may cause psychological or physiological dependence; (C) the risk to public health and the particular susceptibility of segments of the population; (3) whether the substance is an immediate precursor of a substance already controlled under this chapter; (4) the current state of scientific knowledge regarding the substance, including whether there is any acceptable means to safely use the substance under medical supervision; (5) the relationship between the use of the substance and other criminal activity, including (A) whether persons engaged in illicit trafficking of the substance are also engaged in other criminal activity; (B) whether the nature and relative profitability of manufacturing or delivering the substance encourages illicit trafficking in the substance; (C) whether the commission of other crimes is one of the effects of abuse of the substance; (D) whether addiction to the substance relates to the commission of crimes to support the continued use of the substance. (d) [Repealed, § 40 ch 6 SLA 1984.] (e) The committee has no authority over tobacco or alcoholic beverages as defined in AS 04.21.080 . Sec. 11.71.125. Emergency substance scheduling. (a) The attorney general may, by regulation, schedule a substance under this chapter regardless of whether the substance is substantially similar to a controlled substance listed in AS 11.71.140 — 11.71.180, if the attorney general finds that scheduling the substance on an emergency basis is necessary to avoid an immediate hazard to public safety. (b) In determining whether to schedule a substance on an emergency basis, or repeal an emergency regulation that scheduled a substance, the attorney general shall (1) assess the degree of danger or probable danger of the substance by considering the (A) actual or probable abuse of the substance including the (i) history and current pattern of abuse; (ii) scope, duration, and significance of abuse of the substance; and (iii) degree of actual or possible detriment that may result from abuse of the substance; and (B) risk to public health; (2) consider whether the substance has been scheduled on a temporary basis under federal law and may consider clandestine importation, manufacture, or distribution of the substance; (3) consult with the Controlled Substances Advisory Committee established under AS 11.71.100 ; and (4) consult with the chief medical officer in the Department of Health. (c) The attorney general may schedule a substance by emergency regulation under this section only if the substance is currently listed on a federal controlled substance schedule. (d) The attorney general shall clearly indicate in an emergency regulation that schedules a substance the appropriate schedule under this chapter that applies to the substance. (e) The attorney general shall post a notice on the Alaska Online Public Notice System ( AS 44.62.175 ) 60 days before the effective date of an emergency regulation that schedules a substance. The notice must include (1) a summary of the attorney general's findings under (b) of this section; and (2) the finding required for an emergency regulation under AS 44.62.250 (b). (f) The attorney general may not adopt an emergency regulation under this section that schedules an alcoholic beverage as defined in AS 04.21.080 , marijuana as defined in AS 17.38.900 , or tobacco. (g) An emergency regulation adopted under this section is subject to the requirements in AS 44.62.260 (c). Sec. 11.71.140. Schedule IA. (a) A substance shall be placed in schedule IA if it is found under AS 11.71.120 (c) to have the highest degree of danger or probable danger to a person or the public. (b) Schedule IA includes, unless specifically excepted or listed in another schedule, any of the following substances whether produced directly or indirectly by extraction from substances of vegetable origin, or independently by means of chemical synthesis, or by a combination of extraction and chemical synthesis: (1) opium and opiate, and any salt, compound, derivative, or preparation of opium or opiate, excluding apomorphine, dextrorphan, nalbuphine, nalmefene, naloxone, and naltrexone, and their respective salts, but including the following: (A) raw opium; (B) opium extracts; (C) opium fluid extracts; (D) powdered opium; (E) granulated opium; (F) tincture of opium; (G) codeine; (H) ethylmorphine; (I) etorphine hydrochloride; (J) hydrocodone; (K) hydromorphone; (L) metopon; (M) morphine; (N) oxycodone; (O) oxymorphone; (P) thebaine; (2) any salt, compound, derivative, or preparation of a substance included in (b)(1) of this section which is chemically equivalent or identical to any of the substances referred to in (b)(1) of this section; however, these substances do not include the isoquinoline alkaloids of opium; (3) opium poppy and poppy straw; (4) concentrate of poppy straw which is the crude extract of poppy straw in either liquid, solid, or powder form which contains the phennanthrine alkaloids of the opium poppy. (5) [Repealed, § 4 ch 57 SLA 2012.] (c) Schedule IA includes, unless specifically excepted or unless listed in another schedule, any of the following opiates, including their isomers, esters, ethers, salts, and salts of isomers, esters, and ethers, whenever the existence of these isomers, esters, ethers, and salts is possible within the specific chemical designation, dextrorphan excepted: (1) acetylmethadol; (2) allylprodine; (3) alphacetylmethadol; (4) alphameprodine; (5) alphamethadol; (6) alphaprodine; (7) anileridine; (8) benzethidine; (9) betacetylmethadol; (10) betameprodine; (11) betamethadol; (12) betaprodine; (13) bezitramide; (14) clonitazene; (15) dextromoramide; (16) diampromide; (17) diethylthiambutene; (18) difenoxin; (19) dihydrocodeine; (20) dimenoxadol; (21) dimepheptanol; (22) dimethylthiambutene; (23) dioxaphetyl butyrate; (24) diphenoxylate; (25) dipipanone; (26) ethylmethythiamutene; (27) etonitazene; (28) etoxeridine; (29) fentanyl; (30) furethidine; (31) hydroxpethidine; (32) isomethadone; (33) ketobemidone; (34) levomethorphan; (35) levomoramide; (36) levorphanol; (37) levophenacylmorphan; (38) meperidine, also known as pethidine; (39) metazocine; (40) methadone; (41) methadone-intermediate, 4-cyano-2-dimethylamino-4, 4-diphenyl butane; (42) moramide-intermediate, 2-methyl-3-morpholino-1, 1-diphenyl-propane-carboxylic acid; (43) morpheridine; (44) noracymethadol; (45) norlevorphanol; (46) normethadone; (47) norpipanone; (48) pethidine, also known as merperidine; (49) pethidine-intermediate-A, 4-cyano-1-methyl-4-phenylpiperidine; (50) pethidine-intermediate-B, ethyl-4-phenylpiperidine-4-carbox-ylate; (51) pethidine-intermediate-C, 1-methyl-4-phenylpiperidine-4-carboxylic acid; (52) phenadoxone; (53) phenampromide; (54) phenazocine; (55) phenomorphan; (56) phenoperidine; (57) piminodine; (58) piritramide; (59) propheptazine; (60) properidine; (61) propiram; (62) racemethorphan; (63) racemoramide; (64) racemorphan; (65) trimeperidine; (66) alfentanil; (67) alpha-methylfentanyl (N-[1-(alpha-methyl-beta-phenyl)-ethyl-4-piperidyl] propionanilide; 1-(1-methyl-2-phenylethyl)-4(N-propanilido) piperidine); (68) bulk dextropropoxyphene (non-dosage form); (69) carfentanil; (70) sufentanil; (71) tilidine; (72) para-fluorofentanyl (N-(4-fluorophenyl)-N-[1-(2-phenethyl)-4-piperidinyl] propanamide); (73) 3-methylfentanyl (N-[3-methyl-1-(2-phenylethyl)-4-piperidyl]-N-phenylpropanamide); (74) acetyl-alpha-methylfentanyl (N-[1-(1-methyl-2-phenetnyl)-4-piperidinyl]-N-phenylacetamide); (75) alpha-methylthiofentanyl (N-[1-methyl-2-(2-thienyl) ethyl-4-piperidinyl]-N-phenylpropanamide); (76) beta-hydroxyfentanyl (N-[1-(2-hydroxy-2-phenethyl)-4-piperidinyl]-N-phenylpropan amide); (77) beta-hydroxy-3-methylfentanyl (N-[1-(2-hydroxy-2-phenethyl)-3-methyl-4-piperidinyl]-N-phenylpropanamide); (78) 3-methylthiofentanyl (N-[(3-methyl-l-(2-thienyl)ethyl-4-piperidinyl]-N-phenylpropanamide); (79) thiofentanyl (N-phenyl-N-[1-(2-thienyl)ethyl-4-piperidinyl]-propanamide); (80) MPPP (1-methyl-4-phenyl-4-propionoxypiperidine); (81) PEPAP (1-(-2-pheynethyl)-4-phenyl-4-acetoxypiperidine) ; (82) 3,4-dichloro-N-[2-(dimethylamino)cyclohexyl]-N-methylbenzamide, also known as U-47700. (d) Schedule IA includes, unless specifically excepted or unless listed in another schedule, any of the following opium derivatives, their salts, isomers, and salts of isomers whenever the existence of these salts, isomers, and salts of isomers is possible within the specific chemical designation: (1) acetorphine; (2) acetyldihydrocodeine; (3) benzylmorphine; (4) codeine methylbromide; (5) codeine-n-oxide; (6) cyprenorphine; (7) desomorphine; (8) dihydromorphine; (9) drotebanol; (10) etorphine, except hydrochloride salt; (11) heroin; (12) hydromorphinol; (13) methyldesorphine; (14) methyldihydromorphine; (15) morphine methylbromide; (16) morphine methylsulfonate; (17) morphine-n-oxide; (18) myrophine; (19) nicocodeine; (20) nicomorphine; (21) normorphine; (22) pholcodine; (23) thebacon. (e) Schedule IA includes, unless specifically excepted or unless listed in another schedule, any material, compound, mixture, or preparation which contains any quantity of the following substances, or which contains any of its salts, isomers, whether optical, position, or geometric, or salts of isomers whenever the existence of those salts, isomers, or salts of isomers is possible within the specific chemical designation: (1) gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) (some other names include gamma-hydroxybutyrate; 4-hydroxybutyrate; 4-hydroxybutanoic acid; sodium oxybate; sodium oxybutyrate); (2) when intended or used for human consumption: (A) gamma butyrolactone (GBL); (B) 1,4 butanediol (BD); (C) gamma hydroxyvalerate (GHV); (D) gamma-valerolactone 4-pentanolide (GVL). Sec. 11.71.150. Schedule IIA. (a) A substance shall be placed in schedule IIA if it is found under AS 11.71.120 (c) to have a degree of danger or probable danger to a person or the public which is less than substances listed in schedule IA, but higher than substances listed in schedule IIIA. (b) Schedule IIA includes, unless specifically excepted or unless listed in another schedule, any material, compound, mixture, or preparation which contains any quantity of the following hallucinogenic substances, or which contains any of its salts, isomers, whether optical, position, or geometric, or salts of isomers whenever the existence of these salts, isomers, or salts of isomers is possible within the specific chemical designation: (1) 4-bromo-2, 5-dimethoxy-amphetamine, also known as 4-bromo-2, 5-dimethoxy-a-methylphenethylamine and 4-bromo-2, DMA; (2) 2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine, also known as 2,5-dimethoxy-a-methylphenethylamine and 2,5-DMA; (3) 4-methoxyamphetamine, also known as 4-methoxy-a-methylphenethylamine and paramethoxyamphetamine, PMA; (4) 5-methoxy-3,4-methylenedioxy-amphetamine; (5) 4-methyl-2,5-dimethoxy-amphetamine, also known as 4-methyl-2,5-dimethoxy-a-methylphenethylamine; (6) 3,4-methylenedioxy amphetamine; (7) 3,4,5-trimethoxy amphetamine; (8) bufotenine, also known as 3-(B-dimethylaminoethyl)-5-hydroxyindole, 3-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-5-indolol, N, N-dimethylserotonin; 5-hydroxy-N, N-dimethyltryptamine, and mappine; (9) diethyltryptamine, also known as N, N-diethyltryptamine and DET; (10) dimethyltryptamine, also known as DMT; (11) ibogaine, also known as 7-ethyl-6, 6B, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13-octahydro-2-methoxy-6, 9-methano-5H-pyrido [1´,2´: 1, 2] azepino [5, 4-b] indole and tabernanthe iboga; (12) lysergic acid diethylamide, also known as LSD; (13) mescaline; (14) n-ethyl-3-piperidyl benzilate; (15) n-methyl-3-piperidyl benzilate; (16) peyote; (17) analogs of phencyclidine (PCP), including: (A) ethylamine analog, also known by some trade or other names as follows: N-ethyl-1-phenylcyclohexylamine (1-phenylcyclohexyl)-ethylamine, N-(1-phenylcyclohexyl)ethylamine, cyclohexamine, PCE; (B) pyrrolidine analog, also known by some trade or other names as follows: 1-(1-phenylcyclohexyl)-pyrrolidine, PCPY, PHP; (C) thiophene analog, also known as 1-[1-(2-thienyl) cyclohexyl]piperidine and 2-thienylanalog of phencyclidine, TPCP, and TCP; (D) 1-[1-(2-thienyl)-cyclohexyl]-pyrrolidine, also known as TCPy; (18) psilocybin; (19) psilocyn; (20) 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA). (c) Schedule IIA includes cocaine or coca leaves, and any salt, compound, derivative, mixture, isomer, ester, ether, or preparation of cocaine or coca leaves produced directly or indirectly by extraction from coca leaves, or independently by means of chemical synthesis, or by a combination of extraction and chemical synthesis, including the isomers, salts, and salts of isomers of cocaine and other derivatives of coca leaves whenever the existence of these esters, ethers, isomers or salts is possible, but does not include decocainized coca leaves or extractions of coca leaves which do not contain cocaine or ecgonine. (d) Schedule IIA includes, unless specifically excepted or unless listed in another schedule, any material, compound, mixture, or preparation which contains any quantity of the following substances having a depressant effect on the central nervous system, including their salts, isomers, and salts of isomers whenever the existence of these salts, isomers, and salts of isomers is possible within the specific chemical designation: (1) amobarbital; (2) mandrix or mandrax; (3) mecloqualone; (4) methaqualone; (5) pentobarbital; (6) phencyclidine, also known as PCP; (7) secobarbital. (e) Schedule IIA includes, unless specifically excepted or unless listed in another schedule, any material, compound, mixture, or preparation which contains any quantity of the following substances having a stimulant effect on the nervous system: (1) amphetamine, its salts, optical isomers, and salts of its optical isomers; (2) methamphetamine, its salts, isomers, and salts of its isomers; (3) methylphenidate; (4) phenmetrazine and its salts; (5) fenethylline; (6) N-ethylamphetamine; (7) 3,4-methylenedioxy-N-ethylamphetamine, also known as N-ethyl-alpha-methyl-3,4(methylenedioxy)phenethylamine, N-ethyl MDA, MDE, and MDEA; (8) N-hydroxy-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, also known as N-hydroxy-alpha-methyl-3,4-(methylenedioxy)phenethylamine, and N-hydroxy MDA; (9) 4-methylaminorex, also known as 2-amino-4-methyl-5-phenyl-2-oxazoline; (10) N,N-dimethylamphetamine, also known as N,N,alpha-trimethylybenzencethaneamine or N,N,alpha-trimethylphenethyline, its salts, optical isomers, and salts of optical isomers; (11) cathinone; (12) 2-methylamino-1-phenylpropan-1-one, also known as methcathinone and cat, its salts, optical isomers, and salts of isomers; (13) 4-methylmethcathinone, also known as mephedrone, its salts, isomers, and salts of isomers; (14) 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone, also known as MDPV, its salts, isomers, and salts of isomers; (15) substituted cathinones, including any compound, except bupropion or a compound listed in another schedule, structurally derived from 2-amino-1-phenyl-1-propanone by modification in any of the following ways: (A) by substitution in the phenyl ring to any extent with alkyl, alkoxy, alkylenedioxy, haloalkyl, hydroxyl, or halide substituents, whether or not further substituted in the phenyl ring by one or more other univalent substituents; (B) by substitution at the 3-position with an alkyl substituent; (C) by substitution at the nitrogen atom with alkyl or dialkyl groups or by inclusion of the nitrogen atom in a cyclic structure. (f) Schedule IIA includes, unless specifically excepted or unless listed in another schedule, any material, mixture, or preparation which contains any quantity of the following substances: (1) immediate precursor to amphetamine and methamphetamine: phenylacetone also known as phenyl-2-propanone; P2P; benzyl methyl ketone; methyl benzyl ketone; (2) immediate precursors to phencyclidine, also known as PCP: (A) 1-phencylclohexylamine; (B) 1-piperidinocyclohexanecarbonitrile, also known as PCC. Sec. 11.71.160. Schedule IIIA. (a) A substance shall be placed in schedule IIIA if it is found under AS 11.71.120 (c) to have a degree of danger or probable danger to a person or the public less than the substances listed in schedule IIA but higher than substances listed in schedule IVA. (b) Schedule IIIA includes, unless specifically excepted or unless listed in another schedule, any material, compound, mixture, or preparation which contains any quantity of the following substances having a stimulant effect on the central nervous system, including their salts, isomers whether optical, position, or geometric, and salts of these isomers whenever the existence of these salts, isomers, and salts of isomers is possible within the specific chemical designation: (1) benzphetamine; (2) chlorphentermine; (3) clortermine; (4) [Repealed, § 12 ch 76 SLA 1990.] (5) phendimetrazine; (6) any compound, mixture, or preparation in dosage unit form containing any stimulant substance listed in schedule IIA, which compound, mixture, or preparation was listed on August 25, 1971, as an excepted compound under 21 C.F.R. § 1308.32, and any other drug of the quantitative composition shown in that list for those substances, or which is the same except that it contains a lesser quantity of any controlled substance. (c) Schedule IIIA includes, unless specifically excepted or unless listed in another schedule, any material, compound, mixture, or preparation which contains any quantity of the following substances having a depressant effect on the central nervous system: (1) amobarbital, secobarbital, or pentobarbital or any salt of these substances, combined with one or more other active medicinal ingredients which are not listed in any other schedule; (2) amobarbital, secobarbital, or pentobarbital or any salt of these substances, approved by the federal Food and Drug Administration for marketing only as a suppository; (3) any substance which contains any quantity of a derivative of barbituric acid or any salt of barbituric acid; (4) chlorhexadol; (5) glutethimide; (6) lysergic acid; (7) lysergic acid amide; (8) methyprylon; (9) sulfondiethylmethane; (10) sulfonethylmethane; (11) sulfonmethane; (12) tiletamine and zolazepam, or any of their salts. (d) Schedule IIIA includes nalorphine. (e) Schedule IIIA includes, unless specifically excepted or unless listed in another schedule, any material, compound, mixture, or preparation containing any of the following narcotic drugs or their salts calculated as the free anhydrous base or alkaloid, in the following quantities: (1) not more than 1.8 grams of codeine per 100 milliliters or not more than 90 milligrams per dosage unit, with an equal or greater quantity of an isoquinoline alkaloid of opium; (2) not more than 1.8 grams of codeine per 100 milliliters or not more than 90 milligrams per dosage unit, with one or more active, nonnarcotic ingredients in recognized therapeutic amounts; (3) not more than 300 milligrams of dihydrocodeinone per 100 milliliters or not more than 15 milligrams per dosage unit, with a fourfold or greater quantity of an isoquinoline alkaloid of opium; (4) not more than 300 milligrams of dihydrocodeinone per 100 milliliters or not more than 15 milligrams per dosage unit, with one or more active nonnarcotic ingredients in recognized therapeutic amounts; (5) not more than 1.8 grams of dihydrocodeine per 100 milliliters or not more than 90 milligrams per dosage unit, with one or more active nonnarcotic ingredients in recognized therapeutic amounts; (6) not more than 300 milligrams of ethylmorphine per 100 milliliters or not more than 15 milligrams per dosage unit, with one or more active, nonnarcotic ingredients in recognized therapeutic amounts; (7) not more than 500 milligrams of opium per 100 milliliters or per 100 grams or not more than 25 milligrams per dosage unit, with one or more active, nonnarcotic ingredients in recognized therapeutic amounts; (8) not more than 50 milligrams of morphine per 100 milliliters or per 100 grams, with one or more active, nonnarcotic ingredients in recognized therapeutic amounts. (f) Schedule IIIA includes, unless specifically excepted or unless listed in another schedule, any material, compound, mixture, or preparation that contains any quantity of the following substances or that contains any of its salts, isomers, whether optical, position, or geometric, or salts of isomers whenever the existence of those salts, isomers, or salts of isomers is possible within the specific chemical designation: (1) hashish; (2) hash oil or hashish oil; (3) tetrahydrocannabinols; (4) parahexyl; (5) dronabinol (synthetic) in sesame oil and encapsulated in a soft gelatin capsule in a U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved drug product; (6) nabilone; (7) (6aR,10aR)-9-(hydroxymethyl)-6,6-dimethyl-3-(2-methyloctan-2-yl)-6a,7,10, 10a-tetrahydrobenzo[c]chromen-1-ol, also known as HU-210; (8) (6aS,10aS)-9-(hydroxymethyl)-6,6-dimethyl-3-(2-methyloctan-2-yl)-6a,7,10, 10a-tetrahydrobenzo[c]chromen-1-ol, also known as Dexanabinol or HU-211; (9) 1-pentyl-3-(1-naphthoyl)indole, also known as JWH-018; (10) 1-Butyl-3-(1-naphthoyl)indole, also known as JWH-073; (11) (2-methyl-1-propyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-1-naphthalenyl-methanone, also known as JWH-015; (12) 1-pentyl-3-(4-chloro-1-naphthoyl)indole, also known as JWH-398; (13) 1-pentyl-3-(2-methoxyphenylacetyl)indole, also known as JWH-250; (14) 1-hexyl-3-(1-naphthoyl)indole, also known as JWH-019; (15) 1-(2-(4-(morpholinyl)ethyl))-3-(1-naphthoyl)indole, also known as JWH-200; (16) 2-[(1R,3S)-3-hydroxycyclohexyl]-5-(2-methyloctan-2-yl)phenol, also known as CP 47, 497, and its dimethyloctyl (C8) homologue; in this paragraph, “homologue” means a chemical compound in a series in which each compound differs by one or more alkyl functional groups on an alkyl side chain. Sec. 11.71.170. Schedule IVA. (a) A substance shall be placed in schedule IVA if it is found under AS 11.71.120 (c) to have a degree of danger or probable danger to a person or the public which is less than the substances listed in schedule IIIA, but higher than the substances listed in schedule VA. (b) Schedule IVA includes, unless specifically excepted or unless listed in another schedule, any material, compound, mixture, or preparation which contains any quantity of the following substances, including their salts, isomers and salts of isomers whenever the existence of these salts, isomers, and salts of isomers is possible within the specific chemical designation: (1) barbital; (2) chloral betaine; (3) chloral hydrate; (4) chlordiazepoxide; (5) clonazepam; (6) clorazepate; (7) diazepam; (8) ethclorvynol; (9) ethinamate; (10) flurazepam; (11) lorazepam; (12) mebutamate; (13) meprobamate; (14) methohexital; (15) methylphenobarbital, also known as mephobarbital; (16) oxazepam; (17) paraldehyde; (18) petrichloral; (19) phenobarbital; (20) prazepam; (21) alprazolam; (22) halazepam; (23) temazepam; (24) triazolam; (25) midazolam; (26) quazepam; (27) flunitrazepam; (28) ketamine hydrochloride. (c) Schedule IVA includes any material, compound, mixture or preparation which contains any quantity of the following substance, including its salts, isomers whether optical, position, or geometric, and salts of these isomers, whenever the existence of these salts, isomers, and salts of isomers is possible: fenfluramine. (d) Schedule IVA includes, unless specifically excepted or unless listed in another schedule, any material, compound, mixture, or preparation which contains any quantity of the following substances having a stimulant effect on the central nervous system, including their salts, isomers whether optical, position, or geometric, and salts of these isomers whenever the existence of these salts, isomers, and salts of isomers is possible within the specific chemical designation: (1) diethylpropion; (2) phentermine; (3) pemoline, including organometallic complexes and chelates of this substance; (4) mazindol; (5) pipradol; (6) SPA ((-)-1-dimethylamino-1,2-diphenylethane); (7) cathine; (8) fencamfamin; (9) fenproporex; (10) mefenorex. (e) Schedule IVA includes, unless specifically excepted or unless listed in another schedule, any material, compound, mixture, or preparation containing not more than 1 milligram of difenoxin and not less than 25 micrograms of atropine sulfate per dosage unit, or their salts calculated as the free anhydrous base or alkaloid. (f) Schedule IVA includes, unless specifically excepted or unless listed in another schedule, any material, compound, mixture or preparation which contains any quantity of the following substances, including their salts: (1) dextropropoxyphene (alpha-(+)-4-dimethylamino-1,2-dephenyl-3-methyl-2-propionoxybutane); (2) pentazocine; (3) propoxyphene. (g) Schedule IVA includes, unless specifically excepted or unless listed in another schedule, any material, compound, mixture, or preparation that contains any quantity of the following substance or its salts calculated as the free anhydrous base or alkaloid: 2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol, its salts, optical and geometric isomers, and salts of these isomers, including tramadol. Sec. 11.71.180. Schedule VA. (a) A substance shall be placed in schedule VA if it is found under AS 11.71.120 (c) to have a degree of danger or probable danger to a person or the public which is less than substances listed in schedule IVA, but higher than substances listed in schedule VIA. (b) Schedule VA includes any compound, mixture, or preparation containing any of the following limited quantities of narcotic drugs or their salts, calculated as the free anhydrous base or alkaloid, in limited quantities as specified in (1) — (6) of this subsection, which includes one or more nonnarcotic active medicinal ingredients in sufficient proportion to confer upon the compound, mixture, or preparation valuable medicinal qualities other than those possessed by schedule IA substances alone: (1) not more than 200 milligrams of codeine per 100 milliliters or per 100 grams; (2) not more than 100 milligrams of dihydrocodeine per 100 milliliters or per 100 grams; (3) not more than 100 milligrams of ethylmorphine per 100 milliliters or per 100 grams; (4) not more than 2.5 milligrams of diphenoxylate and not less than 25 micrograms of atropine sulfate per dosage unit; (5) not more than 100 milligrams of opium per 100 milliliters or per 100 grams; (6) not more than 0.5 milligrams of difenoxin and not less than 25 micrograms of atropine sulfate per dosage unit. (c) [Repealed, § 1 ch 66 SLA 1987.] (d) Schedule VA includes, unless specifically excepted or unless listed in another schedule, any material, compound, mixture or preparation that contains any quantity of the narcotic drug buprenorphine and its salts. (e) Schedule VA includes, unless specifically excepted or unless listed in another schedule, any material, compound, mixture, or preparation which contains any quantity of the following substances having a stimulant effect on the central nervous system, including its salts, isomers, and salts of isomers: (1) propylhexedrine, except when contained in a Benzedrex inhaler; (2) pyrovalerone. (f) Schedule VA includes, unless specifically excepted or unless listed in another schedule, any material, compound, mixture, or preparation that contains any quantity of the following substances, including their salts, esters, isomers, and salts of esters and isomers if those salts, esters, or isomers promote muscle growth, whenever the existence of these salts, esters, and isomers is possible within the specific chemical designation: anabolic steroids. In this subsection, “anabolic steroids” means any drug or hormonal substance that is chemically and pharmacologically related to testosterone (other than estrogens, progestins, and corticosteroids) and that promotes muscle growth; “anabolic steroids” does not include an anabolic steroid that is expressly intended for administration through implants to cattle or other nonhuman species and that has been approved by the United States Secretary of Health and Human Services for that administration, unless a person prescribes, dispenses, or distributes that type of anabolic steroid for human use; “anabolic steroids” includes the following: (1) boldenone; (2) chlorotestosterone (4-chlorotestosterone); (3) clostebol; (4) dehydrochlormethyltestosterone; (5) dihydrotestosterone (4-dihydrotestosterone); (6) drostanolone; (7) ethylestrenol; (8) fluoxymesterone; (9) formebulone (formebolone); (10) mesterolone; (11) methandienone; (12) methandranone; (13) methandriol; (14) methandrostenolone; (15) methenolone; (16) methyltestosterone; (17) mibolerone;

(18) nandrolone; (19) norethandrolone; (20) oxandrolone; (21) oxymesterone; (22) oxymetholone; (23) stanolone; (24) stanozolol; (25) testolactone; (26) testosterone; (27) trenbolone. Sec. 11.71.190. Schedule VIA. (a) A substance shall be placed in schedule VIA if it is found under AS 11.71.120 (c) to have the lowest degree of danger or probable danger to a person or the public. (b) Marijuana is a schedule VIA controlled substance. Sec. 11.71.195. Exempted drugs. Except as otherwise provided in this chapter, a substance the manufacture, distribution, dispensing, or possession of which is explicitly exempt from criminal penalty under federal law is exempt from the application of this chapter and AS 17.30 . This exemption includes any substances that may, under 21 U.S.C. 301-392 (Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act), be lawfully sold over the counter without a prescription. This exemption also includes those substances listed in 21 C.F.R. Sec. 1308.22 on April 1, 1980. Sec. 11.71.200. Listed chemicals. Listed chemicals are chemicals that are used in manufacturing a controlled substance in violation of this chapter. Listed chemicals include (1) anthranilic acid, its esters, and its salts; (2) benzaldehyde; (3) benzyl cyanide; (4) ephedrine, its salts, optical isomers, and salts of optical isomers; (5) ergonovine and its salts; (6) ergotamine and its salts; (7) N-acetylanthranilic acid, its esters, and its salts; (8) nitroethane; (9) norpseudoephedrine, its salts, optical isomers, and salts of optical isomers; (10) phenylacetic acid, its esters, and its salts; (11) phenylpropanolamine, its salts, optical isomers, and salts of optical isomers; (12) piperidine and its salts; (13) pseudoephedrine, its salts, optical isomers, and salts of optical isomers; (14) 3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl-2-propanone; (15) any salt, optical isomer, or salt of an optical isomer of the following chemicals: (A) ethylamine; (B) hydriodic acid; (C) isosafrole; (D) methylamine; (E) N-methylephedrine; (F) N-methylpseudoephedrine; (G) piperonal; (H) propionic anhydride; (I) safrole; (16) acetic anhydride; (17) acetone; (18) anhydrous ammonia; (19) benzyl chloride; (20) ethyl ether; (21) hydriotic acid; (22) hydrochloric gas; (23) hydrophosphoric acid; (24) iodine and crystal iodine; (25) lithium metal; (26) potassium permanganate; (27) red phosphorous; (28) toluene; (29) 2-butanone (or methyl ethyl ketone). Sec. 11.71.210. Purchase or receipt of restricted amounts of certain listed chemicals. (a) A person commits the crime of purchase or receipt of restricted amounts of certain listed chemicals if the person purchases or receives more than nine grams of the following listed chemical, its salts, isomers, or salts of isomers within any 30-day period: (1) ephedrine under AS 11.71.200 (4); (2) pseudoephedrine under AS 11.71.200 (13); (3) phenylpropanolamine under AS 11.71.200 (11). (b) This section does not apply to a person who lawfully purchases or receives (1) more than nine grams of a listed chemical identified in (a) of this section (A) that was dispensed to the person under a valid prescription; or (B) in the ordinary course of a legitimate business, or to an employee of a legitimate business, as a (i) retailer or as a wholesaler; (ii) wholesale drug distributor licensed by the Board of Pharmacy; (iii) manufacturer of drug products licensed by the Board of Pharmacy; (iv) pharmacist licensed by the Board of Pharmacy; or (v) health care professional licensed by the state; or (2) more than nine but less than 24 grams of a listed chemical identified in (a) of this section in the ordinary course of a legitimate business or nonprofit organization, or as an employee of a legitimate business or nonprofit organization, operating a camp, lodge, school, day care center, treatment center, or other organized group activity, and the location or nature of the activity, or the age of the participants, makes it impractical for the participants in the activity to obtain medicinal products. (c) Purchase or receipt of restricted amounts of certain listed chemicals is a class C felony. Article 3. Miscellaneous Provisions. Sec. 11.71.300. Penalties under other laws. A penalty imposed for violation of this chapter is in addition to, and not in place of, any other civil or administrative penalty or sanction otherwise authorized by law. Sec. 11.71.305. Rehabilitation. A person convicted of violating a provision of this chapter may, when the violation relates to that person's own personal use of a controlled substance, be committed to the custody of the Department of Corrections for rehabilitative treatment for not to exceed one year. Such treatment may be imposed in place of a fine or imprisonment, but only where the imprisonment would not have exceeded one year. Sec. 11.71.310. Bar to prosecution. [Repealed, § 40 ch 75 SLA 2008.] Sec. 11.71.311. Restriction on prosecution for certain persons in connection with a drug overdose. (a) A person may not be prosecuted for a violation of AS 11.71.040 (a)(3), (4), or (12), 11.71.050(a)(4) or (5), or 11.71.060(a)(1) or (2) if that person (1) sought, in good faith, medical or law enforcement assistance for another person who the person reasonably believed was experiencing a drug overdose and (A) the evidence supporting the prosecution for an offense under AS 11.71.040 (a)(3), (4), or (12), 11.71.050(a)(4) or (5), or 11.71.060(a)(1) or (2) was obtained or discovered as a result of the person seeking medical or law enforcement assistance; (B) the person remained at the scene with the other person until medical or law enforcement assistance arrived; and (C) the person cooperated with medical or law enforcement personnel, including by providing identification; (2) was experiencing a drug overdose and sought medical assistance, and the evidence supporting a prosecution for an offense under AS 11.71.040 (a)(3), (4), or (12), 11.71.050(a)(4) or (5), or 11.71.060(a)(1) or (2) was obtained as a result of the overdose and the need for medical assistance. (b) In this section, “drug overdose” means a controlled-substance-induced physiological event that results in a life-threatening emergency to the person who ingested, inhaled, injected, or otherwise introduced the controlled substance into the body. Sec. 11.71.320. Excluded defenses. (a) In a prosecution for the possession of a schedule IA, IIA, IIIA, IVA, or VA controlled substance under this chapter, it is not a defense that the substance was possessed in less than a usable quantity. It is sufficient to support a conviction that there is a sufficient quantity of the substance to permit proper identification. (b) In a prosecution for an offense involving a controlled substance under this chapter, it is not a defense that the substance is misclassified under a subsection within a schedule. Sec. 11.71.330. Liability of public servants. No liability is imposed by this chapter upon a public servant acting within the scope and authority of the public servant's employment. Sec. 11.71.340. Offenses defined by amounts. Whenever a provision of this chapter defining an offense requires a determination of an amount, it is not a defense to the lowest class of offense established by the evidence that the amount in question was equal to or larger than the amount which would make the offense a higher class of offense, and a person may be charged and convicted accordingly. Sec. 11.71.350. Burden of proof. It is not necessary for the state to negate an exemption or exception provided for in this chapter in a complaint, information, indictment, or other pleading or at a trial, hearing, or other proceeding under this chapter or AS 17.30 . The defendant has the burden of proving by a preponderance of the evidence any exemption or exception claimed by the defendant. Sec. 11.71.360. Unprivileged communications. Information communicated to a physician or other licensed practitioner in an effort to unlawfully procure a controlled substance or to unlawfully procure the administration of a controlled substance is not a privileged communication. Article 4. Definitions. Sec. 11.71.900. Definitions. In this chapter, unless the context clearly requires otherwise, (1) “administer” means the direct application of a controlled substance, whether by injection, inhalation, ingestion, or any other means into the body of a patient or research subject by (A) a practitioner or, in the practitioner's presence, by the practitioner's authorized agent; or (B) the patient or research subject at the direction and in the presence of a practitioner; (2) “agent” means an authorized person who acts on behalf of or at the direction of a manufacturer, distributor, or dispenser, but does not include a common or contract carrier, public warehouseman, or employee of the carrier or warehouseman; (3) “cannabidiol oil” means the viscous liquid concentrate of cannabidiol extracted from the plant (genus) Cannabis containing not more than 0.3 percent delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol; (4) “committee” means the Controlled Substances Advisory Committee established in AS 11.71.100 ; (5) “controlled substance” means a drug, substance, or immediate precursor included in the schedules set out in AS 11.71.140 — 11.71.190 or included in those schedules by an emergency regulation adopted under AS 11.71.125 ; (6) “counterfeit substance” means a controlled substance which, without authorization, bears the trademark, trade name, or other identifying mark, imprint, number, or device of a manufacturer, distributor, or dispenser other than the person or persons who in fact manufactured, distributed, or dispensed the substance and which falsely purports or is represented to be the product of, or to have been distributed by, the other manufacturer, distributor, or dispenser; (7) “deliver” or “delivery” means the actual, constructive, or attempted transfer from one person to another of a controlled substance whether or not there is an agency relationship; (8) “dispense” means to deliver a controlled substance to an ultimate user or research subject by or under the lawful order of a practitioner, including the prescribing, administering, packaging, labeling, or compounding necessary to prepare the substance for that delivery; “dispenser” means a practitioner who dispenses; (9) “distribute” means to deliver other than by administering or dispensing a controlled substance, whether or not there is any money or other item of value exchanged; it includes sale, gift, or exchange; “distributor” means a person who distributes; (10) “drug” (A) means (i) a substance recognized as a drug in the official United States Pharmacopoeia, official Homeopathic Pharmacopoeia of the United States, or official National Formulary, or any supplement to these publications; (ii) a substance intended for use in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease in humans or animals; (iii) a substance, other than food, intended to affect the structure or any function of the body of humans or animals; and (iv) a substance intended for use as a component of any article specified in (i), (ii), or (iii) of this subparagraph; (B) does not include a device or its components, parts, or accessories; (11) “hashish” means the dried, compressed, resinous product of the plant (genus) Cannabis; (12) “hashish oil” means the viscous liquid concentrate of tetrahydrocannabinols extracted from the plant (genus) Cannabis, but does not include cannabidiol oil; (13) “immediate precursor” means a substance which is by statute or regulation designated as the principal compound commonly used or produced primarily for use, and which is an immediate chemical intermediary used or likely to be used in the manufacture of a controlled substance, the control of which is necessary to prevent, curtail, or limit manufacture of that controlled substance; (14) “manufacture” (A) means the production, preparation, propagation, compounding, conversion, growing, or processing of a controlled substance, either directly or indirectly by extraction from substances of natural origin, or independently by means of chemical synthesis, or by a combination of extraction and chemical synthesis; however, the growing of marijuana for personal use is not manufacturing; (B) includes the preparation, compounding, packaging, repackaging, labeling, or relabeling of a controlled substance or its container unless done in conformity with applicable federal law (i) by a practitioner as an incident to the practitioner's administering or dispensing of a controlled substance in the course of the practitioner's professional practice; or (ii) by a practitioner, or by the practitioner's authorized agent under the practitioner's supervision, for the purpose of, or as an incident to, research, teaching, or chemical analysis and not for sale; (15) “marijuana” means the seeds, and leaves, buds, and flowers of the plant (genus) Cannabis, whether growing or not; it does not include the resin or oil extracted from any part of the plants, or any compound, manufacture, salt, derivative, mixture, or preparation from the resin or oil, including hashish, hashish oil, and natural or synthetic tetrahydrocannabinol; it does not include the stalks of the plant, fiber produced from the stalks, oil or cake made from the seeds of the plant, any other compound, manufacture, salt, derivative, mixture, or preparation of the stalks, fiber, oil or cake, or the sterilized seed of the plant that is incapable of germination; it does not include industrial hemp as defined in AS 03.05.100 ; (16) “opiate” means (A) a substance having an addiction-forming or addiction-sustaining capability similar to morphine or being capable of conversion into a drug having addiction-forming or addiction-sustaining capability; and (B) includes its racemic and levorotatory forms; but (C) does not include the dextrorotatory isomer of 3-methoxy-n-methylmorphinan and its salts (dextromethorphan); (17) “opium poppy” means the plant of any species of Papaver containing the phenanthrine alkaloids of opium, except its seeds; (18) “peyote” means any part of the plant classified botanically as Lophophora Williamsii Lemaire, whether growing or not, the seeds of the plant, any extract from any part of the plant, and a compound, manufacture, salt, derivative, mixture, or preparation of the plant, its seeds or extracts, including mescaline; (19) “poppy straw” means all parts, except the seeds, of the opium poppy, after mowing; (20) “practitioner” means (A) a physician, dentist, advanced practice registered nurse, optometrist, veterinarian, scientific investigator, or other person licensed, registered, or otherwise permitted to distribute, dispense, conduct research with respect to, or to administer or use in teaching or chemical analysis a controlled substance in the course of professional practice or research in the state; (B) a pharmacy, hospital, or other institution licensed, registered, or otherwise permitted to distribute, dispense, conduct research with respect to, or to administer a controlled substance in the course of professional practice or research in the state; (21) “recreation or youth center” means a building, structure, athletic playing field, or playground (A) run or created by a municipality or the state to provide athletic, recreational, or leisure activities for minors; or (B) operated by a public or private organization licensed to provide shelter, training, or guidance for minors; (22) “sale” means to sell, barter, exchange, give, or dispose of to another, or an exchange for a thing of value; (23) “schedule IA controlled substance” means a controlled substance included in the schedule in AS 11.71.140 ; (24) “schedule IIA controlled substance” means a controlled substance included in the schedule in AS 11.71.150 ; (25) “schedule IIIA controlled substance” means a controlled substance included in the schedule in AS 11.71.160 ; (26) “schedule IVA controlled substance” means a controlled substance included in the schedule in AS 11.71.170 ; (27) “schedule VA controlled substance” means a controlled substance included in the schedule in AS 11.71.180 ; (28) “schedule VIA controlled substance” means a controlled substance included in the schedule in AS 11.71.190 ; (29) “school bus” means a motor vehicle operated by a school district or private school, directly or by contract, to transport students; (30) “school grounds” means a building, structure, athletic playing field, playground, parking area, or land contained within the real property boundary line of a public or private preschool, elementary, or secondary school; (31) “substance” means a drug, controlled substance, or immediate precursor included in the schedules set out in AS 11.71.140 — 11.71.190 or in an emergency regulation adopted under AS 11.71.125 , AS 44.62.250 , and 44.62.260; (32) “ultimate user” means a person who lawfully possesses a controlled substance for the person's own use or for the use of a member of the person's household or for administering to an animal owned by the person or by a member of the person's household.