AS Title 47, Chapter 10: Children in Need of Aid

Article 1. Children's Proceedings. Chapter 10. Children in Need of Aid. Sec. 47.10.005. Construction. The provisions of this chapter shall be liberally construed to (1) achieve the end that a child coming within the jurisdiction of the court under this chapter may receive the care, guidance, treatment, and control that will promote the child's welfare and the parents' participation in the upbringing of the child to the fullest extent consistent with the child's best interests; and (2) follow the findings set out in AS 47.06.030 . Sec. 47.10.010. Jurisdiction; guardians and attorneys; support. (a) Proceedings relating to a child under 18 years of age residing or found in the state are governed by this chapter when the child is alleged to be or may be determined by the court to be a child in need of aid under AS 47.10.011 . (b) In a controversy concerning custody of a child under this chapter, the court may appoint a guardian of the person and property of a child, may appoint an attorney to represent the legal interests of the child, and may order support from either or both parents. Custody of a child may be given to the department and payment of support money to the department may be ordered by a court. Sec. 47.10.011. Children in need of aid. Subject to AS 47.10.019 , the court may find a child to be a child in need of aid if it finds by a preponderance of the evidence that the child has been subjected to any of the following: (1) a parent or guardian has abandoned the child as described in AS 47.10.013 , and the other parent is absent or has committed conduct or created conditions that cause the child to be a child in need of aid under this chapter; (2) a parent, guardian, or custodian is incarcerated, the other parent is absent or has committed conduct or created conditions that cause the child to be a child in need of aid under this chapter, and the incarcerated parent has not made adequate arrangements for the child; (3) a custodian with whom the child has been left is unwilling or unable to provide care, supervision, or support for the child, and the whereabouts of the parent or guardian is unknown; (4) the child is in need of medical treatment to cure, alleviate, or prevent substantial physical harm or is in need of treatment for mental injury and the child's parent, guardian, or custodian has knowingly failed to provide the treatment; (5) the child is habitually absent from home or refuses to accept available care and the child's conduct places the child at substantial risk of physical or mental injury; (6) the child has suffered substantial physical harm, or there is a substantial risk that the child will suffer substantial physical harm, as a result of conduct by or conditions created by the child's parent, guardian, or custodian or by the failure of the parent, guardian, or custodian to supervise the child adequately; (7) the child has suffered sexual abuse, or there is a substantial risk that the child will suffer sexual abuse, as a result of conduct by or conditions created by the child's parent, guardian, or custodian or by the failure of the parent, guardian, or custodian to adequately supervise the child; if a parent, guardian, or custodian has actual notice that a person has been convicted of a sex offense against a minor within the past 15 years, is registered or required to register as a sex offender under AS 12.63 , or is under investigation for a sex offense against a minor, and the parent, guardian, or custodian subsequently allows a child to be left with that person, this conduct constitutes prima facie evidence that the child is at substantial risk of being sexually abused; (8) conduct by or conditions created by the parent, guardian, or custodian have (A) resulted in mental injury to the child; or (B) placed the child at substantial risk of mental injury as a result of (i) a pattern of rejecting, terrorizing, ignoring, isolating, or corrupting behavior that would, if continued, result in mental injury; or (ii) exposure to conduct by a household member, as defined in AS 18.66.990 , against another household member that is a crime under AS 11.41.100 — 11.41.220, 11.41.230(a)(1) or (2), or 11.41.410 — 11.41.432, an offense under a law or ordinance of another jurisdiction having elements similar to a crime under AS 11.41.100 — 11.41.220, 11.41.230(a)(1) or (2), or 11.41.410 — 11.41.432, an attempt to commit an offense that is a crime under AS 11.41.100 — 11.41.220 or 11.41.410 — 11.41.432, or an attempt to commit an offense under a law or ordinance of another jurisdiction having elements similar to a crime under AS 11.41.100 — 11.41.220 or 11.41.410 — 11.41.432; or (iii) repeated exposure to conduct by a household member, as defined in AS 18.66.990 , against another household member that is a crime under AS 11.41.230 (a)(3) or 11.41.250 — 11.41.270 or an offense under a law or ordinance of another jurisdiction having elements similar to a crime under AS 11.41.230 (a)(3) or 11.41.250 — 11.41.270; (9) conduct by or conditions created by the parent, guardian, or custodian have subjected the child or another child in the same household to neglect; (10) the parent, guardian, or custodian's ability to parent has been substantially impaired by the addictive or habitual use of an intoxicant, and the addictive or habitual use of the intoxicant has resulted in a substantial risk of harm to the child; if a court has previously found that a child is a child in need of aid under this paragraph, the resumption of use of an intoxicant by a parent, guardian, or custodian within one year after rehabilitation is prima facie evidence that the ability to parent is substantially impaired and the addictive or habitual use of the intoxicant has resulted in a substantial risk of harm to the child as described in this paragraph; (11) the parent, guardian, or custodian has a mental illness, serious emotional disturbance, or mental deficiency of a nature and duration that places the child at substantial risk of physical harm or mental injury; (12) the child has committed an illegal act as a result of pressure, guidance, or approval from the child's parent, guardian, or custodian. Sec. 47.10.013. Abandonment. (a) For purposes of this chapter, the court may find abandonment of a child if a parent or guardian has shown a conscious disregard of parental responsibilities toward the child by failing to provide reasonable support, maintain regular contact, or provide normal supervision, considering the child's age and need for care by an adult. Abandonment of a child also includes instances when the parent or guardian, without justifiable cause, (1) left the child with another person without provision for the child's support and without meaningful communication with the child for a period of three months; (2) has made only minimal efforts to support and communicate with the child; (3) failed for a period of at least six months to maintain regular visitation with the child; (4) failed to participate in a suitable plan or program designed to reunite the parent or guardian with the child; (5) left the child without affording means of identifying the child and the child's parent or guardian; (6) was absent from the home for a period of time that created a substantial risk of serious harm to a child left in the home; (7) failed to respond to notice of child protective proceedings; or (8) was unwilling to provide care, support, or supervision for the child. (b) For purposes of (a) of this section, a parent or guardian who is a victim of domestic violence, or who has a child in the parent's or guardian's care who is the victim of domestic violence, is considered to have justifiable cause to take an action or to fail to take an action that would otherwise be considered to be abandonment of a child under (a) of this section if the action or failure to act is necessary to protect the parent or guardian, or a child in the care of the parent or guardian, from further acts of domestic violence. However, a parent or guardian who initially had justifiable cause to act or fail to act as described in this subsection may be considered to have abandoned the child without justifiable cause for purposes of (a) of this section if the parent or guardian does not take reasonable steps to reunify with or provide care for the abandoned child after becoming secure from further acts of domestic violence or after providing that another child in the care of the parent or guardian is secure from further acts of domestic violence. (c) A parent who is immune from prosecution under AS 11.81.500 and chooses to surrender an infant shall surrender the infant in the manner described in this subsection. Surrendering the infant in the manner described in this subsection constitutes abandonment for purposes of this chapter. An infant's parent is considered to have abandoned the infant safely, and, notwithstanding AS 25.20.030 and AS 47.10.120 , the parent's legal duty to support the infant is extinguished if (1) the parent, without expressing an intent to return for the infant, leaves the infant in the physical custody of a person who is a (A) person the parent reasonably believes would provide for the health and safety of the infant and who would act appropriately to care for the infant; (B) peace officer, community health aide, physician, or hospital employee; or (C) person who is employed by or is a volunteer for a fire department or emergency medical service, if the person is acting within the scope of the person's fire department or emergency medical service duties; and (2) there is no evidence the infant has been physically injured before abandonment. (d) A person to whom an infant is surrendered in the manner described in (c)(1)(B) or (C) of this section shall (1) act appropriately to care for the infant; (2) inform the parent that the parent may, but is not required to, answer any questions regarding the name, identity, and medical history of the infant and parents of the infant unless the parent chooses to contact the department under (3) of this subsection; (3) ask the parent if the parent wishes to relinquish the parent's parental rights and release the infant for adoption; if the answer is affirmative, the person shall contact the department so that the parent can discuss that option with the department; (4) immediately notify the nearest office of the department that the infant has been surrendered in the manner described in (c) of this section. (e) An individual, agency, facility, or entity that receives an infant abandoned safely under (c) of this section is not liable for civil damages for failure to discharge the duties listed in (d) of this section. (f) A record regarding the surrender of an infant under (c) of this section is confidential and not subject to public inspection or copying under AS 40.25.100 — 40.25.220. Sec. 47.10.014. Neglect. For purposes of this chapter, the court may find neglect of a child if the parent, guardian, or custodian fails to provide the child with adequate food, clothing, shelter, education, medical attention, or other care and control necessary for the child's physical and mental health and development, though financially able to do so or offered financial or other reasonable means to do so. Sec. 47.10.015. Physical harm. For the purposes of this chapter, the court may find physical harm to a child or substantial risk of physical harm to a child if (1) the child was the victim of an act described in AS 11.41.100 — 11.41.250, 11.41.300, 11.41.410 — 11.41.455, or AS 11.51.100 and the physical harm occurred as a result of conduct by or conditions created by a parent, guardian, or custodian; or (2) a negligent act or omission by a parent, guardian, or custodian creates a substantial risk of injury to the child. Sec. 47.10.019. Limitations on determinations. Notwithstanding other provisions of this chapter, the court may not find a minor to be a child in need of aid under this chapter solely on the basis that the child's family is poor, lacks adequate housing, or exhibits a lifestyle that is different from the generally accepted lifestyle standard of the community where the family lives. However, this section may not be construed to prevent a court from finding that a child is in need of aid if the child has been subjected to conduct or conditions described in AS 47.10.011 — 47.10.015. Sec. 47.10.020. Investigation and petition. (a) Whenever circumstances subject a child to the jurisdiction of the court under AS 47.10.005 — 47.10.142, the court shall appoint a competent person or agency to make a preliminary inquiry and report for the information of the court to determine whether the best interests of the child require that further action be taken. The court shall make the appointment on its own motion or at the request of a person or agency having knowledge of the child's circumstances. If, under this subsection, the court appoints a person or agency to make a preliminary inquiry and to report to it, or if the department is conducting an investigation of a report of child abuse or neglect, the court may issue any orders necessary to aid the person, the agency, or the department in its investigation or in making the preliminary inquiry and report. Upon receipt of the report under this subsection, the court may (1) close the matter without a court hearing; (2) determine whether the best interests of the child require that further action be taken; or (3) authorize the person or agency having knowledge of the facts of the case to file with the court a petition setting out the facts. (b) The petition and all subsequent pleadings shall be styled as follows: “In the matter of ........................, a child under 18 years of age.” The petition may be executed upon the petitioner's information and belief and must be verified. It must include the following information: (1) the name, address, and occupation of the petitioner, together with the petitioner's relationship to the child, and the petitioner's interest in the matter; (2) the name, age, and address of the child; (3) a brief statement of the facts that bring the child within this chapter; (4) the names and addresses of the child's parents; (5) the tribal affiliation, if known, of the child; (6) the name and address of the child's guardian or of the person having control or custody of the child. (c) If the petitioner does not know a fact required in this section, the petitioner shall so state in the petition. (d) [Repealed, § 55 ch 59 SLA 1996.] (e) Nothing in this section requires the department to obtain authorization from the court before (1) conducting an investigation of a report of child abuse or neglect; or (2) filing a petition. Sec. 47.10.030. Summons and custody of minor. (a) After a petition is filed and after further investigation that the court directs, if the person having custody or control of the minor has not appeared voluntarily, the court shall issue a summons that (1) recites briefly the substance of the petition; (2) clearly states that at the hearing it is possible that parental rights and responsibilities may be terminated forever and that the minor may at the hearing be committed to the department for possible adoption; and (3) directs the person having custody or control of the minor to appear personally in court with the minor at the place and at the time set forth in the summons. (b) In all cases under this chapter, the child, each parent, the tribe, foster parent or other out-of-home care provider, guardian, and guardian ad litem of the child and, subject to (d) and (e) of this section, each grandparent of the child shall be given notice adequate to give actual notice of the proceedings and the possibility of termination of parental rights and responsibilities, taking into account education and language differences that are known or reasonably ascertainable by the petitioner or the department. The notice of the hearing must contain all names by which the child has been identified. Notice shall be given in the manner appropriate under rules of civil procedure for the service of process in a civil action under Alaska law or in any manner the court by order directs. Proof of the giving of the notice shall be filed with the court before the petition is heard. The court may also subpoena the parent of the child, or any other person whose testimony may be necessary at the hearing. A subpoena or other process may be served by a person authorized by law to make the service, and, where personal service cannot be made, the court may direct that service of process be in a manner appropriate under rules of civil procedure for the service of process in a civil action under Alaska law or in any manner the court directs. (c) If the minor is in such condition or surroundings that the minor's welfare requires the immediate assumption of custody by the court, the court may order, by endorsement upon the summons, that the officer serving the summons shall at once take the minor into custody and make the temporary placement of the minor that the court directs. (d) Except as provided in (e) of this section, the department shall give advance written notice of all court hearings in a child's case to a grandparent of the child if (1) the grandparent has contacted the department, provided evidence acceptable to the department of being the child's grandparent, requested notice about the hearings in the child's case, and provided the department with a current mailing address; or (2) the department is aware that the child has a grandparent and the grandparent's mailing address is on file with the department. (e) Notwithstanding (d) of this section, the department is not required to give advance notice to a grandparent about hearings in a child's case if the grandparent (1) has been convicted of a crime in which the child was the victim; or (2) is prohibited by a court order from having contact with the child. Sec. 47.10.040. Release of minor. [Repealed, § 55 ch 59 SLA 1996. For current law as to a child in need of aid, see AS 47.10.080 (c)(2); as to an alleged delinquent minor, see AS 47.12.080 .] Sec. 47.10.050. Appointment of guardian ad litem or attorney. (a) Whenever in the course of proceedings instituted under this chapter it appears to the court that the welfare of a child will be promoted by the appointment of an attorney to represent the child, the court may make the appointment. If it appears to the court that the welfare of a child in the proceeding will be promoted by the appointment of a guardian ad litem, the court shall make the appointment. Appointment of a guardian ad litem or attorney shall be made under the terms of AS 25.24.310 . (b) [Repealed, § 55 ch 59 SLA 1996.] Sec. 47.10.060. Waiver of jurisdiction. [Repealed, § 55 ch 59 SLA 1996. For current law as to an alleged delinquent minor, see AS 47.12.100 .] Sec. 47.10.070. Hearings. (a) The court may conduct the hearing on the petition in an informal manner. The court shall give notice of the hearing to the department, and it may send a representative to the hearing. The court shall also transmit a copy of the petition to the department. The department shall send notice of the hearing to the persons for whom notice is required under AS 47.10.030 (b) and to each grandparent of the child entitled to notice under AS 47.10.030 (d). The department and the persons to whom the department must send notice of the hearing are entitled to be heard at the hearing. Except as provided in (c) of this section, and unless prohibited by federal or state law, court order, or court rule, a hearing is open to the public. (b) [Repealed, § 55 ch 59 SLA 1996.] (c) Except as provided in (e) of this section, the following hearings in child-in-need-of-aid cases are closed to the public: (1) the initial court hearing after the filing of a petition to commence the child-in-need-of-aid case; (2) a hearing following the initial hearing in which a parent, child, or other party to the case is present but has not had an opportunity to obtain legal representation; (3) a hearing, or a part of a hearing, for which the court issues a written order finding that allowing the hearing, or part of the hearing, to be open to the public would reasonably be expected to (A) stigmatize or be emotionally damaging to a child; (B) inhibit a child's testimony in that hearing; (C) disclose matters otherwise required to be kept confidential by state or federal statute or regulation, court order, or court rule; or (D) interfere with a criminal investigation or proceeding or a criminal defendant's right to a fair trial in a criminal proceeding; before ruling on a request under this subparagraph, the court shall give notice and an opportunity to be heard to the state or a municipal agency that is assigned to the criminal investigation or to the prosecuting attorney. (d) If a hearing, or part of a hearing, in a child-in-need-of-aid case is not closed under (c) of this section, the court shall hear in camera any information offered regarding the location, or readily leading to the location, of a parent, child, or other party to the case who is a victim of domestic violence or whose safety or welfare may be endangered by public release of the information. Access to testimony heard in camera under this subsection is limited to the court and authorized court personnel. (e) The grandparents of the child and an out-of-home care provider may attend hearings that are otherwise closed to the public under (c) of this section. However, the court shall limit the presence of these persons in a hearing closed to the public to the time during which the person's testimony is being given if the court determines that the limitation is necessary under (c)(3) of this section. (f) Notwithstanding any other provision of this chapter, a person attending a hearing open to the public may not disclose a name, picture, or other information that would readily lead to the identification of a child who is the subject of the child-in-need-of-aid case. At the beginning of the hearing, the court shall issue an order specifying the restrictions necessary to comply with this subsection. If a person violates the order, the court may impose any appropriate sanction, including contempt and closure of any further hearings to the person. Sec. 47.10.072. Access to hearing by victim. [Repealed, § 23 ch 57 SLA 1991.] Sec. 47.10.075. Young adult advisory panels. [Repealed, § 55 ch 59 SLA 1996.] Sec. 47.10.080. Judgments and orders. (a) An adjudication hearing shall be completed within 120 days after a finding of probable cause is entered unless the court finds good cause to continue the hearing. When determining whether to grant a continuance for good cause, the court shall take into consideration the age of the child and the potential adverse effect that the delay may have on the child. The court, at the conclusion of the hearing, as the circumstances of the case may require, shall find and enter a judgment that the child is or is not a child in need of aid. (b) [Repealed, § 55 ch 59 SLA 1996.] (c) If the court finds that the child is a child in need of aid, the court shall (1) order the child committed to the department for placement in an appropriate setting for a period of time not to exceed two years or in any event not to extend past the date the child becomes 19 years of age, except that the department, the child, or the child's guardian ad litem may petition for and the court may grant in a hearing (A) one-year extensions of commitment that do not extend beyond the child's 19th birthday if the extension is in the best interests of the child; and (B) additional one-year extensions of commitment past 19 years of age that do not extend beyond the person's 21st birthday if the continued state custody is in the best interests of the person and the person consents to it; (2) order the child released to a parent, adult family member, or guardian of the child or to another suitable person, and, in appropriate cases, order the parent, adult family member, guardian, or other person to provide medical or other care and treatment; if the court releases the child, it shall direct the department to supervise the care and treatment given to the child, but the court may dispense with the department's supervision if the court finds that the adult to whom the child is released will adequately care for the child without supervision; the department's supervision may not exceed two years or in any event extend past the date the child reaches 19 years of age, except that the department or the child's guardian ad litem may petition for and the court may grant in a hearing (A) one-year extensions of supervision that do not extend beyond the child's 19th birthday if the extensions are in the best interests of the child; and (B) an additional one-year period of supervision past 19 years of age if the continued supervision is in the best interests of the person and the person consents to it; or (3) order, under the grounds specified in (o) of this section or AS 47.10.088 , the termination of parental rights and responsibilities of one or both parents and commit the child to the custody of the department; the department shall report quarterly to the court and shall demonstrate in its report that the department is making reasonable efforts to find a permanent placement for the child. (d) An order issued under (c)(3) of this section authorizes the commissioner of family and community services or a designee or the guardian of the person of the child to consent to the adoption of the child. (e) If the court finds that the minor is not a child in need of aid, it shall immediately order the minor released from the department's custody and returned to the minor's parents, guardian, or custodian, and dismiss the case. (f) A child found to be a child in need of aid is a ward of the state while committed to the department or the department has the power to supervise the child's actions. For an order made under (c)(1) of this section, the court shall hold a permanency hearing as required by (l) of this section and at least annually thereafter during the continuation of foster care to determine if continued placement, as it is being provided, is in the best interest of the child. The department, the child, and the child's parents, guardian, and guardian ad litem are entitled, when good cause is shown, to a permanency hearing on application. If the application is granted, the court shall afford these persons and their counsel reasonable advance notice and hold a permanency hearing where these persons and their counsel shall be afforded an opportunity to be heard. The persons entitled to notice under AS 47.10.030 (b) and the grandparents entitled to notice under AS 47.10.030 (d) are entitled to notice of a permanency hearing under this subsection and are also entitled to be heard at the hearing. The child shall be afforded the opportunity to be present and to be heard at the permanency hearing. After the permanency hearing, the court shall make the written findings that are required under (l) of this section. The court shall review an order made under (c)(2) of this section at least annually to determine if continued supervision, as it is being provided, is in the best interest of the child; this review is not considered to be a permanency hearing and is not governed by the provisions of this subsection that relate to permanency hearings. (g) [Repealed, § 55 ch 59 SLA 1996.] (h) [Repealed, § 55 ch 59 SLA 1996.] (i) A child or the child's parents, guardian, or guardian ad litem, or attorney, acting on the child's behalf, or the department may appeal a judgment or order, or the stay, modification, setting aside, revocation, or enlargement of a judgment or order issued by the court under this chapter. Absent extraordinary circumstances, a decision on the appeal shall be issued no later than 90 days after the latest of the following: (1) the date oral argument, if any, is heard on the appeal; or (2) 45 days after the last date oral argument could have been timely requested if oral argument was not requested. (j) [Repealed, § 29 ch 63 SLA 1977.] (k) [Repealed, § 69 ch 99 SLA 1998.] (l) Within 12 months after the date a child enters foster care as calculated under AS 47.10.088 (f), the court shall hold a permanency hearing. The hearing and permanent plan developed in the hearing are governed by the following provisions: (1) the persons entitled to be heard under AS 47.10.070 or under (f) of this section are also entitled to be heard at the hearing held under this subsection; (2) when establishing the permanent plan for the child, the court shall make appropriate written findings, including findings related to whether (A) and when the child should be returned to the parent or guardian; (B) the child should be placed for adoption or legal guardianship and whether a petition for termination of parental rights should be filed by the department; and (C) there is a compelling reason that the most appropriate placement for the child is in another planned, permanent living arrangement and the department has recommended the arrangement under AS 47.14.100 (o); the findings under this paragraph must include the steps that are necessary to achieve the new arrangement; (3) if the court is unable to make a finding required under (2) of this subsection, the court shall hold another hearing within a reasonable period of time; (4) in addition to the findings required by (2) of this subsection, the court shall also make appropriate written findings related to (A) whether the department has made the reasonable efforts required under AS 47.10.086 to offer appropriate family support services to remedy the parent's or guardian's conduct or conditions in the home that made the child a child in need of aid under this chapter; (B) whether the parent or guardian has made substantial progress to remedy the parent's or guardian's conduct or conditions in the home that made the child a child in need of aid under this chapter; (C) if the permanent plan is for the child to remain in out-of-home care, whether (i) the child's out-of-home placement continues to be appropriate and in the best interests of the child; and (ii) the department is making reasonable efforts to find a permanent placement for the child; and (D) whether the department has made reasonable efforts to finalize the permanent plan for the child; (5) the court shall hold a hearing to review the permanent plan at least annually until successful implementation of the plan; if the plan approved by the court changes after the hearing, the department shall promptly apply to the court for another permanency hearing, and the court shall conduct the hearing within 30 days after application by the department; (6) if the court finds, under (4)(C)(ii) of this subsection, that the department is not making reasonable efforts to find a permanent placement for the child, the court shall order the department to make reasonable efforts to find a permanent placement for the child unless the current placement is in the best interests of the child; (7) in a hearing to review the permanent plan under AS 47.10.111 (c) or 47.10.112(c), the court shall make written findings related to whether (A) the person who filed the petition or proxy is entitled to placement preference under AS 47.14.100 (e) or 25 U.S.C. 1915(a), whichever is applicable; and (B) if 25 U.S.C. 1915(a) applies, the current placement is in compliance with or whether there is good cause to deviate from the placement preferences. (m) [Repealed, § 74 ch 35 SLA 2003.] (n) [Repealed, § 74 ch 35 SLA 2003.] (o) For purposes of terminating a parent's parental rights under the standards in (c)(3) of this section, the court may determine that incarceration of the parent is sufficient grounds for determining that a child is a child in need of aid under AS 47.10.011 as a result of parental conduct and that the parental rights of the incarcerated parent should be terminated if the court finds, based on clear and convincing evidence, that (1) the period of incarceration that the parent is scheduled to serve during the child's minority is significant considering the child's age and the child's need for an adult's care and supervision; (2) there is not another parent willing and able to care for the child; and (3) the incarcerated parent has failed to make adequate provisions for care of the child during the period of incarceration that will be during the child's minority. (p) If a child is removed from the parental home, the department shall provide reasonable visitation between the child and the child's parents, guardian, and family. When determining what constitutes reasonable visitation with a family member, the department shall consider the nature and quality of the relationship that existed between the child and the family member before the child was committed to the custody of the department. The court may require the department to file a visitation plan with the court. The department may deny visitation to the parents, guardian, or family members if there is clear and convincing evidence that visits are not in the child's best interests. If the department denies visitation to a parent or family member of a child, the department shall inform the parent or family member of a reason for the denial and of the parent's or adult family member's right to request a review hearing as an interested person. A parent, adult family member, or guardian who is denied visitation may request a review hearing. A non-party adult family member requesting a review hearing under this subsection is not eligible for publicly appointed legal counsel. (q) If the court orders a child committed to the department under (c) of this section and the department places the child in licensed foster care, the department shall (1) provide the foster parent with a copy of (A) appropriate information held by the department regarding the child to the extent required by AS 47.12.310 (b)(2)(H); (B) all initial, updated, and revised case service plans for the child, court orders relating to the child, and the child's medical, mental, and education reports prepared by or for the department, including reports compiled before the child was placed with the foster parent; and (C) supplements to the plans, orders, and reports described in (B) of this paragraph; (2) require the foster parent to (A) maintain and update records regarding medical, mental, educational, and behavioral services provided to the child; (B) provide all records described in (A) of this paragraph to the department when the child leaves the foster home placement; and (C) maintain the confidentiality of records regarding a child placed in the foster home except when disclosure of the records is allowed under regulations of the department or when disclosure is reasonably necessary to ensure continuation of care for the child through appropriate medical, mental, educational, and behavioral services. (r) If the court orders a child committed to the department under (c) of this section, the court shall order the child's parent or guardian to provide the department with (1) the names, addresses, and telephone numbers of all of the child's medical providers; (2) the names, addresses, and telephone numbers of mental health providers that have provided services to the child; (3) the names, addresses, and telephone numbers of schools, preschools, or day care facilities that the child was attending before the child was committed to the department; (4) a description of special needs of the child, if any; and (5) the names and locations of relatives who may be willing to have the child placed in their home. (s) The department may transfer a child, in the child's best interests, from one placement setting to another, and the child, the child's parents or guardian, the child's foster parents or out-of-home caregiver, the child's guardian ad litem, the child's attorney, and the child's tribe are entitled to advance notice of a nonemergency transfer. A party opposed to the proposed transfer may request a hearing and must prove by clear and convincing evidence that the transfer would be contrary to the best interests of the child for the court to deny the transfer. A foster parent or out-of-home caregiver who requests a nonemergency change in placement of the child shall provide the department with reasonable advance notice of the requested change. When the department transfers a child from one out-of-home placement to another, the department shall search for an appropriate placement with an adult family member or a family friend who meets the foster care licensing requirements established by the department. A supervisor at the department shall certify in writing in the case file whether the department has searched for an appropriate placement with an adult family member or family friend. If the department has not complied with the search requirements under this subsection, the supervisor shall work to ensure that the department completes the search in the shortest time feasible. (t) For a child who is placed in foster care, when the department finds that it is in the best interest of a child and that the foster family will not be placed in undue risk of harm, the department shall require foster parents to provide regular opportunities for visitation with the child by the parents of the child and encourage foster parents to serve as mentors for facilitating family reunification. (u) A hearing conducted under this section is open to the public unless an exception provided in AS 47.10.070 (c) applies to make the hearing closed to the public or unless prohibited by federal or state statute or regulation. (v) In addition to the extensions of state custody ordered by a court under (c)(1)(A) or (B) of this section, a court may grant in a hearing a resumption of state custody that does not extend beyond a person's 21st birthday if the person (1) consents to it; (2) was placed in out-of-home care by the department immediately before being released from state custody and the person was (A) at least 18 years of age and released to the person's own custody; or (B) at least 16 years of age and released to the (i) person's own custody after the disabilities of minority were removed under AS 09.55.590 ; or (ii) custody of a parent or guardian because the person refused out-of-home care; (3) is in need of out-of-home care (A) to avoid personal harm; (B) because of the person's severe emotional disturbance, mental disability, physical disability, homelessness, or a combination of those conditions; (C) because the person is completing an educational or vocational program; or (D) to otherwise improve the person's successful transition to independent living; and (4) if requested by the department, agrees to reasonable terms for resuming state custody that may include matters relating to the person's education, attainment of a job or life skills, or other terms found by the court to be reasonable and in the person's best interest. (w) The court shall recognize a presumption that maintenance of a sibling relationship, including with a sibling who is related by blood, marriage, or adoption through one parent, is in a child's best interest. (x) In any team-decision meeting the department holds to address the potential or actual transfer of a child from one placement setting to another, the department shall ask the participants for input regarding whether it is in the child's best interest for the child to remain in the child's current school for the remainder of the school term. (y) If the department transfers a child from one placement setting to another and it is reasonable and in the child's best educational interests, the department shall immediately, and in advance of the transfer if possible, coordinate with the school the child is attending to ensure the child is permitted to attend that school through the end of the school term if the child's new placement is in the same municipality and connected by road to the school. If federal funds and school district transportation funds are not available to pay for the cost of transportation for the child, the department shall pay the costs of transporting the child to school. The department shall work with the family or agency where the child is placed to arrange for transportation. The department shall consult with the school district regarding the child's best interests, but the school district may not override the department's decision to allow a child to remain in the current school through the end of the school term. Sec. 47.10.081. Predisposition hearing reports. (a) [Repealed, § 55 ch 59 SLA 1996.] (b) Before the disposition hearing of a child in need of aid, the department shall submit a predisposition report to aid the court in its selection of a disposition. This report must include, but is not limited to, the following: (1) a statement of changes in the child's or parent's behavior, which will aid the court in determining that supervision of the family or placement is no longer necessary; (2) if removal from the home is recommended, a description of the reasons the child cannot be protected or rehabilitated adequately in the home, including a description of any previous efforts to work with the parents and the child in the home and the parents' attitude toward placement of the child; (3) a description of the potential harm to the child that may result from removal from the home and any efforts that can be made to minimize such harm; and (4) any further information that the court may request. (c) The court shall inform the child, the child's parents and the attorneys representing the parties and the guardian ad litem that the predisposition report will be available to them not less than 10 days before the disposition hearing. (d) For purposes of this section, “parents” means the natural or adoptive parents, and any legal guardian, relative, or other adult person with whom the child has resided and who has acted as a parent in providing for the child for a continuous period of time before this action. Sec. 47.10.082. Health and safety of child and other considerations. In making its dispositional order under AS 47.10.080 (c), the court shall keep the health and safety of the child as the court's paramount concern and consider (1) the best interests of the child; (2) the ability of the state to take custody and to care for the child to protect the child's best interests under AS 47.10.005 — 47.10.142; and (3) the potential harm to the child caused by removal of the child from the home and family environment. Sec. 47.10.083. Review of orders, requests for extensions. In a review under AS 47.10.080 (f) and in a hearing related to a request for extended commitment or extended supervision under AS 47.10.080 (c)(1) or (2), the court shall, in addition to the requirements of those provisions and the requirements of court rules, determine whether a child continues to be a child in need of aid at the time of the review or hearing. The court may not continue or extend state custody or supervision of the child unless the court finds that the child continues to be a child in need of aid except that, if the child is no longer a child in need of aid, the court may establish a specific timetable for gradual reunification of the family and termination of state custody or supervision if the court makes a finding that immediate reunification would be detrimental to the child. Sec. 47.10.084. Legal custody, guardianship, and residual parental rights and responsibilities. (a) When a child is committed under AS 47.10.080 (c)(1) to the department, released under AS 47.10.080 (c)(2) to the child's parents, guardian, or other suitable person, or committed to the department or to a legally appointed guardian of the person of the child under AS 47.10.080 (c)(3), a relationship of legal custody exists. This relationship imposes on the department and its authorized agents or the parents, guardian, or other suitable person the responsibility of physical care and control of the child, the determination of where and with whom the child shall live, the right and duty to protect, nurture, train, and discipline the child, the duty of providing the child with food, shelter, education, and medical care, and the right and responsibility to make decisions of financial significance concerning the child. These obligations are subject to any residual parental rights and responsibilities and rights and responsibilities of a guardian if one has been appointed. When a child is committed to the department and the department places the child with the child's parent, the parent has the responsibility to provide and pay for food, shelter, education, and medical care for the child. When parental rights have been terminated, or there are no living parents and no guardian has been appointed, the responsibilities of legal custody include those in (b) and (c) of this section. The department or person having legal custody of the child may delegate any of the responsibilities under this section, except authority to consent to marriage, adoption, and military enlistment may not be delegated. For purposes of this chapter, a person in charge of a placement setting is an agent of the department. (b) When a guardian is appointed for the child, the court shall specify in its order the rights and responsibilities of the guardian. The guardian may be removed only by court order. The rights and responsibilities may include, but are not limited to, having the right and responsibility of reasonable visitation, consenting to marriage, consenting to military enlistment, consenting to major medical treatment, obtaining representation for the child in legal actions, and making decisions of legal or financial significance concerning the child. (c) When there has been transfer of legal custody or appointment of a guardian and parental rights have not been terminated by court decree, the parents shall have residual rights and responsibilities. These residual rights and responsibilities of the parent include, but are not limited to, the right and responsibility of reasonable visitation, consent to adoption, consent to marriage, consent to military enlistment, consent to major medical treatment except in cases of emergency or cases falling under AS 25.20.025 , and the responsibility for support, except if by court order any residual right and responsibility has been delegated to a guardian under (b) of this section. In this subsection, “major medical treatment” includes the administration of medication used to treat a mental health disorder. (d) When the child is placed in foster care, the foster parent has the right and responsibility to use a reasonable and prudent parent standard to make decisions relating to the child. The foster parent may make decisions under (a) or (b) of this section that include decisions relating to the child's participation in age-appropriate or developmentally appropriate activities, including travel, sports, field trips, overnight activities, and extracurricular, enrichment, cultural, and social activities. The department shall provide foster parents with training regarding the reasonable and prudent parent standard. In this subsection, “reasonable and prudent parent standard” means a standard characterized by careful and sensible decisions to maintain the health, safety, and best interests of the child while encouraging the emotional and developmental growth of the child. Sec. 47.10.085. Medical treatment by religious means.

In a case in which the minor's status as a child in need of aid is sought to be based on the need for medical care, the court may, upon consideration of the health of the minor and the fact, if it is a fact, that the minor is being provided treatment by spiritual means through prayer in accordance with the tenets and practices of a recognized church or religious denomination by an accredited practitioner of the church or denomination, dismiss the proceedings and thereby close the matter. This may be done, in the interests of justice and religious freedom, on the court's own motion or upon the application of a party to the proceedings, at any stage of the proceedings after information is given to the court under AS 47.10.020 (a). Sec. 47.10.086. Reasonable efforts. (a) Except as provided in (b), (c), and (g) of this section, the department shall make timely, reasonable efforts to provide family support services to the child and to the parents or guardian of the child that are designed to prevent out-of-home placement of the child or to enable the safe return of the child to the family home, when appropriate, if the child is in an out-of-home placement. The department's duty to make reasonable efforts under this subsection includes the duty to (1) identify family support services that will assist the parent or guardian in remedying the conduct or conditions in the home that made the child a child in need of aid; (2) actively offer the parent or guardian, and refer the parent or guardian to, the services identified under (1) of this subsection; the department shall refer the parent or guardian to, and distribute to the parent or guardian information on, community-based family support services whenever community-based services are available and desired by the parent or guardian; the information may include the use of a power of attorney under AS 13.26.066 to select an individual to care for the child temporarily; and (3) document the department's actions that are taken under (1) and (2) of this subsection. (b) If the court makes a finding at a hearing conducted under AS 47.10.080 (l) that a parent or guardian has not sufficiently remedied the parent's or guardian's conduct or the conditions in the home despite reasonable efforts made by the department in accordance with this section, the court may conclude that continuation of reasonable efforts of the type described in (a) of this section are not in the best interests of the child. The department shall then make reasonable efforts to place the child in a timely manner in accordance with the permanent plan and to complete whatever steps are necessary to finalize the permanent placement of the child. (c) The court may determine that reasonable efforts of the type described in (a) of this section are not required if the court has found by clear and convincing evidence that (1) the parent or guardian has subjected the child to circumstances that pose a substantial risk to the child's health or safety; these circumstances include abandonment, sexual abuse, torture, chronic mental injury, or chronic physical harm; (2) the parent or guardian has (A) committed homicide under AS 11.41.100 — 11.41.130 of a parent of the child or of a child; (B) aided or abetted, attempted, conspired, or solicited under AS 11.16 or AS 11.31 to commit a homicide described in (A) of this paragraph; (C) committed an assault that is a felony under AS 11.41.200 — 11.41.220 and results in serious physical injury to a child; or (D) committed the conduct described in (A) — (C) of this paragraph that violated a law or ordinance of another jurisdiction having elements similar to an offense described in (A) — (C) of this paragraph; (3) the parent or guardian has, during the 12 months preceding the permanency hearing, failed to comply with a court order to participate in family support services; (4) the department has conducted a reasonably diligent search over a time period of at least three months for an unidentified or absent parent and has failed to identify and locate the parent; (5) the parent or guardian is the sole caregiver of the child and the parent or guardian has a mental illness or mental deficiency of such nature and duration that, according to the statement of a psychologist or physician, the parent or guardian will be incapable of caring for the child without placing the child at substantial risk of physical or mental injury even if the department were to provide family support services to the parent or guardian for 12 months; (6) the parent or guardian has previously been convicted of a crime involving a child in this state or in another jurisdiction and, after the conviction, the child was returned to the custody of the parent or guardian and later removed because of an additional substantiated report of physical or sexual abuse by the parent or guardian; (7) a child has suffered substantial physical harm as the result of abusive or neglectful conduct by the parent or guardian or by a person known by the parent or guardian and the parent or guardian knew or reasonably should have known that the person was abusing the child; (8) the parental rights of the parent have been terminated with respect to another child because of child abuse or neglect, the parent has not remedied the conditions or conduct that led to the termination of parental rights, and the parent has demonstrated an inability to protect the child from substantial harm or the risk of substantial harm; (9) the child has been removed from the child's home on at least two previous occasions, family support services were offered or provided to the parent or guardian at those times, and the parent or guardian has demonstrated an inability to protect the child from substantial harm or the risk of substantial harm; (10) the parent or guardian is incarcerated and is unavailable to care for the child during a significant period of the child's minority, considering the child's age and need for care by an adult; or (11) the parent or guardian (A) has sexually abused the child or another child of the parent or guardian; or (B) is registered or required to register as a sex offender or child kidnapper under AS 12.63 . (d) If the court determines under (b) or (c) of this section that reasonable efforts under (a) of this section are not required to be provided, (1) the court shall hold a permanency hearing for the child within 30 days after the determination; and (2) the department shall make reasonable efforts to place the child in a timely manner in accordance with the permanency plan, and complete whatever steps are necessary to finalize the permanent placement of the child. (e) The department may develop and implement an alternative permanency plan for the child while the department is also making reasonable efforts to return the child to the child's family under (a) of this section. (f) In making determinations and reasonable efforts under this section, the primary consideration is the child's best interests. (g) The department is not required to make reasonable efforts of the type described in (a) of this section if the department took emergency custody of an infant under AS 47.10.142 after the infant was abandoned safely within the meaning of AS 47.10.013 (c). (h) The department shall engage a child who is 14 years of age or older in the development or revision of a case plan, permanency goal, or alternative permanency plan for the child. The department shall also allow the child to select not more than two adults to participate in the development or revision of the plan in addition to the child's foster parents or department employees who are supervising the care of the child. The department may reject an adult selected by the child if the department has good cause to believe that the adult will not act in the best interests of the child. If the department rejects an adult, the child may select another adult. The child may designate one of the adults to be the child's advisor, and the advisor may advocate for the child. Sec. 47.10.087. Placement in secure residential psychiatric treatment center. (a) The court may authorize the department to place a child who is in the custody of the department under AS 47.10.080 (c)(1) or (3) or 47.10.142 in a secure residential psychiatric treatment center if the court finds, based on the testimony of a mental health professional, that (1) the child is gravely disabled or is suffering from mental illness and, as a result, is likely to cause serious harm to the child or to another person; (2) there is no reasonably available, appropriate, and less restrictive alternative for the child's treatment or that less restrictive alternatives have been tried and have failed; and (3) there is reason to believe that the child's mental condition could be improved by the course of treatment or would deteriorate if untreated. (b) A court shall review a placement made under this section at least once every 90 days. The court may authorize the department to continue the placement of the child in a secure residential psychiatric treatment center if the court finds, based on the testimony of a mental health professional, that the conditions or symptoms that resulted in the initial order have not ameliorated to such an extent that the child's needs can be met in a less restrictive setting and that the child's mental condition could be improved by the course of treatment or would deteriorate if untreated. (c) The department shall transfer a child from a secure residential psychiatric treatment center to another appropriate placement if the mental health professional responsible for the child's treatment determines that the child would no longer benefit from the course of treatment or that the child's treatment needs could be met in a less restrictive setting. The department shall notify the child, the child's parents or guardian, and the child's guardian ad litem of a determination and transfer made under this subsection. (d) In this section, “likely to cause serious harm” has the meaning given in AS 47.30.915 . Sec. 47.10.088. Involuntary termination of parental rights and responsibilities. (a) Except as provided in AS 47.10.080 (o), the rights and responsibilities of the parent regarding the child may be terminated for purposes of freeing a child for adoption or other permanent placement if the court finds by clear and convincing evidence that (1) the child has been subjected to conduct or conditions described in AS 47.10.011 ; (2) the parent (A) has not remedied the conduct or conditions in the home that place the child at substantial risk of harm; or (B) has failed, within a reasonable time, to remedy the conduct or conditions in the home that place the child in substantial risk so that returning the child to the parent would place the child at substantial risk of physical or mental injury; and (3) the department has complied with the provisions of AS 47.10.086 concerning reasonable efforts. (b) In making a determination under (a)(2) of this section, the court may consider any fact relating to the best interests of the child, including (1) the likelihood of returning the child to the parent within a reasonable time based on the child's age or needs; (2) the amount of effort by the parent to remedy the conduct or the conditions in the home; (3) the harm caused to the child; (4) the likelihood that the harmful conduct will continue; and (5) the history of conduct by or conditions created by the parent. (c) In a proceeding under this chapter involving termination of the parental right of a parent, the court shall consider the best interests of the child. (d) Except as provided in (e) of this section, the department shall petition for termination of a parent's rights to a child, without making further reasonable efforts, when a child is under the jurisdiction of the court under AS 47.10.010 and 47.10.011, and (1) the child has been in foster care for at least 15 of the most recent 22 months; (2) the court has determined that the child is abandoned under AS 47.10.013 and the child is younger than six years of age; (3) the court has made a finding under AS 47.10.086 (b) or a determination under AS 47.10.086 (c) that the best interests of the child do not require further reasonable efforts by the department; (4) a parent has made three or more attempts within a 15-month period to remedy the parent's conduct or conditions in the home without lasting change; or (5) a parent has made no effort to remedy the parent's conduct or the conditions in the home by the time of the permanency hearing under AS 47.10.080 (l). (e) If one or more of the conditions listed in (d) of this section are present, the department shall petition for termination of the parental rights to a child unless the department (1) has documented a compelling reason for determining that filing the petition would not be in the best interests of the child; a compelling reason under this paragraph may include care by a relative for the child; or (2) is required to make reasonable efforts under AS 47.10.086 and the department has not provided to the parent, consistent with the time period in the department's case plan, the family support services that the department has determined are necessary for the safe return of the child to the home. (f) A child is considered to have entered foster care under this chapter on the earlier of (1) the date of the first judicial finding of child abuse or neglect; or (2) 60 days after the date of removal of the child from the child's home under this chapter. (g) This section does not preclude the department from filing a petition to terminate the parental rights and responsibilities to a child for other reasons, or at an earlier time than those specified in (d) of this section, if the department determines that filing a petition is in the best interests of the child. (h) The court may order the termination of parental rights and responsibilities of one or both parents under AS 47.10.080 (c)(3) and commit the child to the custody of the department. The rights of one parent may be terminated without affecting the rights of the other parent. (i) The department shall concurrently identify, recruit, process, and approve a qualified person or family for an adoption whenever a petition to terminate a parent's rights to a child is filed. Before identifying a placement of the child in an adoptive home, the department shall attempt to locate all living adult family members of the child and, if an adult family member expresses an interest in adopting the child, investigate the adult family member's ability to care for the child. The department shall provide to all adult family members of the child located by the department written notice of the adult family members' rights under this chapter and of the procedures necessary to gain custody of the child, but the department's obligation to provide written notice under this subsection does not apply to a parent of the child whose parental rights are being or have been terminated or to an adult family member who is known by the department to be ineligible for a foster care license under AS 47.32 and regulations adopted under AS 47.32 . If an adult family member of the child requests that the department approve the adult family member for an adoption, the department shall approve the request unless there is good cause not to approve the adoption. If the court issues an order to terminate under (j) of this section, the department shall report within 30 days on the efforts being made to recruit a permanent placement for the child if a permanent placement was not approved at the time of the trial under (j) of this section. The report must document recruitment efforts made for the child. (j) No later than six months after the date on which the petition to terminate parental rights is filed, the court before which the petition is pending shall hold a trial on the petition unless the court finds that good cause is shown for a continuance. When determining whether to grant a continuance for good cause, the court shall take into consideration the age of the child and the potential adverse effect that the delay may have on the child. The court shall make written findings when granting a continuance. (k) The court shall issue an order on the petition to terminate within 90 days after the last day of the trial on the petition to terminate parental rights. Sec. 47.10.089. Voluntary relinquishment of parental rights and responsibilities. (a) When a child is committed to the custody of the department under AS 47.10.080 (c)(1) or (3) or released under AS 47.10.080 (c)(2), the rights of a parent with respect to the child, including parental rights to control the child, to withhold consent to an adoption, or to receive notice of a hearing on a petition for adoption, may be voluntarily relinquished to the department and the relationship of parent and child terminated in a proceeding as provided under this section. (b) A voluntary relinquishment must be in writing and signed by a parent, regardless of the age of the parent, in the presence of a representative of the department or in the presence of a court of competent jurisdiction with the knowledge and approval of the department. A copy of the signed relinquishment shall be given to the parent. (c) A voluntary relinquishment may be withdrawn within 10 days after it is signed. The relinquishment is invalid unless the relinquishment contains the right of withdrawal as specified under this subsection. (d) A parent may retain privileges with respect to the child, including the ability to have future contact, communication, and visitation with the child in a voluntary relinquishment executed under this section. A retained privilege must be in writing and stated with specificity. (e) Not less than 10 days after a voluntary relinquishment is signed, the court shall enter an order terminating parental rights if the court determines that termination of parental rights under the terms of the relinquishment is in the child's best interest. If a parent has retained one or more privileges under (d) of this section, the court shall incorporate the retained privileges in the termination order with a recommendation that the retained privileges be incorporated in an adoption or legal guardianship decree. (f) A voluntary relinquishment may not be withdrawn and a termination order may not be vacated on the ground that a retained privilege has been withheld from the relinquishing parent or that the relinquishing parent has been unable, for any reason, to act on a retained privilege, except as provided in Rule 60(b), Alaska Rules of Civil Procedure. (g) After a termination order is entered, a person who has voluntarily relinquished parental rights under this section may request a review hearing, upon a showing of good cause, to seek enforcement or modification of or to vacate a privilege retained in the termination order. The court may modify, enforce, or vacate the retained privilege if the court finds, by clear and convincing evidence, that it is in the best interest of the child to do so. (h) After a termination order is entered and before the entry of an adoption or legal guardianship decree, a person who voluntarily relinquished parental rights to a child under this section may request a review hearing, upon a showing of good cause, to vacate the termination order and reinstate parental rights relating to that child. A court shall vacate a termination order if the person shows, by clear and convincing evidence, that reinstatement of parental rights is in the best interest of the child and that the person is rehabilitated and capable of providing the care and guidance that will serve the moral, emotional, mental, and physical welfare of the child. (i) A person who relinquished parental rights is entitled to the appointment of an attorney if a hearing is requested under (g), (h), or (j) of this section to the same extent as if the parent's rights had not been terminated in a child-in-need-of-aid proceeding. (j) After a termination order is entered and before the entry of an adoption or legal guardianship decree, a prospective adoptive parent or a guardian of a child who is the subject of the adoption or guardianship decree may request, after providing notice as specified under this subsection, that the court decline to incorporate a privilege retained in a termination order and recommended for incorporation in an adoption or guardianship decree under (e) of this section. The request made under this subsection may only be considered by the court after providing at least 20 days' notice by certified mail to the last known address of the person who has voluntarily relinquished parental rights to the child. The notice under this subsection must describe the request and explain that the recipient of the notice may submit a written statement under penalty of perjury to the court that the recipient either agrees with or opposes the request. The notice must also include the deadline for submitting the statement and the mailing address of the court. The court may decline to incorporate a retained privilege if the person who retained the privilege agrees with the request or if the court finds that it is in the child's best interest. Sec. 47.10.090. Court records. (a) The court shall make and keep records of all cases brought before it. (b) [Repealed, § 55 ch 59 SLA 1996.] (c) Within 30 days after the date of a child's 18th birthday or, if the court retains jurisdiction of a child past the child's 18th birthday, within 30 days after the date on which the court releases jurisdiction over the child, the court shall order all the court's official records pertaining to that child in a proceeding under this chapter sealed. A person may not use these sealed records unless authorized by order of the court upon a finding of good cause. (d) The name or picture of a child under the jurisdiction of the court may not be made public in connection with the child's status as a child in need of aid unless authorized by order of the court or unless to implement the permanency plan for a child after all parental rights of custody have been terminated. This subsection does not prohibit the release of aggregate information for statistical or other informational purposes if the identity of any particular person is not revealed by the release. (e) The court's official records under this chapter may be inspected only with the court's permission and only by persons having a legitimate interest in them. A foster parent is considered to have a legitimate interest in those portions of the court's records relating to a child who is placed by the department with the foster parent or who the department proposes for placement with the foster parent. Sec. 47.10.092. Disclosure to certain public officials and employees. (a) Notwithstanding AS 47.10.090 and 47.10.093, a parent or legal guardian of a child subject to a proceeding under AS 47.10.005 — 47.10.142 may disclose confidential or privileged information about the child or the child's family, including information that has been lawfully obtained from agency or court files, to the governor, the lieutenant governor, a legislator, the ombudsman appointed under AS 24.55 , the attorney general, and the commissioner of family and community services, administration, or public safety, or an employee of these persons, for review or use in their official capacities. The Department of Family and Community Services and the Department of Administration shall disclose additional confidential or privileged information, excluding privileged attorney-client information, and make copies of documents available for inspection about the child or the child's family to these state officials or employees for review or use in their official capacities upon request of the official or employee and submission of satisfactory evidence that a parent or legal guardian of the child has requested the state official's assistance in the case as part of the official's duties. A person to whom disclosure is made under this section may not disclose confidential or privileged information about the child or the child's family to a person not authorized to receive it. (b) The disclosure right under (a) of this section is in addition to, and not in derogation of, the rights of a parent or legal guardian of a minor. (c) The obligations under (a) of this section remain in effect throughout the period that the child is in the custody of the department, including after the parent's parental rights have been terminated with respect to the child, unless the child's parent or legal guardian who made the disclosure under (a) of this section subsequently files a notice with the Department of Family and Community Services that the assistance of the state official or employee is no longer requested. (d) The Department of Family and Community Services shall notify an official identified under (a) of this section of the opportunity for a parent to file a grievance under AS 47.10.098 when the official is denied access to all or part of a requested record. (e) Each department shall respond to a request made by an official identified under (a) of this section within five working days after receiving the request, or by a later date specified in the request, by providing access to all or part of the information requested or by providing the specific citation to a federal or state law that prohibits disclosure of all or part of the information requested. (f) A person who discloses confidential or privileged information in violation of (a) of this section is guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction is punishable by a fine of not more than $500 or by imprisonment for not more than one year, or by both. Sec. 47.10.093. Disclosure of agency records. (a) Except as permitted in AS 47.10.092 , (b) — (g) and (i) — (l) of this section, and AS 47.17.030 (g) and (h), all information and social records pertaining to a child who is subject to this chapter or AS 47.17 prepared by or in the possession of a federal, state, or municipal agency or employee in the discharge of the agency's or employee's official duty are privileged and may not be disclosed directly or indirectly to anyone without a court order. (b) A state or municipal agency or employee shall disclose appropriate confidential information regarding a case to (1) a guardian ad litem appointed by the court; (2) a person or an agency requested by the department or the child's legal custodian to provide consultation or services for a child who is subject to the jurisdiction of the court under AS 47.10.010 as necessary to enable the provision of the consultation or services; (3) an out-of-home care provider as necessary to enable the out-of-home care provider to provide appropriate care to the child, to protect the safety of the child, and to protect the safety and property of family members and visitors of the out-of-home care provider; (4) a school official as necessary to enable the school to provide appropriate counseling and support services to a child who is the subject of the case, to protect the safety of the child, and to protect the safety of school students and staff; (5) a governmental agency as necessary to obtain that agency's assistance for the department in its investigation or to obtain physical custody of a child; (6) a law enforcement agency of this state or another jurisdiction as necessary for the protection of any child or for actions by that agency to protect the public safety; (7) a member of a multidisciplinary child protection team created under AS 47.14.300 as necessary for the performance of the member's duties; (8) the state medical examiner under AS 12.65 as necessary for the performance of the duties of the state medical examiner; (9) a person who has made a report of harm as required by AS 47.17.020 to inform the person that the investigation was completed and of action taken to protect the child who was the subject of the report; (10) the child support services agency established in AS 25.27.010 as necessary to establish and collect child support for a child who is a child in need of aid under this chapter; (11) a parent, guardian, or caregiver of a child or an entity responsible for ensuring the safety of children as necessary to protect the safety of a child; (12) a review panel, including a variance committee established under AS 47.05.360 , established by the department for the purpose of reviewing the actions taken by the department in a specific case; (13) the University of Alaska under the Alaska education savings program for children established under AS 47.14.400 , but only to the extent that the information is necessary to support the program and only if the information released is maintained as a confidential record by the University of Alaska; (14) a child placement agency licensed under AS 47.32 as necessary to provide services for a child who is the subject of the case; (15) a state or municipal agency of this state or another jurisdiction that is responsible for delinquent minors, as may be necessary for the administration of services, protection, rehabilitation, or supervision of a child or for actions by the agency to protect the public safety; however, a court may review an objection made to a disclosure under this paragraph; the person objecting to the disclosure bears the burden of establishing by a preponderance of the evidence that disclosure is not in the child's best interest; and (16) a sibling of a child who is the subject of the case to allow the siblings to contact each other if it is in the best interests of the child to maintain contact; in this paragraph, “sibling” means an adult or minor who is related to the child who is the subject of the case by blood, adoption, or marriage as a child of one or both of the parents of the child who is the subject of the case; a sibling who is adopted by a person other than the parent of the child who is the subject of the case remains a sibling of the child. (c) A state or municipal law enforcement agency shall disclose information regarding a case that is needed by the person or agency charged with making a preliminary investigation for the information of the court under AS 47.10.020 . (d) [Repealed, § 55 ch 59 SLA 1996.] (e) [Repealed, § 55 ch 59 SLA 1996.] (f) The department may release to a person with a legitimate interest confidential information relating to children not subject to the jurisdiction of the court under AS 47.10.010 . (g) The department and affected law enforcement agencies shall work with school districts and private schools to develop procedures for the disclosure of confidential information to a school official under (b)(4) of this section. The procedures must provide a method for informing the principal or the principal's designee of the school that the student attends as soon as it is reasonably practicable. (h) [Repealed, § 55 ch 59 SLA 1996.] (i) The commissioner of family and community services or the commissioner's designee or the commissioner of administration or the commissioner's designee, as appropriate, may disclose to the public, upon request, confidential information, as set out in (j) of this section, when (1) the parent or guardian of a child who is the subject of one or more reports of harm under AS 47.17 has made a public disclosure concerning the department's involvement with the family; (2) the alleged perpetrator named in one or more reports of harm under AS 47.17 has been charged with a crime concerning the alleged abuse or neglect; or (3) abuse or neglect has resulted in the fatality or near fatality of a child who is the subject of one or more reports of harm under AS 47.17 . (j) The department may publicly disclose information pertaining to a child or an alleged perpetrator named in a report of harm described under (i) of this section, or pertaining to a household member of the child or the alleged perpetrator, if the information relates to a determination, if any, made by the department regarding the nature and validity of a report of harm under AS 47.17 or to the department's activities arising from the department's investigation of the report. The commissioner or the commissioner's designee (1) shall withhold disclosure of the child's name, picture, or other information that would readily lead to the identification of the child if the department determines that the disclosure would be contrary to the best interests of the child, the child's siblings, or other children in the child's household; or (2) after consultation with a prosecuting attorney, shall withhold disclosure of information that would reasonably be expected to interfere with a criminal investigation or proceeding or a criminal defendant's right to a fair trial in a criminal proceeding. (k) Except for a disclosure made under (i) of this section, a person to whom disclosure is made under this section may not disclose confidential information about the child or the child's family to a person not authorized to receive it. (l) The Department of Family and Community Services and the Department of Administration shall adopt regulations to implement and interpret the duties of the respective department under this section, including regulations governing the release of confidential information and identifying a sufficient legitimate interest under (f) of this section. (m) A person may not bring an action for damages against the state, the commissioner, or the commissioner's designee based on the disclosure or nondisclosure of information under (i) of this section except for civil damages resulting from gross negligence or reckless or intentional misconduct. (n) A person who discloses confidential information in violation of this section is guilty of a class B misdemeanor. (o) In this section, “school” means a public or private elementary or secondary school. Sec. 47.10.095. Arrest of a minor. [Repealed, § 55 ch 59 SLA 1996. For current law, see AS 47.12.200 .] Sec. 47.10.097. Fingerprinting of minors. [Repealed, § 55 ch 59 SLA 1996. For current law, see AS 47.12.210 .] Sec. 47.10.098. Grievance procedure. (a) The department shall develop, in regulation, a grievance procedure for a parent to file a complaint based on (1) the application of a department policy or procedure under this chapter; (2) compliance with this chapter or a regulation adopted under this chapter; or (3) an act or failure to act by the department under this chapter. (b) The department shall prepare and distribute to each parent of a child who is under the jurisdiction of the department a written copy of the grievance procedure developed under (a) of this section. Sec. 47.10.100. Retention of jurisdiction over child. (a) The court retains jurisdiction over the case and may at any time stay execution, modify, set aside, revoke, or enlarge a judgment or order, or grant a new hearing, in the exercise of its power of protection over the child and for the child's best interest, for a period of time not to exceed two years or in any event extend past the day the child reaches 19 years of age, unless sooner discharged by the court, except that the department may apply for and the court may grant an additional one-year period of custody or supervision past 19 years of age and additional one-year periods of custody that do not extend beyond the person's 21st birthday if continued custody or supervision is in the best interests of the person and the person consents to it. An application for any of these purposes may be made by the parent, guardian, or custodian acting in behalf of the child, or the court may, on its own motion, and after reasonable notice to interested parties and the appropriate department, take action that it considers appropriate. (b) If the court determines at a hearing authorized by (a) of this section that the department has complied with the requirements for release of a child under AS 47.14.100 (q) and that it is in the best interests of the child to be released to the child's own custody, or to the care or custody of the child's parent, guardian, or custodian, it shall enter an order to that effect and the child is discharged from the control of the department. (c) If a child is adjudicated a child in need of aid before the child's 18th birthday, the court may retain jurisdiction over the child after the child's 18th birthday for the purpose of supervising the child, but the court's jurisdiction over the minor under this chapter never extends beyond the child's 19th birthday, except that the department may apply for and the court may grant an additional one-year period of custody or supervision past 19 years of age and additional one-year periods of custody that do not extend beyond the person's 21st birthday if continued custody or supervision is in the best interests of the person and the person consents to it. The department may retain jurisdiction over a child if the child has been placed in the custody or under the supervision of the department before the child's 18th birthday, except that the department may apply for and the court may grant an additional one-year period of custody or supervision past 19 years of age and additional one-year periods of custody that do not extend beyond the person's 21st birthday if continued custody or supervision is in the best interests of the person and the person consents to it. Sec. 47.10.110. Appointment of guardian or custodian. When, in the course of a proceeding under this chapter, it appears to the court that the welfare of a minor will be promoted by the appointment of a guardian or custodian of the minor's person, the court may make the appointment. The court shall have a summons issued and served upon the parents of the minor, if they can be found, in a manner and within a time before the hearing that the court considers reasonable. The court may determine whether the father, mother, another suitable person, or the department shall have the custody and control of the minor. If the minor is of sufficient age and intelligence to state desires, the court shall consider them. Sec. 47.10.111. Petition for adoption or guardianship of a child in state custody. (a) Except as provided under AS 13.26.137 (b)(2) and AS 25.23.030 (d)(2), if a person seeks adoption or appointment as legal guardian of a child in state custody under this chapter, the court shall hear the adoption or guardianship proceedings as part of the child-in-need-of-aid proceedings relating to the child. A person may initiate proceedings for the adoption or legal guardianship of a child in state custody under this chapter by filing with the court a petition (1) for adoption that meets the requirements of AS 25.23.080 ; or (2) to be appointed legal guardian that meets the requirements of AS 13.26.147 . (b) If a person files a petition for adoption or legal guardianship of a child under (a) of this section before the court approves adoption or legal guardianship as the permanent plan for the child under AS 47.10.080 (l)(2), the court shall hold the petition in abeyance until after the court has approved adoption or legal guardianship as the permanent plan for the child under AS 47.10.080 (l). (c) If a person files a petition for adoption or legal guardianship of a child who is in out-of-home placement, and the child is not placed with the person who files the petition at the time the person files the petition, the department shall, not more than 60 days after the petition is filed, submit a permanent plan to the court. The court shall hold a hearing to review the permanent plan for the child under AS 47.10.080 (l) not more than 90 days after the petition is filed. (d) A person who files a petition for adoption or legal guardianship of a child under this section does not become a party to the child-in-need-of-aid proceedings. A person who files a petition for adoption or legal guardianship of a child under this section may only participate in proceedings under this chapter that concern the person's petition. (e) A parent who has consented to adoption under AS 25.23.060 , who has relinquished parental rights under AS 47.10.089 , or whose parental rights have been terminated under AS 47.10.080 (o) or 47.10.088, is not a party to the adoption or guardianship proceedings under this section. (f) Except as provided in this section, the requirements of AS 25.23 apply to a petition for adoption filed under this section, and the requirements of AS 13.26.101 — 13.26.186 apply to a petition for legal guardianship filed under this section. Sec. 47.10.112. Proxy for a formal petition for adoption or legal guardianship. (a) A person seeking the immediate permanent placement of a child in state custody under this chapter may file a proxy for a formal petition for adoption or legal guardianship of the child. The court shall hear proceedings related to the proxy as part of the child-in-need-of-aid proceedings relating to the child. In the case of an Indian child, a proxy for a formal petition for (1) adoption preserves the placement preferences of 25 U.S.C. 1915(a) with respect to the person who files the proxy; and (2) legal guardianship preserves the placement preferences of 25 U.S.C. 1915(b) with respect to the person who files the proxy. (b) A proxy filed under this section does not initiate proceedings for adoption or legal guardianship. A person seeking to adopt a child in state custody must file a petition for adoption as required under AS 25.23 . A person seeking to be appointed legal guardian of a child in state custody must file a petition for appointment as required under AS 13.26.101 — 13.26.186. (c) If a person files a proxy for a formal petition for adoption or legal guardianship of a child who is in out-of-home placement, and the child is not placed with the person who files the proxy at the time the person files the proxy, the department shall, not more than 60 days after the proxy is filed, submit a permanent plan to the court. The court shall hold a hearing to review the permanent plan for the child under AS 47.10.080 (l) not more than 90 days after the proxy is filed. (d) A person who files a proxy for a formal petition for adoption or legal guardianship of a child under this section does not become a party to the child-in-need-of-aid proceedings. A person who files a proxy for a formal petition for adoption or legal guardianship may only participate in proceedings under this chapter that concern the person's proxy. (e) A person who files a proxy for a formal petition for adoption or legal guardianship of a child is not entitled to the appointment of a lawyer at public expense. (f) A person who receives a proxy for a formal petition for adoption or legal guardianship shall file the proxy with the court. (g) The department may adopt regulations to implement this section. (h) In this section, (1) “extended family member” (A) means a person who is at least 18 years of age and who is the child's grandparent, aunt, uncle, sibling, brother-in-law, sister-in-law, niece, nephew, first or second cousin, or stepparent; or (B) in the case of an Indian child, has the meaning given in 25 U.S.C. 1903; (2) “proxy for a formal petition” or “proxy” means (A) a request by a person who is interested in immediate permanent placement and adoption or legal guardianship of a child, and is an extended family member, member of an Indian child's tribe, or other Indian family member, made at any court hearing or conveyed to the department by telephone, mail, facsimile, electronic mail, or in person; (B) in the case of an Indian child, a request made to the department on behalf of a person described in (A) of this paragraph by (i) the Indian child's biological parent, individually or through counsel; or (ii) the Indian child's tribe, a tribe in which the Indian child is eligible for enrollment, or a tribe in which the Indian child's biological parent is a member; or (C) a proxy for a formal petition, as established by the department by regulation. Sec. 47.10.113. Civil custody proceedings. (a) Except as provided in AS 25.24.150 (a), a court shall hear a request to make, modify, or vacate an order for the custody of or visitation with a minor child in state custody under this chapter as part of the child-in-need-of-aid proceedings relating to the child. (b) A person who files a request for an order to make, modify, or vacate an order for the custody of or visitation with a minor child in state custody under this chapter is not entitled to the appointment of a lawyer at public expense under this section. (c) Except as provided in this section, the requirements of AS 25.24.010 — 25.24.180 apply to a request under this section to make, modify, or vacate an order for the custody of or visitation with a minor child in state custody under this chapter. Sec. 47.10.115. Permanent fund dividend. (a) The department shall annually apply for a permanent fund dividend and retain in trust under AS 43.23.015 (e) for the benefit of the child the dividend and accrued interest on the dividend if the child is in the custody of the department when the application is due. (b) The department shall distribute the proceeds of a trust under this section (1) to the child when the child (A) has reached 21 years of age; or (B) is no longer in the custody of the department and has reached at least 18 years of age or is emancipated; or (2) when ordered to do so by the court in the best interest of the child. (c) [Repealed, § 14 ch 7 4SSLA 2016.] Sec. 47.10.120. Support of child. (a) When a child in need of aid is committed under this chapter, the court or the child support services agency created in AS 25.27.010 shall, after giving the parent a reasonable opportunity to be heard, require that the parent pay to the department in a manner that the court or the child support services agency directs a sum to cover in full or in part the maintenance and care of the child. The support obligation shall be calculated under Rule 90.3(i) of the Alaska Rules of Civil Procedure. (b) If a parent wilfully fails or refuses to pay the sum fixed, the parent may be proceeded against as provided by law in cases of family desertion and nonsupport. (c) The sum collected from a parent under this section shall be directly credited to the general fund of the state. (d) [Repealed, § 28 ch 90 SLA 1991.] Sec. 47.10.130. Detention. [Repealed, § 55 ch 59 SLA 1996. For current law, see AS 47.12.240 .] Sec. 47.10.140. Temporary detention and detention hearing. [Repealed, § 55 ch 59 SLA 1996. For current law, see AS 47.12.250 .] Sec. 47.10.141. Runaway and missing minors. (a) Upon receiving a written, telephonic, or other request to locate a minor evading the minor's legal custodian or to locate a minor otherwise missing, a law enforcement agency shall make reasonable efforts to locate the minor and shall immediately complete a missing person's report containing information necessary for the identification of the minor. The report must be submitted to the Alaska Public Safety Information Network, the National Crime Information Center, and the missing persons information clearinghouse in accordance with AS 18.65 . (b) A peace officer shall take into protective custody a minor described in (a) of this section if the minor is not otherwise subject to arrest or detention.

Unless (c) of this section applies, when a peace officer takes a minor into protective custody under this subsection, (1) the peace officer shall (A) return the minor to the minor's parent or guardian at the parent's or guardian's residence if the residence is in the same community where the minor was found and if the minor's parent or guardian consents to the return, except that the officer may not use this option if the officer has reasonable cause to believe that the minor has experienced physical or sexual abuse in the parent's or guardian's household; (B) take the minor to a nearby location agreed to by the minor's parent or guardian if the parent or guardian does not consent to return of the minor under (A) of this paragraph and the officer does not have reasonable cause to believe that the minor has experienced physical or sexual abuse in the parent's or guardian's household; or (C) if disposition of the minor is not made under (A) or (B) of this paragraph, take the minor to (i) an office specified by the Department of Family and Community Services; (ii) a program for runaway minors licensed by the department under AS 47.10.310 ; (iii) a shelter for runaways that has a permit from the department under AS 47.32 that agrees to shelter the minor; (iv) a facility or contract agency of the department; or (v) another suitable location and promptly notify the department if an office specified by the department, a licensed program for runaway minors, a shelter for runaways that will accept the minor, or a facility or contract agency of the department does not exist in the community; (2) if the peace officer plans to take the minor to an office, program, shelter, or facility under (1)(C) of this subsection, the peace officer shall give the highest priority to taking the minor to an office, program, shelter, or facility that is semi-secure; (3) a minor under protective custody may not be housed in a jail or other detention facility but may be housed in a semi-secure portion of an office, program, shelter, or other facility under (1)(C) of this subsection; (4) the peace officer, immediately upon taking a minor into protective custody, shall (A) advise the minor of available mediation services and of the right to social services under AS 47.10.142 (b); and (B) if the identity of the minor's parent or guardian is known, advise the minor's parent or guardian that the minor has been taken into protective custody and that counseling services for the minor's parent or guardian and the minor's household may be available under AS 47.10.142 (b). (c) A minor may be taken into emergency protective custody by a peace officer and placed into temporary detention in a juvenile detention facility in the local community if there has been an order issued by a court under (j) of this section. A minor detained under this subsection shall be brought before a court on the day the minor is detained, or if that is not possible, within 24 hours after the detention for a hearing to determine the most appropriate placement in the best interests of the minor. A minor taken into emergency protective custody under this subsection may not be detained for more than 24 hours, except as provided under (j) of this section. Emergency protective custody may not include placement of a minor in an adult correctional facility, an adult jail, or a temporary secure juvenile holding area, nor may an order for protective custody be enforced against a minor who is residing in a licensed program for runaway minors, as defined in AS 47.10.390 . (d) If, after investigation of a report of a missing minor, a law enforcement agency has reason to believe that the minor is involuntarily absent from the custody of a custodial parent or guardian, the department shall notify the Bureau of Vital Statistics of the disappearance and shall provide the bureau with a description of the minor. The description of the minor must include, if known, the minor's full name, date and place of birth, parent's names, and mother's maiden name. If the Department of Public Safety has reason to believe that the minor, whether born in this state or not, has been enrolled in a specific school or school district in the state, the department shall also notify the last known school or school district attended in the state by the missing minor of the disappearance. When a person who was listed as a missing minor is found, the Department of Public Safety shall notify the Bureau of Vital Statistics and any school or school district previously informed of the person's disappearance. (e) In the absence of gross negligence or intentional misconduct, an office, program, shelter, or facility, or an employee of an office, program, shelter, or facility, to which a minor is taken by a peace officer for semi-secure custody is not subject to civil or criminal liability based on the minor's leaving the office, program, shelter, or facility without permission unless the office, program, shelter, or facility is not in compliance with the department's regulations that set standards for semi-security and the lack of compliance was a material factor in the minor's being able to leave without permission. (f) If a child, without permission, leaves the semi-secure portion of an office, program, shelter, or facility to which the child was taken by a peace officer under (b)(1)(C) of this section, the office, program, shelter, or facility shall immediately notify the department and the nearest law enforcement agency of the identity of the child and the child's absence. If the same child is again taken into protective custody under (b) of this section and the peace officer knows that the child has previously been reported under this subsection as missing from a semi-secure placement, the peace officer, in addition to taking the appropriate action under (b) of this section, shall report the circumstances and the identity of the child to the department. Within 48 hours after receiving this report, the department shall determine whether to file a petition alleging that the child is a child in need of aid under AS 47.10.011 . If the department decides not to file a petition alleging that the child is a child in need of aid, the department shall, within seven state working days after receiving the report from the peace officer under this subsection, send to the child's parents or guardian, as applicable, written notice of its determination not to proceed with the petition, including the reasons on which the determination was based. If the department is unable to obtain a reasonably reliable address for a parent or guardian, the department shall keep a copy of the notice on file and, notwithstanding AS 47.10.093 , release the notice to the child's parent or guardian on request of the parent or guardian. If the department files a petition alleging that the child is a child in need of aid, the court shall proceed under AS 47.10.142 (d). (g) If the department files a petition alleging the child is a child in need of aid under AS 47.10.011 (5) because the child is habitually absent from home or refuses available care, the child's parent or guardian shall attend each hearing held during the child-in-need-of-aid proceedings unless the court excuses the parent or guardian from attendance for good cause. If the child is found to be a child in need of aid, the court may order that the (1) child participate in treatment; (2) parent or guardian personally participate in treatment reasonably available in the parent or guardian's community as specified in a plan set out in the court order; and (3) child and the parent or guardian comply with other conditions set out in the court order. (h) If the court orders a minor's parent or guardian to participate in the treatment under (g) of this section, the court may also order the parent or guardian to use available insurance or another resource to cover the treatment, or to pay for the treatment if other coverage is unavailable. (i) If the parent or guardian fails to attend a hearing as required by the court under (g) of this section, the hearing shall proceed without the presence of the parent. (j) The court shall issue a written order if the court determines that a minor shall be placed in a juvenile detention facility as a result of violating a court order issued under AS 47.10.080 (c)(1) or 47.10.142(f). An order issued under this subsection (1) must include a finding of probable cause that the minor is a runaway in wilful violation of a court order and identify the court order the minor has violated; (2) must specify the factual basis for determining that there is reasonable cause to believe that the minor has violated a court order; (3) must describe how the minor's current situation poses a severe and imminent risk to the minor's life or safety; (4) must include findings of fact to support a determination that there is not an appropriate, less restrictive alternative to placing the minor in a juvenile detention facility available, with due consideration to the best interests of the minor; (5) must include a plan for the minor's release from the juvenile detention facility in the least amount of time necessary, not to exceed seven days unless otherwise specified by the court; and (6) may not be renewed or extended. (k) In this section, (1) “law enforcement agency” has the meaning given in AS 12.36.090 ; (2) “semi-secure” means operated according to standards that may be established by the department in regulations that are designed to require a level of security that will reasonably ensure that, if a minor leaves without permission, the minor's act of leaving will be immediately noticed; (3) “temporary secure juvenile holding area” has the meaning given in AS 47.12.990 . Sec. 47.10.142. Emergency custody and temporary placement hearing. (a) The Department of Family and Community Services may take emergency custody of a child upon discovering any of the following circumstances: (1) the child has been abandoned as abandonment is described in AS 47.10.013 ; (2) the child has been neglected by the child's parents or guardian, as “neglect” is described in AS 47.10.014 , and the department determines that immediate removal from the child's surroundings is necessary to protect the child's life or provide immediate necessary medical attention; (3) the child has been subjected to physical harm by a person responsible for the child's welfare, and the department determines that immediate removal from the child's surroundings is necessary to protect the child's life or that immediate medical attention is necessary; or (4) the child or a sibling has been sexually abused under circumstances listed in AS 47.10.011 (7). (b) The department shall offer available counseling services to the person having legal custody of a minor described in AS 47.10.141 and to the members of the minor's household if it determines that counseling services would be appropriate in the situation. If, after assessing the situation, offering available counseling services to the legal custodian and the minor's household, and furnishing appropriate social services to the minor, the department considers it necessary, the department may take emergency custody of the minor. (c) When a child is taken into custody under (a) or (b) of this section or when the department is notified of a child's presence in either a program for runaway children under AS 47.10.300 — 47.10.390 or a shelter for runaway children under AS 47.10.392 — 47.10.399, the department shall immediately, and in no event more than 24 hours later unless prevented by lack of communication facilities, notify the parents or the person or persons having custody of the child. If the department determines that continued custody is necessary to protect the child, the department shall notify the court of the emergency custody by filing, within 24 hours after custody was assumed, a petition alleging that the child is a child in need of aid. If the department releases the child within 24 hours after taking the child into custody and does not file a child in need of aid petition, the department shall, within 24 hours after releasing the child, file with the court a report explaining why the child was taken into custody, why the child was released, and to whom the child was released. (d) The court shall immediately, and in no event more than 48 hours after being notified unless prevented by lack of transportation, hold a temporary custody hearing at which the child, if the child's health permits, and the child's parents or guardian, if they can be found, shall be permitted to be present. If present at the hearing, a parent or guardian of the child may request a continuance of the hearing for the purpose of preparing a response to the allegation that the child is a child in need of aid. The court may grant the request on a showing of good cause for why the parent or guardian is not prepared to respond to the allegation. During a continuance, the child remains in the temporary legal custody of the department, except as otherwise provided in this subsection. At the first hearing under this subsection, regardless of whether a continuance is granted, the court shall make a preliminary determination of whether continued placement in the home of the child's parent or guardian would be contrary to the welfare of the child. If a court determines that continued placement in the home of the child's parent or guardian would not be contrary to the welfare of the child, the court shall return the authority to place the child to the child's parent or guardian pending a temporary custody hearing under (e) of this section. (e) When the temporary custody hearing is held, the court shall determine whether probable cause exists for believing the child to be a child in need of aid, as defined in AS 47.10.990 . If the court finds that probable cause exists, it shall order the child committed to the department for temporary placement, or order the child returned to the custody of the child's parents or guardian, subject to the department's supervision of the child's care and treatment. The court shall inform the child, and the child's parents or guardian if they can be found, of the reasons for finding probable cause, authorizing the child's temporary placement, and, if applicable, finding that continued placement in the home of the child's parents or guardian would be contrary to the welfare of the child. If the court finds no probable cause, it shall order the child returned to the custody of the child's parents or guardian. (f) When a minor is committed to the department for temporary placement under (e) of this section, the court order shall specify the terms, conditions, and duration of placement. If the court orders the minor returned to the custody of the minor's parents or guardian under (e) of this section after a hearing held on a petition filed under AS 47.10.141 (f), the court shall specify the terms and conditions that must be followed by the minor and the minor's parents or guardian. The court shall require the minor to remain in the placement provided by the department and shall clearly state in the order the consequences of violating the order, including detention under AS 47.10.141 (c). (g) [Repealed, § 74 ch 35 SLA 2003.] (h) Within 12 months after a child is committed to the department under this section, the court shall review the placement plan and actual placement of the child under AS 47.10.080 (l). (i) When the department takes emergency custody of a child under this section or a court orders a child committed to the department for temporary placement under this section, the department shall, to the extent feasible and consistent with the best interests of the child, place the child according to the criteria specified under AS 47.14.100 (e). A supervisor at the department shall certify in writing in the case file whether the department has searched for an appropriate placement with an adult family member or family friend. If the department has not complied with the search requirements under this subsection, the supervisor shall work to ensure that the department completes the search in the shortest time feasible if it is consistent with the best interests of the child. Secs. 47.10.150 — 47.10.180. General power, duty, and authority of the department. [Repealed, § 55 ch 59 SLA 1996. For current law, see AS 47.14.010 — 47.14.050.] Sec. 47.10.190. Detention of minors. [Repealed, § 55 ch 59 SLA 1996. For current law, see AS 47.12.240 (a).] Sec. 47.10.200. Releasing juveniles after commitment. [Repealed, § 55 ch 59 SLA 1996. For current law, see AS 47.12.260 .] Sec. 47.10.210. Youth counsellors. [Repealed, § 55 ch 59 SLA 1996. For current law, see AS 47.12.270 .] Sec. 47.10.220. Grants-in-aid. [Repealed, § 55 ch 59 SLA 1996. For current law, see AS 47.10.980 and 47.12.980.] Secs. 47.10.230 — 47.10.260. Care of children. [Repealed, § 55 ch 59 SLA 1996. For current law, see AS 47.14.100 — 47.14.130.] Sec. 47.10.265. Youth courts. [Repealed, § 55 ch 59 SLA 1996. For current law, see AS 47.12.400 .] Sec. 47.10.270. [Renumbered as AS 47.10.970 .] Sec. 47.10.280. Purpose of chapter. [Repealed, § 1 ch 152 SLA 1976. For current similar provisions, see AS 47.06.020 .] Sec. 47.10.290. [Renumbered as AS 47.10.990 .] Article 2. Programs for Runaway Minors. Sec. 47.10.300. Powers and duties of the department. The department shall (1) review, inspect, and approve or disapprove for licensing proposed or established programs for runaway minors to ensure the health and safety of minors in the program; (2) maintain a register of licensed programs for runaway minors; (3) award nonprofit corporations or municipalities grants for the establishment or operation of licensed programs for runaway minors; (4) adopt regulations for the administration of AS 47.10.300 — 47.10.390, including regulations providing for the coordination of services to be provided by licensed programs for runaway minors and by the department. Sec. 47.10.310. Licensing of programs for runaway minors. (a) A person may not operate a program for runaway minors in the state without a license issued under this section. A person who violates this subsection is guilty of a violation. (b) The department may license a program for runaway minors under AS 47.10.300 — 47.10.390 only if the program (1) is operated by a corporation or a municipality; and (2) meets the requirements of (c) of this section. (c) A program for runaway minors shall (1) explain to a minor who seeks assistance from the program the legal rights and responsibilities of runaway minors and the services and assistance provided for runaway minors by the program and by the state or local municipality; (2) upon admission of a minor to the program, attempt to determine why the minor is a runaway and what services may be necessary or appropriate for reuniting the minor with the minor's family; (3) provide or help arrange for the provision of services necessary to promote the health and welfare of a minor in the program and, if appropriate, members of the minor's family; services may include, but are not limited to, the provision of food, shelter, clothing, medical care, and individual, group, or family counseling; (4) within one state working day after admission of a minor to the program inform the department of a minor in the program (A) who claims to be the victim of child abuse or neglect, as defined in AS 47.17.290 ; (B) whom an employee of the program has cause to believe has been a victim of child abuse or neglect; or (C) whom an employee of the program has reason to believe is evading the supervision of the department, the person to whom the department has entrusted supervision, or the minor's legal guardian; (5) be operated with the goal of reuniting runaway minors with their families, except in cases in which reunification is clearly contrary to the best interest of the minor; and (6) maintain adequate staffing and accommodations to ensure physical security and to provide crisis services to minors residing in a facility operated by the program; a program that, as determined by the department, regularly receives state money in an amount that exceeds one-fourth of the program's costs shall maintain semi-secure portions of its facilities in a proportion that meets regulations established by the department; residents under 18 years of age shall be segregated from residents who are 18 years of age or older. (d) A program for runaway minors may provide services for the protection of the health and welfare of a person under 21 years of age who is in need of the services and who is without a place of shelter in which supervision and care of the person are available. (e) A program for runaway minors that operates a licensed residential shelter in the state shall provide a shelter with a capacity designated in the license issued under AS 47.10.300 — 47.10.390. Sec. 47.10.320. Residence in runaway minor program facilities. A runaway minor may maintain residency for a period not exceeding 45 days at a facility operated as part of a licensed program for runaway minors. The minor may maintain residency without the consent of the person or agency having custody of the minor, except that if the court has ordered the minor committed to the custody of the department, written consent of the department is required. The residency may be extended for an additional period of 45 days with the written consent of the person or agency having custody of the minor. A minor may not maintain residency beyond the 90th day following admission to a licensed program for runaway minors without the written consent of the person or agency having custody of the minor and the written consent of the department. Sec. 47.10.330. Notice to minor's legal custodian. (a) [Repealed, § 24 ch 33 SLA 1994.] (b) The director of a program for runaway minors shall promptly notify a minor's legal custodian if the minor is released from the program into the custody of a person other than the legal custodian or a person representing the legal custodian. Sec. 47.10.340. Confidentiality of records. Records of a licensed program for runaway minors that identify a minor who has been admitted to or has sought assistance from the program are confidential and are not subject to inspection or copying under AS 40.25.110 — 40.25.120, unless (1) after being informed of the minor's right to privacy, the minor consents in writing to the disclosure of the records; (2) the records are relevant to an investigation or proceeding involving child abuse or neglect or a child in need of aid petition; or (3) disclosure of the records is necessary to protect the life or health of the minor. Sec. 47.10.350. Immunity from liability. (a) The officers, directors, and employees of a licensed program for runaway minors are not liable for civil damages as a result of an act or omission in admitting a minor to the program. (b) This section does not preclude liability for civil damages as a result of recklessness or intentional misconduct. (c) The officers, directors, and employees of a licensed program for runaway minors are not criminally liable under AS 11.51.130 (a)(4) for assisting a minor in the program. Sec. 47.10.360. Municipal powers. Authority to establish and operate a licensed program for runaway minors is granted to municipalities that do not otherwise have that authority. Sec. 47.10.390. Definitions. In AS 47.10.300 — 47.10.390, (1) “licensed program for runaway minors” means a residential or nonresidential program licensed by the department under AS 47.10.310 ; (2) “runaway minor” means a person under 18 years of age who (A) is habitually absent from home; or (B) refuses to accept available care; (3) “semi-secure” has the meaning given in AS 47.10.141 (k). Article 3. Shelters for Runaway Minors. Sec. 47.10.392. Certificate required. A private residence may not be held out publicly as a shelter for runaway minors unless the residence (1) is designated a shelter for runaways by a corporation that is licensed to make the designation under AS 47.32 ; and (2) has a valid permit from the department signifying that designation. Sec. 47.10.394. Operation of shelters. (a) A shelter for runaways may not shelter a runaway minor for more than seven days unless the department determines that (1) the minor is the subject of exceptional circumstances; or (2) another appropriate setting is not available for the minor. (b) The provider of a shelter for runaways shall promptly, but within one state working day, inform the department of a runaway minor in the shelter (1) who claims to be the victim of child abuse or neglect; (2) whom the provider has reasonable cause to suspect has been a victim of child abuse or neglect; or (3) whom the provider has reason to believe is evading the supervision of the department, the person to whom the department has entrusted supervision, or the minor's legal guardian. (c) In this section, “child abuse or neglect” has the meaning given in AS 47.17.290 . Sec. 47.10.396. Confidentiality of records. If the department requires record keeping by a shelter for runaways or by a corporation that is licensed to designate shelters for runaways, records of the shelter and the corporation that identify a runaway minor who has been sheltered in a shelter for runaways or has sought assistance from a shelter for runaways are confidential and are not subject to inspection or copying under AS 40.25.110 — 40.25.120 unless (1) after being informed of the minor's right to privacy, the minor consents in writing to the disclosure of the records; (2) the records are relevant to an investigation or proceeding involving child abuse or neglect or a child in need of aid petition; or (3) disclosure of the records is necessary to protect the life or health of the minor. Sec. 47.10.398. Immunity from liability. (a) A person in a shelter for runaways, or in a home for which an application to be designated a shelter for runaways is being considered by a corporation licensed for that purpose by the department, that is operated in a manner that is consistent with AS 47.10.392 — 47.10.399 and regulations adopted under those sections is not criminally liable under AS 11.51.130 (a)(4). (b) Except as provided in (c) of this section, the provider of a shelter for runaways, or of a home for which an application to be designated a shelter for runaways is being considered by a corporation approved for that purpose by the department, that is operated in a manner that is consistent with AS 47.10.392 — 47.10.399 and regulations adopted under those sections and the members of the provider's household, other than a runaway minor, are not liable for civil damages as a result of an act or omission (1) in admitting or refusing to admit a runaway minor to the shelter or home; or (2) by a runaway minor who is sheltered in the shelter or home. (c) The provisions of (b) of this section do not preclude liability for civil damages as a result of recklessness or intentional misconduct. Sec. 47.10.399. Definitions. In AS 47.10.392 — 47.10.399, (1) “runaway minor” has the meaning given in AS 47.10.390 ; (2) “shelter for runaways” or “shelter for runaway minors” means a private residence whose legal occupant agrees to shelter, with or without compensation, a runaway minor accepted into the residence by the legal occupant and that (A) is not simultaneously licensed under AS 47.10.310 as a program for runaway minors; (B) has been designated a shelter for runaways by a corporation licensed for that purpose under AS 47.32 ; and (C) has a permit issued by the department under AS 47.32 . Secs. 47.10.400 — 47.10.490. Citizens' review panel for permanency planning. [Repealed, § 55 ch 59 SLA 1996. For current law, see AS 47.14.200 — 47.14.299.] Article 4. General Provisions. Sec. 47.10.960. Civil liability. (a) Failure to comply with a provision of this title does not constitute a basis for civil liability for damages. (b) Nothing in this section shall be construed to prohibit a civil action for common law negligence or an action under AS 09.55.580 on behalf of a child who is injured or dies while in the custody of the state. Sec. 47.10.970. Appropriations. Funds to carry out this chapter shall be provided for in the general appropriation Act of the legislature. Sec. 47.10.980. Grants-in-aid. The department may accept grants-in-aid from the federal government or private foundations and may accept other gifts consistent with the purposes of this chapter. Sec. 47.10.990. Definitions. In this chapter, unless the context otherwise requires, (1) “adult family member” means a person who is 18 years of age or older and who is (A) related to the child as the child's grandparent, aunt, uncle, or sibling; (B) the child's sibling's legal guardian or parent; or (C) in the case of an Indian child, an extended family member as defined in 25 U.S.C. 1903; (2) “care” means to provide for the physical, mental, and social needs of the child; (3) “child” means a person who is (A) under 18 years of age; (B) 19 years of age if that person was under 18 years of age at the time that a proceeding under this chapter was commenced; and (C) under 21 years of age if that person is committed to the custody of the department under AS 47.10.080 (c)(1) or (v); (4) “child in need of aid” means a child found to be within the jurisdiction of the court under AS 47.10.010 and 47.10.011; (5) “commissioner” means the commissioner of family and community services; (6) “court” means the superior court of the state; (7) “custodian” means a natural person 18 years of age or older to whom a parent or guardian has transferred temporary physical care, custody, and control of the child for a period of time; (8) “department” means the Department of Family and Community Services; (9) “domestic violence” has the meaning given in AS 18.66.990 ; (10) “family member” means a person of any age who is (A) related to the child as the child's grandparent, aunt, uncle, or sibling; (B) the child's sibling's legal guardian or parent; or (C) in the case of an Indian child, an extended family member as defined in 25 U.S.C. 1903; (11) “family support services” means the services and activities provided to children and their families, including those provided by the community, a church, or other service organization, both to prevent removal of a child from the parental home and to facilitate the child's safe return to the family; “family support services” may include counseling, substance abuse treatment, mental health services, assistance to address domestic violence, visitation with family members, parenting classes, in-home services, temporary child care services, and transportation; (12) “foster care” means care provided by a person or household under a foster home license required under AS 47.32 ; (13) “gravely disabled” has the meaning given in AS 47.30.915 ; (14) “guardian” means a natural person who is legally appointed guardian of the child by the court; (15) “hazardous volatile material or substance” has the meaning given in AS 47.37.270 ; (16) “Indian child” has the meaning given in 25 U.S.C. 1903; (17) “Indian child's tribe” has the meaning given in 25 U.S.C. 1903; (18) “infant” means a child who is less than 21 days of age; (19) “intoxicant” means a substance that temporarily diminishes a person's control over mental or physical powers, including alcohol, controlled substances under AS 11.71 , and a hazardous volatile material or substance misused by inhaling its vapors; (20) “juvenile detention facility” has the meaning given in AS 47.12.990 ; (21) “mental health professional” has the meaning given in AS 47.30.915 , except that, if the child is placed in another state by the department, “mental health professional” also includes a professional listed in the definition of “mental health professional” in AS 47.30.915 who is not licensed to practice by a board of this state but is licensed by a corresponding licensing authority to practice in the state in which the child is placed; (22) “mental illness” has the meaning given in AS 47.30.915 ; (23) “mental injury” has the meaning given in AS 47.17.290 ; (24) “near fatality” means physical injury or other harm, as certified by a physician, caused by an act or omission that created a substantial risk of death; (25) “out-of-home care provider” means a foster parent or relative other than a parent with whom the child is placed; (26) “parent” means the biological or adoptive parent of the child; (27) “permanency hearing” means a hearing (A) designed to reach a decision in a case concerning the permanent placement of a child under AS 47.10 ; and (B) at which the direction of the case involving the child is determined; (28) “physical injury” has the meaning given in AS 11.81.900 (b); (29) “reasonable efforts” means, with respect to family support services required under AS 47.10.086 , consistent attempts made during a reasonable time period and time-limited services; (30) “reasonable time” means a period of time that serves the best interests of the child, taking in account the affected child's age, emotional and developmental needs, and ability to form and maintain lasting attachments; (31) “secure residential psychiatric treatment center” has the meaning given “residential psychiatric treatment center” in AS 47.32.900 ; (32) “serious physical injury” has the meaning given in AS 11.81.900 (b); (33) “sexual abuse” means the conduct described in AS 11.41.410 — 11.41.460; conduct constituting “sexual exploitation” as defined in AS 47.17.290 , and conduct prohibited by AS 11.66.100 — 11.66.150; (34) “support” has the meaning given in AS 11.51.120 (b).