Real Decreto Legislativo 1/2010, de 2 de julio, por el que se aprueba el texto refundido de la Ley de Sociedades de Capital.

Los estatutos pueden permitir juntas celebradas sin presencia física, pero con garantías de identidad, participación y avisos sobre el procedimiento. Non-voting shares and social participations are generally not affected by capital reductions for losses, but special rules apply if the reduction is too large. On liquidation, non-voting shares give their holder a right to be repaid their value before anything is distributed to the other shares. Las acciones y participaciones sin voto keep some ordinary-share rights, but actions without vote cannot be grouped for proportional representation on the board, and non-voting participations are subject to transfer and pre-emptive subscription rules. If a statutory amendment directly or indirectly harms the rights of non-voting shares or share participations, it needs majority approval from the affected shares.